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Citation: 38 Fed. Reg. 8820 1973

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RULES AND REGULATIONS

Title 40-Protection of EnvironmentCHAPTER 1-ENVIRONMENTAL

PROTECTION AGENCYSUBCHAPTER C-AIR PROGRAMS

PART 61-NATIONAL EMISSION STAND-ARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS

Asbestos, Beryllium, and MercuryOn March 31, 1971 (36 FR 5931), pur-

suant to section 112 of the Clean Air Act,as amended, the Administrator publishedan initial list of three hazardous air pol-lutants which, in his judgment maycause, or contribute to, an increase inmortality or an increase in serious ir-reversible, or incapacitating reversible,illness. The pollutants were asbestos,beryllium, and mercury. On December 7,1971 (36 FR 23239), the Administratorproposed standards for these pollutants.

Interested persons participated in therulemaking by giving testimony at publichearings and by sending comments toEPA. Public hearings were held in NewYork City on January 18, 1972, and inLos Angeles on February 15 and 16, 1972.A third hearing, scheduled to be heldin Kansas City, on February 1, 1972, wascanceled because of a lack of requests toparticipate. Sixty-eight persons gavetestimony at the public hearings, and 56persons sent comments to EPA. Repre-sented were industries, universities, gov-ernmental agencies-Federal, State, andlocal, and-environmental groups. Copiesof the public hearing records are avail-able at all EPA Regional Offices and atthe Division of Stationary Source En-forcement, rodif 3220, 401 M Street SW.,Washington, D.C. 20460, where copies ofthe comments received are also available.

The bases for the Administrator's de-terminations that asbestos, beryllium,and mercury are hazardous, the deriva-tions of the standards now adopted, theEnvironmental Protection Agency's re-sponses to the significant commentsreceived, and the principal revisions tothe proposed standards are summarizedbelow. A more detailed statement isavailable on request from the EmissionStandards and Enginering Division, En-vironmental Protection Agency, Re-search Triangle Park, N.C. 27711, Atten-tion: Mr. Don Goodwin. In addition, theAdministrator is issuing information oncontrol techniques for asbestos, beryl-lium, and mercury as directed by section112(b) (2) of the act. Copies of thesedocuments may be obtained free ofcharge from EPA Regional Offices.

ASBESTOS

Asbestos is a hazardous air pollutantwithin the meaning of section 112. Manypersons exposed tb asbestos dust de-veloped asbestosis when the dust concen-tration was high or the duration of ex-posure was long (1-7). A large numberof studies have shown that there is anassociation between occupational - ex-posure to asbestos and a higher-than-expected incidence of bronchial cancer(8-30). Asbestos also has been identifiedas a causal factor in the development ofmesotheliomas, cancers of the mem-

References at end of article.

branes lining the chest and abdomen(30-47). There are xeports of mesotheli-oma associated with nonoccupationalexposures in the neighborhood of as-bestos sources (38, 42, 47, 48). An out-standing feature has been the longperiod, commonly over 30 years, betweenthe first exposure to asbestos and the ap-pearance of a tumor (49, 50). There isevidence which indicates that mesothl-omas occur after much less exposure toasbestos dust than the exposure associ-ated with asbestos (51, 52).

It is not practicable, at this time, toestablish allowable numerical concentra-tions or mass emission limits for asbestos.Satisfactory means of measuring ambientasbestos concentrations have only re-cently been developed, and satisfactorymeans of measuring asbestos emissionsare still unavailable. Even if satisfactorymeans of measuring asbestos emissionsdid exist, the previous unavailability of asatisfactory means of measuring ambientlevels of asbestos makes it impossible toestimate even roughly the quantitativerelationship between asbestos-caused ill-ness and the doses which caused those ill-nesses. This is a major problem, sincesome asbestos caused illnesses have a 30-year latency period.

EPA considered the possibility of ban-ning production, processing, and use ofasbestos or.banning all emissions of as-bestos into the atmosphere, but rejectedthese approaches. The problem of meas-uring asbestos emissions would make thelatter approach impossible to enforce.Either approach would result in the pro-hibition of many activities which areextremely important; moreover, theavailable evidence relating to the healthhazards of asbestos does not suggest thatsuch prohibition is necessary to protectpublic health. For example, demolition ofany building containing asbestos fire-proofing or insulating materials wouldhave to be prohibited as would the use ofmaterials containing even trace amountsof asbestos which could escape into theatmosphere.

Finally, the available evidence suggestsa gradient of effects from direct occupa-tional, to indirect occupational exposure,to families of workers exposed to asbestosand persons in the neighborhood of as-bestos sources-in all of which situa-tions asbestos concentrations are un-doubtedly high by comparison with mostcommunity air. This suggests thAt thereare levels of asbestos exposure that willnot be associated with any detectablerisk, although these levels are notknown (53).

It is probable that the effects of as-bestos inhalation are cumulative; that is,low-level and/or intermittent exposureto asbestos over a long time may beequally as important in the etiology ofasbestotic disease as high level and/orcontinuous exposure over a shorter pe-riod. On the other hand, the availableevidence does not indicate that levelsof asbestos in most community air causeasbestotic disease. Taking both theseconsiderations into account, the Admin-istrator has determined that, in order toprovide an ample margin of safety toprotect the public health from asbestos,

it Is necessary to control emissions frommajor man-made sources of asbestosemissions into the atmosphere, but thatit is not necessary to prohibit allemissions.

In this determination, the Administra-tor has relied on the National Academyof Sciences' report on asbestos (53),which concludes: "Asbestos is too Im-portant in our technology and economyfor its essential use to be stopped. But,because of the known serious effects ofuncontrolled inhalation of asbestos min-erals in industry and uncertainty as tothe shape and character of the dose-response curve in man, it would be highlyimprudent to permit additional contami-nation of the public environment withasbestos. Continued use at minimal riskto the public requires that the majorsources of man-made asbestose emissioninto the atmosphere be defined and con-trolled."

The means of control used are limita-tions on visible emissions with an optionin some cases to use designated controlequipment, requirements that certainprocedures be followed, and prohibitionson the use of certain materials or of cer-tain operations. These means of controlare required because of the Impossibilityat this time of prescribing and enforc-ing allowable numerical concentrationsor mass emission limitations known toprovide an ample margin of safety, Thealternative of no control of the sourcessubject to this standard was rejectedbecause of the significant health hazardof unregulated emissions of asbestos intothe atmosphere from the designatedmajor sources.

It is the Administrator's judgmentthat the asbestos sources subject to thisstandard are the major sources of as-bestos emissions. In the absence of quan-titative emission data, the Administra-tor's judgment was based on an nationalinventory of sources and emissions ofasbestos (54) and other reports (53, 55).The asbestos emissions and emissionfactors presented in the national inven-tory were based on information obtainedfrom production and reprocessing com-panies. This information included pro-duction figures, estimates of controlequipment efficiency and material bal-ances; it did not include emission testresults. The major sources of asbestosemissions were considered to fall into fivecategories: (1) Mining and milling; (2)manufacturing; (3) fabrication; (4) de-molition; and (5) spraying. In deter-mining which of these major sourcesshould be covered by the standard pro-mulgated herein, the Administrator con-sidered the effect other Federal regula-tions will have on the emissions fromsuch sources and the proximity of suchsources to the public. In addition, theAdministrator considered comments onthe proposed standard and additionaltechnical data not available before pro-posal. The following paragraphs explainthese considerations and the changesmade to the standard between proposaland final promulgation.

The promulgated standard applies toasbestos mills, selected manufacturingoperations, the use of spray-on asbestos

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 38, NO. 66-FRIDAY, APRIL 6, 1973

8820

materials, demolition operations, and thesurfacing of roadways with asbestos tail-ings. The Administrator will continue toinvestigate other existing and newsources of asbestos emission and if anyof them are found to be major sources,the standard will be revised to coverthem.

As applied to mines, the proposedstandard would have limited the emis-sions from drilling operations and pro-hibited visible emissions of particulatematter from mine roads surfaced withasbestos tailings: The Bureau of Mineshas prescribed health and safety regula-tions (30 CFR 55.5) for the purpose ofprotecting life, the promotion of healthand safety, and the prevention of acci-dents in open pit metal and nonmetallicmines. As related to asbestos mines, theseregulations prohibit persons working ina mine from being exposed to asbestosconcentrations which exceed the thresh-old limit value adopted by the AmericanConference of Governmental IndustrialHygienists. The regulations specify thatrespirators shall not be used to preventpersons from being exposed to asbestoswhere environmental measures are avail-able. For drilling operations, the regula-tions require that the holes be collaredand drilled wet. The regulations recom-mend that haulage roads, rock transferpoints, crushers, and other points wheredust (asbestos) is produced sufficient tocause a health or safetyazard be wetteddown as often as necessary unless thedust is controlled adequately by othermeans. In the judgment of the Admin-istrator, implementation of these regu-lations will prevent asbestos mines frombeing a major source which must be cov-ered by the standard promulgated here-in. Furthermore, the public is sufficientlyremoved from the mine work environ-ment that their exposure should be sig-nificantiy less than that of the workersin the work environment. Accordingly,the promulgated standard does not api~lyto drilling operations or roadways atmine locations.

For asbestos mills, the proposed stand-ard would have applied to ore dumps,open storage areas for asbestos materials,tailings dumps, ore dryers, air for proc-essing ore, air for exhausting particulatematerial from work areas, and any mill-ing operation which continuously gen-erates inplant visible emissions. Thepromulgated standard prohibits visibleemissions from any part of the mill, but'it does not apply to dumps of asbestostailings or open storage of asbestos ores.The Bureau of Mines' regulations pre-viously-referenced and regulations issuedby the Occupational Safety and HealthAdmiTistration (20 CFR 1910.93a) pro-tect workers from the hazards of air con-taminants in the work environment. TheOccupational Safety and Health Admin-istration regulations .were promulgatedon June 7, 1972. The regulations are in-tended to protect the health of employeesfrom asbestos exposure by means of en-gineering controls (i.e. isolation, enclo-sures, and dust collection) rather than bypersonal protective equipment. It is thejudgment of the Administrator that


measures taken to comply with the Bu-reau of Mines and Occupational Safetyand Health Administration regulations toprotect the health of persons who workin proximity to dumps and ope= storage*areas will prevent the dumps and storageareas from. being major sources of asbes-tos emissions.

The proposed standard would have ap-plied to buildings, structures, or facilitieswithin which any fabricating or manu-facturing operation is carried on whichinvolves the use of asbestos materials.Comments received on the proposedstandard indicated that the requirementsfor fabricating and manufacturing oper-ations were confusing. Much of the con-fusion was created by the use of termssuch as "any," "continuously," and"forced gas streams." The promulgatedstandard is more definitive as to applica-bility of the provisions. The promulgatedstandard probblts visible emissions fromthe nine manufacturing operationswhich, in the Judgment of the Adminis-trator, are major sources of asbestos. Thepromulgated standard does not coverfabrication operations. Of all fabricationoperations, only those operations at newconstruction sites are considered to bemajor sources of asbestos emissions. TheOccupational Safety and Health Admin-istration regulations specify that allhand- or power-operated tools (I.e. saws,scorers, abrasive wheels, and drills)which produce asbestos dust be providedwith dust collection systems. In the Judg-ment of the Administrator, Implementa-tion of these regulations will preventfabrication operations from being amajor source which must be covered bythe standard promulgated herein.

The proposed standard would haveprohibited visible emissions of asbestosparticulate material from the repair ordemolition of any building or structureother than a single-family dwelling.Comments indicated that the no visibleemission requirement would prohibit re-pair or demolition In many situations,since it would be impracticable, If notimpossible, to do such work without cre-ating visible emissions. Accordingly, thepromulgated standard specifies certainwork practices which must be followedwhen demolishing certain buildings orstructures. The standard covers Institu-tional, industrial, and commercial build-ings or structures, Including apartmenthouses having more than four dwellingunits, which contain friable asbestos ma-terial This coverage Is based on the Na-tional Academy of Sciences' report (53)which states, "In general, single-familyresidential structures contain only smallamounts of asbestos insulation. Demoli-tion of industrial and commercial build-ings that have been fireproofed withasbestos-containing materials will proveto be an emission source in the future,requiring control measures." Apartmenthouses with four dwelling units orless areconsidered to be equivalent to single-family residential structures. The stand-ard requires that the Administrator benotified at least 20 days prior to the com-mencement of demolition.

SS2I

The proposed standard would havelimited emiszin from a number ofsources by stipulating that such emis-sions could nat exceed the amounts whichwould be emitted from the source if thesource were equipped with a fabric filter,or, in some cases, a wet-colection air-cleaning device. This would have requireda standardized emisson-measuring tech-nique, which is not currently available.The promulgated standard prohibits vid-ble emissions which contain asbestos andprovides the option of using specifiedair-cleaning methods. The existence ofparticulate asbestos material In a, gasstream vented to the atmosphere can bedetermined by collecting a sample on afilter and analyzing it by microscopytechniques. The proposed standard statedthat the air-cleaning requirement wouldnot be met if a number of listed faults.e.g. broken bags leaking gases, thread-bare bags, existed and it required that-collection hoppers on some baghouses beemptied without generating visible emis-slons. Comments received suggested thatthis negative approach tended to makethe quality of air-cleaning operations de-pendent upon the ability of EPA to an-ticipate and to include In the standardall the factors which would constituteimproper methods. Since the intent was,and is, to require high quality air-clean-ing operations, thepromulgated standardrequires proper installation, use, onera-tion, and maintenance without preciselydefining the means to be used.

The proposed standard would haveprohibited the spraylng of any materialcontaining asbestos on any portion ofa building or structure, prohibited thespraying of any material containing as-bestos in an area directly open to theatmosphere, and limited emissions fromall other spraying of any material con-taining asbestos to the amount; whichwould be emitted if specified air-cleaningequipment were used. Comments re-ceived pointed out that this standardwould: (1) Prohibit the use of materialscontaining only the trace amounts ofasbestos which occur in numerous nat-ural substances, (2) prohibit the use ofmaterials to which very small quantitiesof asbestos are added In order to enhancetheir effectiveness, and (3) prohibit theuse of materials In which the asbestos isstrongly bound and which would not gen-erate particulate asbestos emLsions. Thepromulgated standard applies to thoseuses of spray-on asbestos materialswhich could generate major emlssions ofparticulate asbestos material For thosespray-on materials used to insulate orfireproof buildings, structures, pipes, andconduits, the standard limits the asbestoscojitent to no more than 1 percent. Ma-terials currently used contain from 10-to 80-percent asbestos. The intent of the1-percent limit is to b3n the use of ma-terials which contain significant quanti-ties of asbestos, but to aliowv the use ofmaterialswhichwould: (1) Containtraceamounts of asbestos which occur innumerous natural substances, and (2)include very sall quantities of asbestos(les than 1 percent) added to enhancethe material's effectiveness. Although a


8822

standardized referencemethod has notbeen developed to quantitatively deter-mine the content of asbestos in a ma-terial, there are acceptable methodsavailable, based on electron microscopy,which independent laboratories have de-veloped. Determining the asbestos con-tent of a material with these methodscosts approximately $300, and the resultsare accurate within plus or minus 50percent; these -limits on accuracy weretaken into account in establishing the1-percent limitation.

The .proposed standard would haveprohibited the surfacing of any roadwaywith asbestos tailings. The promulgatedstandard applies to all roadways exceptthose on ore deposits; these roadways aretemporary, and control measures takento comply with the Bureau of Mines reg-ulations prevent them from being amajor source which must be covered bythe standard promulgated.herein. At thistime, the application of asbestos tailingsto public roadways is not widely prac-ticed, but because of the close proximityof roads to the public, a ban on usingasbestos tailings on roadways is includedin the promulgated standard to avoid afuture problem and stop the practicewhere it is followed. The term "surfac-ing" is defined to include the deposit ofasbestos tailings on roadways coveredwith snow or ice; therefore, this practiceis prohibited.

Consideration was given to includingprovisions in the standard requirlngproper disposal of the asbestos materialgenerated during demolition and col-lected in control devices used to complywith the requirements of this standard.It was decided that this was not neces-sary because the Occupational Safetyand Health Administration regulations(29 CFR 1910.93a(h)) include house-keeping and waste disposal requirements.'These regulations require that any as-bestos waste, consigned for disposal, becollected and disposed of in sealed im-permeable bags or other closed, imperme-able containers.

The potential environmental impact ofthe promulgated standard was evalu-ated, and it was concluded that thestandard will not cause any adverse ef-fects. The potentially adverse environ-mental effects of the standard are:

(1) The asbestos-materials which willbe collected in control devices and gen-erated during demolition will have to bedisposed of or recycled.

(2) Materials, such ast mineral wool,ceramic wool, and fiberglass, will be sub-stituted for asbestos presently containedin spray-applied fireproofing and insulat-Ing materials.

In some manufacturing operations, amajor portion of the asbestos-materialcollected by fabric filters is either re-cycled to the process or is marketed forother uses. For example, one asbestos tex-tile mill recycles large quantities oflonger-fiber asbestos for process use andsells more than 90 percent of the remain-ing collected materials to a brake liningmanufacturer. Consequently, a signifi-cant portion of the increased quantitiesof "waste" asbestos materials which willresult from the Implementation of the


standard will not require disposal. Wheredisposal is required, the OccupationalSafety and Health Administration regu-lations (29 .CFR 1910.93a(h)) requirethat any asbestos Waste, consigned fordisposal, be collected and disposed of insealed impermeable bags or oth~r closed,impermeable containers. The contamina-tion of ground water supplies with asbes-tos from landfill disposal is not consid-ered a potential problem.

The substitution of ceramic wool, min-eral wool, and fiberglass for asbestos isnot now known to be a problem. Thereis no evidence that these materials'causehealth effects in the concentrations foundin occupational or ambient environments.

Although the standard was not basedon economic considerations, EPA Isaware of the impact (55) and considers itto be reasonable. Costs among the varioussources covered by the standard are quitevariable. Although the standard may ad-versely affect some individual plants orcompanies which are marginal opera-tions, it appears that such effects will beminimal and the impact to the asbestosindustries as a whole will not be large.

REFERENCES

1. Cooke, W. E.: Fibrosis of the Lungs dueto the Inhalation of Asbestos Dust. Brit. Med.J., 2, 147, 1924.

2. Cooke, W. E.: Pulmonary Asbestosis.Brit. Med. J., 2, 102--1025, 1927.

3. Dreessen, W. C., J. M. Dallavalle, T. I..Edwards, J. W. Miller, and R. R. Sayers: AStudy of Asbestos in the Asbestos Textile In-dustry Public Health Bull. 241. Washington,US. Government Printing Office, 1938, 126 pp.

4. McDonald, S.:. History of Pulmonary As-bestosis, Brit. Med. J., 2, 1025-1026, 1927.

5. Merewether, B. R. A.: The Occurrence ofPulmonary Fibrosis and Other' PulmonaryAffections in Asbestos Workers, J. Ind.Hyg., 12, 198-222, and 12, 239-257, 1930.

6. Mills, R. G.: Pulmonary Asbestosis: Re-port of a case. Minn. Med., 13, 495-499, 1930.

7. Soper, W. B.: Pulmonary Asbehtosis. Areport of a case and a review. Am. Rev.Tuberc., 22,,571-584, 1930.

8. Bonser, G. M., J. S. Faulds, and M. 3.Stewart: Occupational Cancer of the UrinaryBladder In Dyestuffs Operatives and of theLung in Asbestos Textile Workers and Iron-ore Miners. Am. J. Clin. Path., 25, 126-134,1955.

9. Braun, D. C., and T. D. Truan: AnEpidemiological Study of Lung Cancer in As-bestos Miners. Arch. Ind. Health, 17, 634--653, 1958.

10. Buchanan, W. D.: Asbestosis and Pri-mary Intrathoraclo Neoplasms. Ann. N.Y.Acad. Sol., 132, 507-518, 1965.

11. Cordova, J. F., H. Tesluk, and 1. P.Knudtson: Asbestosis and Carcinomas of theLung. Cancer, 15, 1181-1187, 1962.

12. Doll, R.: Mortality from Lung Cancer inAsbestos Workers. Brit. J. Ind. Med., 12, 81-86,1955.

13. Dunn, J. E., Jr., and J. M. Weir: AProspective Study of Mortality of Several Oc-cupational Groups-Special Emphasis onLung Cancer. Arch. Envir. Health, 17, 71-76,1968.

14. Dunn, J. E., Jr., and J. if. Weir: CancerExperience of Several Occupational GroupsFollowed Prospectively. Am. J; Pub. Health,55, 1367-1375, 1968.

15. Elwood, P. C., and A. L. Cochrane: AFollow-up Study of Workers from an AsbestosFactory.. Brit. J. Ind. Med., 21, 304-30?, 1964.

16. Enterline, P. E.: Mortality Among As-bestos Product Workers in the United States.Ann. N.Y. Acad. Scl., 132, 156-4165, 1965.

17. Enterline, P. E., and M. A, Xendrlck:Asbestos-dust Exposures at Various Levelsand Mortality. Arch. Envir. Health, 15, 181-186, 1967.

18. Gloyne, S. R.: Pnoumoconlosls: A HIs-tological Survey of Necropsy Material In 1,205Cases. Lancet, 1, 810-814, 1061.

19. Isselbacher, N. J., M. Klaus, and 1-. L,Hardy: Asbestosia and Bronchogono Carci-noma: Report of one autopsied case and re-view of the available literature, Am. J. Mod.,15, 721-732, 1953.

20. Jacob, S.. and M. Anspach: PulmonaryNeoplasia Among Dresden Asbestos Workers.Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sol., 132, 5.6-548, 1065.

21. Kleinfeld, M., J. Messito, and 0. Xooy-man: Mortality Experience In a Group of As-bestos Vorkers. Arch. Envir. Health, 15, 1'7-180, 1967.

22. Knox, J. P., R. S. Doll, and I. D. Hill:Cohort Analysis of Changes in Incidence ofBronchial Carcinoma In a Textile AsbestosFactory. Ann. N.Y. Acad. SoL, 132, 52G-536,1965.

23. Knox, J. P., s. Holmes, n. Doll, and 1, D.Hill: Mortality from Lung Cancer and OtherCauses Among Workers In an Asbestos TextileFactory. Brit. J. Ind. Mod., 25, 293-303, 1000,

24. Lleben, J.: Malignancies In AsbestosWorkers. Arch. Envir. Health, 13, 010-021,1966.

25. Lynch, K. M., and W. A, Smith: Pul-monary Asbestosls, M, Carcinoma of Lung inAsbestos-silicosis. Am. J. Cancer, 14, &0-04,1935.

26. Mancuso, T. P., and A. A. El-Attar:Mortality Pattern in a Cohort of AsbestosWorkers. J. Occup. Mod., 9, 147-102, 1967.

27. McDonald, J. C., A. D. McDonald, 13. W.Gibbs, J.'Siemiatycki, and C. r. RossIter:Mortality in the Chrysotilo Asbestos Minesand Mills of Quebec. Arch. Envir. Health, 22,677-686, 1971.

28. Merewether, E. R. A.: Asbestosis andCarcinoma of the Lung. In: Annual report ofthe chief inspector of factories for the year1947. London: M. Y. Stationary omnco, 1040,79 pp.

29. Newhouso, M. I.: A Study of the Mor-tality of Workers In an Asbestos Factory. Brit.J. Ind. Med., 26,294-301,1069.

30. Selikoff, . J., J. Churg, and . C. Ham-mend: Asbestos Exposure and Neoplasla,JAMA, 188, 22-26, 1964.

31. Borow, M., A. Conston, L. L. Llvorneoo,.and N. Schalet: Mesothelloma and Its Asoci-ation with Asbestos. JAMA, 201, 687-691,1967.

32. lmes, P. C., W. T. E. MeCaughoy, and0. L. Wade: Diffuso Mesothelioma of thePleura and Asbestos. Brit. Med. J., 1, 350-353, 1965.

33. Elmes, P. C., and 0. L. Wade: Rolatlon-ship Between Exposure to Asbestos andPleural Malignancy In Belfast. Ann. N.Y.Acad. Sol., 132, 549-557, 1965.

34. Enticknap, J. B., and W. N. Smither:Peritoneal Tumor in Asbestosis. Brit, J, Ind.Med., 21, 20-31, 1964.

35. Fowler, P. B. S., J. 0. Sloper, and , 0,Warner: Exposure to Asbestos and Mestohell-oma of the Pleura. Brit. Med. 3., 211-213,1964.

36. Hammond, E. C., 1. J. Selikoff, and J.Churg: Neoplsla Among Insulation Workersin the United States with Special Referenceto Intraabdominal Neoplasla. Ann. N.Y. Acad.Sl., 132, 519-525, 1965.

37. Hourihano, D. OB.: The Pathology ofMesothelioma and an Analysis of Their As-sociation with Asbestos Exposure. Thorax, 19,268-278, 1064.

38. Lieben, J., and H. Plstawka: Mesothell-oma and Asbestos Exposure. Arch. Envlr.Health, 14, 559-563, 1067.

39. Mann, n. H., J. L. Grosh, and V M.O'Donnell: Mesothelioma Associated withAsbestosis. Cancer, 19, 521-528, 1060.



40. McCaughey, W. T. E., 0. L. Wade, andP. C. Elmes: Exposure to Asbestos Dust andDiffuse Pleural Mesotheliomas. Brlit. Med. T.,

,2, 1397, 1962.41. McDonald, A. D, A. Harper, 0. A. El-

Attar, and J. C. McDonald: Epidemiology ofPrimary Malignant Mesothelial. Tumors inCanada. Cancer, 26, 914-919, 1970.

42. Newhouse, M. L, and H" Thompson:Epidemiology of Mesothelial Tumors In theLondon Area. Ann. NY. Acad. Scl., 132, 579-588,-1965.

43. Owen, W. G.: Mesothellal Tumors andExposure to Asbestos Dust. Ann. N.Y. Acad.Scl., .132, 671-679,1965.

44. Sellkoff, L _ J. Churg, and B. C. Ham-mond: Relation Between Exposure to As-bestos and Mesothelloma. New Eng. J. Med.,272, 560-565, 1965.

45. Wright, G. W- Asbestos and Health in1969. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 100, 467-479, 1969.

46. Selikoff, L J., E. C. Hammond, and J.Churg: Asbestos Exposure, Smoking, andNeoplasia. XAIIA, 204, 106-112, 1968.

47. Wagner, J. C, C. A. Sleggs, and P.Marchand: Diffuse Pleural Mesothelloma andAsbestos Exposure In the North WesternCape Province. Brit. J. Ind. Wed., 17,260-271,1960.

48. Champion, P.: Two cases of MalignantMesothelio3a After Exposure to Asbestos.Am. Rev. Resp. Di., 103, 821-826, 1971.

49. Selikoff, L , and B. C. Hammond: En-vironmental Epidemiology. Ir. CommunityEffects of' Nonoccupational EnvironmentalAsbestos Exposure. Am. J. Pub. Health, 58,1658-1666, 1968.

50. Wagner, J.C.: Epidemiology of DiffuseMesothelial Tumors: Evidence of an ASsocla-tion from Studies in South Africa and theUnited Kingdom. Ann. NY. Aced. ScL, 132,575-578, 1965.

51. National Institute for OccupationalSafety and Health: Occupational Exposures:to Asbestos (Criteria for- a RecommendedStandard). Washington, U.S. Department ofHealth, Education, and Welfare (PBS,HSIMEA), 1972 (HSM 72-10267).

52. Selikof, L J_ W. 3. Nicholson, and A. I.Langer: Asbestos Air Pollution. Arch. Envir.Health, 25, 1-13,1972.

53. National Academy of Sciences: Asbestos(The Need for and Feasibility of Air Pollu-tion Controls). Washington, National Acad-emy of Sciences, 1971, 40 pp.

54. National Inventory of Sources andEmissions-Cadmium, Nickel, and Asbestos.Report by W. E. Davis & Associates undercontract to the Department of Health, Edu-cation, and Welfare (Contract No. CPA 22-69-131). Feb. 1970.

55. Research Triangle Institute: Compre-hensive Study of Specified Air PollutionSources to Assess the Economic Impact of AirQuality Standards;-Asbestos, Beryllium, Mer-cury. Report prepared under contract to theEnvironmental Protection Agency (ContractNo. 68-02-0088). Aug. 1972.

BERYLLTiUM

Beryllium is a hazardous air pollutantwithin the meaning of section 112. Theproven effects of airborne beryllium ma-terials on human health include bothacute and chronic lethal inhalation ef-,fects (1.2), as well as skin and conjunc-tival effects (2). Insufclent data areavailable to incriminate beryllium as ahuman carcinogen (1, 2), but the lack ofof any mechanism for the total elimina-tion of beryllium body burdens, and theresulting possibly long residence timemay enhance the opportunity for cancerinduction. The Beryllium Registry nowcontains over 820 proven cases of beryl-lium-related disease (3), but since many


of these were most likely due to exposureprior to the Institution of controls, properassessment of the period of exposure Isnot always possible (1, 2); It Is known,however, that chronic beryllium diseaseIs associated not only with activities In-volving extraction processes, but also that64 registry cases resulted from exposureduring machining operations on beryl-lium materials (3). There are at least 45cases of nonoccupatlonallyincurred dis-eases on file with the registry, of whichapproximately half have been fatal (3),and retrospective studies of the concen-trations of beryllium that resulted insome cases of chronic beryllium diseasefrom nonoccupational exposure haveconcluded that the lowest concentrationwhich produced disease was greater than0.01 pg/m! and probably less than 0.10

ig/n (4).In 1949, when It became apparent that

beryllium was a toxic material, theAtomic Energy Commission adopted alimit for beryllium concentrations incommunity air (Le, 0.01 pg of berylliumper cubic meter of air averaged over a 30-day period) (2). Beryllium refining com-panies holding contracts with the AEC tooperate AEC-owned refinery facilitiesand expand their own refinery capacityto meet AEC's beryllum requirements,were required to observe the communityair limit. With the termination of thesecontracts in the 1961-63 period due toa reduction in AEC requirements forberyllium, the refineries were no longersubject to the ABC community air limitThe AEC's health and safety require-ments, however, have continued to applyto all AEC-owned facilities, some ofwhich fabricate and assemble berylliumparts.

In the period since the Implementationof the ABC guideline, no reported casesof chronic beryllium disease have oc-curred as a result of community exposure.and the Committee on Toxicology of theNational Academy of Sciences concludedthat the ABC guideline limit represents asafe level of exposure (1).

Accordingly, the Administrator has de-termined that In order to provide an-ample margin of safety to protect thepublic health from beryllium, sources ofberyllium dust, ume, or mist eissionsinto the atmosphere should be controlledto insure that ambient concentrationsof beryllium do not exceed 0.01 pg/i'-30-day average.

The beryllium standard covers extrac-tion plants, foundries, ceramic manufac-turing plants machine shops (processingberyllium or beryllium alloys containingin excess of 5 percent beryllium) anddisposal of beryllium-containing wastes.Most affected beryllium sources are lim-ited to emissions of not more than 10grams pet day. This level was determinedthrough dispersion estimates as the levelwhich would protect against the occur-rence of 30-day average ambient concen-trations exceeding 0.01 pg/ni. Thesources covered by the standard are theonly known ones that could result In am-bient beryllium concentrations in excessof 0.01 pg/rn!. The assumptions and equa-

tions used to make the dispersion es-timates are given in the Background In-formation Report for Asbestos, Beryl-lium, and Mercury (APTD-40753), pub-lished at the time the standards werepropozed.

Rocket testing facilities are requiredto meet the limit of '75 microgram-min-utes per cubic meter, accumulated dur-ing any period of 2-consecutive weeks.The limit for rocket testing facilities isthe same as that developed in 1966 bythe Committee on Toxicology of the Na-tional Academy of Sciences for protec-tion of off-site personnel from intermit-tent exposures to soluble berylliur com-pounds arising from the firing of rocketmotors (1).

The proposed standard did not Includea provision on open burning of beryllium-containing waste. The promulgatedstandard Includes a ban on open burningof beryllium-containing waste. Thischange was made because Informationreceived after proposal indicated thatsuch sources can cause ambient concen-trations of beryllium in excess of 0.01pg/m? and because It is not possible tocontrol the emissions from open burning.The promulgated standard does allowdisposal of beryllium-containing wasteIn incinerators which are controlled soas not to exceed the 10-gram-per-daylimi. The disposal of beryllium-contain.-ing explosive waste Is- included in thestandard covering rocket testing.

The proposed standard would havecovered all machining operations whichuse alloys containing any amount of be-rylllum. Comments were received whichclaimed that numerous machining opera-tions use alloys containing low concen-trations of beryllium and do not exceedthe 10-gram-per-day emission limita-tion. An investigation of these com-ments revealed that alloys which includeberyllium either contain a. large amount(greater than 60 percent) or a smallamount (less than. 5 percent),* and thatapproximately 8.000 machining opera-tions use the low beryllium content al-loys. Tes-t3were conducted by the Agencyto determine the beryllium emissionsfrom the operations which use the lowberyllium content alloys (e.g. stamping,tube drawing, rnmining, and sawing). Theresults indicated that even if the emis-sions were vented to the outside air,which they ordinarily are not, they wouldbe signlflcantiy below the 10-gram-per-day emisson limitation. After consider-Ing these results and the administrativeburden If the standard applied to sucha large number of sources, the proposedstandard was changed to exempt themachining operations which use alloyscontaining Less than 5-percentberyllim.

The proposed standard would have al-lowed all sources of beryllium to choosebetween meeting the 10-gram-per-dayemizlon limit and complyin. by uze ofambient monitoring to insure that the0.01 pg/im 30-day average is never ex-ceeded. After reconsidering the proposedstandard and the dllculty Inherent inusing ambient air quality data, as op-posed to emission data, as a regulatorytool, It was decided to limit the use ofambient data as a means of compliance

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 38, NO. 66--FRIDAY, APRIL 6, 1973

SS23


to those sources which have demon-strated over a reasonable past peri6dthat they can meet and have met theambient limitation. Therefore, the stand-ard being promulgated herein allows theambient option only to existing sourceswhich have 3 years of current ambientair quality data which demonstrate tothe Administrator's satisfaction that the0.01 flg/m level can be met in the vicinityof the source. A minimum of 3 years ofdata was judged to be necessary to dem-onstrate that the ambient guideline of0.01 jg/m! (30-day average) can be metbecause of the possibility of monthly,seasonal, and even annual variations inambient levels caused by variations inmeteorology and production. The exist-ing sources which could qualify or thisoption are four beryllium extractionplants and, possibly, a small number ofmachine shops. These sources were de-signed or modified to facilitate compli-ance with the 0.01 pg/m ambient limit.

The potential environmental impact ofthis standard was evaluated and it wasconcluded that the standard will notcause any adverse effects. Beryllium isa very expensive material, and most gasstreams emitting significant quantitiesof beryllium are controlled with high ef-ficiency dry collectors, and the collectedmaterial is recycled or sold back to the'Primary producers. Wet collectors arerarely used strictly as an air pollutioncontrol device, but more often as an ex-traction process control device allowingrecycle of wastp liquids to the process.Absolute filters are often used as finalfilters and collect small quantities ofberyllium from very low concentrationgas streams. These filters are usuallyburied n company owned or segregateddumps or stored In unused mines orbuildings. Most of the solid wastes areprepackaged prior to burial to preventescape of beryllium to the environment.

Although the standard is not based oneconomic considerations, EPA is aware ofthe economic impact (5) of the stand-ard. Since most -of the sources of beryl-lium emissions are already controlled andIn compliance with the standard, theeconomic impact will be very small.

REFE=CEs1. Committee on Toxicology, National Acad-

emy of Sciences: Air Quality Criteria forBeryllium and Its Compounds. Report pre-pared under contract to the U.S. PublicHealth Service (Contract X7onr-291(61)),Washington, March 1, 1966.

2. National Institute for OccupationalSafety and Health: Occupational Exposure toBeryllium (Criteria for a RecommendedStandard). Washington, U.S. Department ofHealth, Education, and Welfare (PBS,RSMHA), 1972 (HSI 72-10268).

3. Massachusetts General Hospital, U.S.Beryllium Case Registry, -Boston, Mass.

4. Eisenbud, M., R. C. Wanta, C. Dustan,L. T. Steadman, W. B. Harris, and B. S.Wolf:Wonoccupational Berylliosis. J. Ond. Hyg.Toxcol., 31, 282-294, 1949.

5. Research Triangle Institute: Compre-hensive Study of Specified Air PollutionSources to Assess the Economic Impact of AirQuality Standards--Asbestos, Beryllium, mer-cury. Report prepared under contract to theEnvironmental Protection Agency '(ContractNo. 68-02-0088). August 1972.

MERCUkY

Mercury is a hazardous air pollutantwithin the meaning of section 112. Ex-posure to metallic mercury vapors maycause central nervous system injury, andrenal damage (1, 3). Experience withmercury vapor comes almost exclusivelyfrom animal experiments and industrialexposures. Animal (rat) data indicate arisk of accumulation in critical systemsupon prolonged exposure, with a poten-tial, for example, for selective brain dam-age (2, 3). Prolonged exposure to about100 micrograms mercury per cubic meterof air involves a definite risk of mercuryintoxication (3).

To determine the ambient air level ofmercury that does not impair health, theairborne burden must be considered to-gether with the water- and food-borneburdens. An expert group concluded,based on its analysis of several episodesof mercury poisoning in Japan, that 4micrograms of methylmercury per kilo-gram of bodyweght per day would resultin the intoxication of a sensitive adult;application of a safety factor of 10 yieldedan acceptable exposure of about 30 mi-crograms per day for a 70-kilogram man,and this level is also believed to providesatisfactory protection against geneticlesions, and poisoning of the fetus andof children (4).

It should be noted that methylmercuryis considered to be by far the most haz-ardous mercury compound, particularlyvia the ingestion of fish in which it hasbeen concentrated through the foodchain, (3, 5).. The Environmental Protec-tion Agency, In view of the present lim-ited knowledge as to the effects of in-haled mercury in the general population,and in order to best assure the requisite"ample margin of safety to protect thepublic health," has concluded that it isprudent to consider exposures to methyl-mercury (diet) and mercury vapor (air)to be equivalent and additive. It has beenestimated that from average diets, overa considerable period, mercury intakes of10 micrograms per day may be expected(6), so that, in order to restrict totalintake to 30 micrograms per day, theaverage mercury intake from air wouldhave to be limited to 20 micrograms perday. Assuming inhalation of 20 cubicmeters of air per day, the air could con-tain an average daily concentration ofno more than 1 microgram of mercuryper cubic meter.

The standard promulgated herein reg-ulates the only two sources, mercury oreprocessing facilities and mercury cellchior-alkali plants, which have beenfound to emit mercury in a manner thatcould cause the ambient concentration toexceed the inhalation effects limits of 1microgram per cubic meter. The stand-ard limits emissions from these facilitiesto not more than 2,300 grams per day.The emission limit of 2,300 grams perday was derived from dispersion esti-mates as the level which would protectagainst the violation of an average dailyambient concentration of 1 microgramper cubic meter. The assumptions and


equations used to make the dispersionestimates are given In the BackgroundInformation Report for Asbestos, Beryl-lium, and Mercury (APTD-0753), pub-rlished at the-time the standards wereproposed.

Many mercury cell chior-alkali plantcell rooms present severe source testingproblems due to their design and con-struction. Such sources may either recon-struct the cell room so that accuratesource tests can be made or employhousekeeping and maintenance practicesthat minimize mercury emissions fromthe cell room. Source test data and cal-culations have Indicated that when suchpractices are used, 1,300 grams per dayis a reasonable estimate of emissionsfrom the cell room. Therefore, when thisoption is chosen, an emission of 1,300grams per day will be assigned to the cellroom. This permits emissions of not morethan 1,000 grams per day from the hydro-gen and end box ventilation streams com-bined.

Compliance with the standard will bedetermined by the EPA reference methodor EPA-approved substitute methods,Where a chlor-alkali plant chooses thehousekeeping and maintenance practicesoption, determination of compliance ofthe cell room emission will be based onthe use of EPA-approved practices, A listof approved practices may be obtainedfrom EPA on request to regional oflices,

The only major change In the mercurystandard is the Introduction of the aboveoption of assigning an emission numberto the cell room, provided certain house-keeping and maintenance requirementsare met. When this option is chosen, test-ing is not required for emissions from thecell room. This option is offered becausecomments, testimony, and EPA sourcetesting experience indicated that mostexisting cell rooms cannot be accuratelytested for mercury emissions. Accurateemission tests are unduly complicatedand costly because of the cell roomconfiguration.

Some of the changes suggested in writ-ten comments and public hearing testi-mony were considered by EPA but notmade. The most significant one involvedthe environmental chemistry of mercury,that is, environmental mercury In the at-mosphere is transformed to mercuricoxide by the action of ultraviolet radia-tion, and since mercuric oxide Is not astoxic as elemental mercury, the stand-ard should be less stringent, This argu-ment is based on laboratory experimentsunder controlled conditions with gener-ated radiation. The reaction cited in thetestimony occurs when elemental mer-cury is irradiated with ultraviolet lightwith a wavelength of 2,537 angstrom (A).Naturally occurring ozone In the upperatmosphere absorbs light in the ultra-violet region below 3,000 A; (7) hence thewavelength of ultraviolet necessary forthe reaction Is absent in the ambient at-mosphere, and the reaction does not pro-ceed at as high a rate as implied by thesubmitted testimony. Field measurementsof both mercury vapors and particulatemercury in ambient air indicate that asmuch as 96 percent of the mercury do-

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 38, NO. 66-FRIDAY, APRIL 6, 1973

8824

tected was in an elemental vapor form(data collected by EPA at the FederalBuilding in Moundsville, W. Va.).

The Environmental Protection Agencyrecognizes that mercury and its com-pounds constitute a multimedia conta-pounds constitute a multimedia contam-ination problem, i.e., strong evidencealter its natural distribution in the en-vironment; that such uses may cause orhasten additional deposits into wateror soil over and above those occurringnaturally, thereby building up environ-mental concentrations; and the mercurylevels accumulate in the biota, with theresult that potentially dangerous residuelevels are reached in foods consumed byman and animals.

Current data on the environmentaltransport of mercury do not permit aclear assessment of the effect of mercuryemissions into the atmosphere on themercury content in the aquatic and ter-restrial environments. Results of ongoingresearch will determine if there is a needfor more comprehensive control ofrmer-cury emissions into the air. The stand-ard promulgated herein is intended toprotect the public health-from the effectsof inhaled mercury.

The environmental impact of thisstandard was evaluated and it was con-cluded that the standard will not causeany adverse effects since the control ofmercury emissions to the atmospherewill have only minimal impact on otherareas of environmental concern. Thesimplest control for mercury emissions tothe atmosphere is cooling to condensethe mercury. This cooling can be indirector direct. By -indirect cooling, the mer-_cury condenses and is retained for re-cycle or sale. By direct cooling with awater scrubber, the water is usually re-circulated after using centrifugal orgravitational separation, to remove themercury. The water cannot be reusedindefinitely and eventually requires addi-tional treatment to remove the mercury.In most cases, such treatment facilitiesare already being utilized to meet waterquality standards.

A widely used control device for par-ticulate mercury emissions is the misteliminator. Residues in these devices areremoved by gravity and washing with arecycled liquid. Another control methodis chemical scrubbing. In this system.scrubbing liquids are continuously madeup while waste materials are usually re-cycled to the process feed solutions. Re-cycling of these liquids avoids significantcontamination of water with mercuryresidues.

The use of adsorption bed is a highlyefficient control method for removingmercury from gas streams. Two primarytypes are available: (1) Chemicallytreated activated carbon beds, and (2)molecular sieves. Most of the mercurycollected by activated carbon can be re-claimed by retorting the carbon but thisusually destroys the carbon structureand necessitates disposal. Some smallamount of residual mercury will remainwith the carbon, but it is tightly boundand is not easily transferred into the airor water. Regenerative molecular sieves


do not cause a waste disposal problembecause the sieves can be regeneratedin place without retorting and can bereused many times.

Although the standard was not basedon economic considerations, EPA Isaware of the impact (8) and considers Itto be reasonable. Because mercury Is aninternational commodity, world pricesdetermine the fortunes of the domesticmercury mining industry. Historically,mercury prices fluctuate greatly in re-sponse to small changes in demand orsupply. Domestic mercury mines are con-sidered high-cost producers In relation toforeign producers. Because the averageprice has dropped from $404 per flaskin 1969 to approximately $320 currently,the number of domestic mercury mines

.in operation has dropped sharply from109 in 1969 to six or seven In March 1973.As long as the price of mercury remainsbelow marginal costs of production (gen-erally about $400). the remaining domes-tic mines will be Ill equipped to absorbany cost increases.

The total chlor-alkall industry com-prises 68 plants. ApproxImately 28 aremercury cell plants and account forabout 27 percent of the U.S. productionof chlorine and caustic.

The future of the chlorine-caustic in-dustry appears healthy. Demand forchlorine is expected to grow at an annualrate of 6 percent projected from 1971.Demand for caustic soda will grow atleast at the same rate as chlorine, andperhaps faster. Prices for chlorine andsodium hydroxide have been risingsteadily through the sixties into 1971.Based on these trends, the cost of controlto comply with the mercury standard willbe passed forwar4 to the consumer. Useof these two basic commodities Is so di-verse that any price increases will bewell dispersed through all manufacturingactivities.

RErrnncns1. Report of an International Committee:

Maximum Allowable Concentrations of mer-cury Compounds. Arch. Envir. Health, 19, 891-905. December 1969.

2. Clarkson, T. W.: The Pharmacology ofMercury Compounds. Ann. Rov. Pharmacol-ogy, 12, 375-406, 1972.

3. Friberg, a., and J. Vostal (Eds.): Mer-cury in the Environment-A Toxicologicaland Epidemiological AppraisaL Prepared bythe xarolnEka Institute Department of En-vironmental Hygiene (Stockholm) for theU.s. Environmental Protection Agency (Officeof Air Programs), November 1971.

4. methylmercury in Fish; a Toxicologic-Epidemiologi Evaluation of Rick . Reportfrom an expert group. Nord, Hyg. TlrdL.(Stockholm). Supplement 4, 1971 (Engllrshtranslation).

5. Nelson. N., T. C. Byerly, A. C. Nolbye, Jr.,L. T. Kurland, F. E. Shapiro. S. I. ShlbkooW. H. Stickle, J. E. Thompson, L. A. Van DenBerg, and A. Weissler: Ha-rds of Mercury(special report to the Secretary's PesticideAdvisory Committee, Department of Heath,Education, and Welfare, November 1970).Envir. Res., 4, 1-69, 1971.

6. West5. G.: Mercury In Foodstuffs-IsThere a Great Risk of Poisoning? VAR FODA,4, 1-6, 1965.

7. Leighton, P. A.: Photochemistry of AirPollution. Academic Press. 1961.

8. Research Triangle Institute: Compre-hensive Study of Speclfied Air PollutionSources to Assess the Economic Impact of

8825

Air Quality Standard,-Asbestos, BerylliumMercury. Report prepared under contract tothe Environmental Protection Agency (Con-tract No. W5-02-0088). August 1972.

GmMAL PROw oMs

The standards promulgated below areapplicable to new, modified, and existingsources. Any new or modified source mustcomply with the standards upon begin-ning operation. Any existing source mustcomply with the standards within 90days after promulgation, unless a waiverof compliance Is granted.

After considering the proposed generalprovisions and the comments received onthem, the Administrator made severalchanges which are included In the stand-ards promulgated below. A new sectionwas added to specifically require new sta-tionary sources to notify the Administra-tor before beginnning operation. Therequirements for source reporting andrequest for waiver of compliance werecombined into one section. The time forsubmitting the source report was ex-tended from 30 to 90 days to providesources with more time to complete theinformation required. Appendix A wasadded to provide sources a descriptionand format of the information required.

Thb proposed standards required allsources of mercury and beryllium to testtheir emissions within 3 months of theeffective date and at least once every 3months thereafter; a provision was in-eluded to allow the Administrator towaive the periodic tests for sources incompliance with a standard. The stand-ards promulgated below require the ini-tial test within 90 days of the effectivedate and include a provision to allow theAdministrator to waive this requirementIf the source Is meeting the standard orhas requested a waiver of compliance.Periodic tests are not required unlessspecifically requested by the Administra-tor. The Admlifistrator may cancel awaiver of emission tests and may requirea test under the authority of section 114of the Act at any time. Appendix A speci-fies the information which a source mustprovide the Administrator when applyingfor a waiver of initial emission testing.

The standards promulgated below donot require the owner or operator torequest a waiver of compliance before aspecific date. However, the owner or op-erator should submit the request within30 days after the effective date of theregulation to be assured that action willbe taken on the waiver application priorto the 90th day after the effective date.Continued operation in excess of a stand-ard after the 90th day without a waiverIs a violation of the act.

The Administrator may grant an exist-ing source a waiver, permitting a period -of up to 2 years for compliance, providedthat steps will be taken during the waiverperiod to assure that the health of per-sons will be protected from imminentendangerment and provided that suchperiod is necessary for the installation ofcontrols. To be granted a waiver of com-pliance, a source must submit a writtenrequest to the Administrator and pro-vide certaln information to assist theAdministrator in making a judgment.



Within 60 days after receiving a request,the Administrator will notify the owneror operator of approval or intention todeny the waiver. Any waiver of com-pliance granted by the Administrator willbe in writing and specify conditions thesource must meet during the waiverperiod. If the Administrator intends todeny a request, the owner or operatorwill be given a specified time to provideadditional information or argumentsprior to final action on the request. Finalaction on a request will be in writing bythe Administrator, and if denied, will in-clude reasons for denial.

The President may exempt any new,modified, or existing stationary sourcefrom compliance with the standards fora period of up to 2 years, provided thetechnology is not available to implementthe standards and the operation of suchsource is required for reasons of nationalsecurity. Also, the President may grantexemptions for additional periods of 2years or less.

The construction of a new source ormodification of an existing source cov-ered by these standards cannot beginwithout approval -of the Administrator.To obtain approval, the owner or opera-tor of such sources must apply in writingto the Administrator. Within 60 days,the Administrator will notify the owneror operator of approval or intention todeny approval. If the Administrator in-tends to deny approval, a specified timewill be given to provide additional infor-mation or arguments prior to final actionon the application. The final action onany application will be in writing by theAdministrator, and if denied, will in-clude the reasons for denial.

Although the demolition of buildingsor structures containing asbestos ma-terial and the spraying of asbestos ma-terial will in many cases be modificationsof existing stationary sources, the Ad-ministrator's approval is not required be-fore beginning such operations. Section112(c) (1) of the act specifies that noperson may construct any new source ormodify any existing source"* * * unlessthe Administrator finds that such sourceif properly operated will not cause emis-sions in violation of such standard." Thedemolition and spraying provisions areexpressed in terms of prbcedures to befollowed. Therefore, if the source is prop-erly operated, it will be complying withthe standard, affd there is no need forthe Administrator to make a finding withrespect to each new source subject tothese provisions.

Each source covered by these stand-ards is required to submit to the Admin-istrator within 90 days after promulga-tion certain information pertaining to itsoperation. Changes in the informationmust be submitted within 30 days afterthe change, except where the change isconsidered a modification. Then the re-quirements for a modified sburce areapplicable.

Three terms are associated with deter-mining compliance by means of sourcetesting: (1) Reference method, (2)equivalent method, and (3) alternativemethod. Reference methods are the pre-

ferred methods of sampling and analyz-ing used to determine compliance. Thereference methods for beryllium andmercury are included in appendix B tothis part. An equivalent method is anymethod of sampling and analyzing whichhas been demonstrated to the Admin-istrator's satisfaction to have a con-sistent and quantitatively known rela-tionship to the reference method underspecified conditions. An alternativemethod is any method of sampling andanalyzing which does not meet all thecriteria for equivalency but which can beused in specific cases to determine com-pliance. Alternative methods may be ap-proved by the Administrator for sourcetesting; however, in cases where deter-minations of compliance using an alter-native method are disputed, use of thereference method or its equivalent willbe required by the Administrator. An ap-proved alternative method for berylliumis included in appendix B hereto.

All emission data provided to or ob-tained by the Administrator in carryingout these regulations iill be available tothe public. Records, reports, or informa-tion other than trade secrets will beavailable to the public.

Pursuant to section 112(d) (1) of theact, the Environmental ProtectionAgency intends to delegate the author-ity to implement and enforce nationalemission standards (except with respectto stationary sources owned or operated

•-by the United States) for hazardous airpollutants to any State which submits anadequate procedure to the Administrator.The requisite procedure for requestingsuch delegation will be issued in thefuture by the Environmental ProtectionAgency.

The regulations ior the national emis-sion standards for asbestos, beryllium,and mercury are hereby promulgated ef-fective upon promulgation (April 6,1973).

Dated: March 30, 1973.ROBERT W. FMa,

Acting Administrator,Environmental Protection Agency.

A new Part 61 is added to Chapter 1,Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations, asfollows:

Subpart A-General ProvisionsSec.61.01 Applicability.61.02 Definitions.61.03 Abbreviations.61.04 Address.61.05 Prohibited activities.61.06 Determination of constructon or

modification.61.07 Application for approval of construc-

tion or modification.61.08 Approval by Administrator.61.09 Notification of startup.61.10 Source reporting and waiver request.61.11 Waiver of compliance.61.12 Emission tests and monitoring.61.13 Waiver of emission tests.61.11 Source test and analytical methods.61.15 Availability of information.61.16 State authority, .

Subpart B--NationaI Emission Standard forAsbestos

61.20 Applicability.61.21 Definitions.

Sec.61.22 Emission standard.61.23 Air cleaning.61.24 Reporting.

Subpart C-National Emission Standard forBeryllium

61.30 Applicability.61.31 DefinItions.61.32 Emission standard.61.33 Stack sampling.61.34 Air sampling.

Subpart D-Natonal Emission Standard forBeryllium Rocket Motor Firing

61.40 Applicability.61.41 Definitions.61.42 Emission standard.61.43 Emission testing-rocket firing or pro-

pellant disposal.61.44 Stack sampling.

Subpart E-Natonal Emission Standard forMercury

61.50 Applicability.61.51 Definitions.61.52 Emission standard.61.63 Stack sampling.Appendix A-Compliance Status Information,Appendix B-Test Methods.Method 101-Reference method for determi-

nation of particulate and gaseous mercuryemissions from stationary sources (airstreams).

Method 102-Reference method for determi-nation of particulate and gaseous mercuryemissions from stationary sources (hydro-gen streams).

Method 103-Beryllium screening method.Method 104-Reference method for dotormi-

nation of beryllium emissions from sta-tionary sources.

Auvsosrr: 42 U.S.C. 1857c-7.

Subpart A-General Provisions§ 61.01 Applicablity.

The provisions of this part apply tothe owner or operator of any stationarysource for which a standard is prescribedunder this part.§ 61.02 Definitions.

As used in this part, all terms not de-fined herein shall have the meaning giventhem in the act:

(a) "Act" means the Clean Air Act (42U.S.C. 1857 et seq.).

(b) "Administrator" means the Ad-ministrator of the Environmental Pro-tection Agency or his authorized repre-sentative.

(c) "Alternative method" means anymethod of sampling and analyzing for anair pollutant which does not meet all ofthe criteria for equivalency but which hasbeen demonstrated to the Administra-tor's satisfaction to, in specific cases, pro-duce results adequate for his determina-tion of compliance.

(d) "Commenced" means that an own-er or operator has undertaken a con-tinuous program of construction ormodification or that an owner or operatorhas entered into a contractual obligationto undertake and complete, within a rea-sonable time, a continuous program ofconstruction or modification,

(e) "Compliance schedule" means thedate or dates by which a source or cate-gory of sources is required to comply withthe standards of this part and with anysteps toward such compliance which areset forth in a waiver of compliance under§ 61.11.


8826


(f) "Construction" means fabrication,erection, or installation of a stationarysource.

(g) "Effective date" is the date ofpromulgation in the FEDERAL REGISTERof an applicable standard or other regu-lation under this part.

(h) "Equivalent method" means anymethod of sampling and analyzing foran air pollutant which has been demon-strated to the Administrator's satisfac-tion to have a consistent and quantita-tively known relationship to the referencemethod, under specified conditions.

i) '"xisting source" means any sta-tionary source which is not a new source.

(j) Modification" means any physicalchange in, or change in the method ofoperation of, a stationary source whichincreases the amount of any-hazardousair pollutant emitted by such source orwhich results in the emission of anyhazardous air pollutant not previouslyemitted, except that:

(1) Routine maintenance, repair, andreplacement shall not be consideredphysical changes, and

(2) The following shall not be con-sidered a change in the method ofoperation:

(i) An increase in the production rate,if such increase does not exceed the op-erating design capacity of the stationarysource;

(ii) An increase in hours of operation.(k) "'New source" means any stationary

source, the construction or modificationof which is commenced after the publi-cation in the FEDERAL REGISTER of pro-posed national emission standards forhazardous air pollutants which will beapplicable to such source.

(1) "Owner or operator" means anyperson who owns, leases, operates, con-trols, or supervises a stationary source.

(in) "Reference method" means anymethod of sampling and analyzing foran air pollutant, as described in ap-pendix B to this part.

(n) "Startup" means the setting inoperation of a stationary source for anypurpose.

(o) "Standard" means a nationalemission standard for a hazardous airpollutant proposed or promulgated underthis part.

(p) "Stationary source" means anybuilding; structure, facility, or installa-tion which emits or may emit any airpollutant which has been designated ashazardous by the Administrator.

§ 61.03 Abbreviations.

The abbreviations used in this parthave the following meanings:

'C-Degrees Centigrade.cfm-Cubic feet per minute.fW-Square feet.f--Cubfc feet.'F-Degrees Fahrenheit.in-Inch.

1-Liter.ml-Milliliter.M-Molar.m--Cubic meter.

nm-Nanometer.oz-Ounces.v/v-Volume per volume.

yd'-Square yards.w.g.-Water gage.inHg-Inches of mercury.in-O-Inches of water.

g-Grams.mg-Milligrams.N-Normal.'R-Degree Rankine.min-Minutesec-Second.avg.-Average.ID.--Inslde diameter.O.D.-Outslde diameter.pg-AMicrograms (10 " gram).%-Percent.Hg-Mercury.Be-Beryllium.

§ 61.04 Address.

All requests, reports, applications, sub-mittals, and other communications tothe Administrator pursuant to this partshall be submitted in duplicate and ad-dressed to the appropriate regional officeof the Environmental Protection Agency,to the attention of the Director, Enforce-ment Division. The regional offices are asfollows ."

Region I (Connecticut, Maine, Massa-chusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island,Vermont), John F. Kennedy FederalBuilding, Boston, Mass. 02203.

Region II (New York, New Jersey,Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands), FederalOffice Building, 26 Federal Plaza (FoleySquare), New York, N.Y. 10007.

Region MII (Delaware, District of Co-lumbia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Vir-ginia, West Virginia), Curtis Building,Sixth and Walnut Streets, Philadelphia,Pa. 19106.

Region IV (Alabama, Florida, Georgia,Mississippi. Kentucky, North Carolina,South Carolina, Tennessee), Suite 300,1421 Peachtree Street, Atlanta, Ga.30309.

Region V (Illinois, Indiana, Minne-sota, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin),1 North Wacker Drive, Chicago, IIl.60606.

Region VI (Arkansas, Louisiana, NewMexico, Oklahoma, Texas), 1600 Pater-son Street, Dallas, Tex. 75201.

Region VII (Iowa, Kansas, Missouri,Nebraska), 1735 Baltimore Street, Kan-sas City, Mo. 64108.

Region VIII (Colorado, Montana,North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wy-oming), 916 Lincoln Towers, 1860 Lin-coin Street, Denver, Colo. 80203.

Region IX (Arizona, California,Hawaii, Nevada, Guam, AmericanSamoa), 100 California Street, SanFrancisco, Calif. 94111.

Region X (Washington, Oregon, Idaho,Alaska), 1200 Sixth Avenue, Seattle,Wash. 98101.

§ 61.05 Prohibited activities.(a) After the effective date of any

standard prescribed under this part, noowner or operator shall construct or mod-ify any stationary source subject to suchstandard without first obtaining writtenapproval of the Administrator in accord-ance with this subpart, except under anexemption granted by the Presidentunder section 112(c) (2) of the act.Sources, the construction or modification

of which commenced, after the publica-tion date of the standards proposed tobo applicable to such source, are subjectto this prohibition.

(b) After the effective date of anystandard prescribed under this part, noowner or operator shall operate any newsource in violation of such standard ex-cept under an exemption granted by thePresident under section 112(c) (2) of theact.

(c) Ninety days after the effective dateof any standard prescribed under thispart, no owner or operator shall operateany existing stationary source in viola-tion of such standard, except under awaiver granted by the Administrator inaccordance with this subpart or underan exemption granted by the Presidentunder section 112(c) (2) of the act.

(d) No owner or operator subject tothe provisions of this part shall fail toreport, revise reports, or report sourcetest results as required under this part.

§ 61.06 Determination of constructionor modification.

Upon written application by an owneror operator, the Administrator will makea determination of whether actions takenor intended to be taken by such owneror operator constitute construction ormodification or the commencementthereof within the meaning of this part.The Administrator will within 30 daysof receipt of sufficient information toevaluate an application, notify the owneror operator of his determination.

§ 61.07 Application for approval ofconstruction or modification.

(a) The owner or operator of any newsource to which a standard prescribedunder this part is applicable shall, priorto the date on which construction ormodification is planned to commence, orwithin 30 days after the effective datein the case of a new source that alreadyhas commenced construction or modifi-cation and has not begun operation, sub-mit to the Administrator an applicationfor approval of such construction ormodification. A separate application shallbe submitted for each stationary source.

(b) Each application shall include:(1) The name and address of the ap-

plicant.(2) The location or proposed location

of the source.(3) Technical information describing

the proposed nature, size, design, operat-ing design capacity, and method of oper-ation of the source, including a descrip-tion of any equipment to be used forcontrol of emissions. Such technical in-formation shall include calculations ofemission estimates in sufficient detail topermit assessment of the validity of suchcalculations.

§ 61.03 Approval by Administrator.

(a) The Adminitrator will, within 60days of receipt of sufficient informationto evaluate an application under § 61.07,notify the owner or operator of approvalor intention to deny approval of con-struction or modification.

(b) If the Administrator determinesthat a stationary source for which an

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application pursuant to § 61.07 was sub-mitted will, if properly operated, notcause emissions in violation of a stand-ard, he will approve the construction ormodification of such source.

(c) Prior to denying any applicationfor approval of construction or modifica-tion pursuant to this section, the Admin-istrator will notify the owner or operatormaking such application of the Admin-istrator's intention to issue such denial,together with:

(1) Notice of the information andfindings on which such intended denialis based, and

(2) Notice of opportunity for suchowner or operator to present, within suchtime limit as the Administrator shallspecify, additional information or argu-ments to the Administrator prior to finalaction on such application.

(d) A final determination to deny anyapplication for approval will be in writ-ing and will set forth-the specific groundson which such denial is based. Such finaldetermination will be made within 60days of presentation of additional infor-mation or arguments, or 60 days afterthe final date specified for presentation,if no presentation is made.

(e) Neither the submission of an ap-plication for approval nor the Admin-istrator's granting of approval to con-struct or modify shall:

(1) Relieve an owner or operator oflegal responsibility for compliance withany applicable provision of this part orof any other applicable Federal, State,or local requirement, or

(2) Prevent the Administrator fromimplementing or enforcing this part ortaking any other action under the act.

§ 61.09 Notification of startup.

(a) Any owner or operator of a sourcewhich has an initial startup after theeffective date of a standard prescribedunder this part shall furnish the Admin-istrator written notification as follows:

(1) A notification of the anticipateddate of initial startup of the source notmore than 60 days nor less.than 30 daysprior fo- such date.

(2) A notification of the actual dateof initial startup of the source within 15days after such date.

§ 61.10 Source reporting and waiver re-quest.

(a) The owner or operator of anyexisting source, or any new source towhich a standard prescribed under thispart is applicable which had an initialstartup which preceded the effective dateof a standard prescribed under this partshall, within 90 days after the effectivedate, provide the following informationin writing to the Administrator:

(1) Name and address of the owneror, operator.

(2) The location of the source.(3) The type of hazardous pollutants

emitted by the stationary source.(4) A brief description of the nature,

size, design, and method of operation ofthe stationary source including the op-erating design capacity of such source.Identify each point of emission for eachhazardous pollutant.


(5) The average weight per month ofthe hazardous materials being processedby the source, over the last 12 monthspreceding the date of the.report.

(6) A description of the existing con-trol equipment for each emission point.

(i) Primary control device(s) for eachhazardous pollutant.

(ii) Secondary control device(s) foreach hazardous pollutant.

(iii) Estimated control efficiency (per-cent) for each control device.

(7) A statement by the owner or oper-ator of the source as to whether he cancomply with the standards prescribed inthis part within 90 days of the effectivedate.

(b) The owner or operator of an exist-ing source unable to operate in compli-ance with any standard prescribed underthis part may request a waiver of com-pliance with such standard for a periodnot exceeding 2 years from the effectivedate. Any request shall be in writing andshall include the following information:

(1) A description of the controls tobe installed to comply with the standard.

(2) A compliance schedule, includingthe date each step toward compliance willbe reached. Such list shall include as aminimum the following dates:

(i) Date by which contracts for emis-sion control systems or process modifica-tions willbe awarded, or date by whichorders will be issued for the purchaseof component parts to accomplish emis-sion. control or process modification;

(ii) Date of initiation of onsite con-struction or installation of emission con-trol equipment or process change;

(il) Date by which onsite construc-tion or installation of emission controlequipment or process modification is tobe completed; and

(iv) Date by which final compliance isto be achieved.

(3) A description of interim emissioncontrol steps which will be taken duringthe waiver period.

(c) Changes in the information pro-vided under paragraph (a) of this sectionshall be provided to the Administratorwithin 30 days after such change, exceptthat if changes will result froni modifica-tion of the source, as defined in § 61.02(j), the provisions of § 61.07 and § 61.08are applicable. '

(d) The format for reporting underthis section Is included as appendix A ofthis part. Advice on reporting the statusof compliance may be obtained from theAdministrator.§ 61.11 Waiver of compliance.

(a) Based on the information providedin any request under § 61.10, or other in-formation, the Administrator may granta waiver of compliance with a standardfor a period not exceeding 2 years fromthe effective date of such standard.

(b) Such waiver will be in writing andwill:

(1) Identify the stationary sourcecovered.

(2) Specify the termination date ofthe waiver. The waiver may be termi-nated at an earlier date if the conditions

specified under paragraph (b) (3) of thissection are not met.

(3) Specify dates by which steps to-ward compliance are to be taken; andimpose such additional conditions as theAdministrator determines to be neces-sary to assure installation of the neces-sary controls within the waiver period,and to assure protection of the healthof persons during the waiver period.

(c) Prior to denying any request fora waiver pursuant to this section, theAdministrator will notify the owner oroperator making such request of tio Ad-ministrator's intention to Issue suchdenial, together with:

(1) Notice of the Information andfindings on which such intended denialis based, and

(2) Notice of opportunity for suchowner or operator to present, withinsuch time limit- as the Administratorspecifies, additional Information or argu-ments to the Administrator prior to finalaction on such request.

(d) A final determination to deny anyrequest for a waiver will be in writingand will set forth the specific grounds onwhich such denial is based. Such finaldetermination will be made within 60days after presentation of additional In-formation or arguments, or 60 days afterthe final date specified for such presen-tation, if no presentation is made.

(e) The granting of a waiver underthis section shall not abrogate the Ad-ministrator's authority under section 114of the act.§ 61.12 Emission tests and monitoring.

(a) Emission tests and monitoringshall be conducted and reported as setforth in this part and appendix B to thispart.

(b) The owner or operator of a nowsource subject to this part, and at therequest of the Administrator, the owneror operator of an existing source sub-ject to this part, shall provide or causeto be provided, emission testing facill-ties as follows:

(1) Sampling ports adequate for testmethods applicable to such source.

(2) Safe sampling platform(s).(3) Safe access to sampling plat-

form(s).(4) Utilities for sampling and testing

equipment.§ 61.13 Waiver of emission tests.

(a) Emission tests may be waivedupon written application to the Admin-istrator if, in his judgment, the sourceis meeting the standard, or if the sourceis operating under a waiver of complianceor has requested a waiver of compliance.

(b) If application for waiver of theemission test is made, such applicationshall accompany the Information re-quired by § 61.10. The appropriate formis contained in appendix A to this part.

(c) Approval of any waiver grantedpursuant to this section shall not abro-gate the Administrator's authority under,the act or in any way prohibit the Ad-ministrator from later canceling suchwaiver. Such cancellation will be madeonly after notice Is given to the owneror operator of the source.


§ 61.14 Source test and analytical meth-ods.

(a) M.ethods 101, 102, and 104 in ap-

pendix B to this part -- all be used forall source tests required under this part,unless an equivalent method or an al-ternative method has been approved bythe Administrator.

(b) Method 103 in appendix B to thispart is hereby approved by the Admin-istrator as an alternative method forsources subject to § 61.32(a) and § 61.42(b).(c) The Administrator niay, after no-

tice to the owner or operator, withdrawapproyal of an alternative methodgranted under paragraph (a) or (b) ofthis section. Where the test results usingan alternative method do not adequatelyindicate fnether a source is in compli-ance with a standard, the Administratormay require the use of the referencemethod or its equivalent.

§ 61.15 Availability of information.

(a) Emission data provided to, or oth-erwise obtained by, the Administrator inaccordance with the provisions of thispart shall be available'to the public.

(b) Any records, veports, or informa-tion, other than emission data, providedto, or otherwise obtained by, the Admin-istratorin accordance with the provisionsof this part shall be available to the pub-lic, except that upon a showing satisfac-tory to the Administrtor by any personthat such records, reports, or informa-tion, or particular part thereof (otherthan emission data), if made public,would divulge methods or processes en-titled to protection as trade secrets ofsuch person, the Administrator will con-sider such records, reports, or informa-•tion, or particular part thereof, confi-dential in accordance with the purposesof section 1905 of title 18 of thd UnitedStates Code, except that such records, re-ports, or information, or particular partthereof, may be disclosed to other ofcers,-employees, or authorized representativesof the United States concerned with car-rying out the provisions of the act orwhen relevant in any proceeding underthe act.

§ 61.16 State authority.

(a) The provisions of this part shallnot be construed in any manner to pre-clude any State or political sulldivisionthereof from:

(1) Adopting and enforcing any emis-sion limiting regulation applicable to astationary source, provided that suchemission limiting regulation is not lessstringent than the standards prescribedunder this part. 0

(2) Requiring the owner or operatorof a stationary source, othr than a sta-tionary source owned or operated by theUnited States, to obtain permits, licenses,or approvals prior to initiating construc-tion, modification, or operation of suchsource.


Subpart B-National Emission Standardfor Asbestos

§ 61.20 Applicability.The provisions of this subpart are ap-

plicable to those sources specified in§ 6122.§ 61.21 Definitions.

Terms used in this subpart are definedin the act, in subpart A of this part, or Inthis section as follows:

(a) "Asbestos" means actinolite, amo-site, anthophylilte, chrysotile, crocidolite,tremolite.

(b) "Asbestos material" means as-bestos or any material containing as-bestos.

(c) "Particulate asbestos material"means finely divided particles of asbestosmaterial.

(d) "Asbestos tailings" means anysolid waste product of asbestos mining ormilling operations which contains as-bestos.

(e) "Outside air" means the air out-side buildings and structures.

() "Visible emissions" means anyemissions which are visaally detectablewithout the aid of instruments and whichcontain particulate asbestos material§ 61.22 Emissionstandard.

(a) Asbestos mills: There shall be novisible emissions to the outside air fromany asbestos mill except as provided inparagraph Cf) of this section. Outsidestorage of asbestos materials is not con-sidered a part of an asbestos mill.

(b) Roadways: The surfacing of road-ways with asbestos tailings Is prohibited,except for temporary roadways on anarea of asbestos ore deposits. The deposi-tion of asbestos tailings on roadways cov-ered with snow or ice is considered "sur-facing."

(C) Manufacturing: There shall be novisible emissions to the outside air, ex-cept as provided in paragraph (D ofthis section, from any building or struc-ture in which the following operationsare conducted or directly from any of thefollowing operations if they are con-ducted outside of buildings or structures.

(1) The manufacture of cloth, cord,wicks, tubing, tape, twine, rope, thread,yarn, roving, lap, or other textile ma-terials.

(2) The manufacture of cement prod-ucts.

(3) The manufacture of fireproofingand insulating materials.

(4) The manufacture of frictionproducts.

(5) The manufacture of paper, mil-board, and felt.

(6) The manufacture of floor tile.(7) The manufacture of paints, coat-

ings, caulks, adhesives, sealant&.(8) The manufacture of plastics and

rubber materials.(9) The manufacture of chlorine.(d) Demolition: Any owner or opera-

tor of a demolition operation who intendsto demolish any institutional, commer-cial, or industrial building (includingapartment buildings having more thanfour dwelling units), structure, facility,

8829

installation, or portion thereof whichcontains any boiler, pipe, or load-sup-porting structural member that is insu-lated or fireproofed with friable asbestosmaterial shall comply with the require-mepnts set forth In this paragrpL

(1) Notice of intention to demolishshall be provided to the Administratorat least 20 days prior to commencementof such demolition or anytime prior tocommencement of demolition subject toparagraph (d) (4) of this section.

* Such notice shall include the followinginformation:

(i) Name of owner or operator.(Il) Address of owner or operator.(ill) Description of the building, struc-

ture, facility, or installation to be de-mclished.

(iv) Address or location of the build-ing, structure, facility or installation.

(v) Scheduled starting and completiondates of demolition.

(vi) Method of demolition to be em-ployed.

(vii) Procedures to be employed tomeet the requirements of this paragraph-

(2) The following procedures shall beused to prevent emissions of particulateasbestos material to outside air:

(U) Friable asbestos materials, used toinsulate or fireproof any boiler, pipe, orload-supporting structural member, shallbe wetted and removed from any build-ing, structure, facility, or installationsubject to this paragraph before wreck-ing of load-supporting structural mem-bers is commenced. The friable asbestosdebris shall be wetted adequately to in-sure that such debris remains wet duringall stages of demolition and related han-dling operations.

(i1) No pipe or load-supporting struc-tural member that is covered with fri-able asbestos Insulating or fireproofingmaterial shall be dropped or thrown tothe ground from any bulding, structure,facility, or installation subject to thisparagraph, but shall be carefully low-ered or taken to ground level.

(ill) No friable asbestos debris shall bedropped or thrown to the ground fromany building, structure, facility, or in-stallation subject to this paragraph orfrom any floor to any floor below. Forbuildings, structures, facilities, or in-stallations, 50 feet or greater in height,friable asbestos debris shall be trans-ported to the ground via dust-tightchutes or containers.

(3) Sources subject to this paragraphare exempt from the requirements of§§ 61.05(a), 61.07, and 61.09.

(4) Any owner or operator of a demoli-tion operation who intends to demolish abuilding, structure, facility, or installa-tion to which the provisions of this para-graph would be applicable but which hasbeen declared by proper State or localauthority to be structurally unsound andwhich is in danger of imminent collapseis exempt from the requirements of thisparagraph other than the reporting re-quirements specified by paragraph (d)(1) of this section and the wetting offriable asbestos debris as specified byparagraph (d) (3) (1) of this section.



(e) Spraying: There shall be no visibleemissions to the outside air from thespray-on application of materials con-taining more than 1 percent asbestos, ona dry weight basis, used to insulate orfireproof equipment and machinery, ex-cept as provided in paragraph (f) of thissection. Spray-on materials used to insu-late or fireproof buildings, structures,pipes, and conduits shall contain lessthan 1 percent asbestos on a dry weightbasis.

(1) Sources subject to this paragraphare exempt from the requirements of§ 61.05(a), § 61.07, and § 61.09.

(2) Any owner or operator whd'intendsto spray asbestos materials to insulate orfireproof buildings, structureg, pipes, con-duits, equipment, and machinery shallreport such intention to the administra-tor at least 20 days prior to the com-mencement of the spraying operation.Such report shall include the followingInformation:

(I) Name of owner or operator.(ii) Address of owner or operator.(ill) Location of spraying operation.(iv) Procedures to be followed to meet

the requirements of this paragraph.(f) Rather than meet the no-visible-

emission requirements of paragraphs (a),(c), and (e) of this section, an owner oroperator may elect to use the methodsspecified by § 61.23 to clean emissionscontaining particulate asbestos materialbefore such emissions escape to, or arevented to, the outside air.§ 61.23 Air-cleaning.

If air-cleaning is elected, as permit-ted by § 61.22 (f), the requirements of thissection must be met.I(a) Fabric filter collection devicesmust be used, except as noted in para-graphs (b) and (c) of this section. Suchdevices must be operated at a pressuredrop of no more than 4 inches water gage,as measured across the filter fabric. Theairflow permeability, as determined byASTM method D737-69, must not exceed30 ft3/min/ft' for woven fabrics or 35ft/min/ft' for felted fabrics, except that40 ftYmin/ft for woven and 45 ft 3/min/ft' for felted fabrics is allowed forfiltering air from asbestos ore dryers.Each square yard-of felted fabric mustweigh at least 14 ounces and be at leastone-sixteenth inch thick throughout.Synthetic fabrics must not containyarn other than that which is spun.

(b) If the use of fabric filters createsa fire or explosion hazard, the adminis-trator may authorize the use of wet col-lectors designed to operate with a unitcontacting energy of at least 40 incheswater gage pressure.

(c) The administrator may authorizethe use of filtering equipment other thanthat described in paragraphs (a) and (b)of this section if the owner or operatordemonstrates to the satisfaction of theadministrator that the filtering of par-ticulate asbestos material is equivalentto that of the described equipment.

(d) All air-cleaning equipment au-thorized by this section must be properlyinstalled, used, operated, and maintained.Bypass devices may be used only duringupset or emergency conditions and then

only for so long as it takes to shut downthe operation generating the particulateasbestos material.§ 61.24 Reporting.

The owner or operator of any existingsource to which this subpart is applicableshall, within 90 days after the effectivedate, provide the following informationto the administrator: ,

(a) A description of the emission con-trol equipment used for each process;

Cb) If a fabric filter device is used tocontrol emissions, the pressure dropacross the fabric filter in inches watergage.

(1) If the fabric filter device utilizes awoven fabric, the airflow permeabilityin ft3/min/ft; and, if the fabric is syn-thetic, indicate whether the fill yarn isspun or not spun. •

(2) If the fabric filter device utilizesa felited fabric, the density in oz/yd', theminimum thickness in inches, and theairflow permeability in ft 3/min/ft2.

(c) Such information shall accompanythe information required by § 61.10. Theappropriate form is contained in appen-dix A to this part.

Subpart C-National Emission Standardfor Beryllium

§ 61.30 Applicability.The provisions of this subpart are ap-

plicable to, the following stationarysources:

(a) Extraction plans, ceramic plants,foundries, incinerators, and propellantplants which process beryllium ore, beryl-lium, beryllium oxide, beryllium alloys,or beryllium-containing waste.

(b) Machine shops which processberyllium, beryllium oxides, or any alloywhen such alloy contains more than 5percent beryllium by weight.§ 61.31 Definitions.

Terms used in this subpart are de-fined in the act, in subpart A of thispart, or in this section as follows:

(a) "Beryllium" means the elementberyllium. Where weights or concentra-tions are specified, such weights or con-centrations apply to beryllium only,excluding the weight or concentration ofany associated elements.

(b) "Extraction plant" means a fa-cility chemically processing berylliumore to beryllium metal, alloy, or oxide,or performing any of the intermediatesteps in these processes.

(c) "Beryllium ore" means any natu-rally occurring material mined orgathered for its beryllium content.

(d) "Machine shop" means a facilityperforming cutting, grinding, turning,honing, milling, deburring, lapping,electrochemical machining, etching, orother similar operations.

(e) "Ceramiq plant" means a manu-facturing plant producing ceramic items.

(f) "Foundry" means a facility en-gaged in the melting or casting ofberyllium metal or alloy.

(g) "Beryllium-containing waste"means material contaminated withberyllium and/or beryllium compoundsused or generated during any process oroperation performed by a source subjectto this subpart. ,

(h) "Incinerator" means any furnaceused in the process of burning waste forthe primary purpose of reducing thevolume of the waste by removing com-bustible matter.

(i) "Propellant" means a fuel and oxi-dizer physically or chemically combinedwhich undergoes combustion to providerocket propulsion.

(j) "Beryllium alloy" means any metalto which beryllium has been added .inorder to increase its beryllium contentand which contains more than 0.1 per-cent beryllium by weight.

(k) "Propellant plant" means anyfacility engaged in the mixing, casting,or machining of propellant.§ 61.32 Emission standard.

(a) Emissions to the atmosphere fromstationary sources subject to the provi-sions of this subpart shall not exceed 10grams of beryllium over a 24-hour period,except as provided in paragraph (b) ofthis section.

(b) Rather than meet the require-ment of paragraph (a) of this section,an owner or operator may request ap-proval from the Administrator to meetan ambient concentration limit on beryl-lium in the vicinity of the stationarysource of 0.01 pg/m , averaged over a30-day period.

(1) Approval of such requests may begranted by the Administrator providedthat:

(i) At least 3 years of data is avail-able which in the judgment of the Ad-ministrator demonstrates that the fu-ture ambient concentrations of berylliumin the vicinity of the stationary sourcewill not exceed 0.01 pg/m?, averaged overa 30-day period. Such 3-year period shallbe the 3 years ending 30 days before theeffective date of this standard.

(ii) The owner or operator requestssuch approval in writing within 30 daysafter the effective date of this standard.

(iii) The owner or operator submits areport to the Administrator within 45days after the effective date of thisstandard which report includes the fol-lowing information:

(a) Description of sampling methodincluding the method and frequency ofcalibration.

b) Method of sample analysis.(c) Averaging technique for determin-

Ing 30-day average concentrations,(d) Number, Identity, and location

(address, coordinates, or distance andheading from plant) of sampling sites.

(e) Ground elevations and heightabove ground of sampling Inlets.

(I) Plant and sampling area plotsshowing emission points and samplingsites. Topographic features significantlyaffecting dispersion including plantbuilding heights and locations shall beincluded.

(g) Information necessary for esti-mating dispersion including stack height,inside diameter, exit gas temperature,exit velocity or flow rate, and berylliumconcentration.

(h) A description of data and proce-dures (methods or models) ,used to do-sign the air sampling network (i.e., num-ber and location of sampling sites),

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 38, NO. 66-FRIDAY, APRI'L 6, 1973


(i) Air sampling'data indicating beryl-lium concentrations in the vicinity of thestationary source for the 3-year periodspecified in paragraph (b) (1) of thissection.-This data shall be presentedchronologically and include the beryl-lium -concentration and location of eachindividual sample taken by the networkand the corresponding 30-day averageberyllium concentrations.

(2) Within 60 days after receivingsuch report, the Administrator will notifythe owner or operator in writing whetherapproval is granted or denied. Prior todenying approval to comply with the pro-visionb of paragraph (b) of this section,the Administrator will consult withrepresentatives of the stationary sourcefor which the demonstration report wassubmitted.(c) The burning of beryllium and/or

beryllium-containing waste, except pro-pellants, is prohibited except in incinera-_tors, emissions from which must complywith the standard.§ 61.33 Stack sampling.

(a) Unless a waiver of emission testingis obtained under § 61.13, each owner oroperator required to comply with§ 61.32 (a) shall test emissions from hissource,(1) Within 90-days of the effective

date in the case of an existing source or'a new source 'which has an Initial startupdate preceding the effective date; or

(2) Within 90 days of startup in thecase of a new source which did not havean initial startup date preceding the ef-fective date.(b) The Administrator shall be noti-

fled at least 30 days prior to an emissiontest so that he may at his option observethe test.(c) Samples shall be taken over such a

period or periods as ara-necessary to ac-curately determine the maximum emis-sions which 'will ocur in any 24-hourperiod. Where emissions-deRend upon therelative frequency of operation of differ-ent types of processes, operating hours,operating capacities, or other factors,the calculation of maximum 24-hour-period emissions will be based on thatcombination of factors which is likely tooccur during the subject period and'which result in the maximum emissions.No changes in the operation shall bemade, which would potentially increaseemissions above that determined by themost recent source test, until a new emis-sion level has been estimated by calcula-tion and the results reported to the Ad-ministrator.(d) Aln samples shall be analyzed and

beryllium emissions shall be determinedwithin 30 days after the source test. Alldeterminations shall be reported to theAdministrator by a registered letter dis-patched before the close of the next busi-ness day following such determination.(e) Records of emission test results

and other data needed to determine totalemissions shall be retained at the sourceand made available, for inspection by theAdministrator, for a minimum of 2 years.

§ 61.34 Air sampling.

(a) Stationary sources subject tc§ 61.32(b) shall locate air sampling sites

in accordance with a plan approved bythe Administrator. Such sites shall belocated In such a manner as Is calculatedto detect maximum concentrations of

'beryllium in the ambient air.(b) All monitoring sites shall be op-

erated continuously except for a reason-able time allowance for instrument main-tenance and calibration. for changingfilters, or for replacemet of equipmentneeding major repair.(c) Filters shall be analyzed and con-

centrations calculated within 30 daysafter filters are collected. Records ofconcentrations at all sampling sites andother data needed to determine such con-centrations shall be retained at the sourceand made available, for inspection by theAdministrator, for a minimum of 2 years(d) Concentrations measured at all

sampling sites shall be reported to theAdministrator every 30 days by a regis-tered letter.(e) The Administrator may at any time

require changes in, or expansion of, thesampling network.

Subpart D-National Emission Standardfor Beryllium Rocket Motor Firing

§ 61.40 Applicability.

The provisions of this subpart are ap-plicable to rocket motor test sites.

§ 61.41 Definitions.Terms used in this subpart are defined

in the Act, In Subpart A of this part, orin this section as follows:(a) "Rocket motor test site" means any

building, structure, facility, or Installa-tion where the static test firing of aberyllium rocket motor and/or the dis-posal of beryllium propellant Isconducted.

Cb) "Beryllum propellant" means anypropellant incorporating beryllium.

§ 61.42 Emission standard.

(a) Emissions to the atmosphere fromrocket-motor test sites shall not causetime-weighted atmospheric concentra-tions of beryllium to exceed '75 micro-gram minutes per cubic meter of airwithin the limits of 10 to 60 minutes,accumulated during any 2 consecutiveweeks, in any area In which an effectadverse to public health could occur.(b) If combustion products from the

firing of beryllium propellant are col-lected In a closed tank, emissions fromsuch tank shall not exceed 2 grams perhour and a maximum of 10 grams perday.§ 61.43 Emission testing-rocket firing

or propellant disposal.(a) Ambient air concentrations shall

be measured during and after firing of arocket motor or propellant disposal andin such a manner that the effect of theseemissions can be compared with thestandard. Such sampling techniques shallbe approved by the Administrator.

(b) All samples shall be analyzed andresults shall be calculated within 30 daysafter samples" are taken and before anysubsequent rocket motor firing or pro-pellant disposal at the given site. All re-

i sults shall be reported to the Adminis-; trator by a registered letter dispatched

before the close of the next business dayfollowing determination of such results.

(c) Records of air sampling test resultsand other data needed to determine in-tegrated intermittent concentrationsshall be retained at the source and madeavailable, for inspection by the Admin-istrator, for a minimum of 2 years.

(d) The Administrator shall be noti-fled at least 30 days prior to an air sam-pling test so that he may at his optionobserve the test.§61.44 Slack sampling.

(a) Sources subject to § 61.42(b) shallbe continuously sampled, during releaseof combustion products from the tank, insuch a manner that compliance with thestandards can be determined. The pro-visions of § 61.14 shall apply.

(b) Al samples shall be analyzed, andberyllium emissions shall be determinedwithin 30 days after samples are takenand before any subsequent rocket motorfiring or propellant disposal at the givensite. All determinations shall be reportedto the Administrator by a registered let-ter dispatched before the close of thenext business day following such deter-minations.

(c) Records of emission test results andother data needed to determine totalemissions shall be retained at the sourceand made available, for Inspection by theAdministrator, for a minimum of 2 years.

(d) The Administrator shall be noti-fied at least 30 days prior to an emissiontest, so that he may at his option observethe test.Subpart E-National Emission Standard

for Mercury

§ 61.50 Applicability. -

.The provisions of this subpart are ap-plicable to those stationary sources whichprocess mercury ore to recover mercury,and to those which use mercury chlor-alkali cells to produce chlorine gas andalkali metal hydroxide.§ 61.51 Definitions.

Terms used In this subpart are definedin the act, in subpart A of this part, or inthis section as follows:

(a) "Mercury" means the element mer-cury, excluding any associated elements,and includes mercury In particulates, va-pors, aerosols, and compounds.

(b) "Mercury ore" means a mineralmined specifically for its mercury con-tent.

(c) "Mercury ore processing facility"means a facility processing mercury oreto obtain mercury. -

(d) "Condenser stack gases" mean thegaseous eflauent evolved from the stack ofprocesses utillizing heat to extract mer-cury metal from mercury ore.

(e) "Mercury chlor-alkali cell" meansa device vhich is basically composed ofan electrolyzer section and a denuder(decomposer) section and utilizes mer-cury to produce chlorine gas, hydrogengas, and alkali metal hydroxide.

Wi "Mercury chior-alkali electrolyzer"means an electrolytic d1evice which is partof a mercury chlor-alkali cell and utilizesa flowing mercury cathode to producechlorine gas and alkali metal amalgam.


.8831


(g) "Denuder" means a horizontal orvertical container which is part of a mer-cury chlor-alkali cell and in which waterand alkali metal amalgam are convertedto alkali metal hydroxide, mercury, andhydrogen gas in a short-circuited, elec-trolytic reaction.

(h) "Hydrogen gas stream" means ahydrogen stream formed in the chlor-alkali cell denuder.

(I) "End box" means a container(s)located on one or both ends of a mercurychior-alkali electrolyzer which servesas a connection between the electrolyzerand denuder for rich and strippedamalgam. ,

(j) "End box ventilation system"means a ventilation system which col-lects mercury emissions from the end-boxes, the mercury pump sumps, andtheir water colection systems.

(k) "Cell room" means a structure(s)housing one or more mercury electro-lytic chior-alkali cells.

§ 61.52 Emission standard.Emissions to the atmosphere from sta-

tionary sources subject to the provisionsof this subpart shall not exceed 2,300grams of mercury per 24-hour period.§ 61.53 Stack sampling.

(a) Mercury ore processing facility.(1) Unless a waiver of emission testing

is obtained under § 61.13, each owneror operator processing mercury ore shalltest emissions from his source,

(I) Within 90 days of the effectivedate in the case of an existing source ora new source which has an initial start-up date preceding the effective date; or

(ii) Within 90 days of startup in thecase of a new source which did not havean initial startup date preceding the ef-fective date.

(2) The Administrator shall be noti-fied at least 30 days prior to an'emissiontest, so that he may at his option observethe test.

(3) Samples shall be taken over sucha period or periods as are necessary toaccurately determine the maximumemissions which will occur in a 24-hourperiod. No changes in the operation shallbe made, which would potentially in-crease emissions above that determinedby the most recent source test, until thenew emission level has been estimated bycalculation and the results reported tothe Administrator.

(4) All samples shall be analyzed, andmercury emissions shall be determinedwithin 30 days after the source test. Eachdetermination will be reported to the Ad-ministrator by a registered letter dis-L)atched before the close of the next busi-ness day following such determination.

- (5) Records of emission test resultsand other data needed to determine totalemissions shall be retained at the sourceand made available, for inspection by theAdministrator, for a minimum of 2 years.

(b) Mercury chlor-alkali plant-hy-drogen and end-box ventilation gasstreams.

(1) Unless a waiver of emission test-ing is obtained under § 61.13, each owneror operator employing mercury chlor-alkali cell(s) shall test emissions fromhis source,

(i) Within 90 days of the effective

FEDERAl

date in the case of an existing source ora new source which has an initial startupdate preceding the effective date; or

(ii) Within 90 days of startup in the.case of a new source which did not havean initial startup date preceding the ef-fective date.

(2) The Administrator shall be noti-fied at least 30 days prior to an emissiontest, so that he may at his option observethe test.

(3) Samples shall be taken over such-a period or periods as are necessary toaccurately determine the maximum emis-sions which will occur in a 24-hourperiod. No changes in the operation shallbe made, which would potentially in-crease emissions above that determinedby the most recent source test, until thenew emission has been estimated by cal-culation and the results reported to theAdministrator.

(4) All samples shall be analyzed andmercury emisions shall be determinedwithin 30 days after the source test. Allthe determinations will be reported tothe Administrator by a registered letterdispatched before the close of the nextbusiness day following such determina-tion.

(5) Records of emission test resultsand other data needed to determine totalemissions shall be retained at the sourceand made available, for inspection by

the Administrator, for a minimum of2 years.

(c) Mercury chlor-alkali plants-cell room ventilation system.

(1) Stationary sources using mercurychior-alkali cells may test cell roomemissions in accordance with paragraph(c) (2) of this section or demonstratecompliance with paragraph (c) (4) of thissection and assume ventilation emissionsof 1,300 gs/day of mercury.

(2) Unless a waiver of emission test-ing is obtained under § 61.13, each owner6r operator shall pass all cell room air.in forced gas streams through stackssuitable for testing,

(I) Within 90 days of the effective datein the case of an existing source or a nowsource which has an initial startup datepreceding the effective date; or

(ii) Within 90 days of startup In thecase of a new source which did not havean initial startup date preceding theeffective date.

(3) The Administrator shall be noti-fled at least 30 days prior to an emissiontest, so that he may at his option observethe test.

(4) An owner or operator may carryout approved design, maintenance, andhousekeeping practices. A list of ap-proved design, maintenance, and house-keeping practices may be obtained fromthe Administrator.

APPENDIX A

flational Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

Compliance Status Information

I. SOURCE REPORTEPA USE ONLY

Instructions: Owners or operators 1 13of sources of hazardous pollutanfs I , I . I . , , . , , , Isubject to the National Emission R S C S;Standards for Hazardous AirPollutants are required to submit 19 28 80the information contained in'[-" ,,, I IOCSection I to the appropriate AqC RP TYEnvironmental Protection AgencyRegional Office before (date whichis 90 days after the standards are promulgated). A listing of regional officesis provided in 6 61.04.

A. -SOURCE IfIFOR1ATION.

1. Identification/Location - Indicate the name and address of eachsource.

A29 A48I t , , , I " I I I I I I

COtPMIY INAE

! ! I J• I I T I , ' ' I6t1IVUMBR 5TRiET AIdRESS -

B191 2 1 1 t I - 1 t

B33 834 B38I I. W I 41F,. L, c,

. - , , I I , . , ' , 1

2. Contact - Indicate the name and telephone number of the owner oroperator or other responsible official Whom EPA may contact con-cerning this report.

839 9531 1 1 1 , I , , t I f I , I

I 54 I 95 ,,.!3E VTELEPNO.IE

REGISTER, VOL. 38, NO. 66.-P-RIDAY, APRIL 6, 1973

8832

RULES AND REGULATIONS SS33

*0 0 0

41- i. .

= 5-0 .

m o .392 0 u .4 05=..-Li I- . 0"- PS 8..40 ca

0j .5 XkF U- 485 91.

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ama 0 0048-.c o i. *44o .

-S =0~ In 4* 0-. 4:: .0... l .

0 - r, 4- a.. u.l CJ

4fl.0 - . 3= T-,= 0.20.0-0 . 1. 4 4o3 .,

0 . . en o.4.3 5a I.

. 0 0 -L c-0=.0 0 3 0 00

-4- tC 1 -30 lI_

/.0 = u 3 --

00 .0 LS. 2J7j. N Ci

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0

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5.0... IV) w 430

8834 RULES AND REGULATIONS

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ra ( a) 0 .(

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8836

titles of particulate matter. The filter holdermust provide a positive seal against leakagefrom outside or aroUnd the filter. A heatingsystem capable of maintaining the filter ata minimum temperature of 2500 F. shouldbe used to prevent condensation from occur-ring.

2.1.8 Baromheter. To measure atmosphericpressure to ±0.1 in Hg.

2.2 Measurement of stack conditions(stack pressure, temperature, moisture andvelocity) -2.2.1 Pitot tube. Type S, orequivalent, with a coefficient within 5 percentover the working range.

2.2.2 Differential pressure gauge. Inclinedmanometer, or equivalent, to measure veloc-Ity held to within 10 percent of the minimumvalue. Micromanometers should be used ifwarranted.

2.2.3 Temperature gauge. Any tempera-ture measuring device to measure stack tem-perature to within 1 F.

2.2.4 Pressure gauge. Pitot tube and in-clined manometer, or equivalent, to measurestack pressure to within 0.1 in Hg.

2.2.5 Moisture determination. Wet anddry bulb thermometers, drying tubes, con-densers, or equivalent, to determine stackgas moisture content to-within 1 percent,

2.3 Sample recovery-2.3.1 Leakless glasssample bottles. 600 ml and 100 ml with Teflonlined tops.

2.3.2 Graduated cylinder. 250 ml.2.3.3 Plastic jar. Approximately 300 ml.2.4 Analysis-2.4.1 Spectrophotometer.

To measure absorbance at 253.7 nm. PerkinElmer Model 303, with a cylindrical gas cell(approximately 1.5 in. 0D. x 7 in.) withquartz glass windows, and hollow cathodesource, or equivalent.

2.4.2 Gas sampling bubbler. Tudor Scien-tific Glass Co., Smog Bubbler, Catalogue No.TP-1150, or equivalent.

2.4.3. Recorde . To match output of spec-trophotometer.

3. Reagents-3., Stock reagents-3.1.1Potassium iodide. Reagent grade.

3.1.2 Distilled water-3.1.3 Potassiumiodide solution, 25 percent. Dissolve 250 gof potassium Iodide (reagent 3.1.1) in dis-tilled water and dilute to 1 to 1.

3.1.4 Hydrochloric acid. Concentrated.3.1.5. Potassium iodate. Reagent grade.3.1.6 Iodine monochloride (101) 1.0M. To

800 ml. of 25% potassium iodide solution(reagent 3.1.3), add 800 ml. of concentratedhydrochloric acid. Cool to room temperature.With vigorous stirring, slowly add 135 g. ofpotassium Iodate and continue stirring untilall free iodine has dissolved to give a clearorange-red solution. Cool to room tempera-ture and dilute to 1800 ml. with distilledwater. The solution should be kept in amberbottles to prevent degradation.

3.1.7 Sodium hydroxide pellets. Reagentgrade.

3.1.8 Nitric acid. Concentrated.3.1.9 Hydroxylamine sulfate. Reagent

grade.3.1.10 Sodium chloride. Reagent grade.3.1.11 Mercuric chloride. Reagent grade.3.2 Sampling-3.2.1 Absorbing solution,

O.fM 101. Dilute 100 ml. of the 1.0M IC1stock solution (reagent 3.1.6) to 1 to 1with distilled water. The solution should bekept in glass bottles to prevent degradation.This reagent should be stable for at least 2months; however, periodic checks should beperformed to insure quality.

3.2.2 Wash acid. 1:1 V/V nitric acid-water.

3.2.3 Distilled, deionized water.3.2.4 Silica gel. Indicating type, 6 to 16

mesh dried at 350* F. for 2 hours.3.2.5 Filter (optional). Glass fiber, MTine

Safety Appliances ll06BH, or equivalent. Afilter may be necessary in cases where thegas stream to be sampled contains largequantities of particulate matter.


3.3 Analysis-3.3.1 Sodium hydroxide,10 N-Dissolve 400 g of sodium hydroxidepellets in distilled water and dilute to 1 to 1.

3.3.2 Reducing agent, 12 percent hydrox-ylamine sulfate, 12 percent sodium chlo.ride.-To 60 ml of distilled water, add 12 gof hydroxylamine sulfate and 12 g of sodiumchloride. Dilute to 100 ml. This quantity issufficient for 20 analyses and must be pre-pared daily.

3.3.3 Aeration gas.-Zero grade air.3.3.4 Hydrochloric acid, 0.3N.-Dilute 25.5

ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid to 1 to1 with distilled water.

3.4 Standard mercury solutions-3.4.1Stock solution.-Add 0.1354 g of mercuricchloride to 80 ml of 0.3N hydrochloric acid.After the mercuric chloride has dissolved,add 0.3N hydrochloric acid and adjust thevolume to 100 ml. One ml of this solutionis equivalent to 1 mg of free mercury.

3.4.2 Standard solutions.-Prepare cali-bration solutions by serially diluting thestock solution (3.4.1) with 0.3N hydrochlo-ric acid. Prepare solutions at concentrationsin the linear working range for the instru-ment to be used. Soutions .of 0.2 Izg/ml, 0.4pg/ml and 0.6 pg/ml have been found ac-ceptable for most instruments. Store allsolutions in glass-stoppered, glass bottles.These solutions should be stable for at least2 months; however, periodic checks shouldbe performed to insure quality.

4. Procedure.--4.1 Guidelines for sourcetesting are detailed-In the following sections.These guidelines are generally applicable;however, most sample sites differ to somedegree and temporary alterations such asstack extensions or expansions often are re-quired to ensure the best possible samplesite. Further, since mercury is hazardous,care should be taken to minimize exposure.Finally, since the total quantity of mercuryto be collected generally is small, the testmust be carefully conducted to prevent con-tamination or loss of sample.

4.2 Selection of a sampling site and mini-mum number of traverse points:

4.2.1 Select a suitable sampling site thatis as close as is practicable to th- point ofatmospheric exuission. If possible, stackssmaller than 1 foot in diameter should notbe sampled.

4.2.2 The sampling alto should be at leasteight stack or duct diameters downstreamand two diameters upstream from any flowdisturbance such as a bend, expansion, orcontraction. For a rectangular crom section,determine an equivalent diameter from thefollowing equation:

Da= 2LW eq. 101-1

where:D.=Equlvalent diameter.L=Length.W=Wldth.

4.2.3 When the above sampling sitO cri-teria can be met, the minimum number oftravdrse points is four (4) for stacks I footIn diameter or less, eight (8) for staelts largerthan 1 foot but 2 feet In diameter or less, andtwelve (12) for stacks larger than 2 feet.

4.2.4 Some sampling situations may ren-der the above sampling site criteria Imprac-tical. When this is the case, choose a con-venient sampling location and use figuro101-3 to determine the minimum number oftraverse points. However, use figure 101-3only for stacks 1 foot in diameter or larger.

4.2.5 To use figure 101-3, first moasurothe distance from the chosen sampling loca-tion to the nearest upstream and downstreamdisturbances. Divide this distance by thediameter or equivalent diameter to doter-mine the distance in terms of pipe diameters.Determine the corresponding number oftraverse points for each distance from fig-ure 101-3. Select the higher of the two nuni-bers of traverse points, or a greater value,such that for circular stacks the number isa multiple of four, and for rectangular stacksthe number follows the criteria of section4.3.2.

4.2.6 If a selected sampling point Is closerthan 1 Inch from the stack wall, adjust thelocation of that point to ensure that thesample Is taken at least 1 Inch away fromthe wall.

4.3 Cross sectional layout and location oftraverse points:

4.3.1 For circular stacks locate the trav-erse points on at least two diameters accord-Ing to figure 101-4 and table 101-1. Thetraverse axes shall divide the stack crosssection into equal parts.

NUMBER OF DUCT DIAMETERS UPSTREAM(DISTANCE A)

0 1.5 2.0

NUM.BER OF DUCTDIAMETERS DOWNSTREN.11(DISTANCE B)

Figure 102-3. Minimum of traverse points.

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 38, NO: 66-FRIDAY, APRIL 6, 1973

8837RULES AND REGULATIONS

Tlable 101-1. Location of traverse points in circular stacks(Percent of stack Zia eter from inside wall to traverse point)

Traversepoint

number lumber of traverse poihts on a diaseteron a -

diameter 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

1 14.6 6.7 4.4 3.3 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.1

2 85.4 25.0 14.7 10.5 8.2 6.7 5.7 4..9 4.4 3.9 3.5 3.2

3 75.0 29.5 19.4 14.6 "11.8 9.9 -8.5 7.5 6.7 6.0 5.5

4 93.3 70.5 32.3 22.6 17.7 14.6 12.5 10.9 9.7 8,7 7.9

5 85.3 67.7 34.2 25.0 20.1 16.9 14.6 12.9 11.6 10.5

6 95.6 80.6 65.8 35.5 26.9 22.0 18.8 16.5 14.6 13.2

7 89.5 77.4 64.5 36.6 28.3 23.6 20.4 18.0 16.1

8 96.7 85.4 -75.0 63.4 37.5 29.6 25.0 21.8 19.4

9 91.8 82.3 73.1 62.5 38.2 30.6 .26.1 23.0

10 97.5 88.2 79.9 71.7 61.8 38.8 31.5 27.211 93.3 85.4 78.0 70.4 61.2 39.3 32.3

12 97.9 90.1 83.1 76.4 69.4 60.7 39.8

13 94.3 87.5 81.2 75.0 68.5 60.214 93.2 91.5 85.4 79.6 73.9 67.7'

15 95.1 89.1 83.5 78.2 72.8

16 93.4 92.5 87.1 82.0 77.0

17 95.6 90.3 85.4 80.6

18 93.6 93.3 88.4 83.9

19 96.1 91.3. 86.8

20 93.7 94.0 89.5

21 96.5 92.1

22 93.9 94.5

23 96.824 93.9

Fie 10M.4 creSS Milic of Ctfo! v C !-d I~r ist;

sz. wih emo p oiS Ca at cp anrol'do rrir

I I '

ann, wil mv'rr points St ccntro~d Cf e©ob 5.z

4.3.2 For rectangular stacks divide thecrom mction into as many equal rectangularareas as traverr. points, such that the ratioof the length to the wldth of the elementalareas is bet=een one and two. Locate thetraverco points at tha centrold of each equalarea, according to fig=re 101-3.

4.4 Measurement of stack conditions:44.1 Eat up the apparatus as sho-n In

figure 101-2. Make sure all connections aretight and leak-free. Measure the velocityhead and temperature at the traver e pointsspecified by section 4.2 and 4.3.

4.42. Measure the statl pre-ure In thestack:."

4.4.3 Dctermlne the stack gas moLaure.4.4.4 Determine the stack gas molecular

weight from the measured moisture contentand knowledge of the expected gas streamcomposition. A standard Orcat analyzer hasbeen found valuable at combustion eources.In all cazes, round engineering judgmentshould be urzeL

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 38, NO. 66-RIDAY, APRIL 6, 1973


4.5 Preparation of sampling train:4.5.1 Prior to assembly, clean all glassware

(probe, impingers, and connectors) by rinsingwith wash acid, tap water, 0.lM I01, tapwater, and finally distilled water. Place 100ml of 0.11M IC1 in each of the first threeimpingers, and place approximately 200 g ofpreweighed silica gel in the fourth impinger.Save 80 ml of the 0.1M IC1 as a blank in thesample analysis. Set up the train and theprobe as in figure 101-1.

4.5.2 If the gas stream to be sampled isexcessively dirty or moist, the first impingermay clog or become dilute too rapidly forsufficient testing. A filter can be placed aheadof the impingers to collect the particulates.An initial empty impinger may also be usedto remove excess moisture. If a fifth impingeris required, the final impinger may have tobe carefullk taped to the outside of thesample box.

4.5.3 Leak check the sampling train at thesampling site. The leakage rate should notbe in excess of 1 percent of the desired sam-pling rate. If condensation in the probe orfilter is a problem, probe and filter heaterswill be required. Adjust the heaters to pro-vide a temperature of at least 2500 F. Placecrushed ice arouind the impingers. Add more

KANY5LOCATI_

OPERATOR,

DATT.WN NO,

&=At SOX NO,_

CIMAIS_______

ice during the test to keep the temperatureof the gases leaving the last impinger at 70* For less.

4.6 Mercury train operation:4.6.1 For each run, record the data re-

quired on the example sheet shown in figure101-6. Take readings at each sampling pointat least every 5 minutes and when signifi-cant changes in stack conditions necessitateadditional adjustments in flow rate.

4.6.2 Sample at a rate of 0.5 to 1.0 cfm.Samples shall be taken over such a periodor periods as are necessary to accuratelydetermine the maximum emissions whichwould occur in a 24-hour period. In the caseof cyclic operations, sufficient tests shall bemade so as to allow accurate determinationor calculation of the emissions which willoccur over the duration of the cycle. A mini-mum sample time of 2 hours is recommended.In some instances, high mercury concentra-tions can prevent sampling in one run forthe desired minimum time. This is indicatedby reddening in the first impinger as freeiodine is liberated. In this case, a run maybe divided into two or more sub-uns to en-sure that the absorbing solutions are notdepleted.

5551551 TU2MPTU-

IERmI BOX SETTN. .. I....

WDE DIAMTIER. .____

MM0 HEAlTESETTING - -

ACTSSRDIIERENTIAL

0-.- A GAS SAWLE TEWOlUSORIFICE AT DRY GAS TSAUNO STATIC STACK LO GAS SAIE AT - SA--LE BOX WINGE

SAVSTSS POWI SAS IIU ES53TS T5ATF25 H5A (AtO1. VOUJOS itST. OUTLET TEVRAn TEWE. ATRsIMMV, te),H. (PsI. l.H7. CTS. F (APS). I. H0 V.. J f [TI.. F TFlf~ e 'oF -FT

TOTAL AoS. Avg.AVE AGE AvS.

Figro 101-8. Field data

'4.6.3 To begin sampling, position thenozzle at the first traverse point with the tippointing directly into the gas stream. Im-mediately start the pump and adjust theflow to isokinetic conditions. Sample for atleast 5 minutes at each traverse point; samp-ling time must be the same for each point.Maintain isokinetic sampling throughout thesampling period. Nomographs which aid inthe rapid adjustment of the sampling ratewithout other computations are in APTD-0576 and are available, from commercial sup-pliers. Note the standard nomographs areapplicable only for 'type S pitot tubes andair or a stack gas with an equivalent density.Contact EPA or the sampling train supplierfor instructions when the standard nomo-graph is not applicable.

4.6.4 Turn off the pump at the conclusionof each run and record the final readings.Immediately remove the probe and nozzlefrom the stack and handle in accordancewith the sample recovery process describedin section 4.7.

4.7 Sample recovery:4.7.1 (All glass storage bottles and the grad-

uated cylinder must be precleaned as in sec-tion 4.5.1). This operation should be per-formed in an area free of possible mercurycontamination. Industrial laboratories andambient air around mercury-using facilitiesare not normally free of mercury contamina-tion. When the sampling train is moved, caremust be exercised to prevent breakage andcontamination.

4.7.2 Disconnect the probe from the Im-pinger train. Place the contents (measured to±1 ml) of the first three impingers into a500 ml sample bottle. Rinse the probe and allglassware between it and the back half ofthe third impinger with two 50 mal portionsof O.1M IC1 solution. Add these rinses to thefirst sample bottle. For a blank, place 80 ml.of the 0.1M IC1 in a 100 ml sample bottle. Ifused, place the filter along with 100 ml of0.IM ICI in another 100 ml sample bottle.Retain a filter blank. Place the silica gel inthe plastic jar. Seal and secure all containersfor shipment. If an additional test is desired,the glassware can be carefully double rinsedwith distilled water and reassembled. How-ever, if the glassware is to be out of use more

than 2 days, the initial acid wash proceduremust be followed.

4.8 Analysis:4.8.1 Apparatus preparauton.-Clean all

glassware according to the procedure of sec-tion 4.5.1. Adjust the Instrument settings ac-cording to the instrument manual, using anabsorption wavelength of 253.7 nm.

4.8.2 Anal ysis preparation.--Adjust theair delivery pressure and the needle valveto obtain a constant airflow of about 1.3 to/1/min. The analysis tube should be bypassedexcept during aeration. Purge the equipmentfor 2 minutes. Prepare a sample of mercurystandard solution (3.4.2) according to section4.8.3. Place the analysis tube in the line,and aerate until a miximuni peak height isreached on the recorder. Remove the analysistube, flush the lines, and rinse the analysistube with distilled water. Repeat with an-other sample of the same standard solution.This purge and analysis cycle is to be re-peated until peak heights are reproducible,

4.8.3 Sample preparation.-Just prior toanalysis, transfer a sample aliquot of upto 50 ml to the cleaned 100 ml analysis tube.Adjust the volume to 50 ml with 0.1M 101if required. Add 5 ml of 10 X sodium hy-droxide, cap tube with a clean glass stopperand shake vigorously. Prolonged, vigorousshaking at this point is necessary to obtainan accurate analysis. Add 5 ml of the re-ducing agent (reagent 3.3.2), cap tube witha clean glass stopper and shako vigorouslyand immediately in sample line,

4.8.4 Mercury determination.-After thesystem has been stabilized, prepare samplesfrom the sample bottle according to section4.8.3. Aerate the sample until a maximumpeak height is reached on the recorder. Themercury content is determined by compar-ing the peak heights of the samples to thepeak heights of the calibration solutions. Ifcollected samples are out of the linear range,the samples should be diluted. Prepare ablank from the 100 ml bottle according tosection 4.8.3 and analyze to determine thereagent blank mercury level.

6. Calibration.-5.1 Sampling train.,6.1.1 Use standard methods and equipmentas detailed in APTD-0576 to calibrate therate meter, pitot tube, dry gas meter, andprobe heater (if used). Recalibrate prior toeach test series.

5.2 Analysis.--.2.1 Prepare a calibra-tion curve for the spectrophotometer usingthe standard mercury solutions. Plot thepeak heights read on the recorder versus theconcentrations of mercury in the standardsolutions. Standards should be interspersedwith the samples since the calibration canchange slightly with time. A new calibrationcurve should be prepared for each now setof samples run.

6. Calculations.-6.1 Average dry gasmeter temperature, stack temperature, stackpressure and average orifice pressure drop,See data sheet (fig. 101-8).

6.2 Dry gas volume.--Correot the samplevolume measured by the dry gas meter tostack conditions by using equation 101-2.

T(Pb.r± AY')P,

eq. 101-2where:

V.,,Volumo of gas samplo through tie dry go meter(stack conditions) it.

V. =Volume of gas sample through the dry go meter(meter conditions), Its.

T. =Avemgo temperature of stack go, OI.T. =Average dry gas meter temperature, OR.Pb.,r= Barometric pressure at the orifice

meter, inHg.AH=Averago pressure drop across the 0rl-

fico meter, inH 2O.13.0-Speciflo gravity of mercury.

P.=Stack pressure, Pb.r.Ltatio pressure,inHg.


8838


6.3 Volume of water vapor.

w.=!,,,€T- eq. 101-3

where:Vw,=Voltme of water vapor in the gas sanple (stack

conditions), ts.

Kw=0.00267 In -, when these units are used.Vz,=Total volume of liquid collected In impingers

and silica gel (see fgure 101-7), mLT.=Average stack gas temperature, *R.P.=Stack pressure, Pb.: -- static pressure, in. Upg.

6A Total gas volume.Vto1=Vm.+W,-r eq. 101-4where:

Vt..i=Totalvolume of gas sample (stack conditions),irt.

V,.,=Volume of gas through gas meter (stack condi-tions), t.

Vw, =Voldme of water vapor in gas sample (stackconditions), it'.

vOLUMOF cUUD1ATUCOU.ECTM

DWNGu SJCA GELvum. U

FINALrenIAL

ITOTALME CWc U

CO'.,vsr7E1nTOFWATlTOVOiU.sT dividing total weilghtIceae-E MMT5HT OF WATEL 11 srJl:

2?N~rmt .q - r

Figure 101-7. Analytical data.

6.5 Stack gas velocity. Use equation 101-5to calculate the stack gas velocity.- K M.)..

P.M.eq. 101-5

where:(r,).,.=A-verage stack gas velocity, feet per second.f _ t. / ih.-in.Hg V/'

K,,=85.53-L I b-nH Y1 whensec. lbmole-1 nHO

these units are used.C,=Pitot tube coefficient, dimensionless.

(T,).,.=Average stack gas temperature, *R.(VP).=.=Aveage square root of the velocity head

of stack gas (m. Ea0)1/2

(see fig. 101-S).P.=Stsckpressure, P,-_staticpressure, In. ]g.4=Molecular weight of stack gas (wet bass),

the summation of the products of themolecular weight of each componentmultiplied by its volumetric proportionin the mixture, lb.flb. mole.

Figure 101-8 shows a sample recording sheetfor velocity traverse data. Use the averagesin the last two columns of fgure 101-8 todetermine the average stack gas velocity fromequation 101-5.

6.6 Mercury collected. Calculate the totalweight of mercury. collected by using equa-tion 101-6.

W -=V1-z-VbC (+VjC )__eq. 101-6where:

W,=total weight of mercury collected, pg.

PLANT

DATE

RUN NO.

STACK DIAMETER, in.

BAROMETRIC PRESSURE, In. Hg.

STATIC PRESSURE IN STACK (P9), in. Hg.

OPERATORS SCHEMATIC OFSTACKCROSS SECTION

Traverse polnt Velocity head, Stack Tea'ratuwe

nunber in. H20 (VA,01

AVERAGE:

Figure 101-8. Velocity traverse data.

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 38, NO. 66--RIDAY, APRIL 6, 1973

8839


V--Total volume of condensed moistureand ICI in sample bottle, ml.

O:=Concentration of mercury measured insample bottle, pg/ml.

Vb=Total volume of ICI used in sampling(impinger contents and all washamounts), ml.

Cb=Blank concentration of mercury in ICIsolution, pg/ml.

Vt=Total volume of IC1 used in filter bottle(if used), ml.

C.=Concentration of mercury in filterbottle (if used), pg/ml.

6.7 Total mercury emission. Calculate thetotal amount of mercury emitted from eachstack per day by equation 101-7. This equa-tion is applicable for continuous operations.For cyclic operations, use only the time perday each stack is in operation. The totalmercury emissions from a source will be thesummation of results from all stacks.

,-- W,(v.)...A. 86,400 seconds/dayVto~t. 105 pg/g.

where.* eq. 101-7R= Rato of emission, glday.

W=Total weight of mercury collected, pg.Vtot.t=Total volume of gas sample (stack conditions),

fts.(v,).,c.=Averago stack gas velocity, feet per second.

A,=Stack area, ft2.

6.8 Isokinetie variation (comparison ofvelocity of gas in probe tip to stack velocity).

100vto.1

A.@v,.,,. eq. 101-8

whore:SI=Percent of isoklnetle sampling.

Vwtt= Total volume of gas sample (stack conditions),ft.

A,.=Probo tip ares, ft3.(l=Sampling time, see.

(v,).,.=Average stack gas velocity, feet per second.7. Evaluation of results-7.1 Determina-

tion of compliance.-7.1.1 Each performancetest shall consist of three repetitions of theapplicable test method. For the purpose of

/determining compliance with an apllcablenational emission standard, the average ofresults of all repetitions shall apply.

7.2 Acceptable isoldnetic results.-7.2.1The following range sets the limit on accept-able isokinetic sampling results:If 90%-I__110%, the results are accept-

able; otherwise, reject the test and repeat.8. References.-1. Addendum to Specifica.

tions for Incinerator Testing at FederalFacilities, PHS, NCAPC, Dec. 6,1967.

2. Determining Dust Concentration in aGas Stream, ASME Performance Test Codegeo. 27, New York, N.Y., 1957.

3. Devorkin, Howard, et al., Air PollutionSource Testing Manual, Air Pollution Con-trol District, Los Angeles, Calif., Nov. 1963.

4. Hatch, W. R. and W. L. Ott, "Determina-tion of Sub-Microgram Quantities of Mercuryby Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry,"Anal. Chem., 40:2085-87, 1968.

5. Mark, L. S., Mechanical Engineers' Hand 7book, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York,N.Y., 1951.

6. Martin, Robert M., Construction Detailsof Isokinetic Source Sampling Equipment,Environmental Protection Agency, APTD-0581.

7. Methods for Determination of Velocity,Volume, Dust and Mist Content of Gases,Western Precipitation Division of Joy Mfg.Co., Los Angeles, Calif. Bul. WP-50, 1968.

8. Perry, J. H., Chemical Engineers' Hand-book, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York,N.Y., 1960.

9. Rom, Jerome-J., Maintenance, Calibra-tion, and Operation of Isokinetic Source Sam-pling Equipment, Environmental ProtectionAgency, APTD-0576.

10. Shigehara, R. T., W. F. Todd, and W. S.Smith, Significance of Errors in Stack Sam-

ping Measurements, Paper presented, at theAnnual Meeting of the Air Pollution ControlAssociation, St. Louis, Mo., June 14-19, 1970.

11. Smith, W. S., et al., Stack Gas SamplingImproved and Simplified with New Equip-ment, APCA paper No. 67-119, 1967.

12. Smith, W. S., R. T. Shigehara, and W.F. Todd, A Method of Interpreting StackSampling Data, Paper presented at the 63dAnnual Meeting of the Air Pollution ControlAssociation, St. Louis, Mo., June 14-19, 1970.

13. Specifications for Incinerator Testing atFederal Facilities PHS, NCAPC, 1967.

14. Standard Method for Sampling Stacksfor Particulate Matter, In: 1971 Book ofASTM Standards, part 23, Philadelphia, 1971,ASTM Designation D-2928-71.

-15. Vennard, J. K., Elementary Fluid Me-chanics, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NewYork, 1947.

ZXETHOD 102. REFERENCE METHOD FOR DETER-MLTIATXON OF PARTICULATE AND CASEOUS ZxER-CURY EMISSIONS FROLI STATIONARY SOURCES(HYDROGEN STREAMS)

1. Principle and applicability-l.1 Princi-

TYPE TMIOT TUJBE

ple.-Parbiculate and gaseous mercury omis-sions are isokinetically sampled from thesource and collected in aidle iodine mono-chloride solution. The mercury collected (inthe mercuric form) is reduced to elementalmercury in basic solution by hydroxylamlnosulfate. Mercury is aerated from the solutionand analyzed using spectrophotometry.

1.2 Applicability.-This method is appli-cable for the determination of partioulatoand gaseous mercury emissions when thecarrier gas stream is principally hydrogen.The method is for use in ducts or stacks atstationary sources. Unless otherwise speified,this method is not intended to apply to gasstreams other than those omitted directly tothe atmosphere without further procesaing.

2. Apparatus-2.1 Sampling trai.--A scho-matic of the sampling train used by EPAis shown in figure 102-1. Commercial modelsof this train are available, although completeconstruction details are described In APTD-0581,' and operating and maintenance pro-cedures are described in APTD-0570. Thecomponents essential to this sampling trainare the following:

PUMP

Figure 102-1. Mercury sampling train

2.1.1 Nozzle. Stainless steel or glass with less pump, thermometers capable of measur-sharp, tapered leading edge. - ng temperature to within 5'F, dry gas meter

2.1.2 Probe. Sheathed Pyrex2 glass. with 2 percent accuracy, and related equip-

2.1.3 Pitot tube. Type S (figure 102-2), or ment, described in APTD-0581, to maintainequivalent, with a coefficient within 5 per- an isokinetic sampling rate and to determinecent over the working range, attached to sample volume.probe to monitor Stack gas velocity. 2.1.7 Barometer. To measure atmo3pherlo

2.1A Impingers. Four Greenburg-Smith- pressure to t 0.1 in hg.impingers connected in series with glass ball-joint )flttings. The first, third, and foufth J1PS COMN, IWINOAflIRmpingers may be modified by replacing the

tip with one-half inch IM glass tube extend-Ing to one-half inch from the bottom of theflask.

2.1.5 Acid trap. Mine safety appliances air . M S las s Mline filter, catalogue No. 81857, with acid ab-sorbing cartridge and suitable connections, orequivalent.

2.1.6 Metering system. Vacuum gage, leak-

'These documents are available for a nomi-nal cost from the National Technical In-formation Service, U.S. Department of Com-merce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Va.92151.

zMention of trade names or commercialproducts does not constitute endorsementby the Environmental Protection Agency. F1siIO-2. ltottso-ra.ilst OSSO;bIo,


8840


2.2 Measurement of stack conditions(stack pressure, temperature, moisture, andvelocity)-22.1 Pitot tube. Type S, orequivalent, with a coefficient within 5 per-cent over theworking range.

22.2 Differential pressure gage. Inclinedmanometer, or equivalent, to measure veloc-ity head to within 10 percent of the mini-mum value. I~icromanometers should be usedif warranted.

2.2.3 Temperature gage. Any tempera-ture-measuring device to measure stack tem-perature to within 1 P.

22.4 Pressure gage. Pitot tube and in-clined manometer, or equivalent, to measurestack pressure to within 0.1 in hg.

22.5 Moisture determinati On. Drying-tubes, condensers, or equivalent, to deter-mine stack gas moisture content in hydrogento within I percent.

2.3 Sample recovery-2.3.1 Leakless glasssample bottles. 500 ml and 200 ml with Tef-Ion-lined tops.

2.2 Graduated cylinder. 250 ml.23.3 Plastic jar. Approximately 300 ml.2.4 Analysis-2.4.1 Spectrophotometer.

To measure absorbance at 253.7 im. PerkinElmer model 309, with a cylindrical gas cell(approximately 1.5 in o.d. x 7 in) with quartzglass windows, and hollow cathode source, orequivalent.

2.42 Gas sampling bubbler. Tudor Scien-tific Co. Smog Bubbler, catalogue No. TP-1150, or equivalent.

2.43 Recorder. To match output ofspectrophotometer.

3. Reagents.-3.1 Stock reagents.-3.1.1Potassium iodide. Reagent grade.

3.1.2 Distilled water.3.1.3 Potassium Iodide solution, 25 per-

cent.-Dissolve 250 g of potassium iodide (re-agent 3.1.1) in distilled water and dilute toIto'.

3.1.4 Hydrochloric acid. Concentrated.3.1.5 Potassium iodate. Reagent grade.3.1.6 Iodine stonochloride (101) l.OM.

To 800 ml of 25 percent potassium Iodidesolution (reagent 3.1.3), add 800 ml of con-centrated hydrochloric acid. Cool to roomtemperature. With vigorous stirring, slowlyadd 135 g of potassium iodate and continuestirring until all free iodine has dissolved togive a clear orange-red solution. Cool to roomtemperature and dilute to 1,800 ml with dis-tilled water. The solution should be kept inamber bottles to prevent degradation.

3.1.7 Sodium hydroxide pellets. Reagentgrade.

3.1.8 Nitric acid. Concentrated.3.1.9 Hydroxnyamine sulfate. Reagent

grade.3.1.10 Sodium chloride. Reagent grade. -3.1.11 Mercuric chloride. Reagent grade.3.2 Sampling. 3..1 Absorbing solution,

OJM IG1. Dilute 100 ml of the 1.OM ICI stocksolution (reagent 3.1.6) to 1 1 with distilledwater. The solution should be kept in glassbottles to prevent degradation. This reagentshould be stable for at least 2 months; how-ever, periodic checks should be performed toinsure quality.

3.2.2 Wash acid. 1:1 V/V nitric acid-water.3.2.3 Distilled, deionized water.32.4 Silica gel. Indicating type, 6 to 16

mesh, dried at 3501F for 2 hours.3.3. Analysis-3.3.1 Sodium hydrozxde,

ION. Dissolve 400 g of sodium hydroxide pel-lets In distilled water and dilute to 1 L

3.32 Reducing agent, 12 peicent hydrox-_ylamine sulfate, 12 percent sodium chloride.To 60 ml of distilled water, add 12 g of hy-droxylamine sulfate and 12 g of sodium chlo-ride. Dilute to 100 ml. This quantity issufficient for 20 analyses and must be pre-pared daily.

3.3.3 Aeration gas. Zero grade air.

3.3.4 Hydrochloric acid, 0.3N. Dilute 25.5ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid to 1 1with distilled water.

3.4 Standard mercury solutions-3.4.1Stock solution. Add 0.1354 g of mercuricchloride to 80 mI of 03N hydrochloric acid.After the mercuric chloride has diasolved.add 0.311 hydrochloric acid and adjust thevolume to 100 ml. One ml of this solutionis equivalent to 1 mg of free mercury.

3.4.2 Standard solutions. Prepare cali-bration solutions by serially diluting thestock solution (3.4.1) with 0.311 hydrochloricacid. Prepare solutions at concentrations inthe linear working range for the instrumentto be used. Solttios of 0.2 pg/ml. 0.4 pg/mland 0.6 pg/mI have been found acceptablefor most instruments. Store all colutions inglass-stoppered. glass bottles. These colutlonsshould be stable for at least 2 months; how-ever, periodic checks should be performedto Insure quality.

4. Procedure. 4.1 Guidelines for sourcetesting are detailed In the following rectlons.These guidelines are generally applicable;however, most sample rAtes differ to some de-gree and temporary alterations such as stackextensions or expansions often are requiredto insure the best possible rample site. Fur-ther, since mercury is hazardous, care shouldbe taken to minimize exposure. Fnally, sincethe total quantity of mercury to be collectedgenerilly is small, the test must be care-fully conducted to prevent contamination orloss of sample.

4.2 Selection of a sampllng site and mini-mum number of traverse points.

4.2.1 Select a suitable sampllng site thatIs as close as is practicable to the point ofatmospheric emission. If possible, stackssmaller than 1 foot In diameter should notbe sampled.

4.2.2 The sampling site should be at leasteight stack or duct diameters downstreamand two diameters upstream from, any flowdisturbance such as a bend. expansion orcontraction. For rectangular cross section,determine an equivalent diameter from thefollowing equation:

2LWL+W eq. 102-1

where:D.=equivalent diameter.L=length.W=wldtb.

4.2.3 When the above sampling site crite-ria can be met, the minimum number oftravers points is four (4) for stacks I foot indiameter or lecs, eight (8) for stacks largerthan 1 foot but 2 feet in diameter or less, andtwelve (12) for stackslargerthan2 feet.

4.2.4 Some rmpling situations may ren-der the above sampling site criteria imprac-tical. When thl is the case, choose a con-venlent rapling location and use figure102-3 to determine the minimum number oftraverse points. However, use figure 102-3only for stacks 1 foot in diameter or larger.

4.2.5 To use figure 102-3, first measure thedistance from the chosen sampling locationto the neareot ups-rean and downstream dis-turbances. Divide this distance by the di-ameter or equivalent diameter to determinethe distance in terms of pipe diameters. De-termine the corresponding number of trav-erce points for each distance from figure102-3. Select the higher of the two numbers

of traverse points, or a greater value, suchthat for circular stacks the number is a mul-

tiple of four, and for rectangular stacks the

number follows the criteria of section 43.2.

'U;,!EER OF DUCT DIAW.ERS US1nFA.I"(DISTA'CE A)

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

MWE OF DUCTDAM1EAS D0WIS1REA(DI5TAYICE B)

Figure 104-3. Mintmi ntmor ol Iraverse points.

4.2.6 If a selected sampling point Is clow tion of that point to insure that the samplethan 1 inch from stack vall, adjust the loco,- is taken at least 1 Inch away from the wall.

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 35, NO, 66--FRIDAY, APRIL 6, 1973

CD

8841


4.3 Cross-sectional layout and location oftraverse points.

4.3.1 For circular stacks locate the tra-verse points on at least two diameters ac-cording to figure 102-4 and table 102-1. Thetraverse axes shall divide the stack-cross sec-tion into equal parts.

4.3.2 For rectangular stacks divide thecross-section into as many equal rectangularareas as traverse points, such that the ratio ofthe length to the width of the elemental areasis between one and two. Locate the traversepoints at the centroid of each equal area ac-cording to figure 102-5.

4.4 Measurement of stack conditions.4.4.1 Set up the apparatus as shown in

figure 102-2. Make sure all connections aretight and leak free. Measure the velocity headand temperature at the traverse points speci-fled by section 4.2 and 4.3.

4.4.2 Measure the static pressure in thestack.

4.4.3' Determine the stack gas moisture.

Figuro 102-4. Cross section of circutar stack shoaung location ofIraverso points on perpendicular diaroters,

I I !

I I

- I o II

Flgao W5. Cross sectilorof rectanguiar stack divided Into 12 equal.Greas, vilth trvecro points at centrold of each area.

Table 102-1. - Location of traverse points in circular stacks(Percent of stack diameter from inside wall to traverse .point)

Traversepoint

number Ilumber of traverse points on a diameteron a

diameter 2 4 6 8 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

1 14.6 6.7 4.4 3.3 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.1

2 85.4 25.0 14.7 10.5 8.2 6.7 5.7 4.9 4.4 3.9 3.5 3.2

3 75.0 29.5 19.4 14.6 11.8 9.9 8.5 7.5 6.7 6.0 5.54 93.3 70.5 32.3 22.6 17.7 14.6 12.5 10.9 9.7 '8.7 7.9

5 85.3 67.7 34.2 25.0 20.1 16.9 14.6 12.9 11.6 10.5

6 .5_.6 80.6 65.8 35.5 26.9 22.0 18.8 16.5 14.6 13.27 89.5 77.4 64.5 36.6 28.3 23.6 20.4 18.0 16.1

8 96.7 85.4 75.0 63.4 37.5 29.6 25.0 21.8 19.4

9 91.8 82.3 73.1 62.5 38.2 30.6 26.1 23.0

10 i97,5 88.2 79.9 71.7 61.8 *38.8 3i.5 27.2

11 93.3 85.4 78.0 70.4 61.2 39.3 32.3

12 97.9 90.1 83.1 76.4 69.4 60.7 39.8

13 94.3 87.5 81.2 75.0 68.5 60.2

14 08.2 91.5 85.4 79.6 73.9 67.7'

15 95.1 89.1, 83.5 78.2 72.8

16 98.4 92.5 87.1 82.0 77.0

•17 95.6 90.3 85.4 80.6

18 98.6 93.3 88.4" 83.9

19 96.1 91.3 86.820 , 98.7 94.0 89.5

21 96.5 92.1

22 98.9 94.523 96.824 - - -98.9

4.4.4 Determine the stack gas molecularweight from the measured moisture contentand knowledge of the expected gas streamcomposition. Sound engineering judgmentshould be used.

4.5 Preparation of sampling train.4.5.1 Prior to assembly, clean all glass-

ware (probe, impingers, and connectors) byrinsing with wash acid, tap water, 01M 101,tap water, and finally distilled water. Place100 ml of O.IM IC1 in each of the first threeimpingers, and place approximately 200 g.of preweighed silica gel in the fourth im-pinger. Save 80 ml of the 0.1M 101 as a blankin thq sample analysis. Set up the train andthe probe as in Figure 102-1.

4.5.2 Leak check the sampling train atthe sampling site. The leakage rate shouldnot be in excess of 1 percent of the desiredsampling rate. Place crushed ice around theImpingers. Add more ice during the run tokeep the temperature of the gases leavingthe last impinger at 70 °

F or less.4.6 Mercury train operation.4.6.1 Safety procedures. It is imperative

that the sampler conduct the source testunder conditions of utmost safety, sincehydrogen and air mixtures are explosive. Thesample train essentially Is leak ess, so thatattention to safe operation can be concen-trated at the Inlet and outlet. The followingspecific Items are recommended:

4.6.1.1 Operate only the vacuum pumpduring the test. The other electrical equip-ment, e.g. heaters, fans and timers, normallyare not essential to the success of a hydro-gen stream test.

4.6.1.2 Seal the sample port to minimizeleakage of hydrogen from the stack.

4.6.1.3 Vent sampled hydrogen at least10 feet away from the train. This can beaccomplished easily by attaching a I/,-In i.d.Tygon tube to the exhaust from the orificemeter.

4.6.2 For each run, record the data re-quired on the sample sheet shown in figure102-6. Take readings at each samplina pointat least every 5 minutes and when significantchanges in stack conditions necessitate ad-ditional adjustments in flow rate.

4.6.3 Sample at a rate of 0.5 to 1.0 efm.Samples shall be taken over such a periodor periods as are necessary to accuratelydetermine the maximum emissions whichwould occur in a 24-hour period. In the caseof cyclic operations, suMcient tests shall bemade so as to allow accurate determinationor calculation of the emissions which willoccur over the duration of the cycle. A mini-mum sample time of 2 hours is recommended.In some instances, high mercury concentra-tions can prevent sampling in one run forthe desired minimum time. This Is indicatedby reddening in the first Implnger as freeiodine is liberated. fn this case, a run maybe divided into two or more subruns to insurethat the absorbing solutions are not depleted.



OPEATO _____DATE-

M. .

SETERBa~rl.__________

ftW.rCra _

C AS! FACTOR SCTA ATCO STACKi ATOGAtS

ACROS GAS S AME UMA

TRAVERSE PON7 IME PEESS'5 TUTUSAT~UR UIAJ I&MU. r=.A Gunn EnRIT Wa j.u, R (PSI. k- p,:H3. (IrSl.F J&Ps).. m"ZO Ifm-Il. F (tfa eF •F

TOTAL AA. Av$.

AVERAGE _ Al..

F19EO 102-6. Field dota

4.6.4 To begin sampling, positlozle at the first traverse point wilpointing directly into the gas strea

-diately start the pump and adjusto isokinetic conditions. Sample f5 minutes at each traverse point;time must be the same for each potain isokinetlc sampling throughouping period, using the following p

4.6.4.1 Nomographs which aid inadjustment of the sampling ratother computations are in APTIare available from commercial supavailable nomographs, however, S

for use in air streams, and minor crequired to provide applicability to

4-6.4.2 Calibrate the meter boxthe techniques as described In API

4.6.4.3 The correction factor ndiscussed in APTD-0576 and shoreverse side of commercial nomognot be used. In its place, the correcwill be calculated using equation I

=0.01(C, ) P, T,C=.1AH@ P. All.

where:C=Correction factor.

C,=Pltot tube coefficient.Mo=Mole fraction dry gas.P. =Stack pressure, InHg.

-Pm=Meter pressure, ing.2m=Meter temperature, o.M,=Molecular weight of stack

4.4.4), lb/lb mole.AH@=Meter box calibration I

tained in step 4.6.42.

4.6.4.4 Set the calculated correcon the front of the operating nSelect the proper nozzle and set th

-on the nomograph as detailed in4.6.45- Read the velocity head iT

at each sample point from the maithe meter box. Convert the hydroan equivalent value for air by mula ratio of the molecular weight ofdrogen at the stack moisture contthis value of AP onto the nomoread off AH. Again, convert the Alan air equivalent value, to the AN

n the noz-h the tipLm. Imme-t the flowor at least

gen by dividing by 13. This factor includcsthe ratio of the dry molecular weight3 and acorrection for the different orifice calibrationfactors for hydrogen and air. This procedureIs diagrammed below:

samplng( 3i airint. Main- Observe AP-.Muliply/ / SH t ths oan.the sam- byI (11V .;a ! b.rocedures.ithe rapide without-0576 andpliers. TheIre set up lleadoel Dldebyl=Tlftob ,dcntcrbthanges are 4.6.4.6 Operate the aplo train at thehydrogen. calculated AM at each sample point.orfice. Use' 4..5 Turn off the pump at the conclusionM-0576. of each run and record the final readings.omograph Immediately remove the probe and no e

wn on the from the stack and handle in accordance withraphs will the sample recovery process descrlbed in sec-tion factor tion 4.7..02-2. 4.7 Sample recovery.

4.7.1 (All glass storage bottles and thegraduated cylinder must be precleaned as Insection 4.51). This operation should be per-formed in an area free of possible mercurycontamination. Industrial laboratorle3 and

eq. 102-2 ambient air around mercury-using facilitie3are not normally free of mercury contamina-tion. When the sampling train s moved, caremdist be exercised to prevent breakage andcontamination.

4.7.2 Disconnect the probe from the Im-pinger train. Place the contents (measured

gas (from to U ml) of the first three Impingers intoa 500 ml sample bottle. Rinse the probe end

factor, ob- all glaware between It and the back halfof the third Impinger with two 50 ml por-tions of O.11 ICI solution. Add these rinses

tion factor to the first bottle. For a blank, place 80 mlomograph. of the O.111 ICI in a 100 ml sample bottle.e X-factor Place the silica gel in the plastic jar. Seal andPTD-0576. secure all containers for shipment. If an ad-

n the stack ditional test s desired, the glassware can benometer in carefully double rinsed with distilled watergen Ap to and reassembled. However, if the glassware Istiplying by to be out of use more than 2 days, the initialair to by- acid wash procedure must be followed.

ent. Insert 4.8 Analysis--.8.l Apparatus prepara-graph and tion.-Clean all glassware according to theI, which Is procedure of section 4.5.1. Adjust the instru-for hydro- ment settings according to the instrument

I

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 38, NO. 66-FRIDAY, APRIL 6, 1973No. 66-Pt. IE----4

8843'

manual, using an absorption wavelength of253.7 nm.

4.8.2 Analysis preparatioan.-Adjust theair delivery pressure and the needle valve toobtain a constant air flow of about 1.3 I/min.Tho analysiz tube should be bypassed ex-cept during aeration. Purge the equipmentfor 2 minutes. Prepare a sample of mercurystandard solution (3.42) according to sec-tion 4.8.3. Place the analysis tube in the line,and acrate until a maximum pea: height is"reached on the recorder. Remove the analy-sLa tube, flush the lines, and rinse theanalysis tube with distilled water. RepeatWith another sample of the same standardsolution. Thls purge and analysts cycle Is tobe repeated until peal heights are repro-duclblo.1 4.8.3 Sample preparatio.-Just prior to

analysls, transfer a sample aliquot of up to50 ml to the cleaned 100 ml aalysis tube.Adjust the volume to 50 ml with 0.1 ICIf required. Add 5 ml of 10 N sodium hydrox-ide, cap tube with a clean glas stopper andshao vigorously. Prolonged, vigorous shak-ing at this point 1s necessary to obtain anaccurate analysis. Add 5 ml of the reducingagent (reagent 3.3.2), cap tube with a cleanglass stopper and shake vigorously and Im-mediately place In sample line.

4.8.4 Mercury determfnation.-After thesystem has been stabilized, prepare samplesfrom the sample bottle according to section4.8.3. Aerate the sample until a maximuapeal: height is reached on the recorder. Themercury content is determined by comparingthe peak heights of the samples to the peaheights of the calibration solutions. If col-lected samples are out of the linear range.the camples should be diluted. Prepare ablank from the 100 ml bottle according tosection 4.8.3 and analyze to determine thereagent blank mercury level.

5. Calfbratfon.--.1 Sampling Train. 5-1.1Use standard methods and equipment as de-tailed In APTD-0576 to calibrate the ratemeter, pitot tube and dry gas meter. Recall-brate prior to each tes series.

5.2 Analys.--521 Prepare a calibra-tion curve for the spectrophotometer usingthe standard mercury solutions. Plot thepeak helghts read on the recorder versus theconcentration of mercury In the standardsolutions. Standards should be interspersedwith the samples since the calibration cancbnge slightly with time. A new calibrationcurve should be prepared for each new setof samples run.

6. CaZulatons--61 Arerage dry gas metertemperature, stack temperature, stack pres-sure and arerage oriflce pressure drop.--Seedata sheet (fig. 102-6).

02 Dry gas volume.-Correct the samplevolume measured by the dry gaa meter tostack conditions by using equation 102-3.'

eq. 102-3nbc-re:

16.-Yalme eIsa sample thbresh the dry gas meter(slnk coslftsaw), ft.'

V.=Volume of gas sample through thedry gas meter (meter conditions),it'.

T. =Average temperature of stack gaz. R.7.=Average dry gas meter temperature.

OIL

Pt.r=Barometrc pressure at the orificemeter, mg.

AI=Averago pre-ure drop across the or-fice meter, inr-4.

13.6=Specific gravity of mercury.Pa=Stack pressure, Pe,0 -statlc pressure,

ing.

84

6.3 Volume of water vapor.

. eq. 102-4where:

V..,=Volume of water vapor In the gas sample (stackconditions), it.

in. Hg. -ft,=.00 .7 - , when these units are used.

Vi.=Total volumo of liquid collected In Impingersand sillea gel (see figure 102-7) ml.

T.=Average stack gas temperature, .P.=Stack pressure, Pb. l static prssure, In. Hg.

6.4 Total gas volume.

1= V-=. +-. eq. 102-5

where:Vtot.i= total volume of gas sample (stack

conditions), ft. -

V.,-Volumo of gas through dry gas meter (stackconditions), it3.

V,,,=Volumo of water vapor in gas sample (stackconditions), ft.

V % LME OF LQUID

WTATER COLLECTED

WNGER SRCA GnVOLLRE, *EIGHT,

SINALITflIAL

UQUID COLLECTED

TO0TAL VOLTCOLLECTED ____d I I#CONVTEIGHTOFIWATERTOVOLuLxEBY dividing total wetghtINCLEASE VT DESIT OF VATER. 11 s/d):

-INCRIASE. a = VOt.t f WATER. ri11 oftwi

F/lura 102-7. Analytical data.

6.5 Stack gas velocity-Use equation102-6 to calculate the stack gas velocity.

( .) ,.=Ko,(4T )=,= T .--,-, .

eq 102-6where:

(v,) .,,. =Average stack gas velocity, feet per second:,I( lb -nHg 11 when

theso units aro used.C, 'Pitot tube coefficient, dimensionless.

(T.) ,,=. =Average stack gs temperature, c1i.

(4AP) ,,.=Averago square root of the velocity head ofstack gas (in]1)15 (sea figure 102-8).

P. =Stsck pr e Pb.,+kstatic pressure, in

Af, =M cular weight of stack gas (wet basis),tho summation of the products of themolecular weight pf each componentmultiplied by its volumetric proportionin the mixture, lb/lb-mole.

Flgure 102-8 shows a sample recording sheetfor velocity traverse data. Use the averages inthe last two columns of figure 102-8 to de-termine the average *stack gas velocity fromequation 102-6.

6.6 Mercury collected. Calculate the totalweight of mercury collected by Using eq.102-7.


PLANT

DATE -

RUN NO.

STACK DIAMETER, in.BAROMETRIC PRESSURE, in. Hg.

STATIC PRESSURE IN STACK (Pg), in. Hg.

OPERATORS SCHEMATIC OF STACKCROSS SECTION

Traverse point Velocity head, Stack Temperature

number in. H20 (TS), 0 F

AVERAGE:

Figure 102-8. Velocity traverse data.


Wg=VC-VCb .-- eq. 102-7where:

W -Total weight of mercury collected, pg.V=Total volume of condensed moisture

and IC1 in sample bottle, ml.Cx -Concentration of mercury measured in

sample bottle, pg/ml.V=Total volume of IC1 used in sampling

(impinger contents and all washamounts), ml.

Cb=Blank concentration of mercury in IC.solution, /aml.

6.7 Total mercury -emissiot.--Calculatethe total amount of mercury emitted fromeach stack per day by equation 102-8. Thisequation is applicable for continuous opera-tions. For cyclic operations, use only the timeper day each stack is in operation. The totalmercury emissions from a source will be thesummation of results from all stacks.

R fWL(v.),.AX 86,400 seconds/dayV, tm 10zg/g -

eq. 102-8where:

R=Rate of emlssion, gfday; -S F=Total weight ofmercury colleeed pg.

Vee=Totalvolume ofgas sample (stack cnditllL),it%

(v,).,i:=Average stack gas velocity, feet per secoad.

A,=Stack area, t'.6.8 Isomnetic variation (comparison of

velocity of gas in probe tip to stack velocty).

A.0 (v,)..,. eq. 102-9where: w =Perent of Ilonetic sarpling.

ttw=Total volumc ofg~s sMnple (stack condions),it%.

A.=Probo tip area, it'.E9=Sampling time, se. .

_(v ,.=Average stack gas velocIty, feet per second.

7. Evaluation of results--7.1 Determina-tion of compliance.-7.1.1 Each performancetest shall consist of three repititions of theapplicable test method. For the purpose ofdetermining compliance with an applicablenational emission standard, the average ofresults of all repetitions shall apply.

7.2 Acceptable isokinetic results.-.2.lThe following range sets, the limit on ac-eeptable" isoklnetic sampling results: If90%al0lhlO%, the results are acceptable;otherwise, reject the test and repeat.8. Reference.-. Addendum to Specifi-

cations for Incinerator Testing at FederalFacilities, PHS, NCAPC, Dec. 6, 1967.

2. Determining Dust Concentration in aGas Stream, ASME Performance Test CodeNo. 27, New York, N.Y., 1957.

3. Devorkin, Howard, et al., Air PollutionSource Testing Manual, Air Pollution Con-trol District, Los Angeles, Calif., Nov. 1963.

4. Hatch, W. R. and W. L. Ott, "Determina-tion of Sub-Microgram Quantities of Mer-cury by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotom-etry," Anal. Chem.,40: 2085-87, 1968.

5. Mark, L" S., Mechanical Engineers'Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., NewYork, N.Y, 1951.

6. Martin, Robert M., Construction Detailsof Isokinetic Source Sampling Equipment,Environmental Protection Agency, APTD-0581.

7. Methods for Determination of Velocity,Volume, Dust and Mist Content of Gases,Western Precipitation Division of Joy Manu-facturing Co., Los Angeles, Calif. Bull. WP-50,1968.

8. Perry, J. H, Chemlcal Engineers' Hand-book, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York,N.Y., 1960.19. Rom, Jerome J., Maintenance, Calibra-

tion, and Operation of Isokinetlc- SourceSampling Equipment, Environmental Protec-tion Agency, APTD-0576.


10. Shlgehara, R. T., W. P. Todd, and W. S.Smith, Significance of Errors In Stack Sam-pling 'Measurements. Paper presented at theAnnual Meeting of the Air Pollution ControlAssociation, St. Louis, Mo., June 14-19, 1970.

11. Smith, W. S, ob aL. Stack Gas Sam-pling Improved and Simplified with NewEquipment, APCA paper No. 67-119, 190G7.

-12. Smith. W. S., R. T. Shilgeam, and W. F.Todd, A Method of Interpreting Stack Sam-pling Data, Paper presented at the 63d An-nual Meeting of the Air Pollution ControlAssociation, St. Louis, Mo., June 14-19, 1970.

13. Specifications for Incinerator Testingat Federal Facllties PHS, NOAPO, 1907.

14. Standard Method for Sampling Stacksfor Particulate Matter, In: 1971 Book ofASTMLStandards, part 23, Philadelphia, 1971,ASTM Designation D-2928-71.

15. Vennard, J. 3., Elementary Fluid Me-chanics, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NcwYork, 1947.

Zsmnoo 103. REUXELLIU ScaNZh=-O zZ-roD

1. Principle and applicabflitU.-1.1 Prin-ciple.-Beryllilm emissions are irokinetlcallysampled from three points In a duct or stack,The collected samplo is analyzed for beryl-lium using an appropriate technique.

1.2 Appllcability-Thi procedure detailsguidelines and requirements for methodsacceptable for use in determining berylliumemissions in ducts or stacks at stationarysources, as specified under the provisions of§ 61.14 of the regulations.

2. Apparatus-2.1 Sampling trafn.-Aschematic of the required sampling trainconfiguration Is shown in figure 103-1. Theessential components of the train are thefollowing:

2.1.1 Zo=sl.-Stanless steel, or equiva-lent, with sharp, tapered leading edge.

2.12 Prob.--Sheathed Pyrex 1

glacs.

2.1.3 Filter.--Mlllporo AA, or equivalent,with appropriate filter holder that providesa positive seal against leakage from outsideor around the filter. It Is suggested the& aWhatman 41, or equivalent, be placed Imme-diately against the back side of the Millporofilter as a guard again t breakage Of theMllipore. Include the Whatman 41 In theanalysis. Equivalent filters must be at least99.95 percent efficlent (DOP Test) andamenable to the analytical procedure.

2.1.4 feter-pump sYstem.-Any systemthat will maintain Irokinetlo sampling rate.determine sample volume, and Is capable ofa sampling rate of greater than 0.5 cfm.

2.2 Mcasurcment of stac7. conditionS(stack pressure, temperature, moisture andvelocity) .- The following equipment shall beused in the manner specified in sectton 4.3.1.

2.2.1 Pltot tube-Type S, or equivalentwith a coefficient within 5 percent over the.working range.

2.2.2 Differential Pressure gaugC.-in-cined nuometer, or equivalent, to measuvelocity head to within 10 percent of theminimum value.

iMentlon of trade names or specific prod-ucts does not constitute endorsement by theEnvironmental Protection Agency.

845"

2.2. Temperature gauge-Any tempera-ture measuring device to measure stack tem-perature to within 5" P.

2.2A Pressure gauge.-Any device tomeasure stack prsure to within 0.1 in. Hg.

2.2.5 Barometer-To measure atmos-pherlc pressure to wilthin 0.1 In. Hg.

2.2.6 Moisture dcerminatf o .Wet anddry bulb thermometers, drying tubes, con-densers, or equivalent, to determine stack gasmoisture content to within 1 percent.

2.3 Sample recoreryj 2.1 Probe clean-ing equfpment-Probe brush or cleaning rodat least as long as probe, or equivalent. Cleancotton balls, or equivalent, should be usedwith the rod.

2.3.2 Lealess glass sample bottles.2.4 Aralyss.-2.4l Equipment neces-

rry to perform an atomic absorption,spectrographic, fluorometric, chromato-graphic, or equivalent analysis.

3. Reagents.-31 Sample recovc-Jr.--1Acetone.-Reagent grade.

3.1.2 Wash acd.--l:l V/ hydrochloricacid-ater.

3.2 Analy.s.-3.2.1 Reagents as neces-say for the celected analytical procedure-

4. Procedure.--4.1 Guidelines for sourcetesting are detailed in the following sections.Theso guidelines are generally appllcable;however, mos sample sites differ to some de-gree and temporary alterations such as stackextensions or expansions often are requiredto Insuro the best possible sample site. Fur-ther, since beryllium Is hazardous, careshould be taken to minimize exposure.Finally, rAnco the total quantity of beryllium.to be collected is quite sall, the test mustbe carefully conducted to prevent contami-nation or lo= of sample.

4.2 Selection of a sampling site and -num-ber of run.--4.2.1 Select a suitable sam-pling site that Is as cloe az practicable to thepoint of atmospheric emlssion. If possible,stacks smafler than 1 foot In diameter shouldnot be sampled.

4.2.2 The sampling site should be at leasteight stack or duct diameters downstreamand two diameters upstream from any flowdisturbance such as a bend, expansion orcontraction. For rectangular cross-section,determine an equivalent diameter using thefollowIng equation:

eq.103-1

where:D.= equivalent diameter

-=engthW=VwIdth

4.2.3 Some sampling situations may ren-der the above sampling site criteria Imprac-tical. When this is the case, an alternatesite may be celected but must be no lessthan two diameters downztrea and one-half diameter upstream from any point ofdisturbanceo. Additional sample runs are rec-ommended at any sample site not meetingthe criteria of r.ctlon4.2.2.

4.2.4 Three runs shall constitute a test.The runs shall be conducted at three dif-ferent points. The three points shall pro-portionately divide the diameter, Le. be lo-cated at 25, 50 and 715 percent of the diameterfrom the Inside vall. For horizontal ducts,the diameter shall bo in the vertical direc-tion. For rectangular ducts, sample on a linethrough the centrold and parallel to a side.If additional runs are required per section4.22, proportionately divide the duct to ac-commodate the total number of runs.

4.3 Measurement of stac7; condition .4.3.1 Measure the stack gas pressure, moLs-ture, and temperature, using the equipmentdescrlbed In 12.2. Determine the molecularweight of the stack gas. Sound engineeringestimates may be made in lieu of direct



measurements. The basis for such estimatesshall be given in the test report.

:4.4 Preparation of sampling train.-4.4.1 Assemble the sampling train as shownin figure 103-1. It Is recommended that allglaEsware be precleaned by soaking in washacid for 2 hours.

4.4.2 Leak check the sampling train at thesampling site. The leakage rate should not bein excess of 1 percent of the desired samplerate.

4.5 Beryllium train operation.-4.5.1 Foreach run, measure the velocity at the selectedsampling point. Determine the Isokineticsampling rate. Record the velocity head andthe required sampling rate.

4.6.2 Place the nozzle at the samplingpoint with the tip pointing directly into thegas stream. Immediately start the pump andadjust the flow to isokinetic conditions. Atthe conclusion of the test, record the sam-pling rate. Again measure the velocity headat the Sampling point. The required isokineticrate at the end of the period should not havedeviated more than 20 percent from thatoriginally calculated.

4.5.3 Sample at a minimum rate of 0.5ft/min. Samples shall be taken over such aperiod or periods as are necessary to deter-.mine the maximum emissions which wouldoccur in a 24-hour period. In the case ofcyclic operations, sufficient tests shall bemade so as to allow determination or calcu-lation of the emissions which would occurover the duration of the cycle. A minimumsampling time of 2 hours is recommended.

4.5.4 All pertinent data should be in-cluded in the test report:

4.6 Sample recovery.--4.6.1 Tt Is recom-mended that all glassware be precleaned asin § 4.4.1. Sample recovery should also beperformed in an area free of possible beryl-lium contamination. When the samplingtrain Is moved, exercise care to preventbreakage and contamination. Set aside a por-tion of the acetone used in the sample re-covery as a blank for analysis. The totalamount of acetone used should be measuredfor accurate blank correction. Blanks can beeliminated If prior analysis shows negligibleamounts.

4.6.2 Remove the filter and any loose par-ticulate matter from filter holder and placein a container.

4.6.3 Clean the probe with acetone and abrush or long rod and cotton balls. Wash intothe container. 'Wash out the filter holderwith acetone and add to the same container.

4.7 Analysis.-4.7.1 Make the necessarypreparation of samples and analyze for beryl-lium. Any currently acceptable method suchas atomic absorption, spectrographic, fluoro-metric, chromatographic, or equivalent maybe used.

5. Calibration and standardcs-5.1 Sam-pling train.-5.1.1 As a procedural check,sampling rate regulation should be comparedwith a dry gas meter, spirometer, rotameter(calibrated for prevailing atmospheric con-ditions), or equivalent, attached to nozzleinlet of the complete sampling train.

5.1.2 Data from this test and calculationsshould be shown in test report.

5.2 Analysis.--5.2.1. Standardization Ismade as suggested by the manufacturer ofthe instrument or the procedures for theanalytical method.

6. Calculations-6.1 Total beryllium emis-sion. Calculate the total amount of beryl-lium emitted from each stack per day byequation 103-2. This equation is applicablefor continuous operations. For cyclic opera-tions, use only the time per day each stackis In operation. The total beryllium emis-sions from a source will be the summationof results from all stacks. N

R=W,(v)...A.X 86,400 seconds/dayVtot.1 ,1 0 g/g

wber.?= Rate of emission, glday.

W,=Total wight of beryllium collected, jg.Vtt.t=Total volume of gas rampled, 1t3.(v.),,.=Avemge stack gas velocity, feet per second.A,=Stack area, ft.

7. Test report. 7.1 A test report shall beprepared which shall include as a minimum:

7.1.1 A detailed description of the sam-pling train used and results of the proce-dural check with all data and calculationsmade.

7.1.2 All pertinent data taken: duringtest, the basis for any estimates made, cal-culations, and results.

7.1.3 A description of the test site, in-cluding a block diagram with a brief de-seription of the process, location of the sam-ple points in the cross section, dimensionsand distances from any point of disturbance.METHOD 104. REFERENCE MEHOD FOR DEZER-

=INATIO" OF SERYLLIUM EMISSIONS FRO1MSTATIONARY SOURCES

1. Principle and applicability-l.1 Prin-ciple.-Beryllium emissions are isokinetical-ly sampled from the source, and the collected

sample is digested in an acid Solution andanalyzed by atomic absorption speetropho-tometry.

1.2 Applicability.--Thls method Is appli-cable for the determination of berylliumemissions in ducts or stacks at stationarysources. Unless otherwise specified, thismethod Is not intended to apply to gas.streans other than ,those emitted directlyto the atmosphere without furtherprocessing.

2. Apparatus-2.1 Sampling tran.-Aschematic of the sampling train used byEPA is shown in figure 104-1. Commercialmodels of this train are available, althoughconstruction details are described in APTD-05811 and operating and maintenance pro-cedures are described in APTD-0570. Thecomponents essential to this sampling trainare the following:

2.1.1 NozzZe.-Stalnless steel or glass withsharp, tapered leading edge.

2.1.2 Probe.--Sheathed Pyrex2 glass, Aheating system capable of maintaining aminimum gas temperature In the range ofthe stack temperature at the probe outletduring sampling may be used to preventcondensation from occurring.

HEATED AREA FILTER HOLDER THERMOMETER CHECK

.VACUUMLINE

PUMP

Figure 104-1. Beryllium sampling train2.1.3 Pitot tube.-Type S (figure 104-2),

or equivalent, with a coefficient within 5 per-cent over the working range, attached toprobe to monitor stack gas velocity.

2.1.4 Filter holder.-Pyrex glass. The filterholder must provide a positive seal againstleakage from outside or around the filter.A heating system capable of maintaining thefilter at a minimum temperature in the rangeof the stack temperature may be used toprevent condensation from occurring.

2.1.5 Impingers.-Four Greenburg-Smithimpingers connected in series with glass balljoint fittings. The first, third, and fourthimpingers may be modified by replacing thetip with a %-nch I.d. glass tube extending.to one-half inch from the bottom of theflask.

2.1.6 Metering system-Vacuum gauge,leakless pump, thermometers capable ofmeasuring temperature to within 6" F, drygas meter with 2 percent accuracy, and re-lated equipment, described in APT-0581,

to maintain an Isokinetc sampling rate andto determine sample volume.

2.1.7 Barometer.-To measure atmos-pheric pressure to L 0.1 in Hg.

2.2 Measurement of stack conditiona(stack pressure, t mpcraturc, moisture andvelocity)-2.2.1 Pitot tube.-Typo S, orequivalent, with a coefficient within 5 percentover the working range.

2.2.2 Difjcrential pressure gauge.-In-clined manometer, or equivalent, to mensurovelocity head to within 10 percent of theminimum value.

I These documents are available for a nom-inal cost from the National Technical In-formation Service, U.S. Department of Com-merce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield,Va. 22161.

mention of trade names on specific prod-ucts does not constitute endorsement by theEnvironmental Protection Agency.


ROLES AND REGULATIONS

,-AIE however, most sample sit4e differ to comedegree and temporary alterations such onstack extensions or expanslons often are re-quired to Insure the best pozible samplesite. Further.since beryllium is hamrdous,care should be taken to mirimize exposure.Finally, since the total quantity of berylliumto be collected is quite small, the test mustbe carefully conducted to prevent contami-nation or loss of sample.

4.2 Selection of a sampling site and mini-mum number of traveria points.

4.2.1 Select a suitable sampling lto thatis as close as practicable to the point of at-

7 mospherie emission. If polble, rtacks

•FIl9I104-2. piot tde- sn.oueosezbly.

2.23 Temperature gage.-Any tempera-ture measuring device to measure stack tem-perature to within 5

° F.'2.2.4 Pressure gage.-llot tube and in-

dined manometer, or equivalent, to measurestack pressure to within 01 in Hg.

2.2.5 Moisture CleterminatiOn.-Wet anddry bulb thermometers, drying tubes, con-densers, or equivalent, to determine stackgas moisture content to within 1 percent.

2.3 Sample recovery-23.1 Probe clean-ing rod.-At least as long as probe.

2.3.2 Leakless glass sample bottles.-500mIL

2.3.3 Graduated cylinder.-250 ml.23.4 Plastic ar.-Approximately 300 ml.2.4 Ancalysis-2.4-1 Atomic absorption

spectroph.otometer.-To measure absorbanceat 234-a.8 -n Perkin Elmer Model 303, orequivalent, with lO/acetylene burner.

2.4.2 Hot plate.2.4.3 Perchlloric acid fume hood.3. Reagents-3.1 Stock reagents.-3.1.1

Hydrochloric acid.-Concentrated.3.1.2 Perchloric acid.--Concentrated, 70

percent.3.1.3 Nitric acid.-Concentrated.3.1A Sulfuric acid.-Concentrated.3.1,5 Distilled and deionized water.31.6 Beryllium powder.-98 percent mini-

mum purity.32 Sampling-32.l Filter. - Mllipore

AA, or equivalent. It is suggested that awhatman 41 filter be placed Immediatelyagainst the back side of the Millipore filteras a guard against breaking the Mllllporefilter. In the analysis of the filter, the What-man 41 filter should be included with theMillipore filter.

3.2.2 Silica gel--Indicatlng type, 6 to 16mesh, dried at 350' V for 2 hours.

3.2.3 Distilled and deionized water.3.3 Sample recovery-3.3.1 Distilled and

deionized water.3.3.2 Acetone.-PReagent grade.3.3.3 Was. aci.l.l V/V" hydrochloric

acid-water.3.4 Aalysis.-3.4.1 Sulfuric acid solu-

tion, 12 N Dllute 333 ml of concentratedsulfuric acid to 1 1 with distilled water.

3.4.2 25 percent V/V hydrochloric acid-water.

3.5 Standard beryllium solution-3.5.1stock solution-l pg/ml beryllium. Dis-solve 10 mg of beryllium in 80 ml of 12 Nsulfuric acid solution and dilute to a volumeof 1000 ml with'distlled water. Dilute a 10 mlaliquot to 100 ml with 25 percent V/V hydro-chlorlc acid, giving a concentration of 1gg/ml. This dilute stock solution should beprepared fresh daily. Equivalent strength (Inberyllium) stock solutions may be preparedfrom beryllium salts as BeC, and Be(NO.).(98 percent minimum purity).

4. Procedure. 4.1 Guidelines for sourcetesting are detailed In the following sections.These guidelines are generally applicable;

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smaller than 1 foot In diameter should notbe rampled.

4.2.2 The rampllng site should be at least8 stack or duct diameters downstream and2 diameters upstream from any flow disturb-once such as a bend, expansion or contrac-tion. For a rectangular cross-section, deter-mine an equivalent diameter from thefollowing equation:

-D ,..=2LWTD +-L-- eq. 104-1

Where:Do=cqulvalent diameterL=lengthW=width

1NUM.'ER OF DUCT DIA',M!TEFS UPST.EAI"(DISTAICE A)

r4U,'5ER OF DUCTDIME"ERS DOIANSTREA.W1IDISTANCE el

Figuro il. fjjnInum nujrbtr ol traverse polnt .

FIu 1044. end cr:u CI c!.uiV &I-*% a einonitassne pokis ca peundtsss'x~t.s

am&!. 10C e 11 ==o1.1 0i m z! W.is~sl

4.2.3 When the .bovo sampling site cri-teria can be met, the minimum number oftraverse points Is four (4) for stacks 1 footin diameter or less, eight (8) for stacks largerthan 1 foot but 2 feet In diameter or les, andtwelve (12) for stacks larger than 2 feet.

4.2.4 Some sampling situations may ren-der the above sampling site criteria imprac-tical When this is the case, choose a con-ventent sampling location and use figure104-3 to determine the minimum numberof traverre points. However, use figure 104-3only for stacks 1 foot in diameter or larger.

4.2.5 To use figure 104-3, first measurethe distance from the chosen sampling l-cation to the nearest upstream and down-stream distutbances. Divide this distance bythe diameter or equivalent diameter to deter-mine the distance In terms of pipe diameters.Determine the corre-ponding number oftraverSe points for each distance from fig-ure 104-3. Select the higher of the two num-bers of traverse points, or a greater value,Such that for circular stacks the number isa multiple of four, and for rectangular stacksthe number follows the criteria of section4.32.

4.2.0 If a relected Sampling point is closerthan 1 inch from the stack wall, adjust thelocation of that point to ensure that theamplo 1s taken at least I inch away from the

wall.4.3 Cr=c-ectlional layout and location of

trav&re point&



- .-.-.- 01 W1 M o w to r r, co 0 w .0 w m m m

w1 I- 0 ) to0 .- 1 co 0 - to -m 0 0 o C 00 Lo CO 0- 1d to CO

l 0! r. N U) cn 0o -;& c 0 co j 0&C>t U) V) .- ) 0 - t-

W1 W U)) 001 %) S.00 0 U)r 00 O M as V) 0)

r-nrr-0 4.- CO (n 00 " ) U) 40 N; 000000s I

-It CD C% to J 0 0 Z'.Z. 00000 - t

*0

f) (n 1-1r 0 W 001 ) Cn 10. -& 100

W- to r, f1 ) M1 j U W. -00 )05..W O r 0 00 tO . O 0- 0

in 04 w- to C- 0 'tO - 0t C . 00!5- .- L C5 ) U 0 0 0 0

4- ~ ~ ,1 01 06 t t .Lo - 00 0 t40 - 0 ,

V) % -0 co co 00al 0

.n ~ ~ ~ ~~~g in0 ). N U )~ 1)0

to to U OtO00c0U1W -0C

W~W1% Mtn m g C*0)0- , . r - r- a- " 1C " 0*

a. S" n.(44.-1

0S. ra I 4.3aJ, u0

o14

av .0 Pco to

0.0

8848

V:gl"

i

from the stack and handle in accordance withthe sample recovery process described In § 4.7.

4-7 Sample recovery.---4.7.1 (All glass-storage bottles and the graduated cylindermust be precleaned as In § 45.1.) This opera-tion should be performed in an area free ofpossible beryllium contamination. WVhen thesampling train is moved, care must be exer-cised to prevent breakage and contamination.

4.7.2 Disconnect the probe from the Im-pinger train. Remove the filter and any looseparticulate matter from the filter holder andplace in a sample bottle. Place the contents(measured to ±1 ml) of the first three im.-pingers into another sample bottle. Rinse theprobe and all glassware between it and theback half of the third inpinger with waterand acetone, and add this to the latter sam-ple bottle. Clean the probe with a brush or along slender rod and cotton balls. Use acetonewhile cleaning. Add these to the sample bot-tle. Retain a sample of the water and acetoneas a blank. The total amount of wash waterand acetone-used should be measured for ac-curate blank correction. Place the silica gelin the plastic jar. Seal and secure all samplecontainers for shipment. If an additional testis desired, the glassware can be carefully dou-ble rinsed with distilled water and reassem-bled. However, if the glassware is to be out ofuse more than 2 days, the initial acidwash procedure must be followed.

4.8 Analysis.4.8.1 Apparatus preparation.-Clean all

glassware according to the procedure of sec-tion 4.5.1. Adjust the Instrument settingsaccording to the instrument manual, usingan absorption wavelength of 234.8 nm.

4.8.2 Sample preparation.-The digestionof beryllium samples is accomplished in partin concentrated perchloric acid. Caution:The analyst must insure that the sample isheated to light brown fumes after the initialnitric acid addition;,. otherwise, dangerousperchlorates may result from the subsequentperchloric acid digestion. Perchioric acid alsoshould be used only under a perchloric acidhood.

4.8.2.1 Transfer the filter and any looseparticulate matter from the sample containerto a 150 ml beaker. Add 35 ml concentratednitric acid. Heat on a hotplate until lightbrown fumes are evident to destroy all or-ganic matter. Cool to room ternperature andadd 5 ml concentrated sulfuric acid and 5ml concentrated perchloric acid. Then pro-ceed with step 4.8.2.4.

4.8.-.2 Place a portion of the water andacetone sample into a 150 ml beaker and puton a hotplate. Add portions of the remainderas evaporation proceeds and evaporate to dry-ness. Cool the residue and add 35 ml concen-trated nitric acid. Heat on a hotpate untillight brown fumes are evident to destroy anyorganic matter. Cool to room temperatureand add 5 ml concentrated sulfuric acid, and


5 ml concentrated pe-chlorlo acid. Then pro-ceed with step 4.8.2.4.

4.8.2.3 Weigh the spent silica gel and re-port to the nearest gram.

4.8.24 Samples from 4.8.2.1 and 4.82.2may be combined here for ea-s of analysis.Replace on a hotplate and evaporate to dry-ness In a perchlorl acid hood. Cool and dis-solve the residue n 10.0 nil of 25 percentV/V hydrochloric acid. Samplea are nowrready for the atomic abZorption unit. Theberyllium concentration of the sample mustbe within the calibration range of the unit.If necessary, further dilution of camplo with25 percent V/V hydrochloric acid must boperformed to bring the sample within thecalIbration range.

4.8.3 Beryllium determination.-Aalzothe samples prepared In 4.82 at 234.8 nmusing a nitrous oxide/acetylene flame. Alumi-num, silicon and other elements can Inter-fere with this method if prezont In largequantities. Standard methods ore available,however, to effectively eliminate theze Inter-ferences (see Reference 5).

5. Calibration-5.1 Sampling trafn.--5.1.1 Use standard methods and equipmentas detailed In APTD-0576 to calibratO the ratemeter, pitot tube, dry gas meter and probeheater (if used). Recalibrate prior to eachtest series.

5.2 AnaUsis.-5.2.1 Standardization Ismade with the procedure as suggested by themanufacturer with standard beryllium rolu-tion. Standard solutions will be preparedfrom the stock solution by dilution with 25percent V/V hydrochloric acid. The linearityof working range should be established witha series of standard solutions. If collectedsamples are out of the linear range, thesamples should be diluted. Standards shouldbe interspersed with the samples since thecalibration can change slightly with time.

6. Oaculatons--6.1 Average dry gas metertemperature, stack temperature, staci: pres-sure and average orifice pressure drop..-&data sheet (figure 104-6).

6.2 Dry gas volume.-Correct the camplovolume measured by the dry gas meter tostack conditions by using equation 10-2.

irm.1r4' P.eq. 104-2

where:V.,=Volume ofgas ramplo through tlhe dry gsmatter

(stack candiUoas . W.V.=Volume of gas eumple through the dry gas inter

(meter oandltlons), ft.T.=Average temperature of s ack Gas, OI.T.-Averago dry Gas metr temperature, OIL

Pe._Baromehio presure at tho oriflc meter, In 11g;Ahr=Average pressur drop au the orifm meter,

In. 0.13. 6=Sp0o1 gravity of mercury.P.=StSk pres-ure, 1,., bEatle prsure, In Hug

8849

03 Volume of water vapor.

W..~=K.FT..-- eq. 101-3wh JraV.,sVoama o watcr vapor in th3 cm smp' (stack

oi'Jtlack), itoK.-OW. T ilig-ts hinth-za unIts are used.

.-eTal vl0m -otf 11W caUlcted In inp!nzersandi cGel i (see flpiro 107, nml.

TAverz o ry. ip gaperaturN *P_

C.A Total gas vohnme.

eq. 10-4

l ,ST Z3a ve --ms W-p s( k IoIOnS),

.,.Volu=nnof =g through dry ga m-ter (stack

'.,-.Vomula of water vapor inp3 gs ampla (rotakcondltlana). iL'

0.5 Stac7: gas Velocity.Uro equation 204-5 to calculate the stack

gS velocity.

eq. 101--5

(r..n.-~Averc sta.-k Gas velocity. Nst perrecoazi.

thore unIt are untd.C,-.Pltat tbae occfflat dlmnz~ fra

(. ,.AvrGe .-tack gms tcmperature Op1L

(,v=Ap),g -Av rr.quare ot ot the veodocty headotlcakga (inUIO)2aJ (see B.-ur lIG").

P.-Slaa-k presaure. P .r static, pzre, In

Maf!^cular weight of stackgas (wet b3:is)'the rumination at the products at thema6scuh weight oftech componentiaaltpllkd by Ii volumetria proportionIn the mixture. lbjlb-mols.

%U EcFLW=WATUuCLUcM

*c~eIrTZacfOFWMlO =Wrf dvillfrj total Wei~htcrau-ae ic as-alwCF a. ML g"Mr'

Ff;=O1144. A=tasldata,


MVtJ -N6 REGULIATIONS

PLANT

DATE

RUN NO.

STACK DIAMETER, in.

BAROMETRIC PRESSURE, in. Hg.

STATIC PRESSURE IN STACK (Pg), in.,Hg.

OPERATORS_ SCHEMATIC OF STACKCROSS SECTION

Traverse point Velocity head, Stack Temperature

number in. H20 -VT, T F

AVERAGE:

Figure 104-8. Velocity traverse data.Figure 104-8 shows a sample recording V.=Total volume of acetone used in sam-

sheet for velocity traverse data. Use the aver- piing (all wash amounts), mLages in the last two columns of figure 104-8 C.=Blank concentration of beryllium into determine the average stack gas velocity acetone, Ag/ml.from equation 104-5. 6.7 Total beryllium emissi0s.-Calculato

6.6 Beryllium collected.--Calculate the the total, amount of beryllium emitted fromtotal weight of beryllium collected by using each stack per day by equation 104-7. Thisequation 104-6. equation is applicable for continuous opera-

Wt=ViC:-V.C -V.C7__eq. 104-6 - tions. For cyclic operations, use only the timewhere: per day each stack is in operation. The total

Ws=Total weight of beryllium collected, beryllium emissions from a source *111 be the11g. summation of results from all stacks.

Vs=Total volume of hydrochloric acid TF(V.v,_.A. 86 ,4 00 seconds/day- from step 4.8.2.4, ml. _ ___

Cg=Concentration of beryllium found in itt 10 s pg/gsample; pg/ml. eq. 104-7

V---Total volume of water used in sam- where: eq.on04"sa= B-ate of emissien, glday.pling (impinger contents plus all W,=TotaI weight of beryllium collected, pg.

wash amounts), ml. Vtt.x=Total volume of gas sample (stack conditions),its.Ow mBlank oncentration of beryllium in (v),. -Average stack gas velocity, feet per second.

water, pg/ml. A,=Stack area, 11.

6.8 Isokinetio variation (comparison ofvelocity of gas in probe tip to stachc velocity),

100v.t.1=AE (vs).=..

eq. 104-8where:

I Percent ofisokinctio mpllng.Vo .i=Tota1 volume olgas Ramplo (stack conditlon)

1S. 1

A.-=robo tip area, W.efsampllng time, sec.

(so)a,,.-Averago stack gas velocity, feet per second,

7. Evaluation of rcsults-7d Detcrmnfd-tion of compliance.-7.1.1 Each performancetest shall consist of three repetitions of theapplicable test method. For the purpose ofdetermining compliance with an applicablenational emission standard, the avorago ofresults of all repetitions shall apply.

7.2 Acceptable isokineto rcsults.-7.2.1,The following range sets the limit on accept-able isokinetlc sampling results:

If 00 percent :_IE_110 percent, the resultsare acceptable; otherwise, reject the test andrepeat.

7. Referenccs.-1, Addendum to Specflea-tIons for Incinerator Testing at Federal raoll-Ities, PHS, NCAPC, December 6, 1961. /

2. Amos, M. D., and Willis, J. B., "Use ofHigh-Temperature Pro-Mixed Flamei inAtomic Absorption Spectroscopy." Spectro-chin. Acta, 22: 1325, 1966.

3. Determining Dust Concentration in aGas Stream, ASME Performance Test CodeNo. 27, New York, N.Y., 1957.

'4. Devorkin, Howard et al., Air PollutionSource Testing Manual, Air Pollution ControlDistrict, Los Angeles, Calif. November 1003,

5. Fleet, B., Liberty, X. V., and West, T. S.,"A Study of Some Matrix Effects in the Deter-ruination of Beryllium by Atomic Absorption

,Spectroscopy in the Nitrous Oxide-AcetyleneFlame," Talanta, 17: 203, 1970.

6. Mark, L. S., Mechanical Engineers'Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., NowYork, N.Y., 1951.

7. Martin, Robert M., Construction DetailSof Isokinetio Source Sampling Equipment,Environmental Protection Agency, APTD-0581.

8. Methods for Determination of Velocity,Volume, Dust and Mist Content of ases,Western Precipitation Division of Joy Manu-facturing Co., Los Angeles, Calif. BulletinWP-50, 1968.

D. Perkin Elmer Standard Conditions (OY,March 1971).

10. Perry, J. H., Chemical Engineers' Hand-book, McGraw-Hill Book Co., [no, NowYork, N.Y., 1960.

11. Rem, Jerome J., Maintenance, Calibra-tion, aund Operation of Isokineto SourceSampling Equipment, Environmental Pro-tection Agency, APTD-0576.

12. Shigehara, R. T., W. F. Todd, and W, S.Smith, Significance of Errors in Stack Sam-pling Measurements, Paper presented at theannual meeting of the Air Pollution ControlAssociation, St. Louis, Mo., Juno 14-10, 1070.

13. Smith, W. S. ot al., Stack Gs Sam-pling Improved and Simplified with NewEquipment, APCA Paper No. 67-119, 1087.

14. Smith, W. S., R. T. Shigohara, andW. F. Todd, A Method of Interpreting StackSampling Data, Paper presented at the 63dannual meeting of the Air Pollution ControlAssociation, St. Louis, Mo., June 14-10, 1070.

15. Specifications for Incinerator Testingat Federal Facilities, PHS, NCAPC, 1907.,

16. Standard Method for Sampling Stacksfor Particulate Matter, In: 1971 Book ofASTM standards, Part 23, Philadelphia, 1071,ASTM Designation D-2928-71.

17. Vennard, J. K. Elementary Fluid Me-chanics. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NowYork, 1947.

[FR Doe. 73-6423 Filed 4-5-73,8:4 am]


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(,1 2 1/,1( · los angeles on february 15 and 16, 1972. a third hearing, scheduled to be held in...

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