1 2-1 inductive reasoning & conjecture inductive reasoning is reasoning that uses a number of...
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2-1 Inductive Reasoning & Conjecture
INDUCTIVE REASONING is reasoning thatuses a number of specific examples to arrive at a conclusion
When you assume an observed pattern will continue, you are using
INDUCTIVE REASONING.
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2-1 Inductive Reasoning & Conjecture
A CONCLUSION reached usingINDUCTIVE REASONING is called aCONJECTURE.
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2-1 Inductive Reasoning & Conjecture
Example 1Write a conjecture that describes the pattern in each sequence.
Use your conjecture to find the next term in the sequence.
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2-1 Inductive Reasoning & Conjecture
Example 1aWhat is the next term?3, 6, 12, 24,
Conjecture: Multiply each term by 2 to get the next term.
The next term is 24 •2 = 4
48.
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2-1 Inductive Reasoning & Conjecture
Example 1bWhat is the next term?
2, 4, 12, 48, 240Conjecture:
To get a new term, multiply the previous number by the position of the new number.The next term is
5
240•6 =1440.
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2-1 Inductive Reasoning & Conjecture
Example 1c
Conjecture: The number of small trianglesis the perfect squares.
69,4,13,2,1 222
?1 4 9
What is the next
shape?
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2-1 Inductive Reasoning & Conjecture
The next big triangle should have _____ little triangles.
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94
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2-1 Inductive Reasoning & Conjecture
EX 2Make a conjecture about each value or geometric relationship. List or draw some examples that support your conjecture.
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2-1 Inductive Reasoning & Conjecture
EX 2aThe sum of an odd number and an even number is __________.
Conjecture: The sum of an odd number and an even number is ______________.
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an odd numberExample: 1 +4 = 5Example: 26 +47 = 73
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2-1 Inductive Reasoning & Conjecture
EX 2bFor points L, M, & N, LM = 20, MN = 6, AND LN = 14.
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L MN
14 6
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2-1 Inductive Reasoning & Conjecture
Conjecture: N is between L and M. OR
L, M, and N are collinear.
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L MN
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2-1 Inductive Reasoning & Conjecture
Counterexample:An example that proves a statement false
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2-1 Inductive Reasoning & Conjecture
Give a counterexample to prove the statement false.
If n is an integer, then 2n > n.One possible counterexample:
n = – 8 because…2(– 8) = – 16 and – 16 > – 8 is false!!!
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2-1 Inductive Reasoning & Conjecture
Assignment:p.93 – 96 (#14 – 30 evens, 40 – 44, 64 – 66 all)
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2-3 Conditional Statements
CONDITIONAL STATEMENTA statement that can be written in if-then form
An example of a conditional statement: IF Portage wins the game tonight, THEN we’ll be sectional champs.
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2-3 Conditional Statements
HYPOTHESISthe part of a conditional statement immediately following the word IF
CONCLUSIONthe part of a conditional statement immediately following the word THEN
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2-3 Conditional StatementsExample 1
Identify the hypothesis and conclusion of the conditional statement.
a.) If a polygon has 6 sides, then it is a hexagon.
Hypothesis: a polygon has 6 sidesConclusion: it is a hexagon
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2-3 Conditional StatementsExample 1 (continued)
b.) Joe will advance to the next round if he completes the maze in his computer game.
Hypothesis: Joe completes the maze in his computer game
Conclusion: he will advance to the next round
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2-3 Conditional Statements
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Example 2Write the statement in if-then form, Then identify the hypothesis and conclusion of each conditional statement.
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2-3 Conditional Statementsa.) A dog is Mrs. Lochmondy’s favorite animal.If-then form:
If it is a dog, then it is Mrs. Lochmondy’s favorite animal.Hypothesis:
it is a dogConclusion:
it is Mrs. Lochmondy’s favorite animal
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2-3 Conditional Statementsb.) A 5-sided polygon is a pentagon.If-then form:
If it is a 5-sided polygon then it is a pentagon.
Hypothesis:it is a 5-sided polygon
Conclusion:it is a pentagon
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2-3 Conditional Statements
CONVERSE:The statement formed by exchanging thehypothesis and conclusion
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2-3 Conditional StatementsExample 3Write the conditional and converse of the statement.
Bats are mammals that can fly.Conditional:
If it is bat, then it is a mammal that can fly.Converse:
If it is a mammal that can fly, then it is a bat.
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2-3 Conditional Statements
Assignment:p.109-111(#18 – 30, evens 50, 52)For #50 & 52, only write the conditional & converse.
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2-4 Deductive Reasoning
Recall from section 2-1…..When you assume an observed pattern
will continue, you are usingINDUCTIVE REASONING.
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2-4 Deductive Reasoning
Deductive reasoning usesfacts, rules, definitions, or properties toreach logical conclusions from given statements.
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2-4 Deductive Reasoning
EX 1
Determine whether each conclusion is based on inductive reasoning (a pattern) or deductive reasoning (facts).
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2-4 Deductive Reasoning
a.) In a small town where Tom lives, the month of April has had more rain than any other month for the past 4 years. Tom thinks that April will have the most rain this year. Answer: inductive reasoning –Tom is basing his reasoning on the pattern of the past 4 years.
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2-4 Deductive Reasoningb.) Sondra learned from a metoerologist that if it is cloudy at night, it will not be as cold in the morning as if there were no clouds at night. Sondra knows it will be cloudy tonight, so she believes it will not be cold tomorrow morning. Answer: deductive reasoning ‒Sondra is using facts that she has learned about clouds and temperature.
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2-4 Deductive Reasoningc.) Susan works in the attendance office and knows that all of the students in a certain geometry class are male. Terry Smith is in that geometry class, so Susan knows that Terry Smith is male.Answer: deductive reasoning –Susan’s reasoning is based on a fact she acquired while working in the attendance office.
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2-4 Deductive Reasoningd.) After seeing many people outside walking their dogs, Joe observed that every poodle was being walked by an elderly person. Joe reasoned that poodles are owned exclusively by elderly people.
Answer: inductive reasoning –Joe made his conclusion based on a pattern he saw.
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2-5 Postulates and Paragraph Proofs
Postulate or axiom –
a statement that is accepted as true without proof
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2-5 Postulates and Paragraph Proofs
Theorem ‒
A statement in geometry that has been proven
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2-5 Postulates and Paragraph Proofs
Proof –
a logical argument in which each statement you make is supported by a statement accepted as true
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2-5 Postulates and Paragraph Proofs Examples of Postulates
KNOW THESE POSTULATES!!! 2.1 Through any 2 points there is
exactly one line.
2.2 Through any 3 noncollinear points there is exactly one plane.
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2-5 Postulates and Paragraph Proofs
2.3 A line contains at least 2 points.
2.4 A plane contains at least 3 noncollinear points.
2.5 If 2 points lie in a plane, then the entire line containing those 2 points lies in that plane.
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2-5 Postulates and Paragraph Proofs
2.6 If 2 lines intersect, then they intersect in exactly one point.
2.7 If 2 planes intersect, then they intersect in a line.
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2-5 Postulates and Paragraph Proofs
Example 2
Use the diagram on page 126 for these next examples.
Explain how the picture illustrates that each statement is true. Then state the postulate that can be used to show each statement is true.
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2-5 Postulates and Paragraph Proofs
a.) Points F and G lie in plane Q and on line m. Therefore, line m lies entirely in plane Q.
Answer:
Points F and G lie on line m, and the line lies in plane Q.
(2.5) If 2 points lie in a plane, then the line containing the 2 points lies in the plane.
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2-5 Postulates and Paragraph Proofs
b.) Points A and C determine a line.
Answer:
Points A and C lie along an edge, the line that they determine.
(2.1) Through any 2 points there is exactly one line.
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2-5 Postulates and Paragraph Proofs
c.) Lines s and t intersect at point D.
Answer:
Lines s and t of this lattice intersect at only one location point D.
(2.6) If 2 lines intersect, then their intersection is exactly one point.
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2-5 Postulates and Paragraph Proofs
d.) Line m contains points F and G. Point E can also be on line m.
Answer:
The edge of the building is a straight line m. Points E, F, and G lie along this edge, so they line along line m.
(2.3) A line contains at least 2 points.
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2-5 Postulates and Paragraph Proofs
Midpoint Theorem:
If M is the midpoint of
then .
AB
MBAM
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2-5 Postulates and Paragraph Proofs
Assignment:p.120(#10-15 all)
p.129-130(#16-28 even, 34-40 even)
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 1
See p.134 for the book’s way of explaining this.
PROPERTYDESCRIPTION OF
PROPERTY
Addition Property of Equality
Subtraction Property of Equality
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Add the same value toboth sides of an equation.
Subtract the same valuefrom both sides of an equation.
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 1
PROPERTYDESCRIPTION OF
PROPERTY
Multiplication Property of Equality
Division Property of Equality
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Multiply both sides of an equation by the same
nonzero value.
Divide both sides of an equation by the same
nonzero value.
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 1
PROPERTYDESCRIPTION OF
PROPERTY
Reflexive Property of Equality
Symmetric Property of Equality
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a = a
If a =b, then b = a.
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 1
PROPERTYDESCRIPTION OF
PROPERTY
Transitive Property of Equality
Substitution Property
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If a = b and b = c, then a = c.
If a = b, then a can be substituted for b in any equation or expression.
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 1
PROPERTYDESCRIPTION OF
PROPERTY
Distributive Property
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a(b + c) = ab + ac
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 1
EXAMPLES
State the property that justifies each statement.
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 1
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EX 1If 3x = 15, then x = 5.
Answer:Division Property of Equality
ORMultiplication Property of Equality
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 1
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Answer: Subtraction Property of Equality
ORAddition Property of Equality
EX 2
If 4x + 2 = 22, then 4x = 20.
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 1
EX 3
If 7a = 5y and 5y = 3p, then 7a = 3p.
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Answer: Transitive Property of Equality
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 1
EX 4
If and , then
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PQAB MNPQ
.PQAB
Answer:Transitive Property of Equality
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 1
EX 5
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DEDE Answer:
Reflexive Property of Equality
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 1
EX 6
If 3 = AB, then AB = 3.
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Answer:Symmetric Property of Equality
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 1
EX 7
If AB = 7.5 and CD = 7.5, then AB = CD.
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Answer: Substitution Property of Equality
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Assignment:p.137-141(#1-4,9-16,46-48,56-58)
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 2
EX 8
Write a justification for each step.
Prove:
If 2(5 – 3a) – 4(a + 7) = 92, then a = ‒11.
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 2
STATEMENTS REASONS
2(5 – 3a) – 4(a + 7) = 92
10 – 6a – 4a – 28 = 92
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Given
Distributive Prop
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 2
STATEMENTS REASONS
–10a – 18 = 92
–10a – 18 = 92 +18 +18
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Substitution Prop
Addition Prop
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 2
STATEMENTS REASONS
–10a = 110
a = –11
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10
110
10
10
a
Substitution Prop
Division Prop
Substitution Prop
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 2
EX 9
Write a two-column proof to verify the conjecture.
If 4(3x + 5) – 4x = 2(3x + 5) – 8, then x = –9.
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 2
STATEMENTS REASONS
4(3x + 5) – 4x = 2(3x + 5) – 8
12x + 20 – 4x = 6x + 10 – 8
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Given
DistributiveProp
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 2
STATEMENTS REASONS
8x + 20 = 6x + 2
8x + 20 = 6x + 2 –6x –6x
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Substitution Prop
Subtraction Prop
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 2
STATEMENTS REASONS
2x + 20 = 2
2x + 20 = 2 –20 –20
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Substitution Prop
Subtraction Prop
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 2
STATEMENTS REASONS
2x = –18
x = –9
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2
18
2
2
x
Substitution Prop
Division Prop
Substitution Prop
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 2
EX 10
If the distance d an object travels is given by d = 20t + 5, the time t that the object travels is given by
Write a two column proof to verify this conjecture.
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.20
5
dt
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 2
STATEMENTS REASONS
d = 20t + 5
d – 5 = 20t
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Given
Subtraction Prop
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 2
STATEMENTS REASONS
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td
20
5
20
5
dt
Division Property
Symmetric Prop
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 2
EX 11
Write a two-column proof to prove the conjecture.
If , mB = 2mC, and mC = 45, then mA = 90.
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BA
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 2
STATEMENTS REASONS
mB = 2mC mC = 45
mA = mB
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BA Given
Defn of ≅ s
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 2
STATEMENTS REASONS
mA = 2mC
mA = 2 (45)
mA = 90
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Substitution Prop
Substitution Prop
Substitution Prop
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2-6 Algebraic ProofDay 2
Assignment:
p.137 – 139(#5 – 7,17 – 19)
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