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Chapter 8I/O Systems

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5 Components of Any Computer

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“What’s This Stuff Good For?”

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Motivation for Input/Output

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I/O Design Issues

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Outline

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I/O System Performance

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Simple Producer-Server Model

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Throughput vs. Respond Time

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Throughput Enhancement

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I/O Benchmarks for Perf. Measure (1/2)

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I/O Benchmarks for Perf. Measure (2/2)

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Outline

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I/O Device Examples and Speeds

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Magnetic Disk

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Disk History (1/2)

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Disk History (2/2)

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1-inch Disk Drive!

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Storage Technology Drivers

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Historical Perspective

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Technology Trends

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Disk Device Technology

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Photo of Disk Head, Arm, Actuator

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Magnetic Disk Characteristic

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Typical Numbers of a Magnetic Disk

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Typical Numbers of a Magnetic Disk

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Recent Example: Barracuda 180

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Disk Device Performance

※Assumes average seek distance is random

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Example

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Areal Density

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Data Rate: Inner vs. Outer Tracks

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Disk Performance Model/Trends

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Reliability and Availability

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Disk Arrays

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Disk Summary

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Outline

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What Is a Bus?

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Advantages of Buses

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Disadvantage of Buses

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The General Organization of a Bus

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Master versus Slave

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Buses According to Functionality

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A Computer System with One Bus:Backplane Bus

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A Two-Bus System

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A Three-Bus System

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Main Components of Intel Chipset

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Buses According to Clocking

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Simple Synchronous Protocol

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Simple Synchronous Protocol (Write)

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Asynchronous Handshake (Read)

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Asynchronous Handshake (Write)

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Multiple Potential Bus Masters:Need Arbitration

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Daisy Chain Bus Arbitration

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Centralized Parallel Arbitration

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Increasing the Bus Bandwidth

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Increasing Transaction Rate onMultimaster Bus

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Summary of Bus Options

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Bus Summary

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Outline

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What Need to Make I/O Work?

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Instruction Set Architecture for I/O

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Memory Mapped I/O

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Processor-I/O Speed Mismatch

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Processor Checks Status before Acting

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Polling: Programmed I/O

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Alternative to Polling?

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I/O Interrupt

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Interrupt Driven Data Transfer

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Questions Raised about Interrupts

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Improving Data Transfer Performance

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What is DMA (Direct Memory Access)?

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Delegating I/O from CPU: DMA

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Delegating I/O from CPU: IOP

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Responsibilities of Operating System

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Functions OS Must Provide

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OS: I/O Requirements

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Summary