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Method and driving cycles for the estimation of the pollutant emissions of the urban buses and bus network

Method and driving cycles for the estimation of the pollutant emissions of the urban buses and bus network

M. André (INRETS), B. Dolidzé-Garrot (RATP)With the help of IAURIF (Inst. of Urbanism in Ile de France),the technical support of RATP (Prototypes and tests group),

INRETS-LTE team

and the financial support of ADEME EC-DG Energy Transport (Artemis)COST346

Policies to improve the contribution of Urban Buses and other captive fleets to Urban Air Quality Brussels, January 2005

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Assessment of buses and bus network : method and D.C.

Urban & exploitation

context

Urban & exploitation

context

Selection of representative lines

Instrumentation and recording

of buses operating conditions

Selection of representative lines

Instrumentation and recording

of buses operating conditions

Description / characterization of the “urban context” in

which the buses are driven

Description / characterization of the “urban context” in

which the buses are driven

Design of test cyclesDesign of test cycles

Emissions measurements / Emissions factors

Emissions measurements / Emissions factors

Actual operating and driving conditions

of the buses

Actual operating and driving conditions

of the buses

“Localisation” of the pollutant emissionsEvaluation of an urban bus network,

impact studies, optimisation and transport management

“Localisation” of the pollutant emissionsEvaluation of an urban bus network,

impact studies, optimisation and transport management

Pollutant emissionsPollutant emissions

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Typical areasTypology of the Paris area according to:

Population, employment - HousingEquipments : school, high school, shoppingRoad networks : type, density, crossroadsTraffic flowProximity / distance indicator

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Bus lines and their itinerary through the type-areasAnalysis of the bus lines as regards the urban context

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Bus lines and their itinerary through the type-areasAnalysis of the bus lines as regards the urban context

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Characterization of the bus lines according to the served areas

High density areas, primary roads, high traffic

14 km/h

0,3 *

Isolated housing areas

15 0,3

Isolated mixed housing areas

15 0,3

City centre 11 0,5

Rapid lines 28 0,2

* Irregularity index

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Monitoring of buses and development of representative driving cycles

City Centre Cycle

0

20

40

60

0 300 600 900 1200 1500 time (s)

Spe

ed

(km

/h)

0

Concentrated collective housing area (city centre)

High population areas near primary roads with high trafficHigh population areas near

primary roads with high trafficConcentrated collective housingAreas (city centre)

4 lines, 2 buses in actual operationSpeed, acceleration, stops, load, engine and auxiliaries operationLocalisation

25,000 km, 1600 h, 16km/h, 32%idle Analysis of the local driving conditions Development of 3 representative D.C.

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Three bus representative driving cycles, allowing a disaggregate analysisDriving cycle 206

0

20

40

60

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 time (s)

Spe

ed (

km/h

)

70

Liaison Dense mixed housing area

Concentrated mixed housing area, high population

Liaison Dense mixed housing area

Isolated individualhousing area

Concentrated mixed housing area, high population

Inner Suburb (and link) Cycle

Distant suburbs driving cycle (319)

0

20

40

60

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Isolated housing (driving condition: 5)

Isolated indiv. housing area(driving condition: 1)

Isolated housing(driving condition: 5)

Main roads, high traffic, crossing

Remote Suburb Cycle

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Pollutant emissions, urban context & driving conditions

Pollutant emissions measurements on 3 buses (EURO2, EURO3 w/wo PM trap, incl. Non Regulated Pollutants)

(RATP – UTAC)

NOx - Euro3 Std - cfg A

0 10 20 30 40

IS1 - Link

RS2 - Isolated individual housing areas (DC 1)

IS3 - Isolated individual housing areas (DC 9)

IS4 - Isolated individual housing areas (DC 10)

RS1 - Isolated housing (DC 8)

RS4 - Isolated housing (DC 5)

IS2 - Dense mixed housing areas (DC 7)

RS3 - Main roads. high traffic. Crossing (DC 6)

CC2 - Large population areas near primaryroads with high traffic

IS5 - Concentrated mixed housing areas withlarge population

CC1 - Concentrated collective housing areas

g/km

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Conclusions - perspectives

The urban context was analysed As a basis for the characterization of the buses driving conditions

Bus lines described according to their itinerary profiles Monitoring of 4 representative bus lines, during 25000

km in actual exploitation High variability of the actual driving conditions according

to the urban and exploitation contexts Building up of 3 representative driving cycles

Construction of engine test cycles Pollutant emissions measurements on 3 buses

(EURO2, EURO3 w/wo PM trap, including Non Regulated Pollutants) An approach and driving cycles allowing a detailed

analysis of the bus and bus network pollutant emissions