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GUIDEBOOKFOR THE DESIGN OF ASME SECTION VIIIPRESSURE VESSELSThird Edition

by

James R. FarrWadsworth, Ohio

Maan H. JawadCamas, Washington

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2006 by ASME, Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA (www.asme.org)

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Farr, James R.Guidebook for the design of ASME Section VIII pressure vessels/by James R. Farr,

Maan H. Jawad.2nd ed.p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-7918-0172-11. Pressure vesselsDesign and construction. 2. Structural engineering. I. Jawad, Maan H.II. Title.TA660. T34 F36 2001681.76041dc21 2001046096

British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Woodhead Publishing ISBN-13: 978-1-84569-119-6Woodhead Publishing ISBN-10: 1-84569-119-9


Dedicated to the memory of Barbara R. Farr and dedicated to

her friend and pal,Dixie Jawad.


vPREFACE TO THIRD EDITION

The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, is a continuously changing document. It con-tains the latest, safe, and economical rules for the design and construction of pressure vessels and pressurevessel components.

The contents of many chapters have been updated to incorporate improvements made in design methodssince the book was originally issued. Some of the changes are extensive while others are minor. The brittlefracture rules have been extensively updated and expanded to reflect the latest technology. The heatexchanger chapter has been completely re-written to reflect extensive changes made recently in VIII-1. Anew Quick Reference Guide is included in Appendix A to help the reader locate various sections of the lat-est edition of the VIII-1 code. Metric units were added to some of the figures to reflect recent metrication ofthe ASME code.


Maan H. JawadCamas, Washington

December 2005


vii

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION

The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, is a live and progressive document. It strives tocontain the latest, safe and economical rules for the design and construction of pressure vessels, pressure ves-sel components, and heat exchangers. A major improvement was made within the last year by changing thedesign margin on tensile strength from 4.0 to 3.5. This reduction in the margin permits an increase in theallowable stress for many materials with a resulting decrease in minimum required thickness. This was thefirst reduction in this design margin in 50 years and was based upon the many improvements in materialproperties, design methods, and inspection procedures during that time.

Chapters and parts of chapters have been updated to incorporate the new allowable stresses and improve-ments which have been made in design methods since this book was originally issued. Some of these changesare extensive and some are minor. Some of the examples in this book have changed completely and someremain unchanged. This book continues to be an easy reference for the latest methods of problem solving inSection VIII.


Maan H. JawadSt. Louis, Missouri

July 2001


ix

PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION

The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, gives rules that pertain to the design, materialsselection, fabrication, inspection, and testing of pressure vessels and their components. With few exceptions,the rules that cover the design of components tend to be complicated to implement. This book was writtento demonstrate the application of the design rules to various components. Other rules, such as those pertain-ing to fabrication, inspection, testing, and materials are not covered here.

This book is intended as a reference for designers of pressure vessels and heat exchangers. The theoreti-cal background of the equations used here was kept to a minimum, since such background can be obtainedfrom other references. Note also that while the design requirements of such components as shells and headsare interspersed throughout the ASME Code, design requirements pertaining to some specific componentsare given here in one chapter for easy reference. The emphasis in this book is on solved examples, whichillustrate the application of the various equations given in the ASME Section VIII Code.

Chapter 1 of this book covers background information and general topicssuch as allowable stresses andjoint efficienciesapplicable to all components. Chapter 2 is for the design of cylindrical shells underinternal and external loads. Chapter 3 covers the design of dished heads and transition sections that areunder internal and external loads. Chapter 4 considers flat plates, covers, and flanges. Openings arereviewed in Chapter 5, and Chapter 6 covers special components of VIII-1, such as stayed construction,jacketed components, half-pipe jackets, and noncircular vessels. Chapter 7 covers heat exchangers, andChapter 8 covers stress categories, fatigue, and other special analysis of components.


Maan H. JawadSt. Louis, Missouri

January 1998


xi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are indebted to many people and organizations for their help in preparing this book and revisions andfor permitting us to use material supplied by them. Thanks is given to our former co-workers, fellow ASMECommittee Members, and many other persons who have given us suggestions and corrections. Special thanksis given to Mr. Mike Bytnar of the Nooter Corporation for providing us with the front cover photograph, toMr. Thomas P. Pastor of HSB Global Standards for permitting us to use their new Quick Reference Guide forVIII-1, and to our editors Mary Grace Stefanchik and Tara Smith at ASME Press for their continued guidance.


xiii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface to Third Edition ......................................................................................................................................vPreface to Second Edition .................................................................................................................................viiPreface to First Edition.......................................................................................................................................ixAcknowledgments ..............................................................................................................................................xiList of Figures..................................................................................................................................................xviiList of Tables ....................................................................................................................................................xxi

Chapter 1Background Information...................................................................................................................................11.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................11.2 Allowable Stresses.....................................................................................................................................21.3 Joint Efficiency Factors .............................................................................................................................41.4 Brittle Fracture Considerations..................................................................................................................91.5 Fatigue Requirements ..............................................................................................................................191.6 Pressure Testing of Vessels and Components..........................................................................................23

1.6.1 ASME Code Requirements .......................................................................................................231.6.2 What Does a Hydrostatic or Pneumatic Pressure Test Do?......................................................231.6.3 Pressure Test Requirements for VIII-1......................................................................................231.6.4 Pressure Test Requirements for VIII-2......................................................................................25

Chapter 2Cylindrical Shells .............................................................................................................................................272.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................272.2 Tensile Forces, VIII-1 ..............................................................................................................................27

2.2.1 Thin Cylindrical Shells .............................................................................................................272.2.2 Thick Cylindrical Shells............................................................................................................33

2.3 Axial Compression ..................................................................................................................................352.4 External Pressure .....................................................................................................................................41

2.4.1 External Pressure for Cylinders with DO/t 10 .......................................................................412.4.2 External Pressure for Cylinders with DO/t < 10 .......................................................................442.4.3 Empirical Equations ..................................................................................................................45


xiv Table of Contents

2.4.4 Stiffening Rings.........................................................................................................................462.4.5 Attachment of Stiffening Rings ................................................................................................49

2.5 Cylindrical Shell Equations, VIII-2.........................................................................................................512.6 Miscellaneous Shells ...............................................................................................................................52

2.6.1 Mitered Cylinders......................................................................................................................522.6.2 Elliptical Shells .........................................................................................................................53

Chapter 3Spherical Shells, Heads, and Transition Sections .........................................................................................553.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................553.2 Spherical Shells and Hemispherical Heads, VIII-1.................................................................................55

3.2.1 Internal Pressure in Spherical Shells and Pressure on Concave Side of Hemispherical Heads ................................................................................................................55

3.2.2 External Pressure in Spherical Shells and Pressure on Convex Side of Hemispherical Heads ................................................................................................................59

3.3 Spherical Shells and Hemispherical Heads, VIII-2.................................................................................613.4 Ellipsoidal Heads, VIII-1.........................................................................................................................62

3.4.1 Pressure on the Concave Side ...................................................................................................623.4.2 Pressure on the Convex Side.....................................................................................................63

3.5 Torispherical Heads, VIII-1 .....................................................................................................................653.5.1 Pressure on the Concave Side ...................................................................................................653.5.2 Pressure on the Convex Side.....................................................................................................67

3.6 Ellipsoidal and Torispherical Heads, VIII-2............................................................................................683.7 Conical Sections, VIII-1 ..........................................................................................................................70

3.7.1 Internal Pressure........................................................................................................................713.7.2 External Pressure.......................................................................................................................80

3.8 Conical Sections, VIII-2 ..........................................................................................................................893.9 Miscellaneous Transition Sections ..........................................................................................................93

Chapter 4Flat Plates, Covers, and Flanges.....................................................................................................................974.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................974.2 Integral Flat Plates and Covers................................................................................................................97

4.2.1 Circular Flat Plates and Covers.................................................................................................974.2.2 Noncircular Flat Plates and Covers...........................................................................................99

4.3 Bolted Flat Plates, Covers, and Flanges................................................................................................1014.3.1 Gasket Requirements, Bolt Sizing, and Bolt Loadings ..........................................................101

4.4 Flat Plates and Covers With Bolting .....................................................................................................1024.4.1 Blind Flanges & Circular Flat Plates and Covers...................................................................1024.4.2 Noncircular Flat Plates and Covers.........................................................................................102

4.5 Openings in Flat Plates and Covers.......................................................................................................1024.5.1 Opening Diameter Does Not Exceed Half the Plate Diameter...............................................1034.5.2 Opening Diameter Exceeds Half the Plate Diameter .............................................................104

4.6 Bolted Flange Connections With Ring Type Gaskets ...........................................................................1044.6.1 Standard Flanges .....................................................................................................................1054.6.2 Special Flanges........................................................................................................................113


Table of Contents xv

4.7 Spherically Dished Covers ....................................................................................................................1184.7.1 Definitions and Terminology...................................................................................................1184.7.2 Types of Dished Covers ..........................................................................................................119

Chapter 5Openings .........................................................................................................................................................1255.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................1255.2 Code Bases for Acceptability of Opening.............................................................................................1255.3 Terms and Definitions............................................................................................................................1265.4 Reinforced OpeningsGeneral Requirements .....................................................................................126

5.4.1 Replacement Area ...................................................................................................................1265.4.2 Reinforcement Limits..............................................................................................................126

5.5 Reinforced Opening Rules, VIII-1 ........................................................................................................1285.5.1 Openings With Inherent Compensation ..................................................................................1285.5.2 Shape and Size of Openings ...................................................................................................1285.5.3 Area of Reinforcement Required ............................................................................................1295.5.4 Limits of Reinforcement .........................................................................................................1315.5.5 Area of Reinforcement Available............................................................................................1325.5.6 Openings Exceeding Size Limits of Section 5.5.2.2 ..............................................................142

5.6 Reinforced Opening Rules, VIII-2 ........................................................................................................1445.6.1 Definitions ...............................................................................................................................1445.6.2 Openings Not Requiring Reinforcement Calculations ...........................................................1445.6.3 Shape and Size of Openings ...................................................................................................1465.6.4 Area of Reinforcement Required ............................................................................................1465.6.5 Limits of Reinforcement .........................................................................................................1465.6.6 Available Reinforcement.........................................................................................................1475.6.7 Strength of Reinforcement Metal............................................................................................1485.6.8 Alternative Rules for Nozzle Design ......................................................................................148

5.7 Ligament Efficiency Rules, VIII-1 ........................................................................................................154

Chapter 6Special Components, VIII-1 ..........................................................................................................................1596.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................159

6.2 Braced and Stayed Construction .............................................................................................1596.2.1 Braced and Stayed Surfaces....................................................................................................1596.2.2 Stays and Staybolts .................................................................................................................162

6.3 Jacketed Vessels.....................................................................................................................................1636.3.1 Types of Jacketed Vessels .......................................................................................................1636.3.2 Design of Closure Member for Jacket to Vessel.....................................................................1646.3.3 Design of Openings in Jacketed Vessels .................................................................................165

6.4 Half-Pipe Jackets ...................................................................................................................................1686.4.1 Maximum Allowable Internal Pressure in Half-Pipe Jacket...................................................1696.4.2 Minimum Thickness of Half-Pipe Jacket................................................................................171

6.5 Vessels of Noncircular Cross Section....................................................................................................1756.5.1 Types of Vessels ......................................................................................................................1756.5.2 Basis for Allowable Stresses ...................................................................................................176


xvi Table of Contents

6.5.3 Openings in Vessels of Noncircular Cross Section.................................................................1806.5.4 Vessels of Rectangular Cross Section .....................................................................................185

Chapter 7Design of Heat Exchangers ...........................................................................................................................1897.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................1897.2 Design of Tubesheets in U-Tube Exchangers .......................................................................................189

7.2.1 Nomenclature ..........................................................................................................................1897.2.2 Preliminary Calculations .........................................................................................................1947.2.3 Design Equations ....................................................................................................................195

7.3 Fixed Tubesheets ...................................................................................................................................2087.3.1 Nomenclature ..........................................................................................................................2087.3.2 Preliminary Calculations .........................................................................................................2097.3.3 Design Equations ....................................................................................................................212

7.4 Additional Rules ....................................................................................................................................2237.5 Methods of Attaching Tubes-to-Tubesheet............................................................................................223

7.5.1 Push Out Tests.........................................................................................................................2277.5.2 Tube-to-Tubesheet Locking Mechanism.................................................................................228

7.6 Expansion Joints ....................................................................................................................................229

Chapter 8Analysis of Components in VIII-2................................................................................................................2338.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................2338.2 Stress Categories....................................................................................................................................2338.3 Stress Concentration ..............................................................................................................................2398.4 Combinations of Stresses ......................................................................................................................2398.5 Fatigue Evaluation .................................................................................................................................244

References .......................................................................................................................................................249

Appendices ......................................................................................................................................................251Appendix AGuide to VIII-1 Requirements..................................................................................................251Appendix BMaterial Designation ................................................................................................................255Appendix CJoint Efficiency Factors ............................................................................................................257Appendix DFlange Calculation Sheets........................................................................................................279Appendix EConversion Factors ...................................................................................................................285

Index ...............................................................................................................................................................287


xvii

LIST OF FIGURES

FigureNumber1.1 Welded Joint Categories (ASME VII-1) ...............................................................................................51.2 Category C Weld ...................................................................................................................................9E1.1 ...............................................................................................................................................................91.3 Some Governing Thickness Details Used for Toughness (ASME VIII-1) .........................................121.4 Impact-Test Exemption Curves (ASME VIII-1) .................................................................................151.5 Charpy Impact-Test Requirements for Full Size Specimens for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels

With Tensile Strength of Less Than 95 ksi (ASME VIII-1) ...............................................................161.6 Reduction of MDMT Without Impact Testing (ASME VIII-1)..........................................................171.7 Fatigue Curves for Carbon, Low Alloy, Series 4XX, High Alloy Steels, and High Tensile

Steels for Temperatures Not Exceeding 700F (ASME VIII-2)........................................................182.1 .............................................................................................................................................................282.2 Comparison of Equations for Hoop Stress in Cylindrical Shells .......................................................292.3 .............................................................................................................................................................302.4 Chart for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels With Yield Stress of 30 ksi and Over,

and Types 405 & 410 Stainless Steels ................................................................................................372.5 C Factor as a Function of R/T (Jawad, 2004).....................................................................................38E2.8 .............................................................................................................................................................392.6 Geomatic Chart for Cylindrical Vessels Under Extrenal Pressure (Jawad and Farr, 1989) ...............422.7 Some Lines of Support of Cylindrical Shells Under External Pressure (ASME VIII-1)...................43E2.13 .............................................................................................................................................................482.8 Some Details for Attaching Stiffener Rings (ASME VIII-1)..............................................................502.9 MiteredBend........................................................................................................................................532.10 Elliptical Cylinder ...............................................................................................................................543.1 .............................................................................................................................................................57E3.4 .............................................................................................................................................................593.2 .............................................................................................................................................................633.3 .............................................................................................................................................................663.4 .............................................................................................................................................................673.5 .............................................................................................................................................................693.6 .............................................................................................................................................................713.7 .............................................................................................................................................................74E3.11 .............................................................................................................................................................75E3.12 .............................................................................................................................................................78E3.13 .............................................................................................................................................................863.8 .............................................................................................................................................................893.9 Inherent Reinforcement for Large End of Cone-to-Cylinder Junction (ASME VIII-2).....................90


xviii List of Figures

3.10 Values of Q for Large End of Cone-to-Cylinder Junction (ASME VIII-2)........................................913.11 Inherent Reinforcement for Small End of Cone-to-Cylinder Junction (ASME VIII-2).....................923.12 Values of Q for Small End of Cone-to-Cylinder Junction (ASME VIII-2)........................................933.13 .............................................................................................................................................................944.1 Some Acceptable Types of Unstayed Flat Heads and Covers (ASME VIII-1) ..................................994.2 Multiple Openings in the Rim of a Flat Head or Cover With a Large Central Opening

(ASME VIII-1) ..................................................................................................................................104E4.5 Ring Flange Sample Calculation Sheet.............................................................................................106E4.6 Welding Neck Flange Sample Calculation Sheet .............................................................................109E4.7 Reverse Welding Neck Flange Sample Calculation Sheet................................................................1144.3 Spherically Dished Covers With Bolting Flanges (ASME VIII-1) ..................................................119E4.8 Example Problem of Spherically Dished Cover, Div. 1 ...................................................................1225.1 Reinforcement Limits Parallel to Shell Surface................................................................................1275.2 Chart for Determining Value of F for Angle q (ASME VIII-1 and VIII-2) .....................................1305.3 Determination of Special Limits for Setting t,r for Use in Reinforcement Calculations .................131E5.1 Example Problem of Nozzle Reinforcement in Ellipsoidal Head, Div. 1 ........................................132E5.2 Example Problem of Nozzle Reinforcement of 12 in. 16 in. Manway Opening, Div. 1 ..............135E5.3.1 Example Problem of Nozzle Reinforcement of Hillside Nozzle, Div. 1..........................................137E5.3.2 Example Problem of Nozzle Reinforcement of Hillside Nozzle, Div. 1..........................................138E5.4 Example Problem of Nozzle Reinforcement With Corrosion Allowance, Div. 1 ............................1405.4.1 (ASME VIII-1) ..................................................................................................................................1435.4.2 (ASME VIII-1) ..................................................................................................................................1435.5 Nozzle Nomenclature and Dimensions (Depicts General Configurations Only) (ASME VIII-2) ...1455.6 Limits of Reinforcing Zone for Alternative Nozzle Design (ASME VIII-2) ...................................149E5.5 Example Problem of Nozzle Reinforcement in Ellipsoidal Head, Div. 2 ........................................149E5.6 Example Problem of Nozzle Reinforcement of 12 in. 16 in. Manway Opening, Div. 2 ..............152E5.7 Example Problem of Nozzle Reiforcerment of Series of Openings Div. 1 ......................................1566.1 Typical Forms of Welded Staybolts (ASME VIII-1) ........................................................................1616.2 Typical Welded Stay for Jacketed Vessel (ASME VIII-1) ................................................................1616.3 Some Acceptable Types of Jacketed Vessels (ASME VIII-1)...........................................................1646.4 Some Acceptable Types of Closure Details (ASME VIII-1) ............................................................1666.5 Some Acceptable Types of Penetration Details (ASME VIII-1) ......................................................1706.6 Spiral Jackets, Half-Pipe and Other Shapes......................................................................................1716.7 Factor K for NFS 2 Pipe Jacket ........................................................................................................1726.8 Factor K for NFS 3 Pipe Jacket ........................................................................................................1736.9 Factor K for NFS 4 Pipe Jacket ........................................................................................................1746.10 Vessels of Rectangular Cross Section ...............................................................................................1766.11 Vessels of Rectangular Cross Section With Stay Plates ...................................................................1786.12 Vessels of Obround Cross Section With and Without Stay Plates and Vessels of Circular Cross

Section With a Stay Plate ..................................................................................................................1796.13 Plate With Constant-Diameter Openings of Same or Different Diameters ......................................1806.14 Plate With Multidiameter Openings..................................................................................................181E6.8 Example Problem of Noncircular Vessels (ASME VIII-1)...............................................................1867.1 Various Heat-Exchanger Configurations (TEMA, 1999)..................................................................1907.2a Tubesheet Integral with Shell and channel (ASME. VIII-1) ............................................................1917.2b Tubesheet Integral with Shell and Gasketed with channel, Extended as Flange

(ASME. VIII-1) .................................................................................................................................1927.2c Tubesheet Integral with Shell and Gasketed with Channel, not Extended as a Flange

(ASME. VIII-1) .................................................................................................................................1937.2d Tubesheet Gasketed with Shell and Channel (ASME. VIII-1).........................................................1947.2e Tubesheet Gasketed with Shell and Integral with Channel, Extended as a Flange

(ASME. VII-1) ..................................................................................................................................1957.2f Tubesheet Gasketed with Shell and Integral with channel, not Extended as a Flange

(ASME. VIII-1) .................................................................................................................................196


List of Figures xix

7.3 Tubesheet Geometry (ASME. VIII-1)...............................................................................................1977.4 Typical Untubed Lane Configurations (ASME VIII-1) ....................................................................1987.5 Curves for the Determination of E*/E and v* (ASME. VIII-1) .......................................................1997.6a Tubesheet Integral with Shell and Channel (ASME. VIII-1) ...........................................................2107.6b Tubesheet integral with Shell and Gasketed with Channel, Extended as a Flange

(ASME. VIII-1) .................................................................................................................................2117.6c Tubesheet Integral with Shell and Gasketed with Channel, not Extended as a Flange

(ASME. VIII-1) .................................................................................................................................2127.6d Tubesheet Gasketed with Shell and Channel (ASME. VIII-1).........................................................2137.7 Xa vs.Zd, Zv, or Zm(ASME.VIII-1) ...................................................................................................2147.8 Xa vs. Fm with negative Q3 (ASME. VIII-1) ....................................................................................2157.9 Xa vs.Fm with positive Q3 (ASME. VIII-1) ......................................................................................2227.10 Some Acceptable Types of Tube-to-Tubesheet Attachments (ASME VIII-1)..................................2257.11 Some Acceptable Types of Tube-to-Tubesheet Strength Welds (ASME VIII-1) .............................2267.12 Schematic Detail of a Hydraulic Tube Expander .............................................................................0007.13 Typical Detail of Grooves in a Clad Tubesheet ................................................................................2277.14 Some Bellows-Type Expansion Joints ( ASME VIII-1) ...................................................................2307.15 Some Flanged and Flued Expansion Joints ( ASME VIII-l) ............................................................231E8.1 ...........................................................................................................................................................2388.1 Linearizing Stress Distribution .........................................................................................................240E8.4 Model of a Finite Element Layout in a Flat Head-to-Shell Junction ...............................................2438.2 Fatigue Curves for Carbon, Low Alloy, 4XX High Alloy, and High Strength Steels

for Temperatures Not Exceeding 700F (ASME VIII-2) ................................................................2458.3 Cyclic Curves ....................................................................................................................................246A.1 ...........................................................................................................................................................000C.1 ...........................................................................................................................................................257C.2 ...........................................................................................................................................................258C.3 ...........................................................................................................................................................259C.4 ...........................................................................................................................................................260C.5 ...........................................................................................................................................................261C.6 ...........................................................................................................................................................262C.7 ...........................................................................................................................................................263C.8 ...........................................................................................................................................................264C.9 ...........................................................................................................................................................265C.10 ...........................................................................................................................................................266C.11 ...........................................................................................................................................................267C.12 ...........................................................................................................................................................268C.13 ...........................................................................................................................................................269C.14 ...........................................................................................................................................................270C.15 ...........................................................................................................................................................271C.16 ...........................................................................................................................................................272C.17 ...........................................................................................................................................................273C.18 ...........................................................................................................................................................274C.19 ...........................................................................................................................................................275C.20.E ...........................................................................................................................................................276D.1 Fig. D.1Ring Flange With Ring-Type Gasket...............................................................................279D.2 Fig. D.2Slip-On or Lap-joint Flange With Ring-Type Gasket .....................................................280D.3 Fig. D.3Welding Neck Flange With Ring-Type Gasket ...............................................................281D.4 Fig. D.4Reverse Welding Neck Flange With Ring-Type Gasket..................................................282D.5 Fig. D.5Slip-On Flange With Full-Face Gasket............................................................................283D.6 Fig. D.6Welding Neck Flange With Full-Face Gasket .................................................................284


xxi

LIST OF TABLES

TableNumber1.1.1 Criteria for Establishing allowable Stress Values for VIII-1 Except for UCI, UCD,

and ULT Material and for Bolting (ASME II-D)...................................................................................21.1.2 Criteria for Establishing allowable Stress Values for VIE-1 for UCI, UCD, and ULT Material

(ASME II-D)...........................................................................................................................................31.2 Criteria for Establishing Design Stress Intensity Values for VIII-2 Except for bolting

(ASME II-D)...........................................................................................................................................31.3 Stress Values for SA-515 and SA-516 Materials ...................................................................................41.4 Allowable Stress Values for Welded Connections..................................................................................51.5 Maximum Allowable Efficiencies for Arc- and Gas-Welded Joints (ASME VIII-1) ............................6El.1 Stress Categories.....................................................................................................................................81.6 Assignment of Materials to Curves (ASME VIII-1) ............................................................................101.7 Minimum Design Metal Temperatures in High Alloy Steels Without Impact Testing ........................182.1 Tabular Values for Fig. 2.4 ...................................................................................................................363.1 Factor KOfor an Ellipsoidal Head With Pressure on the Convex Side.................................................643.2 Values of D for Junctions at the Large Cylinder Due to Internal Pressure..........................................723.3 Values of D for Junctions at the Small Cylinder Due to Internal Pressure..........................................733.4 Values of D for Junctions at the Large Cylinder Due to External Pressure.........................................80E3.14 Allowable Stress and Pressure Data .....................................................................................................906.1 Example of Pressure Used for Design of Components......................................................................1636.2 Closure Detail Requirements for Various Types of Jacket Closures..................................................1696.3 Penetration Detail Requirements ........................................................................................................1717.1 Joint Efficiencies fr for various tube-to-tubesheet attachments (ASME VIII-1)................................2288.1 Primary Stress Category .....................................................................................................................2348.2 Structural Discontinuity......................................................................................................................2358.3 Thermal Stress ....................................................................................................................................2358.4 Stress Categories and Their Limits (ASME VIII-2)...........................................................................2368.5 Classification of Stresses (ASME VIII-2) ..........................................................................................2378.6 Some Stress Concentration Factors Used in Fatigue .........................................................................239E8.4 Summary of Finite Element Output ...................................................................................................244B.1 Carbon Steel Plate ..............................................................................................................................235B.2 Chrome-Moly Steel Plate Specifications, SA-387 .............................................................................235B.3 Chrome-Moly Steel Forging Specifications, SA-182.........................................................................235B.4 Chrome-Moly Steel Forging Specifications, SA-336.........................................................................256B.5 Quench & Tempered Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings, SA-508 ......................................................256


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