096-107 historical metallurgy - upm

Fig. 1. Oberzharz national museum in Clausthal-Zellerfeld.

Historical Metallurgy

Octavio Puche Riart and Luis Felipe Mazadiego MartínezSchool of Mines, Madrid, Spain

Introduction

Some five hundred ancient mines inEurope have been turned into historicalmining museums, protected natural areas,recreational parks, etc. Historically, one ofthe fundamental pillars of the economy,the mining industry leaves us with animportant heritage and the cultural rootsof the mining communities.

The first instructions for an inventoryof machines, plans and documents of his-torical value appeared in France in 1790.Shortly thereafter the Parisian inventorywas created (1791), considered to be thefirst technical museum of the world.(1)

Something similar took place in London ashort time afterwards. Spain provided apioneering example along this line withthe Royal Order of March 15, 1850 whichestablished the Industrial Museum, a sec-tion of which was to have been dedicatedto mining.(2) The project, however,remained only on paper, due to an accu-mulating state budget deficit.

In the mid-nineteenth century, theSpanish mining industry experienced aboom that reached its peak toward the endof the nineteenth and the beginning of thetwentieth centuries. This involved the useof innumerable techniques, many of themdating from the Roman period, which

Conservation of the European mining andmetallurgical heritage — Part 1

resulted in the discovery of valuablearchaeological material. In 1845, JoaquínEzquerra del Bayo proposed the conserva-tion of various ancient furnaces that hadsurfaced in certain slag heaps in Campo deCartagena and, in 1858, Revista Minera(Mining Magazine) published the discov-ery of an ancient foundry in the province

of Huelva that had been considered forconservation as a historical monument bythe director of the Tharsis mines. To ourknowledge, this was the context in whichthe first Archaeological Mining Museum,the work of Federico Botella y Hornos,chief engineer of the Murcia mining dis-trict, was established. According to ananonymous article published in MiningMagazine (1862): “An archaeologicalmuseum holding all of the objects fromexcavations and ancient lands is beingestablished in Cartagena.”(3) According toFelipe Naranjo (1865), there was a

In the June 1999 issue of theCIM Bulletin an inventory of MiningMuseums Across Canada was pub-lished. Because museums are animportant educational tool and atouristic attraction, it is a pleasure tohave professors Octavio Puche Riartand Luis Felipe Mazadiego Martinezrespond to our invitation to writeabout the European mining andmetallurgical museums. This is thefirst of two parts.

96 CIM Bulletin � Vol. 93, N° 1040

museum of Roman antiquities uncoveredin the mines(4) in the same region as that ofthe San Juan Bautista mine belonging tothe “El Fraile” Society. Likewise, in 1864,Ramón Rúa de Figueroa(5) pointed out that“It is noteworthy that an ArchaeologicalMining Museum hasn’t yet been estab-lished in our Mining School [Madrid],when objects gathered in our miningregions exploited since the most remotetimes, would be worthy of study.” Herethe author does not put forth an originalidea but rather iterates one expressed inFournet’s work.(6)

It was the mining engineer and greatarchaeologist, Casiano de Prado, who, in1862, first discovered the Paleolithicperiod in Spain and who initiated the firstarchaeological mine expeditions, such asthe visit to Cerro Murriano in 1866. Incharge of organizing the Spanish MiningDivision of the Paris International Exposi-tion (1867), he asked the heads of the dis-trict for not only mineral ores, but alsoarchaeological tools found in mines andcaverns. Because of Prado’s death, theseobjects were presented by his colleagueAmalio Maestre. This collection, consti-tuting one of the first archaeologicalexhibits of antiquities derived from mines,was destined for the Madrid School ofMining Engineers.(7)

Similar exhibits followed — prehis-toric objects (7th group) were includedin the 2nd Division (Mining) of theVienna International Exposition (1873).Archaeology having thus become a partof the mining division, historical miningtools were added to the exhibit. In theMadrid National Exposition of Mining,Metallurgical Arts, Ceramics, Glasswareand Mineral Waters (1883), there wasalso a large display of archaeological min-ing materials. The exhibit presented bythe Mining School of Madrid(8) included,for example:• hand axes from Madrid, Jaén, Horcajo,

Olmedilla, etc.;• spear and arrow tips from Madrid;• hammers from Sierra Morena, Plasen-

zuela, Oviedo;• human skull and jaw from the El Mila-

gro Mine (Onís);• pine timbering from Río Tinto;• Roman and Arab mine lamps from Río

Tinto, Cartagena, El Pedroso, and Hel-lín;

• earthenware vases from Hellín and RíoTinto;

• earthenware kylix from El Pedroso,Hellín, and Río Tinto;

• ointment and perfume vases from RíoTinto, Cartagena and Villaricos;

• earthenware from Sierra Almagrera;and

• amphora stopper from Cartagena.Antique mining objects also were

sent from the School to the UniversalExpositions of Seville and Barcelona(1929).(9) The first great mining museumis perhaps the Deutsches Bergbau-Museum of Bochum, inaugurated in1930 and located in the middle of theRuhr mining valley. Since the museum’sbeginnings, antique tools such as maces,shovels, picks, lamps, baskets, etc. havebeen recovered. Machines and facilitiessuch as bombs, drills, steam engines andelectricity, timbering, etc. were also recre-ated, to operating scale. One of themuseum’s first steps was the installationof the runner of the ancient mine Germa-nia de Dormund in the 1970s.(10) In 1969,the Historical Archives Center was set upin the museum to preserve the archivesof German mining companies. Themuseum currently receives some 400 000visitors per year. That same year, follow-ing the shutdown of the Oberzharz min-

ing industry in Clausthal-Zellerfeld, aNational Museum (Fig. 1) was foundedin its place, providing a look at the livesand work of the miners. As can be seen,the tendency in the nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries was to conservesmall tools as well as some machines inmuseums generally located in urbanzones and away from mining valleys,although something of the “in situ” hasalso been conserved.

The Birth of Industrial Archaeology

In 1906, at the initiative of engineerM. Miller, the Deutsches Museum vonMeisterwerken der Naturwissenschaftund Technik was established in München.Today, the Museum occupies 55 000 m2 ofpermanent exhibit space and a part of thebasement and ground floor dedicated tothe mining industry. The Research Insti-tute of the History of Technology and theSciences is also located within themuseum.


May 2000 97

Fig. 2. Ironbridge Gorge, Telford, Great Britain.

However, perhaps the first recoveryof a mining-metallurgical technical monu-ment is that of Ekilstuna, the ancientSwedish ironworks Radermacher con-verted into a museum. Spain followed suitin 1952, when Patricio Echevarría and hiswife, Teresa Aguirre, organized the recon-struction of la Mirandaola Ironworks(15th century), in Legazpi, Guipúzcoa.But industrial archaeology cannot be con-sidered institutionalized until 1959, whenThe National Survey of Industrial Monu-ments, an industrial monument safe-guarding division, was created within theframework of the British ArchaeologyCouncil. As explained by J.M. Santacreu(1992), the process was long: “The baronof Verneilh, in France, and Isaac Fletcher,in Great Britain, used the term archaeologyfor the first time within the context of theIndustrial Revolution, and during thedecade of the 1950s, Donald Dudley,Renee Evnard and Michel Rix had alreadyestablished the term Industrial Archaeol-ogy.”(11) Yet, for some authors, the birth ofindustrial archaeology took place after the1962 destruction of the Euston Station inLondon, when British historians and sci-entists declared it a monument. The newdiscipline was taken over by AugustBuchanan at the University of Bath whoused the term “concerns the research, registration, preservation of the industrialremains of the past.”(12) The first conserva-tionist mining societies began to operateduring the social movement of the sixties.(13)

In 1959, the first coke furnaces —invented by Abraham Davy in 1709 —were discovered in the Coalbrookdalefoundry. A short time later, in 1968, theIron Bridge Valley Museum Foundationwas created to restore the local industrialelements. This work began in 1972 withthe restoration of the Iron Bridge (Fig. 2),the most ancient of bridges of its class,and in 1979 the Museum of Iron wasestablished to restore the industrial edi-fices. The museum also houses the Indus-trial Archaeology Institute, of the Univer-sity of Birmingham.

One of the first underground minesopened to the public in 1932: the PlasterCave of Hinterbrüll (1932), located inMödling, near Vienna. Extractive activitywas carried out between 1848 and 1912,but mining was halted by a powerfulwater current that flooded the mine. Aftercorridors were recovered and electriclighting was set up, boat tours were put inservice.(14)

The 1st Congress of IndustrialArchaeology was held in 1968 in the Iron

Bridge valley. In this period numerousworks about this subject began to appearin print (Table 1). The scientific frame-work of this cultural movement was builtvia the various congresses, societies andcommittees organized for that purpose. In1973, the Iron Bridge Museum was thesite of The International Conference forthe Conservation of the Industrial Monu-ments, during which discussions wereheld about the conceptual definitions ofnational heritage, archive collections,inventory, recovery, conservation andsocial aspects. The next of these con-gresses was held in the Bochum MiningMuseum in 1975, where the question ofthe necessity to organize the The Interna-tional Committee for the Conservation ofIndustrial Heritage was raised. The com-mittee’s statutes were approved in the sub-sequent congress held in Grangarde, Swe-den, in 1978. Since then, these meetingswere held every three years: Lyon andGrenoble (1981); Lowell, USA (1984);Vienna (1987); Brussels (1990); Madrid(1992); Quebec and Montreal, Canada(1994); and Athens and Tsalonica, Greece(1997).

As can be seen, this is an essentiallyEuropean movement. It should not,therefore, appear strange that the Parlia-ment Assembly of the Council of Europewould have a hand in the matter in 1975,adopting a Recommendation Relevant toIndustrial Archaeology. Years later, theAssembly developed a series of work-shops: the first was in Lyon-Vaulx inVelin (1985), followed by those ofMadrid (1986), Bochum (1987) and Lon-don-Durham (1989). In the Bochumworkshop, the question of the preserva-tion of national mining heritage wasbrought up: Technical Mine Monumentsas Cultural Heritage.

Conservation of the National MiningHeritage

Great Britain

In 1960, the shutdowns of miningcompanies began, and the immediatelyensuing birth of a series of local conser-vationist societies. In 1979, the Indepen-dent Charitage Trust created the Chat-terley Mining Museum. The same year,the National Association of Mining His-tory Organizations (NAMHO) wasfounded upon the inititiative of thesesocieties as well as companies and min-ing consultancy firms, the Mining Insti-tute and trade magazines. The NAMHO

currently encompasses more than 20mining museums (15 specializing inmetals, three in coal, two in stone) andboasts some 2000 members, of whomnearly one half belongs to three soci-eties: the Peak District Mines HistoricalSociety (400 members), the NorthernMine Research Society (300 members)and the Shropshire Caving & MiningClub (100 members).


TABLE 1. Publications devoted to industrialarchaeology

Year Author Title

1963 Hudson, K. Industrial archaeology. Anintroduction

1966 Panell, J.P.M. The techniques of industrialarchaeology

1967 Rix, M. Industrial Archaelogy1968 Buchanan, R.A. The theory and practice of

industrial archaeology1969 Gale, W.K.W. Industrial archaeology1971 Cossom, N. Industrial archaeologists. Guide

and Hudson, K.1972 Raistrick, A. Industrial archaeology1972 Klingender, F. Arte i rivoluzioni industriale1972 Buchanan, R.A. Industrial archaeology in Britain1975 Hudson, K. Exploring our industrial past1976 Sande, T.N. Industrial archaeology. A new

look at the American heritage1977 Burton, A. Industrial archaelogical sites

of Britain1978 Negri, A. L’Archaelogie industriale1979 Butt, J. Industrial archaeology in the

and Donnachie, I. British Isles1980 Daumas, M. L’Archéologie industrialle

en France

TABLE 2. Mining museums in the United Kingdom

Museum Location

Big Pit Mining Museum BlaenafontBlack Country Museum Trust Ltd. EgbastonCamborne School of Mines- TreveensonGeological MuseumCEFN Coed Colliery Museum CrynatClearwell Caves & Ancient Iron ClinderfordMines MuseumChatterley Whitfield Mining Museum Stoke on TrentChawarel Hen-Slate Caverns LlanfairEcton Mine Education Center EctonGrevor Tin Mine PendenGloddfa Ganol Slate Mine Blaenau FfestinoigGreat Orme Exploration Society LlandudmoIron Bridge George Museum Trust SandalLlechwedd Slate Caverns Blaenau FfestinoigMid Wales Mining Museum PonterwydMinera Lead Mines ChesterMorwellham Quay TravistockMwyngloddiau Gold Mines LampeterNational Stone Center WirksworthThe Poldark Mine & Heritage Complex WendronWeawer Hall Salt Museum NortwichSouth Wales Miners Museum CynonvilleRhonda Heritage Park TrehafodScottish Mining Museum NewtongrangeSygun Cooper Mine BeddgelertTom Leonard Mining Museum EasingtonUnderground Quarry Museum CorshamMuseum of Scottish Lead Mines WanlockheadWelsh Gold DolgellauWelsh Slate Museum LlanberisSaldford Mining Museum SaldfordBig Pit BlaenafontYorkshire Mining Museum Trust Ltd. Overton/Wakefield


These museums have been estab-lished by volunteers and personnel oncontract. NAMHO also established codesof practice such as “Code of practice formineral collecting at disused mines,”“Code of practice for mine exploration”and “Code of practice for removal of arte-facts.” The Society has also set up a dataarchival system and standards for the edit-ing of reports, as well as insurance for itsmembers. As Eusebi Casanelles pointedout (1993), “In England, the conservationof industrial heritage has become anational fact, and there is no region thatfails to advertise these places in its touristbrochures.”(15) This seems logical, giventhat they’re pioneers in these areas (Figs. 3and 4). A collection of British museums isgiven in Table 2.

The Iron Bridge region currentlyreceives some 300 000 visitors per yearand a turnover of US$67.5 million peryear(16) (Table 3). The disappearance of thelocal ceramics, porcelain, and metallurgi-cal industries provoked a re-industrializingproject from London which, in effect, cre-ated a new city, Telford, which currentlyhas some 160 000 inhabitants. The gov-ernment took upon itself the restorationcosts, and provided financial support forthe initial stages of the museum. The sec-ond most important museum of the area isperhaps that of the Beamish mining region.

In terms of professional training, weshould emphasize courses for the conser-vation of material, buildings and recov-ered mines: the Conservation of IndustrialCollections Forum (1969), organized bythe London Science Museum, and theMining and Industrial Heritage Manage-ment master’s course established by TheCamborne School of Mines for the 1995-1996 year. One must take into considera-tion not only the restoration of the variouselements of the mining heritage, but itsinventory as well. According to J.M. San-tacreu (1992), “… [these inventories]were in the hands of the individual soci-eties until 1979. Today’s individual Eng-lish inventories have been compiled bythe Royal Commission on the HistoricalMonuments of England, but the recoveredobjects are in very different states ofrestoration, due to the fact that there wereno unified criteria at the time of theseinventories”.(11)

France

In 1955, the celebration of the inter-national colloquium Iron Through theAges took place in Nancy, in the heart ofLorraine. One of its recommendationswas the creation of a research centre forthe history of iron metallurgy. This insti-tution, founded in 1957, in turn led to the

foundation of the Nancy Iron Museum,inaugurated at the end of 1966. The latteris considered to be the most completemuseum of iron and steel in the world .(17)

Likewise, when the Temoin d’Alès Mine, atraining centre for the miners ofCévennes opened by pit coal societies in1945, faced a possible shutdown, it wastransformed into a historical mining


TABLE 3. Museum visits per year

Museum Year Number of visitors annually

Saldford Mining Museum 1980 30 000CEFN Coed 1980 20 000Big Pit (Blaenafont) 1983 100 000Wakefield 1989 100 00

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Fig. 3. Geevor tin mine, Pendeen-Cornwall, Great Britain.

centre in 1960, and opened to the publicin 1985.

France’s main contribution, however,is the ecomuseum, i.e. a region withimportance according to an industrialperiod and where nature and industriessuch as mining are related and integrated.A colloquium entitled Industrial Heritageand Contemporary Society — Locations -Monuments - Museums was held in 1976 inthe ancient mining and glassworks regionof Le Creusot, Bourgogne. Given the eco-nomic crisis caused by the increase inpetroleum prices, the socioeconomicdimension of the conservation of nationalheritage often comes into play. Industrialremains are effectively fused to the landand the historical and cultural values ofthe mining communities. An immediatereaction was the creation of the Ecomu-seum of Le Creusot-Monceau-les-Mines,and others such as the Ecomuseum ofFourmies-Trelon, which offers a series ofactivities.

In the 1980s, a dozen mining muse-ums were inaugurated, including theecomuseums and museums of stone orquarries. According to Watelet andSchawartzman (1991), “Currently aboutone subterranean tourism center isinaugurated in France per half-year.” (18)

Today, this tendency has increased con-siderably. Some French mining metal-lurgical museums are shown in Table 4.

The closing of the French pit coalindustry took place in the 1980s. This ledto a progressive deterioration of thisnational heritage, which induced the cre-ation of local protectionist associations aswell as actions on the part of companiesthemselves. Many of these projects weresupported by the Ministry of Culture.There were also other isolated projects

such as the Puits (shafts) de Cagnac in LeTarn, or the Puits Glenoms a la Machinein Nievre. Most importantly of all, twogreat museums were created: Lewarde andCouriot.(19)

The Historical Mining Center ofLewarde, a short distance from Douai, wasinaugurated in 1982 with support fromlocal and regional collectives as well as theMinistry of Culture and the private enter-prise Houillières du Nord-Pas-de-Calais.The center consists of a subterranean tour,450 m in length, reconstructed on theFosse Delhoye — mines characteristic ofthe thirties, accessible by means of a sim-ulated descent in a cage. All of the aspectsof a mine and a miner’s life are evokedwithin the restored surface and interiorinstallations. This center houses 10 000objects, 5000 graphic works, 300 filmsand 2 km of mining archives, and receives150 000 visitors per year.

Couriot, the other great coal miningmuseum, was inaugurated in 1991(Fig. 5). This shaft was exploited between1913 and 1973, providing jobs to 1500miners during its more prosperous years.The miners extracted 3000 metric tons ofore per day. Its re-opening as a miningand industrial museum involved therestoration of 350 m of corridors. Visits tothe interior, overseen by highly auto-mated monitoring systems, includeancient sites complete with pickhammersand beasts of burden. Another greatmuseum of a similar format is currentlybeing established in Petite Roselle. Theancient subterranean shale mines of Noy-ant-la-Gravoyère, with a descent viafunicular to a depth of 126 m, have beenintegrated into a large theme park (nat-ural areas, children’s train, fishing, watersports, mini-golf, etc.) A mere two

months after its opening, it was alreadyreceiving 600 to 800 visitors daily.

In 1982, a National Program forArchaeological Mining Research (Pro-gram H-03 of the Conseil Supérieur de laRecherche Archéologique) was imple-mented under the direction of the Min-istry of Culture and the CNRS. Its pur-pose was to coordinate the work ofuniversities, associations and indepen-dent researchers.(20) Likewise, the Indus-trial Heritage Decree was created withinthe framework of a 1964 MonumentInventory Plan designed by the NationalHeritage Department of the Ministry ofCulture.

Germany

After the Deutsches Museum ofMünich and the Deutsches Bergbau-Museum of Bochum, other museumsbegan appearing, such as the Musée deMine Houillère (Saarland Mine-Museum)of Bexbach (1934), which safeguards coalmining mementos in the Saar valley. Itsmain attraction is a model of a subter-ranean mine where the visitor is familiar-ized with the work of the miner. In 1974,The Museum of Sulphides of Ramsbeck,formerly a mine that operated between1559 and 1930, was inaugurated; itreceives some 100 000 visitors annually.Another museum mine of the period is theHistorisches Kupferbergwerk of Fisbach,opened to the public in 1979, receivingsome 80 000 visitors per year.(21)

In a book entitled “Schau undBesucher Bergwerke,” Heinz Walter Wild


Fig. 4. Minera lead mines, Wrexham, Great Britain. TABLE 4. Mining and metallurgical museums in France.

Museum Location

Anciennes Mines d’Ór du Limousin PontgibaudCentre Historique Minier LewardeCouriot. Musée de la Mine Saint EtienneEcomusée de Le Creusot-Monceau- Le CreusotLes MinesL’Argentièrie de Brandis Alpe d’HuezMaison de l’Antimonie MasiacMine Blue Noyant-la-

GravoyèreMines d’Argent du Fournel Argentière-la-

BesséeMines d’Argent des Rois Francs MelleMines du Briançonais Villard Saint

PancraceMines de Cuivre et d’Argent Le Trillotde la Haute Vallée de la MoselleMines du Laurier Plancher-les-MinesMusée du Cap de Garone. Musée Nancyde FerMusée de la Mine Blanzy et La

MachineMusée de la Mine Petit RoselleMusée des Mines CarnauxMusée des Mines de Pierre VincennesMusée Regional de Geologie DecazavilleVolcan de Lemptegy Saint Ours


reviewed 74 mining museums in Ger-many, 14 in Austria and 4 in Switzer-land.(22) In 1985, the National TouristOffice of Germany published a guide of130 museums, including various miningmuseums.(23) Germany currently has the

greatest number of mining museums andmuseum mines (Table 5).

Recently, the Vöcklingen Iron andSteelworks, a veritable cathedral of ironand steel in operation from 1873 through1986, has been declared a World Heritage

Site. In 1993, the 1st Symposium on Cul-tural Heritage in Geosciences, Mining andMetallurgy, dedicated to library, archivaland museum themes, was held inFreiberg. Germany has been a pioneer inthe salvaging of industrial archives: in


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TABLE 5. Mining museums in Germany

Museum Location

Bergakademie Freiberg Grube Alte Elisabeth FreibergBergbau und Industrien Osterbayern KümmersbruckBergbaumuseum Oelsenitz Oelsenitz-ErzgebirgeBergbaumuseum des Kreises Altenkirchen Herdorf-SassenrothBergbaumuseum Peissemberg PeissembergBergbaumuseum Ramsbeck Beswig-RamsbeckBergbaumuseum Röhrigschacht WettelrodeBergbau und Stad Museum Weilburg WeilburgBergisches Museum für Bergbau Berggish-GladbachBergwerkmuseum Hilchenbach-Müsen Hilchenbach-MüsenBesucherbergwerk Finstergrund Wieden-UtzenfeldBesucherbergwerk Eisenerzgrube St. Anna-Stollen NorthweilerBesucherbergwerk Grube Fortuna Oberbeil WetzlarBesucherbergwerk Grube Anna-Elisabeth Schiesheim SchriesheimBesucherbergwerk Grube Cristina WillingenBesucherbergwerk Grube Gustav Meissner-AbterodeBesucherbergwerk Grube Windeweide GebharshainBesucherbergwerk Kilianstollen MasbergBesucherbergwerk Kleinenbremen Porta WestfaliaBesucherbergwerk Reindl-Stollen EisenbergBesucherbergwerk Schmittenstollen Bad MünsterBesucherbergwerk Teufelsgrund MünstertralBesucherbergwerk Tiefer Stollen AalenBesucherbergwerk Harrenberg BundenbachEdelsteinminen im Steinkaulenberg Idar-Ostein Idar-OsteinEmilianusstollen SaarliusErlebnisbergwerk Merkers MerkersErzbergwerk Bodenmais BodenmaisFrisglück Besucherbergwerk NeuenburgDeutsches Bergbau-Museum BochumDeutsches Museum München MünchenDeutschesmontantechnologie für Robstoff Energie EssenGraphitebergwerk Kropfmühl HauzenbergGrube Christiane DiemelseeGrube Markus Röling FrohnauGrube Schauinsland FreiburgHaus der Heimat FreitalHeimat und Bergbaumuseum mit Schautollenanlage WeiburgHeimat und Bergbaumuseum Burg Tannenberg NanterschusenHeimatmuseum des Zeitz-Weissenfelser Braunkohlenreviers TeuchenHistorisches Bergwerksanlage 19-Lachter-Stollen Widemann

Museum Location

Historisches Silberbergwerk Alte Hoffnung Erbstollen Schönborn-DreiwerdenHistorisches Silberbergwerk Hella-Glückstollen NeubulachHistorisches Silberbergwerk Grube Samson und Heimatmuseum St. AndreasbergHüttenstollen SalzmmendorfKalkbergwerk WolfsteinKupferbergwerk Bertsch Bad-Widungen-BergfreiheitLandermuseum Volk und Wirtchaft DüsseldorfLanderbergmuseum SulzburgLehrbergwerk Grube Rater Bär St. AndreasbergLehr und Schaubergwerk Herkules Frisch Glück WaschleitheMülenberg Stollen BleihalfMuseum für Naturkunde DortmundNeubeschert Glück Stollen AltenbergNiedersächs Bergbaumuseum LangelscheimOberharzer Bergwerkmuseum Clausthal-ZellerfeldRammelsberger Bergbaumuseum GoslarRuhrlandmuseum EssenSaarländisches Bergbaumuseum BexbachSalzbergwerk Berchtesgaden mit Salzmuseum BerchtesgadenSanierungsbetries 371 AueSchauanlange Silberstollen Geising GeisingSchaubergwerk Büchenberg ElbingerodeSchaubergwerk Finstertal AsbachSchaubergwerk Glöckl ErzgebirgeSchaubergwerk Wocklund BalveSchieferschaubergwerk Raumland Bad BerleburgSiegenlandmuseum SiegenSilberreisenbergwerk Gleissinger Fels BayreuthStadt und Bergbaumuseum FreibergStadisches Museum für Bergbau und Industrie Brand-ErbisdorfSteinkohlbesucherbergwerk Rabenstein Stollen Clausthal-ZellerfeldSteinsalzbergwerk Kochendorf HeilbronnTechniches Landesmuseum SchwerinTiefer Molchner Stollen PobershauTraditionsstäte Erzbergbau AueUnverhoffter Segen Gotes Westfälischen mit Radstube OberschönaWeisse Grube KirchheimboladenWestfälischen Industriesmuseum DormundZinnbergbaumuseum AltenbergZinnergrube Sauberg EhrenfriedsdorfZinner Gmbh Altenberg Altenberg

Fig. 5. Couriot. Musée de la mine, Saint Etienne, France.

1903, the Krupp company had alreadyorganized its archives in Essen.

Austria

In 1976, the Federal Bureau for theProtection of Monuments created aDepartment of Industrial Monuments.The first relevant efforts were undertakenby the Regional Association of Iron Ore ofStyria from 1983 onward.(24) In 1985, thenational mining heritage was discussed atthe Conference on the Mining Industry ofPitten in Lower Austria; the same year, aDepartment of Industrial Archaeology wascreated in the University of Vienna. The1987 meeting of the International Com-mittee for the Conservation of IndustrialHeritage, whose main purpose is to dedi-cate industrial monuments to the tourismindustry, encouraged this to some extent.Also, in that same year, the Day of theMiner was celebrated in the city ofLeoben, the location of the School ofMines. In 1991, the Erlebnisbergwerk inÖsterreich (Adventures in the Mines ofAustria) Association, which links many ofAustria’s museum mines, was founded inEisenerz, Styria.(25)

The main museum mines are the sul-phide-silver mines of Schwaz, exploitedbetween 1490 and 1957 (Fig. 6), and theiron mines of Eisenerz. The latter, in oper-ation for 2000 years (until 1988), wereturned into museums a little less than adecade ago, as were the former, when themining industry’s crisis provided an alter-native for tourism. Likewise, as a result ofthe government’s decision in 1992 to closethe metallurgical industry in the Vorden-berg valley, the valley became a touristcentre. Austrian museums and mines areshown in Table 6.

Among the ancient mines, Hallstattholds an exalted position. Its activity datesback to 2000 BC, the period of the BronzeAge, continuing until the beginnings ofthe Iron Age. In 1846, Georg Ramsauer,the director of the mine, discovered andanalyzed a miners’ necropolis from thefirst millenium AD, with 900 persons whohad been buried with all of their belong-ings (clothing, weapons, domestic tools,etc.) This facilitated the study of manyaspects of Celtic life. The development ofvarious exhibits on this subject provesbeyond a doubt the importance of thismine: exhibits such as Die Hallstatt Kul-tur. Exposition International (1980) orDas Österreiches Bergbau (1987). Themines have been prepared for visits, withlarge wooden toboggans that link the var-ious levels of the mine.(26)

Benelux

In 1971, the open-air Museum ofRural Life in Wallonia was created in Bel-gium and, in 1978, the Museum of Ironand Ancient Metallurgy of Saint Hubert(Luxembourg), together with theFourneau Saint-Michel (18th century),were established as part of the former.This Museum of Iron receives some30 000 visitors per year. A branch of theMuseum of Wallonian Rural Life has alsobeen opened in Liége, called the House ofMetallurgy and Industry (Museum of Ironand Coal). A description of the currentsteel production accompanies the charcoalfurnace of the Wallonian Ironworks (17thcentury).

In 1974, the authorities of the RoyalCircle of the History and Archaeology ofAth implemented the idea of creating aMuseum of Stone in Maffle. The localquarries had ceased their activities in 1964and were keen on preserving their mem-ory. But this museum, founded in a castle,would not be inaugurated until 1989,thanks to the work of J.P. Ducastelle,director of the Stone’s Museum of Maffle.

Belgium has numerous museums of stone;the most ancient of which is probably theNational Museum of Marble in Rance,exhibiting various aspects of the marbleindustry so typical to this region.(27) Thismuseum was established by the Society ofRegional History of the Beaumont-Chi-may and Sirvy-Rance districts, with thecollaboration of the B.B.L. Bank.

Many coal mines have been restored.In 1979, the Mining Museum of the Boisdu Luc was opened in these mines, aban-doned in 1973; in 1980, the shutdown ofthe Argentau-Trimbleur mine in Blégny-Trimbleur caused its rapid conversion intoa tourist complex. The most importantcurrent project is Le Gran Hornu, pro-moted by the Wallonian Society of Indus-trial Archaeology and the government ofthe Hainaut province. This reconstructionof a mining town and part of its aban-doned industrial remains succeeded theshutdown of coal production in theHornu-Wasmes mine (1954) in the pitcoal valley of Borinage. The WagneauxMine Museum currently enjoys 200 m ofcorridors of the Hornu-Wasmes, openedin 1932 to fulfill the practical needs of theprofessional training for miners. The mainmining museums of Belgium are given in Table 7.

In The Netherlands, the Mijnmu-seum in Kerkrade deals with the life andwork of miners and receives some 300000 visitors per year.(12) The autonomousconstituency of the heritage inventoriesshould be emphasized. In the Wallonianterritories, the Society Patrimoine Indus-trial Wallonie-Bruxelles is responsible,while in the Flemish regions the respon-sibility is fulfilled by a Cédule du Patri-moine Industrielle, belonging to the


TABLE 6. Austrian mining museums

Museum Location

Bergbaumuseum Klagenfurt KlagenfurtHistorisches Silbergruben OberzeiringMuelbach MuelbachRadwerk IV Blast Fournace VordenbergSalzbergwerk Altausse AltausseSalzbergwerk Bad Ischl Bad IschlSalzbergwerk Hallein DürnbergSalzberger Hallstatt HallstattSchaubergwerk Erbstollen Kupferplatte JochbergSchaubergwerk Schawarzaleo LeogangSilberwerk Schwaz SchwazSteinölschaubergwerk PertisauTerra Mystica Bad BleigerSchaubergwerk Hüttenberg Hüttenberg-Kärntern

Fig. 6. Silver mine in Schwaz, Austria.


TABLE 7. Mining museums in Belgium

Museum Location

Diamant Museum GrobbendonkEcomuseum and Archives Boomof the Boom BrickworksGeologisch Museum BochlotMijnmuseum BeringenMusée d’Arenberg-Musée du Porphyre Rebeq-RognonMusée du Coticule Vielsam-

SalmchateauMusée de la Mine Houdeng-AimeresMusée de la Mine et Musée du Clou Fontaine-L’EvequeMusée du Fer et du Charbon LiégeMusée du Fer et de Metallurgie Ancienne Saint HubertMusée National du Marbre RanceMusée de la Pierre MaffleMusée de la Pierre MunoMusée de la Pierre et du Marbre BaséclesMusée de la Pierre SoignesMusée du Silex Eben-EmaelMusée Regional de la Pierre SprinmontCarriéres souterraines du Géromont Camblain-au-PontArdoisiéres BertrixMusée de la Mine Les Wagneaux Wasmes

Flemish government’s Department ofMonuments and Historical Places.

Scandinavia

Eusebi Casanelles (1993) pointed outthat “In the Baltic countries, the territorymuseums have been widely accepted, duepartly to the population’s ecological sensi-tivity. This has led to the conservation ofnot only the environment but also therural heritage, a good part of which isrelated to the technical world (windmills,exploitation of mines and forests that pre-serve all the pertinent infrastructures suchas the workers’ houses, etc.).”(15)

In the 1970s, in Lappland, Finland, acertain form of tourism based on therestoration of the gold prospecting tech-niques (using the trough) was beingorganized in Tankavaara. In 1977 to1978, the wooden house that had origi-nally served as the headquarters of theLapin Kulta in Härkäselkä was disman-tled and rebuilt, piece by piece, inTankavaara, as the Museum of Mineralsand Precious Stones. Likewise, materialand equipment related to gold mining, aswell as facts relevant to the history of thismetal in Finland, were recovered. Theproject Golden World was launched in1994, with the intention to exhibit thehistory of gold of 20 countries. This per-manent exposition was inaugurated inthe summer of 1995.

The 3rd Congress of the FICCIM,held in 1978 in Grangarde, Sweden,addressed the Statutes of The Interna-tional Committee for the Conservation ofthe Industrial Heritage and sought todefine the concept of an industrial her-itage. In the wake of the interest that thisCongress provoked, projects were under-taken such as the recovery of the miningtown of Langban in the Värmland region,initiated in 1983. These iron and dolomitemines, dating from the early 18th century,

ceased producing ore in 1958, andstopped functioning altogether in 1972.Today, they have been converted into anopen-air museum.

Another important example of therecovery of the metallurgical heritage arethe Walloon Ironworks. Around the oldiron mines of Dannemora in the north ofUppsala, a series of ironworks wereestablished in the 17th to 18th centuries,such as the Walloon Ironworks in Öster-bybruk; the Lancashire Ironworks inKarlholms; the Ironworks Museum ofForsmarks; or the iron and steelworks ofVällnora. They have since been restored.In May 1985, the Importance of Iron-making conference was held in Norberg,Sweden. One of its main themes was thepreservation, restoration and reconstruc-tion of ancient ironworks. In Norway,the silver mines of Kronsberg, exploitedfrom the 16th century until the 19th,was converted into the Norwegian Min-ing Museum in 1987. The restored

museum, church and artistic woodenbuildings (17th to 19th centuries),together with other museums in anexceptional natural environment, recre-ate local history. The main mining muse-ums are listed in Table 8.

Italy

In the congress held by the Associ-azione Nazionale Ingegneri Minerari in1986 in St. Vicent, chemical engineer, G.Citran, presented the discourse entitled“Miniere-Museo. Sono possibili?” (“Min-ing Museums: Are there possibilities tocreate them?”). Since then, this associa-tion organized, in 1991, a Congress onNational Mining Heritage: the 1st Con-vegno Valorizzazione dei Siti MinerariDismessi in Abadía San Salvatore, a townvery close to the mercury mines of MonteAmiata. In 1993, the International Con-gress on Esperienze Europee di Valoriz-zazione Turistico Culturale del Patrimo-nio Minerario was held; the 2ndConvegno Valorizzazione dei SitiMinerari Dismessi, was held in Cagliari,Sardinia, in 1994. More than 300 partici-pated in the latter scientific forum.

In 1987, the Museo Storico dell’OroItaliano (Gold’s Museum of Italy) wasinaugurated in Predosa. Shortly thereafter,in 1989, the local administration ofAbadía-S. Salvatore had given an order todesign an urban plan of the region,intending to create a mining park; it is nosurprise that this town was elected for the1st Agreement on National Heritage orga-nized by “National Association of MiningEngeneers of Italy (ANIM). In the earlynineties, other projects were undertaken,such as the Metallurgical Museum of the


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TABLE 8. Mining museums in Scandinavia

Museum Location

Goldprospector Museum Tankavaara (Finland)Outokumpu Mining Museum Pitkälahti Harbor and Old Outokumpu Mine (Finland)Tytyrin Kalkkikaivomuseum Lohja (Finland)Modums Blaafarveverk Amont (Norway)Museene På Løkken Løkken (Norway)Naes Jenverkmuseum Arendal (Norway)Norsk Teknisk Museum Oslo (Norway)Norwegisches Bergwerkmuseum Kronsberg (Norway)KronsbergOscar Gold Mining Bremnes (Norway)Rørosmuseet Røros (Norway)Stesdtal Mineral Park Hornes (Norway)Sulitjelma Gruvemuseum Sulitjelma (Norway)Långbans Gruby Filstad (Sweden)Kullberg Quarries Kullberg (Sweden)

TABLE 9. Mining museums in Italy

Museum Location

Antica Minera d’Oro della Guia Macuznagae Casa Museo WalserMuseo Geo-Paleontologico Cinto Euganeodei Colli Euganei. Cava BombaCorte della Miniera UrbinoMuseo del Marmo CarraraMuseo Minerario Abadía S. Salvatorede Abadía S. SalvatoreMuseo Minerario Regionale Champdeprazdella Valle d’AostaMuseo Provinciale della VipitenoMiniere Monteneve-Ridanne SchneebergMuseo di Scienza della Terra CrodoMuseo della Sotoria L’Iglesiadelle Miniere de PiritaMuseo Sotorico Minerario Massa MaritimaMuseo Storico Minerario de Perticara SantarcangeloMuseo Storico dell’Oro Italiano PredosaMiniere degli Escartons Perosa Argentina

Fig. 7. Ore dressing equipment at the mining museum in Schneeberg, South Tyrol, Italy.

Aosta Valley and the Museo StoricoMinero di Perticara, related to the sulphurmining industry (inaugurated in 1994).Following the congresses of ANIM, manyof the new museums or projects, includ-ing those of Sardinia, were coordinated(Table 9).

The Italian Minister Ronchey cre-ated the Comitato dei Beni CulturaliNazionali per l’Archaeologia Industriale,(Commission of Industrial Archaeology)composed of a multidisciplinary groupof 50 persons. This Commission’s goal isto study, research and inventory the Ital-ian industrial heritage, and ultimatelyproduce a catalogue (Fig. 7). In Sardinia,Law 29/94 of June 9 was created to pro-tect and define the industrial-archaeo-

logical problems of this island endowedwith a great mining history. The lawforesaw the creation of a Regional Com-mission for the Safeguarding on theIndustrial Archaeological Heritage, withthe consultation of the Ministry of Edu-cation. The function of the Commissionwas to evaluate local authorities’ previ-ous proposals for the evaluation and useof abandoned mining centres and instal-lations.(28)

Spain and Portugal

The initiative to create the Museumof Science and Technology of Catalonia(MNCTC) came from the CataloniaSchool for Industrial Engineers in

1977.(29) The 1st Conference on the Pro-tection and Reassessment of the NationalIndustrial Heritage was held in Bilbao in1982 and the second in Barcelona in1988. Three Catalonian congresses onthe subject were also organized. The1986 National Plan included, among theactions proposed, the construction of theMuseum of Mining and the Industry ofAsturias. The development of the projectin 1992, on the spoil heap of the SanVicente shaft in El Entrego, facilitated theinauguration of the Museum in 1994.More than 80 000 visitors annually cometo the Museum.(30) In Portugal, the firstsuch activity was perhaps the 1stNational Meeting on Industrial Heritage,held in Coimbra in 1989.

The 1st Iberian Conference onNational Industrial Heritage and PublicWorks was held in Seville in 1990. In1992, Madrid was the host of the 8thInternational Congress for the Conserva-tion of the Industrial Heritage. Likewise,the Madrid-based Spanish Association ofthe National Industrial Heritage and Pub-lic Works and the Lisbon-based Por-tuguese Association of Industrial Archae-ology (APAI) were established in the earlynineties.

The Río Tinto Museum opened in1992, upon the initiative of the Founda-tion bearing the same name. The latterwas created after the copper crisis of 1986to develop the region (Fig. 8). Thanks tothe improvements of late 1992 andNovember 1993, the museum now con-sists of 15 rooms and covers 1600 m2. Theadmission to the museum also includes aride on the mine railway, a visit to anecropolis and the Corta Atalaya surfacemine, etc. Rides through the interior areplanned for the opening of the Alfredoshaft. The number of visitors annually isaproximately 35 000.(31)

In 1991, the Arrayanes Project forthe recovery of the national industrial-mining heritage of Linares was started;the project is still in the implementationphase. (32) In 1992, the Association ofFriends of the Museum “San Blas Iron-works” took the first step to create a min-ing museum in Sabero. The first subter-ranean museum mine opened to thepublic in October 1993 — the Neolithicvariscite-turquoise mines of Can Tintorerin Gavá, Barcelona.

Upon the initiative of the MNCTC,the 1st International Symposium on theCatalonian Ironworks was held in Ripollin 1993. Prior to that, the Association ofFriends of the Cades Ironworks had orga-nized several meetings on the Restoration



Fig. 8. Mine shaft at Rio Tinto Museum, Huelva, Spain.

of the Ironworks in the North of Spain(33)

(Fig. 9).In the 9th International Congress on

Mining and Metallurgy, held in León inJune 1994, various discourses on the con-servation of the national mining heritagewere presented. This led to the declarationof the necessity for the various adminis-trations to act urgently to protect andassess the important national mining andmetallurgical heritage of Spain.(34) Shortlythereafter steps were taken to establish theSpanish Society for the Defense of theNational Geological and Mining Heritage,legally put into effect in late 1995. Today,the society boasts more than 250 mem-bers. The 1st Scientific Session of theSpanish Society to Defense of Geologicaland Mining Heritage (SEDPGYM):National Mining and Metallurgical Her-itage, was held in Almadén in October of1996; it was the first national symposiumto address this subject and sought its con-ceptual definition at the final round tablediscussion. A list of Spanish museums isgiven in Table 10.(35)

Local or regional initiatives shouldbe mentiond with regard to the invento-ries of national heritage. A GeneralInventory Project for Industrial Her-itage will be put into effect in Catalonia.The Murcia National Heritage Depart-ment has been conducting an inventoryof the industrial heritage in that regionfor the past few years, emphasizing 95referenced architectural elements of thehistoric mining industry of the Sierra dela Unión-Cartagena. Let us also high-light the inventory with a photo of minerunners, carried out by G. García et

al.,(36) as well as the inventory of theMining-Metallurgical Heritage of theMap of Murcia, carried out by O. Puche,in 1996, for the first version of theEnvironmental Map of Spain. Otherpartial initiatives have also been intro-duced in Asturias and other communi-ties. The Museum of Mining and Indus-try of El Entrego holds the archives ofthe Spanish Pit Coal Society and ofSanta Barbara. Likewise, the Museum ofGeomining holds archives of the com-pany ADARO. The HUNOSA archivesare kept in the Fondón shaft, inAsturias, and the centenary celebrationsof the Hullera Vasco Leonesa S.A. Com-pany have been organized by the VascoLeonesa (Basque-Leonese) Pit CoalFoundation in La Robla.

Eastern European Countries

The territories of the former Sovietblock show less development in theseareas than western Europe. The firstmuseums are associated with the townswith mining schools, such as the Museumof Mining and Geology of Banska

˘ Stavnica (Schmnitz) in Slovakia, or theMining Museum of Sopron (Odenburg) inHungary.(37) In 1967, the Museum of Gold— Pepr Mine in Jilova, Czech Republicwas organized.(38) Ko˘ sica, a city in Slova-kia declared as a World Heritage Site byUNESCO, has an East Slovak ArtisticCasting Museum, with numerous objects,including a copy of Agricola’s book “De ReMetallica” translated into Czech. MedzevIronworks, 25 km from Ko˘ sica, as well as the Museum of Iron of Lillafürd inMiskolc (Hungary) should also be men-tioned.(17)

The most important mining museumin the eastern countries is Wieliszka,Poland (World Heritage Site), with morethan 200 000 visitors per year. There, inan ancient subterranean halite mine, amuseum of minerology and history of saltmining has been built. Ancient chamberssituated among pillars as well as shaftsand corridors can be toured. Chandelieresand statues made of salt, a church carvedinto the rock, subterranean boat rides andan underground restaurant are some ofthe museum’s attractions. The mostimportant mining museums and museummines in east European countries arelisted in Table 11.

Others

An industrial archaeology meetingwas held in Greece in 1988, convened bythe Archaeological Society of Athens; asmall mining edifice in Lavrión has beenrecovered. Some mining museums are alsofound in Switzerland (Table 12).


Fig. 9. Mirándola Ironworks, Legazpi, Spain.

May 2000 105

TABLE 10. Mining museums in Spain

Museum Location

Roman Quarries Canteras (Murcia)Bañolas Copper Foundries Bañolas (Gerona)D’Ordeig Ironworks Ordeig (Barcelona)Lead Mines Bellmunt (Tarragona)Mines and Mountain of Salt Cardona (Barcelona)Neolithic Mines of Can Tintorer Gavá (Barcelona)Aia Ironworks Zarauz (Guipúzcoa)Besullo Ironworks Cangas de Narcea

(Asturias)Cades Ironworks Herrerías (Santander)Ceraín Ironworks Ceraín (Guipúzcoa)Dos Teixos Ironworks Taramundi (Asturias)Mirandaola Ironworks Legazpi (Guipúzcoa)Mazanovo Ironworks Santa Eulalia de Oscos

(Asturias)Belmonte Monastery Ironworks Belmonte (Asturias)Compludo Ironworks Compludo (León)Las Médulas Caraucedo (León)Geomining Museum (ITGE) MadridD. Felipe de Borbón Historical MadridMining MuseumFrancisco Pablo Holgado Almadén (Ciudad Real)Mining MuseumMAYASA Museum Almadén (Ciudad Real)Mining Museum of Castilla and León Sabero (León)Mining Museum of Cataluña San Corneli/Cercs

(Barcelona)Museum of Mining and Industry El Entrego (Asturias)Municipal Museum of Puertollano Puertollano (Ciudad

Real)Municipal Museum of La Unión La Unión (Murcia)National Museum of Science and Tarrasa (Barcelona)Technique of CataluñaMuseum of Slate Trones (León)Río Tinto Museum Río Tinto (Huelva)Museum of Ripoll Ripoll (Gerona)Museum of Valverde Valverde del Camino(Huelva)Cabárceno Natural Park Cabárceno (Santander)

TABLE 11. Mining museums in eastern Europe

Museum Location

Mine Pepr Jilova (Czech Republic)National Museum Prague (Czech Republic)Ostrava Museum Ostrava (Czech Republic)Iron Museum Lillarfürd (Hungary)Salt Mines Wieliszka (Poland)Sulfide Mines Olskuz (Poland)Mining Museum Tarnowskie Göry (Poland)Museum Gornictwa Weglowego Zabrze (Poland)Mining Museum Petrosani (Roumania)Museum of Gold of Transylvania Brad (Roumania)Mezev Ironworks Medzev (Slovakia)Museum Mine Medenec (Slovakia)Silver Mine Bánska Stavnica (Slovakia)Museum of Mining and Geology Bánska Stavnica (Slovakia)Mines of Mercury Idria (Slovenia)

TABLE 12. Mining museums in Switzerland

Museum Location

Bergbaumuseum und Horgen (Switzerland)Besucherbergwerk KäpfnachBergbaumuseum Schmelzboden- Davon-Platz (Switzerland)Davas Schaubergwerk SilberbergwerkEisenbergwerk Gonzen A.G. Sargans (Switzerland)Salzbergwerk Le Bouillet Bex (Switzerland)

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Originally published in CIM Bulliten, May, 2000

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