09. nirkabel - rfid
TRANSCRIPT
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Jaringan Bergerak dan Nirkabel
Introduction to RFID
Dr. I Wayan Mustika, ST., M.Eng.
Jurusan Teknik Elektro dan Teknologi Informasi
FT UGM
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Outline
What is RFID?
RFID: Applications
RFID System Components
Reader-Tag Coupling
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What is RFID?What is RFID?
RFID = Radio Frequency IDentification
Identification system that consists of chip-based tags and
readers
Reader queries using RF, ID sends its ID using RF Competes with Bar Code, Magnetic stripes, Magnetic Ink
Character Recognition (MICR) on Bank Checks
Bar Code
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RFID v.s. Bar Code
Deliberate scan vs. automatic scan
Human bar code scanners error
You might be entering 3 t-shirts on the keypad instead ofscanning the three items
Line of sight vs. random orientation makes for faster processing, can read through conveyance
walls, is weather resistant
A unique item identifier for every item on earth
Other capabilities: location information
(write many read many)
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RFID advantages over bar-codes
No line of sight required for reading
Multiple items can be read with a single scan
Each tag can carry a lot of data (read/write)
Individual items identified and not just the category Passive tags have a virtually unlimited lifetime
Active tags can be read from great distances
Can be combined with barcode technology
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Many Forms of RFID
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Smart labels:
EPC (Electronic Product Code) tagsBarcode EPC tag
Line-of-sight Radio contact
Specifies object type Uniquely specifies object
Fast, automated
scanning
Provides pointer
to database entry
for every object,i.e., unique,
detailed history
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2030: Week in the life of a milk carton
30 April: RFID-tagged cow
Bessie
produces milk
30 April: Milk transferred to RFID-tagged tank Cow identity and milking time recorded in tank-tag database
1 May: RFID portal on truck records loading of refrigeration tanks (Truck also has active RFID (+GPS) to track geographical location and RFID
transponder to pay tolls)
2 May: Chemical-treatment record written to database record for milk barrel Bessie s herd recorded to have consumed bitter grass; compensatory sugars added
3 May: Milk packaged in RFID-tagged carton; milk pedigree recorded indatabase associated with carton tag
4 May: RFID portal at supermarket loading dock records arrival of carton
5 May: Smart shelf records arrival of carton in customer area
5 May 0930h: Smart shelf records removal of milk 5 May 0953h: Point-of-sale terminal records sale of milk (to Alice)
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6 May 0953h: Supermarket transfers tag ownership to Alice s smart home
6 May 1103h: Alice s refrigerator records arrival of milk
6 May 1405h: Alice s refrigerator records removal of milk; refrigerator looks updatabase-recorded pedigree and displays: Woodstock, Vermont, Grade A, light
pasturization, artisanal, USDA organic, breed: Jersey, genetic design #81726
6 May 1807h: Alicessmart
home warns domestic robot that milk has been
left out of refrigerator for more than four hours
6 May 1809h: Alice s refrigerator records replacement of milk
7 May 0530h: Domestic robot uses RFID tag to locate milk in refrigerator; refillsbaby bottle
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6 May 0953h: Supermarket transfers tag ownership to Alice s smart home
6 May 1103h: Alice
s refrigerator records arrival of milk 6 May 1405h: Alice s refrigerator records removal of milk; refrigerator looks up
database-recorded pedigree and displays: Woodstock, Vermont, Grade A, light
pasturization, artisanal, USDA organic, breed: Jersey, genetic design #81726
6 May 1807h: Alice s smart home warns domestic robot that milk has beenleft out of refrigerator for more than four hours
6 May 1809h: Alice s refrigerator records replacement of milk
7 May 0530h: Domestic robot uses RFID tag to locate milk in refrigerator; refillsbaby bottle
7 May 2357h: Recycling center scans RFID tag on carton; directs carton topaper-brick recycling substation
7 May 0531h: Robot discards carton; Smart refrigerator notes absence of
milk; transfers order to Alice s PDA/phone/portable server grocery list
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RFID: Applications
Manufacturing and Processing Inventory and production process monitoring
Warehouse order fulfillment
Supply Chain Management
Inventory tracking systems Logistics management
Retail Inventory control and customer insight
Auto checkout with reverse logistics
Security
Access control Counterfeiting and Theft control/prevention
Location Tracking Traffic movement control and parking management
Wildlife/Livestock monitoring and tracking
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RFID: Applications
Anti-Theft
Keyless entry
Automobile ignition keys
Automotive anti-theftImmobilization
f
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Electronic Product Code (EPC)
Proximity cards
Crate #123
(jet engines)
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Smart groceries
Add an RFID tag to all
items in the grocery.
As the cart leaves the
store, it passes throughan RFID transceiver.
The cart is rung up in
seconds.
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Smart fridge
Recognizes what s been put in it
Recognizes when things are removed
Creates automatic shopping lists
Notifies you when things are past their expiration
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Smart groceries enhanced
Track products through their
entire lifetime.
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Animal tracking
Not Really Mad
Livestock
HousepetsThe cat came back,
the very next day
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People tracking
Schools
Amusement parks
Hospitals In the same vein: mobile phones with GPS
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Privacy Issues
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RFID System
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RFID System Components
www.barcoding.com
www.datasoft.sewww.eff.org
www.kennedygrp.com
www.forrester.com
TAGS READER MIDDLEWARE
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RFID Tags
RFID tag is an electronic device that can store and
transmit data to a reader in a contactless manner using
radio waves
Tags can be attached to almost anything:
Items, cases or pallets of products, high value goods
vehicles, assets, livestock or personnel
74AB8
5F8KJ3
Evian bottle
#949837428
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Passive Tags
No onboard power, powered by incoming RF.
Activated in presence of the readers radio waves.
Smaller in size, cheaper, long-life.
Approx range 5m.
Harsh Environment
Active tags
Onboard Power Supply: battery
More reliable reading.
Can be read 100 ft away.
Other items processors, i/o ports
Larger in size
Comparatively expensive
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RFID Tag Properties
RFID Frequency Types
Low Frequency
High Frequency
Ultra High Frequency
Microware Frequency
Each frequency has different characteristics
Operating Distance
Material Affinity etc.
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Materials LF HF UHF Microwave
Clothing Friendly Friendly Friendly Friendly
Paper Friendly Friendly Friendly Friendly
Metals Friendly Friendly Opaque Opaque
Graphite Friendly Friendly Opaque Opaque
Plastic Friendly Friendly Friendly Friendly
Oil Friendly Friendly Friendly Friendly
Water Friendly Friendly Absorbent Absorbent
Other
Liquids
Friendly Friendly Absorbent Absorbent
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RFID Reader
RFID Reader is also called
an Interrogator
It is a device that can read
and write data to the RFIDtags
Serial Readers
Directly hook on the
computers serial port using
RS232 or RS485 Communication link is
reliable than network readers
Network Readers Connected via wire or
wireless network
Remote updates possible Communication link can
become a bottleneck
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Inside RFID Reader
915MHz
Radio
Network
Processor
Digital Signal
Processor
(DSP)
13.56MHz
Radio
Power
Supply
ComponentsTransmitter &
Receiver
Microprocessor
Memory
IO ChannelsCommunication
Interface
Power supply
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Reader functions:
Remotely power tags
Establish a bidirectional data link
Inventory tags, filter results
Communicate with networked server(s)
Can read 100-300 tags per second
Readers (interrogators) can be at a fixed
point such as
Entrance/exit Point of sale
Readers can also be mobile/hand-held
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Reader-Tag Coupling
Passive tags have capacitor to store energy for replying
(TDD)
Can respond on another frequency while reader is still
transmitting (FDD)
Near-Field = Within a few wavelength
Far-field = Beyond a few wavelengths
Low-Frequency (large ) system operate in near-field
High-Frequency and UHF system operate in far-field
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Inductive Coupling: In near-field
Both Antennas are coils (like
transformers)
Reader sends a AM/FM/PM
modulated wave
Tag responds by varying its
load on the reader
NN
SS
TAG
Reader
Inductive CouplingInductive Coupling
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Back Scatter: In far-field
Reflecting the energy back.
Tag changes its reflection to
respond.
Reader
TAG
BackscatterBackscatter
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Technical Details: Low Frequency
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Technical Details: High Frequency
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RFID Printer
Readers are also classified as
stationery and handheld.
RFID Printeris a type of stationery
reader which prints smart label.
A smart label consists of a barcode and
a RFID tag.
Information such as sender, recipient
addresses, product information etc can
be printed
Step towards RFID adoption
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RFID Range
Reading range depends upon the transmitted power,
antenna gains, frequency, reader receiver sensitivity.
Affected by the environment: Metal objects (aluminum foil),
Water (Wetness, salt water)
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Middleware
Each reader manufacturer
Commercial middleware
Open source middleware work at UofA
Database
Store attributes related to the serial
Number of the RFID tag
Examples
What is it? Who made it?
Who bought it?
Where has it been?
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