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08_WaterSani ta t ion_Steer ingCommit teDraf t 3 /29/20100

R W A N D A N A T I O N A L L A N D U S E D E V E L O P M E N T M A S T E R P L A N - W A T E R A N D S A N I T A T I O N


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08_WaterSani ta t ion_Steer ingCommit teDraf t 3/29/20101

OVERVIEW OF WATER AND SANITATION SECTOR--------------------------------------1WATERRESOURCES -----------------------------------------------------------------------1

Groundwater ----------------------------------------------------------------------------4Surface Water -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4Treated Waste Water ----------------------------------------------------------------- 5

WATERSUPPLY ANDDEMAND------------------------------------------------------------5Households------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5

Non-agriculture (Industries) --------------------------------------------------------- 9Agriculture -------------------------------------------------------------------------------9

WATERBALANCE----------------------------------------------------------------------------9Water Balance 1993 & 2000------------------------------------------------------ 12Water Balance 2020 ---------------------------------------------------------------- 12

TECHNICALINFRASTRUCTURE---------------------------------------------------------- 16Water Supply Systems ------------------------------------------------------------- 16Waste Water Systems-------------------------------------------------------------- 17Storm Water Systems -------------------------------------------------------------- 17

WATER QUALITY--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17SANITATION --------------------------------------------------------------------------------19

REFERENCES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30

REFERENCES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30

LIST OF TABLES --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30

LIST OF FIGURES-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30

The National Land Use and Development Master Plan is referred to as the Plan in the text.


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3

Figure 2: Water Hyacinth on Kagera R.

Figure 3: Kagera R.

Figure 4: Rusumo Falls

Figure 5: Mukungwa R.


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Groundwater

Groundwater is one of fresh water resources in Rwanda although it has not beenutilized due to the populations reliance on surface water resources for domestic,industrial and to a lesser extent agricultural use. Ground water production inRwanda is estimated at 7km3/year. Overlap between surface water andgroundwater is 100% of groundwater recharge; most of the groundwater is drainedby the rivers (equivalent to the low flow of water courses), as Rwanda is a humidlandlocked country. (AQUASTAT 2010)

Information about ground water extraction is still low since most the exploited waterin the country is surface water. A survey by the ministry of natural resourcesindicates that ground water resources are made up of about 22,300 small watersources that feed the rivers, streams and lakes. Studies conducted on groundwater aquifers indicate an annual recharge rate of 0.53 billion m. (MINITERE2004)

Surface Water

In the country surface water resources are made up of collected rainfall andreservoirs such as streams, rivers, lakes and marshlands. In some districts wherethe access to fresh water through the district or privately managed sources is low,unprotected streams and rivers constitute an important water resource; however,surface water is not at all used to its full capacity.

The major lakes in Rwanda are normally classified (see table below) according totheir general characteristics such as altitude and depth.

Table 1: Classification of the Major Lakes in Rwanda

Lakes Area (Ha) Characteristics

Ruhondo &Bulera

Ruhondo 2,800Bulera 5,500

High altitude lakesRelatively acidic

Deep lakesLow biodiversity and

phytoplanktonKivu 102,000 Depth: 478 480 m

Low oxygen contentMuhazi 3,400 Av. Depth: 3 5m

Bugeseradistrict

complex

Sake 1,430Mugesera 3,920

Rweru 1,868Cyohoha Northand South

1,230Birira 540

Av. Depth: 3-5mHigh PH

High turbidityHigh Phosphorous and

organic content.

Akagerapark

complex

Rwampanga 900Nasho 1,300Ihema 7,190

Kivumba 920Hago 1,610

Rwanyakizinga 2,000

Mihindi 1,080

Av. Depth: 4 5m

Source: MINITERE 2005 and NTEAP 2005


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Figure 6: Annual Rainfall

Treated Waste Water

Treated waste water constitutes a potential water resource since about 32% of thewater withdrawn in 2000 is attributed to industrial and domestic water use and mostis generated into waste water without treatment. There is currently no centralisedwastewater treatment systems except a few that serve individual industries and

some high end housing estates. Only small amounts of treated waste water fromworking waste water treatment plants are being used. This is a waste of valuablewater resources and efforts should be made to increase the use of treated wastewater for irrigation purposes.

FAO statistics (AQUASTAT) indicate that treated waste water contribution to thenational renewable water resources is zero. This is so because the effluent from

the individual and institutional waste water treatment systems is mostlydischarged into the ground or directed to wetlands and surface waterresources. Insignificant amounts are recycled for re-use in the industrialsector.

Water Supply and Demand

Households

A survey of the status of water supply services and facilities, conductedby the Ministry of infrastructure in 2008 shows an increase in watersupply services and infrastructure, notably the involvement of the privatesector in the management of rural water supply infrastructure. Theproceeding tables show a summary of the survey results of waterproduction and accessibility by provinces and districts.


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Table 2: Water Production and Accessibility to Water Provinces' Summary

Source: MININFRA 2009

Table 3: Water Production and Accessibility to Water-Districts'Summary

Dist rict To tal popu lat ion

Total waterProduction

(m3)Average water

accessibility (%)

Average watersupply

(litre/capita/day)

GASABO 398282 34258 96.71 86.01

KICUKIRO 246664 19090 96.64 77.39NYARUGENG

E 247090 19285 96.67 78.05

GISAGARA 278367 21213 51.32 76.2

HUYE 288203 18557 74.16 64.39

KAMONYI 287881 11417 53.23 39.66

MUHANGA 299658 25690 94.41 85.73

NYAMAGABE 311808 25856 48.29 82.92

NYANZA 262713 10216 88.35 38.89

NYARUGURU 256855 20858 58.46 81.21

RUHANGO 280625 11672 72.22 41.59

KARONGI 293816 20425 88.67 69.52

NGORORERO 311834 15677 84.7 50.27

NYABIHU 298163 12950 59.55 43.43NYAMASHEK

E 344222 21092 50.02 61.27

RUBAVU 349224 13306 78.94 38.1

ProvinceKigali

City South West North East TOTAL

National Indicators

Total population 892036 2266110 2250086 1610831 2038107 9057170Total water

production(m3) 72632 145478 114312 99984 63034 495441

Average wateraccessibility

(%) 96.68 67.44 75.4 68.91 73.01 73.81Average water

supply(litre/capita/da

y) 81.42 64.2 50.8 62.07 30.93 54.7


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RUSIZI 356823 16330 84.31 45.76

RUTSIRO 296004 14532 82.99 49.09

BURERA 320123 15849 49.1 49.51

GAKENKE 334236 26443 69.41 79.11

GICUMBI 360237 19609 86.41 54.43

MUSANZE 331254 22172 83.24 66.93

RULINDO 264981 15912 50.49 60.05

BUGESERA 294013 6349 51.46 21.59

GATSIBO 350403 14279 56.25 40.75

KAYONZA 255119 6624 89.42 25.96

KIREHE 278708 7669 60.96 27.52

NGOMA 277129 9358 80.49 33.77

NYAGATARE 326588 10041 89.07 30.75RWAMAGAN

A 256147 8713 88.86 34.02


Statistics from RWASCO, the main urban water supply utility, indicate that thewater demand in Kigali city is 55,080 m3 /day, whereas nominal production is30,525m3 / day, thus creating a deficit in the fresh water requirements for Kigali.The table below show the estimated consumption of water in 2005 and theprojected water demand for 2020. The demand for water in Kigali and the ruralareas will double as compared to the demand in rural areas which will be muchhigher for the semi-urban settlements as the population increases and urban areasexpand.

Estimates basing on current RWASCO water production indicate thataverage annual production from all the station is 16,676,299m3/year (seetable below). The estimates also indicate the average water loss throughleakages.

Table 4: The average Water Loss through Leakages

No. StationSupplied

Water (m3/year)

BilledWater

(m3/year)

Efficiency(%)

Leakage(m3/year)

Total NetworkLength (m)

1 Kigali 9 975 522 7 326 795 73.45 682 1 179 4762 Huye 1 102 689 706 869 64.10 156 212 1713 Rwamagana 360 700 281 939 78.16 94 93 7874 Ngoma 262 065 166 663 63.60 104 69 2645 Gicumbi 315 139 226 258 71.80 134 61 6976 Rusizi 360 793 231 134 64.06 127 93 3917 Karongi 211 875 104 256 49.21 173 41 3408 Nyanza 243 366 175 459 72.10 137 89 9269 Rubavu 1 635 684 1 048 548 64.10 219 268 136

10 Musanze 1 316 392 864 680 65.69 110 168 75911 Muhanga 493 886 312 098 63.19 146 172 50912 Nyamagabe 225 479 165 887 73.57 135 59 05713 Nyagatare 172 709 89 802 51.99 300 3 805

TOTAL 16 676 299 11 700 388 70.16 2 517 2 513 318


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Table 5: Overview of RWASCO Production in 2006, 2007 and 2008.

No Station Av. Water Production

(m3/day)2006

Av. WaterProduction

(m3/day)2007

Av. WaterProduction

(m3/day)2008

1 Kigali 24,078 27,330 35,4122 Huye 2,632 3,021 3,1133 Rwamagana 890 988 1,121

4 Ngoma 729 718 7705 Gicumbi 785 863 8446 Rusizi 1,253 988 1,0397 Karongi 473 580 5328 Nyanza 281 617 7499 Rubavu 4,092 4,481 4,879

10 Musanze 2,269 3,607 3,08311 Muhanga 952 1,353 1,49412 Nyamagabe 583 618 62013 Nyagatare 558 473 582

TOTAL 39,576 45,688 54,236Source: RWASCO

However, RWASCO production of water is far from sufficient to cover the demandin all districts and it is not evenly distributed in the country, see Table above.Pipeline leakages, estimated to cause an average water loss of ranging between50% (Karongi station) and 22% (Rwamagana station) reduce the amount of freshwater reaching the populations.

In the households, hotels and restaurants water saving techniques in toilets,kitchens and other facilities are hardly used. Public awareness on the scarcity ofwater is low and awareness on the need to use water wisely needs strengthening.Efforts have however been made by the national water and sanitation programmein raising awareness on the need for protecting water infrastructure in rural areas.


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have produced varying impacts and degrees of modification to the available waterresources.The most recent survey undertaken by Ministry of infrastructure in 2008 to establishthe baseline situation of the water and sanitation sector does not put emphasis onthe actual freshwater consumption in the domestic, agriculture and industrysectors. Therefore the figures used to show the water balance for the country, inthis section are sourced from the AQUASTAT (FAO information system on waterand agriculture) country water profiles and country water balance data bases. The

water balance for 1993 and 2000 shows the estimates for available fresh waterresources and the water consumption through domestic, industrial and agriculturaluses.

Figure 7: Water Production per District 2009 (next page)


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It should be noted that total exploitable or manageable water resources, sometimesreferred to as water development potential, are smaller than the natural waterresources (in the case above 6,300 Mm3/yr). They comprise that part of the waterresources which is considered to be available for development taking intoconsideration the economic and environmental feasibility of exploiting these resourcesin a sustainable manner.

Figure 8: Water Supply per District

Figure 9: Water Accessibility per District

(See next 2 pages)


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Table 9: Sanitation Facilities-Provinces' Summary

District GASABO KICUKIRO NYARUGENGE TOTAL

Sanitation facilities Indicators

Number of individualsanitation facilities1 40 31 13 84

Number of collectivesanitation facilities2 83 59 13 155

Number of persons persanitation facility 3238 2741 9503 3732Good collective

sanitation facilities (%) 90.36 81.36 69.23 85.16


Figure 12: Persons per Sanitation Facility by District 2009 (next page)

1 Individual sanitation facility, is a sewerage system that serves individual households in an area,this is usually an open sewerage network.2 Collective sanitation facility is a sewerage system that serves compounds, i.e hospitals, hotels,institutions etc, this is usually a covered sewage network.


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Table 10: Sanitation Facilities-Districts Summary

District

Number ofindividualsanitationfacilities

Number ofcollectivesanitationfacilities

Number ofpersons persanitation

facility

Good collectivesanitation

facilities (%)

GASABO 40 83 3238 90.36

KICUKIRO 31 59 2741 81.36

NYARUGENGE 13 13 9503 69.23

GISAGARA 41 129 1637 42.64

HUYE 64 79 2015 53.16

KAMONYI 40 26 4362 73.08

MUHANGA 53 90 2096 63.33

NYAMAGABE 80 127 1506 56.69

NYANZA 45 56 2601 71.43

NYARUGURU 72 115 1374 33.91

RUHANGO 51 102 1834 67.65

KARONGI 50 38 3339 47.37

NGORORERO 61 84 2151 45.24

NYABIHU 52 51 2895 72.55

NYAMASHEKE 51 78 2668 58.97

RUBAVU 38 58 3638 74.14

RUSIZI 67 124 1868 70.97

RUTSIRO 43 33 3895 69.7

BURERA 52 108 2001 50

GAKENKE 93 148 1387 52.7

GICUMBI 89 84 2082 65.48


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MUSANZE 69 0 4801 NaN

RULINDO 4 91 2789 56.04

BUGESERA 64 69 2211 76.81

GATSIBO 65 83 2368 65.06

KAYONZA 43 52 2685 76.92

KIREHE 44 45 3132 68.89

NGOMA 55 57 2474 36.84

NYAGATARE 85 82 1956 73.17

RWAMAGANA 77 47 2066 57.45


Figure 13: Quality Collective Sanitation Facilities by District 2009 (next page)


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Definitions:

Domestic = Individual sanitation facility: a sewerage system that servesindividual households in an area, this is usually an open sewerage network.Collective sanitation facility: a sewerage system that serves compounds, i.e.hospitals, hotels, institutions etc, this is usually a covered sewage network.Sanitary water treatment plant: small plant that treat sanitary wastewater beforebeing discharged into a collective sewerage network, usually found in someaffluent areas.Septic tank: a ditch of various sizes, where untreated sanitary waste water is

discharged from individual or collective sewerage network. Oxidation of sewagetakes place in these tanks.Public latrine: it is a type of public toilets service, usually in transportationstations, main roads, and heavily populated service areas.Sanitations report internal calculation methodology:Assumptions:Average number of persons per house hold is 6Parameters:Population of each sector

Individual sanitations in each sectorCollective sanitations in each sectorOutputs:Number of individual sanitations in each sector, district , province and for RwandaNumber of collective sanitations in each sector, district , province and for RwandaAverage number of people per sanitation for each sector, district, province and forRwanda

CalculationsFor each sector in Rwanda

No of individual sanitations = Count of individual sanitationsNo of collective sanitations = Count of collective sanitationsAverage number of people per sanitation

For each district in RwandaNo of individual sanitations

=

No of collective sanitations

=

1.1. Average number of people per sanitation


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Guidelines Sanitation facilities and services

General

Raise household sanitation coverage to 65% by 2012 and 100% by 2020 andpromote hygiene behaviour change.

Alternative sanitation systems should be considered where traditional wastewater systems are expensive solutions in low density and mixed urban areas.

Adopt low cost sanitary wastewater treatment technologies in small andmedium sized communities in both rural and urban settlements.

Implement improved sanitation for schools, health facilities and other publicinstitutions and locations.

Develop safe, well-regulated and affordable off-site sanitation services fordensely populated areas.

Develop and implement district sanitation development plans.


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