08-p1) the bible, “genesis, joshua, job, psalms...

Sci. Rev. Reader ('02/02/18) 08-P1_Bible

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*Preliminary draft for student use only. Not for citation or circulation without permission of editor.

For he gave me sound knowledge of existing things,

That I might know the organization of the universe and the force of its elements,

The beginning and the end and the midpoint of times,

The changes in the sun's course and the variation of the seasons.

Cycles of years, positions of the stars, natures of animals, tempers of beasts,

Powers of winds and thoughts of men, uses of plants and virtues of roots—

Such things as are hidden I learned, and such as are plain;

For Wisdom, the artificer of all, taught me.

The Book of Wisdom, 7, 15-22 (ca. 100 B.C.E.)1

08-P1) The Bible, “Genesis, Joshua, Job, Psalms, Ecclesiastes”2

The First Book of Moses, Called Genesis

Chapter 1

1 In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.

2 And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the

deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.

1 The "Book of Wisdom" is traditionally attributed to Solomon but was most likely written by anunnamed Alexandrian Jew at the beginning of the 1st century B.C.E. Originally written inGreek, it clearly belongs to the Hebrew tradition but also shows evidence of pagan Greek scien-tific thought. The 'Book of Wisdom' is part of the Catholic scriptural canon but not of most Pro-testant canons. The Catholic Bible (New American Edition), Jean Marie Hiesberger, generaleditor. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. p. 806.2 Bible, “Genesis, Chapters 1-3 [Creation, Adam naming animals, Temptation & Fall]” “Psalms” & “Joshua” [Psalms on central and fixed Earth] King James Bible. p. 1-3, 223-224,530-521, 530-531, 536, 545-546, 565, 566, 568-569, 588-589.


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3 And God said, Let there be light: and there was light.

4 And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness.

5 And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and

the morning were the first day.

6 And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the

waters from the waters.

7 And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firma-

ment from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so.

8 And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the

second day.

9 And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place,

and let the dry land appear: and it was so.

10 And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he

Seas: and God saw that it was good.

11 And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit

tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: and it was

so.

12 And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree

yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind: and God saw that it was

good.

13 And the evening and the morning were the third day.

14 And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day

from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and

years:

15 And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth:

and it was so.

16 And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light

to rule the night: he made the stars also.


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17 And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth,

18 And to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness:

and God saw that it was good.

19 And the evening and the morning were the fourth day.

20 And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath

life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven.

21 And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the

waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his

kind: and God saw that it was good.

22 And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the

seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth.

23 And the evening and the morning were the fifth day.

24 And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and

creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so.

25 And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and

every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was

good.

26 And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have

dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle,

and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the

earth.

27 So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male

and female created he them.

25 And they were both naked, the man and his wife, and were not ashamed. [ . . . ]


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Fig. 08-P1.1) Creation Scene in ‘Luther’s Bible’

Chapter 6

1 And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and

daughters were born unto them,

2 That the Sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took

them wives of all which they chose.

3 And the LORD said, My Spirit shall not always strive with man, for that he also is

flesh: yet his days shall be a hundred and twenty years.

4 There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of


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God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the

same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown.

5 And God saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every

imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually.

6 And it repented the LORD that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him at

his heart.

7 And the LORD said, I will destroy man whom I have created from the face of the

earth; both man, and beast, and the creeping thing, and the fowls of the air; for it

repenteth me that I have made them.

8 But Noah found grace in the eyes of the LORD.

9 These are the generations of Noah: Noah was a just man and perfect in his genera-

tions, and Noah walked with God.

10 And Noah begat three sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth.

11 The earth also was corrupt before God; and the earth was filled with violence.

12 And God looked upon the earth, and, behold, it was corrupt; for all flesh had cor-

rupted his way upon the earth.

13 And God said unto Noah, The end of all flesh is come before me; for the earth is

filled with violence through them; and, behold, I will destroy them with the earth.

14 Make thee an ark of gopher’ wood; rooms shalt thou make in the ark, and shalt pitch

it within and without with pitch.

15 And this is the fashion which thou shalt make it of: The length of the ark shall be

three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty cubits, and the height of it thirty cubits.

16 A window shalt thou make to the ark, and in a cubit shalt thou finish it above; and the

door of the ark shalt thou set in the side thereof; with lower, second, and third

stories shalt thou make it.

17 And, behold, I, even I, do bring a flood of waters upon the earth to destroy all flesh,

wherein is the breath of life, from under heaven; and every thing that is in the

earth shall die.


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18 But with thee will I establish my covenant; and thou shalt come into the ark, thou,

and thy sons, and thy wife, and thy sons’ wives with thee.

19 And of every living thing of all flesh, two of every sort shalt thou bring into the ark, to

keep them alive with thee; they shall be male and female.

20 Of fowls after their kind, and of cattle after their kind, of every creeping thing of the

earth after his kind; two of every sort shall come unto thee, to keep them alive.

21 And take thou unto thee of all food that is eaten, and thou shalt gather it to thee; and

it shall be for food for thee, and for them.

22 Thus did Noah; according to all that God commanded him, so did he.

Chapter 7

1 And the Lord said unto Noah, Come thou and all thy house into the ark; for thee have

I seen righteous before me in this generation.

2 Of every clean beast thou shalt take to thee by sevens, the male and his female: and

of beasts that are not clean by two, the male and his female.

3 Of fowls also of the air by sevens, the male and the female; to keep seed alive upon

the face of all the earth.

4 For yet seven days, and I will cause it to rain upon the earth forty days and forty

nights; and every living substance that I have made will I destroy from off the

face of the earth.

5 And Noah did according unto all that the LORD commanded him.

6 And Noah was six hundred years old when the flood of waters was upon the earth.

7 And Noah went in, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons’ wives with him, into the

ark, because of the waters of the flood.

8 Of clean beasts, and of beasts that are not clean, and of fowls, and of every thing that

creepeth upon the earth,

9 There went in two and two unto Noah into the ark, the male and the female, as God

had commanded Noah.


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10 And it came to pass after seven days, that the waters of the flood were upon the

earth.

11 In the six hundredth year of Noah’s life, in the second month, the seventeenth day of

the month, the same day were all the fountains of the great deep broken up, and

the windows of heaven were opened.

12 And the rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights.

13 In the selfsame day entered Noah, and Shem, and Ham, and Japheth, the sons of

Noah, and Noah’s wife, and the three wives of his sons with them, into the ark;

14 They, and every beast after his kind, and all the cattle after their kind, and every

creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind, and every fowl after his

kind, every bird of every sort.

15 And they went in unto Noah into the ark, two and two of all flesh, wherein is the

breath of life.

16 And they that went in, went in male and female of all flesh, as God had commanded

him: and the LORD shut him in.

17 And the flood was forty days upon the earth; and the waters increased, and bare up

the ark, and it was lifted up above the earth.

18 And the waters prevailed, and were increased greatly upon the earth; and the ark

went upon the face of the waters. 19 And the waters prevailed exceedingly upon

the earth; and all the high hills, that were under the whole heaven, were covered.

20 Fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail; and the mountains were covered

21 And all flesh died that moved upon the earth, both of fowl, and of cattle, and of beast,

and of every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth, and every man:

22 All in whose nostrils was the breath of life, of all that was in the dry land, died.

23 And every living substance was destroyed which was upon the face of the ground,

both man, and cattle, and the creeping things, and the fowl of the heaven; and

they were destroyed from the earth: and Noah only remained alive, and they that

were with him in the ark.


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24 And the waters prevailed upon the earth a hundred and fifty days,

Chapter 8

1 And God remembered Noah, and every living thing, and all the cattle that was with

him in the ark: and God made a wind to pass over the earth, and the waters as-

suaged.

2 The fountains also of the deep and the windows of heaven were stopped, and the rain

from heaven was restrained.

3 And the waters returned from off the earth continually: and after the end of the hun-

dred and fifty days the waters were abated.

4 And the ark rested in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, upon

the mountains of Ararat.

5 And the waters decreased continually until the tenth month: in the tenth. month, on the

first day of the month, were the tops of the mountains seen.

6 And it came to pass at the end of forty days, that Noah opened the window of the ark

which he had made:

7 And he sent forth a raven, which went forth to and fro, until the waters were dried up

from off the earth.

8 Also he sent forth a dove from him, to see if the waters were abated from off the face

of the ground.

9 But the dove found no rest for the sole of her foot, and she returned unto him into the

ark; for the waters were on the face of the whole earth. Then he put forth his

hand, and took her, and pulled her in unto him into the ark.

10 And he stayed yet other seven days; and again he sent forth the dove out of the ark.

11 And the dove came into him in the evening, and, lo, in her mouth was an olive leaf

plucked off: so Noah knew that the waters were abated from off the earth.

12 And he stayed yet other seven days, and sent forth the dove, which returned not

again unto him any more.


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13 And it came to pass in the six hundredth and first year, in the first month, the first day

of the month, the waters were dried up from off the earth: and Noah removed the

covering of the ark, and looked, and, behold, the face of the ground was dry.

14 And in the second month, on the seven and twentieth day of the month, was the

earth dried.

15 And God spake unto Noah, saying,

16 Go forth of the ark, thou, and thy wife, and thy sons, and thy sons’ wives with thee.

17 Bring forth with thee every living thing that is with thee, of all flesh, both of fowl, and

of cattle, and of every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth; that they may

breed abundantly in the earth, and be fruitful, and multiply upon the earth.

18 And Noah went forth, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons’ wives with him:

19 Every beast, every creeping thing, and every fowl, and whatsoever creepeth upon

the earth, after their kinds, went forth out of the ark.

20 And Noah builded an altar unto the LORD; and took of every clean beast, and of

every clean fowl, and offered burnt offerings on the altar.

21 And the LORD smelled a sweet savor; and the LORD said in his heart, I will not

again curse the ground any more for man’s sake; for the imagination of man’s

heart is evil from his youth: neither will I again smite any more every thing living,

as I have done.

22 While the earth remaineth, seed-time and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer

and winter, and day and night shall not cease.

Joshua

Chapter 10

6 And the men of Gibeon sent unto Joshua to the camp to Gilgal, saying, Slack not thy

hand from thy servants; come up to us quickly, and save us, and help us: for all

the kings of the Amorites that dwell in the mountains are gathered together

against us.


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7 So Joshua ascended from Gilgal, he, and all the people of war with him, and all the

mighty men of valor,

8 And the LORD said unto Joshua, Fear them not: for I have delivered them into thine

hand; there shall not a man of them stand before thee.

9 Joshua therefore came unto them suddenly, and went up from Gilgah all night.

10 And the LORD discomfited them before Israel, and slew them with a great slaughter

at Gibeon, and chased them along the way that goeth up to Bethhoron, and

smote them to Azekah, and unto Makkedah.

11 And it came to pass, as they fled from before Israel, and were in the going down to

Bethhoron, that the LORD cast down great stones from heaven upon them unto

Azekah, and they died: they were more which died with hail-stones than they

whom the children of Israel slew with the sword.

12 Then spake Joshua to the LORD in the day when the LORD delivered up the Amo-

rites before the children of Israel, and he said in the sight of Israel, Sun, stand

thou still upon Gibeon; and thou, Moon, in the valley of Ajalon.

13 And the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, until the people had avenged them-

selves upon their enemies. Is not this written in the book of Jasher? So the sun

stood still in the midst of heaven, and hastened not to go down about a whole

day.

14 And there was no day like that before it or after it, that the LORD hearkened unto the

voice of a man: for the LORD fought for Israel.

Job, Chapter 38

1 Then the LORD answered Job out of the whirlwind, and said,

2 Who is this that darkeneth counsel by words without knowledge?

3 Gird up now thy loins like a man; for I will demand of thee, and answer thou me.

4 Where wast thou when I laid the foundations of the earth? declare, if thou hast under-

standing.


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5 Who hath laid the measures thereof, if thou knowest? or who hath stretched the line

upon it?

6 Whereupon are the foundations thereof fastened? or who laid the corner stone

thereof;

7 When the morning stars sang together, and all the sons of God shouted for joy?

8 Or who shut up the sea with doors, when it brake forth, as if it had issued out of the

womb?

9 When I made the cloud the garment thereof, and thick darkness a swaddling band for

it,

10 And brake up for it my decreed place, and set bars and doors,

11 And said, Hitherto shalt thou come, but no further: and here shall thy proud waves be

stayed?

12 Hast thou commanded the morning since thy days; and caused the dayspring to

know his place;

13 That it might take hold of the ends of the earth, that the wicked might be shaken out

of it?

14 It is turned as clay to the seal; and they stand as a garment.

15 And from the wicked their light is withholden, and the high arm shall be broken.

16 Hast thou entered into the springs of the sea? or hast thou walked in the search of

the depth?

17 Have the gates of death been opened unto thee? or hast thou seen the doors of the

shadow of death?

18 Hast thou perceived the breadth of the earth? declare if thou knowest it all.

19 Where is the way where light dwelleth? and as for darkness, where is the place

thereof,

20 That thou shouldest take it to the bound thereof, and that thou shouldest know the

paths to the house thereof?

21 Knowest thou it, because thou wast then born? or because the number of thy days is


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great?

22 Hast thou entered into the treasures of the snow? or hast thou seen the treasures of

the hail,

23 Which I have reserved against the time of trouble, against the day of battle and war?

24 By what way is the light parted, which scattereth the east wind upon the earth?

25 Who hath divided a watercourse for the overflowing of waters, or a way for the light-

ning of thunder;

26 To cause it to rain on the earth, where no man is; on the wilderness, wherein there is

no man;

27 To satisfy the desolate and waste ground; and to cause the bud of the tender herb to

spring forth?

28 Hath the rain a father? or who hath begotten the drops of dew?

29 Out of whose womb came the ice? and the hoary frost of heaven, who hath gen-

dered it?

30 The waters are hid as with a stone, and the face of the deep is frozen.

31 Canst thou bind the sweet influences of Pleiades, or loose the bands of Orion?

32 Canst thou bring forth Mazzaroth in his season? or canst thou guide Arcturus with

his sons?

33 Knowest thou the ordinances of heaven? canst thou set the dominion thereof in the

earth?

34 Canst thou lift up thy voice to the clouds, that abundance of waters may cover thee?

35 Canst thou send lightnings, that they may go, and say unto thee, Here we are?

36 Who hath put wisdom in the inward parts? or who hath given understanding to the

heart?

37 Who can number the clouds in wisdom? or who can stay the bottles of heaven,

38 When the dust groweth into hardness, and the clods cleave fast together?

39 Wilt thou hunt the prey for the lion? or fill the appetite of the young lions,

40 When they couch in their dens, and abide in the covert to lie in wait?


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41 Who provideth for the raven his food? when his young ones cry unto God, they wan-

der for lack of meat.

Fig. 7.1.2) The Christianized Greco-Arabic Cosmos

The synthesis of ancient Greek, or rather of Greco-Arabic learning and Christian theol-

ogy during the High Middle Ages had produced a strong consensus among cosmogra-


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phers of the Renaissance regarding the shape and structure of the cosmos. The classi-

cal cosmos of Aristotle is evident in the basic architectonic structure shown here in a

woodcut from Hartmann Schedel’s Liber chronicarum (Nuremberg, 1493): geocentric,

spherical, finite, unique, closed, and full (i.e., a plenum). The terrestrial realm is distin-

guished from the celestial realm both in regard to composition (earth, water, air, and fire

subject to continual transmutation below, unchanging aether above) and rules govern-

ing their respective motions (transient, straight line, natural motion in the terrestrial

realm, unending uniform circular motion in the celestial realm). The concentric rings rep-

resent the planetary orbs (from the Earth outward): the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun,

Mars, Jupiter, Saturn. The stellar sphere is marked with the signs of the zodiac, while

the two spheres beyond are additions to the classical picture to account for the preces-

sion of the equinox and the sphere of water above the firmament recorded in Genesis.

Beyond the last sphere of the physical cosmos is the Empyrean, the immaterial, extra-

cosmic place where god enthroned in majesty rules over both the angles above, ar-

rayed in traditional nine orders, and his creation within.

PSALM 19

1 The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament showeth his handiwork.

2 Day unto day uttereth speech, and night unto night showeth knowledge.

3 There is no speech nor language, where their voice is not heard.

4 Their line is gone out through all the earth, and their words to the end of the world. In

them hath he set a tabernacle for the sun,

5 Which is as a bridegroom coming out of his chamber, and rejoiceth as a strong man to

run a race,

6 His going forth is from the end of the heaven, and his circuit unto the ends of it: and

there is nothing hid from the heat thereof.

7 The law of the LORD is perfect, converting the soul: the testimony of the LORD is


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sure, making wise the simple.

8 The statutes of the LORD are right, rejoicing the heart: the commandment of the

LORD is pure, enlightening the eyes.

9 The fear of the LORD is clean, enduring for ever: the judgments of the LORD are true

and righteous altogether.

10 More to be desired are they than gold, yea, than much fine gold: sweeter also than

honey and the honeycomb.

11 Moreover by them is thy servant warned: and in keeping of them there is great re-

ward.

12 Who can understand his errors? cleanse thou me from secret faults.

13 Keep back thy servant also from presumptuous sins; let them not have dominion

over me: then shall I be up-right, and I shall be innocent from the great trans-

gression.

14 Let the words of my mouth, and the meditation of my heart, be acceptable in thy

sight, 0 Lord, my strength, and my redeemer. [ . . . ]

PSALM 104

1 Bless the LORD, 0 my soul. 0 LORD my God, thou art very great; thou art clothed with

honor and majesty:

2 Who coverest thyself with light as with a garment: who stretchest out the heavens like

a curtain:

3 Who layeth the beams of his chambers in the waters: who maketh the clouds his

chariot: who walketh upon the wings of the wind:

4 Who maketh his angels spirits; his ministers a flaming fire:

5 Who laid the foundations of the earth, that it should not be removed for ever.

6 Thou coveredst it with the deep as with a garment: the waters stood above the

mountains.


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7 At thy rebuke they fled; at the voice of thy thunder they hasted away.

8 They go up by the mountains; they go down by the valleys unto the place which thou

hast founded for them.

9 Thou hast set a bound that they may not pass over; that they turn not again to cover

the earth,

10 He sendeth the springs into the valleys, which run among the hills,

11 They give drink to every beast of the field: the wild asses quench their thirst.

12 By them shall the fowls of the heaven have their habitation, which sing among the

branches.

13 He watereth the hills from his chambers: the earth is satisfied with the fruit of thy

works.

14 He causeth the grass to grow for the cattle, and herb for the service of man: that he

may bring forth food out of the earth;

15 And wine that maketh glad the heart of man, and oil to make his face to shine, and

bread which strengtheneth man’s heart.

16 The trees of the LORD are full of sap; the cedars of Lebanon, which he hath planted;

17 Where the birds make their nests: as for the stork, the fir trees are her house,

18 The high hills are a refuge for the wild goats; and the rocks for the conies,

19 He appointed the moon for seasons: the sun knoweth his going down.

20 Thou makest darkness, and it is night: wherein all the beasts of the forest do creep

forth.

21 The young lions roar after their prey, and seek their meat from God.

22 The sun ariseth, they gather themselves together, and lay them down in their dens,

23 Man goeth forth unto his work and to his labor until the evening.

24 0 LORD, how manifold are thy works! in wisdom hast thou made them all: the earth

is full of thy riches.

25 So is this great and wide sea, wherein are things creeping innumerable, both small

and great beasts.


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26 There go the ships: there is that leviathan, whom thou hast made to play therein.

27 These wait all upon thee; that thou mayest give them their meat in due season.

28 That thou givest them they gather: thou openest thine hand, they are filled with good.

29 Thou hidest thy face, they are troubled: thou takest away their breath, they die, and

return to their dust.

30 Thou sendest forth thy spirit, they are created: and thou renewest the face of the

earth.

31 The glory of the LORD shall endure for ever: the LORD shall rejoice in his works.

32 He looketh on the earth, and it trembleth: he toucheth the hills, and they smoke.

33 I will sing unto the LORD as long as I live: I will sing praise to my God while I have

my being.

34 My meditation of him shall be sweet: I will be glad in the LORD.

35 Let the sinners be consumed out of the earth, and let the wicked be no more. Bless

thou the LORD, 0 my soul. Praise ye the LORD. [ . . . ]

Ecclesiastes Or, The Preacher

Chapter 1

1 The words of the Preacher, the son of David, king in Jerusalem.

2 Vanity of vanities, saith the Preacher, vanity of vanities; all is vanity

3 What profit hath a man of all his labor which he taketh under the sun?

4 One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth

for ever.

5 The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he

arose.

6 The wind goeth toward the south, and turneth about unto the north; it whirleth about

continually, and the wind returneth again according to his circuits.

7 All the rivers run into the sea; yet the sea is not full: unto the place from whence the


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rivers come, thither they return again.

8 All things are full of labor; man cannot utter it: the eye is not satisfied with seeing, nor

the ear filled with hearing.

9 The thing that hath been, it is that which shall be; and that which is done is that which

shall be done: and there is no new thing under the sun,

10 Is there any thing whereof it may be said, See, this is new? it hath been already of

old time, which was before us.

11 There is no remembrance of former things; neither shall there be any remembrance

of things that are to come with those that shall come after. [ . . . ]

08-p1) the bible, “genesis, joshua, job, psalms...

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