08 frangi ec firedesign ws

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Workshop lsquoStructural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodesrsquo ndash Brussels 27-28 November 2012 1

Fire resistance assessment of timber structures

Basic design methods

Worked examples

FRANGI Andrea

Member of CENTC250SC5 and HGF

ETH Zurich

Institute of Structural Engineering




London 9 storeys (UK)

Berlin 7 storeys(Germany)

Vaumlxjouml 8 storeys

(Sweden)

Bolzano 7 storeys (Italy)




What is Eurocode 5

Eurocode 5 (EN 1995) provides rules for thedesign of timber structures

EN 1995-1-2 is the Fire Part of Eurocode 5The two other parts of Eurocode 5 areEN 1995-1-1 Common rules and rules for buildings

EN 1995-2 Bridges




EN 1995-1-2 deals with passive methods

of fire protection

EN 1995-1-2 gives design rules

for the verif ication of the

bull load-bearing function

bull separation function

Scope of EN 1995-1-2




Insulation IIntegrity ELoad-bearing R

Passive methods of fire protection

Main objective limitation of the spread of f ire by guaranteeing

the load-carrying capacity of the structure

(Requirement on Mechanical Resistance R)

the separating function of walls and floors(Requirement on Insulation I and Integrity E)




Load-bearing

elements without

separating

function

Non-load-bearing

elements wi th

separating

function

Load-bearing

elements with

separating

function

Fire

exposure

On all sides

On only one

side

On only one

side

Columns beams Walls Floors

Basic fire requirements




Timber behaviour in f ire




Pyrolysis thermal degradation of wood producing combustible

gases and accompanied by a loss in mass (starting from

about 250degC)

Charring rate

Ratio between charring depth

dchar and fire time t (in mmmin)

t

d char = β

minmmmin

mm

t

d char 8063

50=== β

Fire time

t = 63min

Residual

cross-section

Char layer


Material behaviour in f ire




depends on fire exposure

constant value for

ISO-fire exposure

depends on wood

species

spruce asymp 07 mmMin

small influence of

moisture content and

density of wood

Grundlagen ldquo Holz-Brandrdquo

Charring rate

Charring depth (mm)

Mean value fire tests

Fire time (min)




Char layer protects the residual cross-

section from high temperatures

Residual cross-

section

- ldquo coldldquo

- load-bearing

Source proHolz Austria

Temperature (degC)

Depth x (mm)






0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]

T e m p e r a t u r [ deg C ]

Mode of action intumescent systems expand at a temperature of

about 200degC by a factor of 30 to 60 and form a compact insulating

layer

Time (min)

T e m p e r a t u r e ( deg C )


Intumescent coating systems on steel members




0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)







0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)







ldquo Modern manmade

intumescent materials

applied to steel structuralelements are in essence an

attempt to replicate what

timber does naturallyrdquo

From paper ldquo Overview of design issues for tall

timber buildingsrdquo I Smith A Frangi

Structural Engineering International SEI 22008


Intumescent coating

systems




Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-

sections by charring

depth

Protection of the timberelements with non

combustible materials

Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

timber elements




d c h a r 0

timber slab

One-dimensional charring charring rate 0

Charring




dcharn

d

c h a r 0

dchar0

Charring




Notional charring notional charring rate n

d c h a r 0

dcharn

dchar0

Equivalent residual cross-section

Charring




Charring rates according to EN 1995-1-2




Charring model for unprotected surfaces

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1




Influence of fall off of cladding

Timber slab after 17 minutes ISO-fire exposure

Fall off of cladding




Charring rate not

constant

Increased charring rate

after failure of cladding

Timber element

Cladding

Protected timber surfaces

Unprotected

timber surfaces

Fire behaviour of initially protected surfaces






the temperature in the furnace is

already at a high level when the

claddings fall off

no protective char layer exists

when the claddings fall off





Charring model for init ially protected surfaces

Different charring phases

bull tch = time of start of charring

bull tf = failure time of cladding (fall off)

bull For wood-based panels and gypsum

plasterboards type A or H tch = tf

bull For gypsum plasterboards type F tch lt tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f


For wood-based panels and gypsum plasterboards type A or H tch = tf

tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f



β β sdot= 2)2( a phase

tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f




β β =)2( b phase

tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a


For gypsum plasterboards type F tch lt tf

β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b



β β sdot= 2)2( b phase

β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b

2c

t a

25 mm




β β =)2( c phase

β β lt)2( a phase





Charring depth (mm)

Fire time (min)




Time of start of charring

bull For wood-based panels

bull For gypsum plasterboards type A H or F

(one layer)

Where hp is the thickness of the panel in mm

min211451282 =minussdot=cht




ge l a m

i n

Failure modes of protective boards

bull Thermal degradation (mechanical failure)

of the boards

bull Pull-out failure of fasteners due to

excessive charring of t imber member





bull Wood-based panels tch = tf

bull Gypsum plasterboards type A or H tch = tf

bull Gypsum plasterboards type F

bull No generic failure times given in EN 1995-1-2

bull To be determined by testing (prEN 13381-7)




Design of timber structures in fire




Analysis of

bull entire structure (global analysis)

bull sub-assemblies (eg frames)

bull members (eg walls floors columns beams)

Verification methods for the load-bearing

function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le

bull Combinations of actions for accidental design

situations (EN 1990)

bull As simplification for residential social

commercial and administration areas

Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

Design strength in fire




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

of rdquo coldrdquostrength





fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






Design strength in f irefi20 k = f f k




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor

(elevated temperature

and moisture)

Design strength in f ire




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k

Reduced cross-section method



char layer

zero strength layer

effective cross-section







00nchar ef dkdd sdot+=

mm7d0 =

01k fimod =

kfi20fid f kf f sdot==

dcharn

k0d0

def




Section A-AFinishing 6mm

Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2

Emean = 11rsquo000 Nmm2

Glued laminated timber GL24h

f mk = 24 Nmm2




11 Perm load Finishing 009 kNm2

Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight

Secondary beam 120260 mm a=1m =gt 017 kNm2

Main beam 160735 mm a=4m =gt 017 kNm2

13 Live load Residential 20 kNm2 (ψ2 = 03)

1 Actions

Bemessungsmethode gemaumlss SIA 265

Worked exampleFinishing 6mm

Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm




2 Secondary beam ndash Fire resistance R 30

Solid timber 120260 mm (C24)

=gt Notional charring rate βn = 08 mmmin

Fire exposure on 3 sides tfireq = 30 min

bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2

fid =sdotsdotsdot+++

=

2fidm

2

fi

fidfid mmN030f mmN913

W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0




3 Main beam ndash Fire resistance R 30

Glued laminated t imber 160735 mm (GL24h)



bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=




4 Column ndash Fire resistance R 30




bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =sdotsdotsdot++++=

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A





Buckling length = 30m k0d0

Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber

Glued laminated timber

relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes





Solid timber 160160 mm (C24) =gt Notional charring rate βn = 08 mmmin


Protection w ith gypsum plasterboards Type A single layers 18mm

Worked example

min3614188214h82t pch =minussdot=minussdot=

0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=

=minussdot=minussdot=

tch = tf








Protection w ith gypsum plasterboards Type A 18mm

tch = 36 min ta = 515 min

bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=


Solid timber 160160mm (C24)





bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2





Increase of cross-sections by charring depth (asymp 30 08 = 24mm)


Fire exposure on 4 sides tfireq = 60 minbfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire




Fire test with a multiple shear s teel-to-

timber dowelled connection

Connections in f ire




Only symmetrical three-member connectionsDowel-type fasteners (nails bolts dowels screws) and

connectors (split-ring shear-plate and toothed-plate

connectors)

Connections




Connections with

side members of wood

Simplifed rulesReduced load

method

Connections with

external steel plates

Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners

EN 1993-1-2(steel design)

Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections




Connections with slotted-in steel plates

Connections with sidesteel plates

Connections with steel elements in fire

Multiple shear steel-to-timber

dowelled connection

Connection with side steel

plates and annular ringed

shank nails





Simplified rules ndash fire resistance determined by thickness of side members

and protective panels and fastener endedge distances

Reduced load method ndash lsquoload-carrying capacity vs timersquo assumed as one-

parameter exponential empirical model

afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1

Connections with side members of wood




Connections designed according to EN 1995-1-1

Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm

Screws 15 d ge 35 mm

Bolts 15 t1 ge 45 mm

Dowels 20 t1 ge 45 mm

Connectors (EN 912) 15 t1 ge 45 mm

d is the diameter of the fastener

t1 is the thickness of the side member

Simplified rules ndash unprotected connections




Greater fire resistance (not exceeding 30 min) by increasing

thickness of side members

width of the side members

end edge distance to fasteners

afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1

β n is the notional charring rate

k flux is a coefficient taking into accountincreased heat flux through the fastener

t req is the required fire resistance

t dfi is the fire resistance of the unprotected

connection (previous table)





Wood panelling wood-based panels or gypsum plasterboard type A or H

Gypsum plasterboard type F

t ch is the time until start of charring of the protectedmember t ch = t ch (h p)


t dfi is the fire resistance of the unprotected connection

hpafi

glued-in plugs

additional protection

using panels

fasteners fixing of the


member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member

Simplified rules ndash protected connections




Fixing of additional protection by nails or screws

Distance between fasteners

le 100 mm (along the boards edges)

le 300 mm (for internal fastenings)

Edge distance of fasteners gea

fi

Penetration depth of fasteners

ge 6middotd (wood-based panels or gypsum plasterboard type A or H)

ge 10middotd (gypsum plasterboard type F)

afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber





Connections with internal steel plates

width bst of the steel plate

(with unprotected edges)

steel plates narrower than the

timber member are protected if

bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp

Unprotected edges in

general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm

plate thickness le 3 mm R30 dg ge 30 mm

R60 dg ge 60 mm

joints with glued-in strips or

protective wood based boards

R30 dg or hp ge 10 mm






lsquoLoad-carrying capacityrsquo vs Fire resistance

assumed as one-parameter exponential empirical model

model parameter k for each connection type and limited to a maximum fire exposure period

Connections Reduced load method




Load-carrying capacity after a given fi re exposure

EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k

Nails and screws 008 20 min

Bolts wood-to-wood (d ge 12) 0065 30 min

Bolts wood-to-wood(d ge 12)

0085 30 minDowels wood-to-wooda (d ge 12) 004 40 min

Dowels steel-to-wooda (d ge 12) 0085 30 min

Connectors (EN 912) 0065 30 min

a requires one bolt for every four dowels

F vRk is the characteristic load-carrying capacityat normal temperature

t dfi is the design fire resistance (in minutes)

k fi is a factor to convert 5-percentile values

to 20-percentile

γ Mfi is the partial safety factor for timber in fire






Fire resistance for a given load level




Steel-to-timber dowelled connection with internal steel plate

E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

GL 24h rarr ρ k = 380 kgm3

Oslash12 dowels class 68 rarr f u = 600 Nmm2

t dfi ge 30 min

Connections Worked example





















Fire design model for multiple shear steel-to-




g p

timber dowelled connections




Charring behaviour

Timber with steel plates Timber with steel plates and

steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]

Influence of steel plates and steel dowels

on charring




Fire design model for multiple shear

steel-to-timber dowelled connections

Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi

t1 thickness of timber

side member






g p

timber dowelled connectionsFire design model for multiple shear





bull Parametric fire exposure

bull Advanced calculation methods

bull Load-bearing timber frame assemblies with

cavity insulation

bull Charring of members in wall and f loor

assemblies with void cavities

bull Analysis of the separating function of wall andfloor assemblies

Informative annexes




bull Thermal analysisEffective thermal properties include effects of mass

transport and cracking and surface recession of

char-layer (only valid for standard fire exposure)

bull Structural analysisThermo-mechanical properties include transient

effects of combined moisture and elevatedtemperature and mechano-sorptive creep

Advanced calculation methods (eg FE analysis)








Timber frame assemblies with cavities completely

filled with insulation

b b

d c h a r n

h

Modification factors kmodfi are given

Fire separating function of

ll d fl



Workshop lsquoStructural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodesrsquo ndash Brussels 27-28 November 2012 92walls and floors




bull Criterion I (insulation)

bull ∆T le 140k

(average temperature rise)

bull ∆T le 180k

(maximum temperature rise)

bull Criterion E (integrity)

bull no sustained flaming or hot gases

to ignite a cotton padbull no cracks or openings in

excess of certain dimensions

Insulation I

Integrity E

Requirements for separating function




ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Components additive method

Separating function of wall and floor assemblies

Calculation of the time t ins by adding thecontribution to the fire resistance of the

different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Basic value of layer i





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Position coefficient






The coefficient kpos considers the influence of the

position of the layers in the assembly

t ins1 gt t ins2

Coefficients of design model

Position coefficient kpos





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient

for joints not backedby eg battens






ba dc b

Heat paths






1 Wall ndash Fire resistance EI 60 Geometry

Layer 1 Gypsum plasterboard type A 125 mm

Layer 2 Plywood 12 mm

Layer 3 Rock fibre batts 80 mm ρ = 26 kgm3



Separating function Worked example




2 Wall ndash Fire resistance EI 60 Basic value of layers







min5175141h41t p0ins =sdot=sdot=

min11h950h950t pp0ins =sdot=sdot=

min16018020kh20t densinsi0ins =sdotsdot=sdotsdot=






3 Wall ndash Fire resistance EI 60 Posit ion coefficients


W k h lsquoSt t l Fi D i f B ildi di t th E d rsquo B l 27 28 N b 2012 103




4 Wall ndash Fire resistance EI 60 Joint coefficients

Layer 1 to 4 k j = 10 (layer backed by other layer)

Layer 5 k j = 10 (filled joints)


ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k





5 Wall ndash Fire resistance EI 60







min742151701110116801101517tins =sdot+sdot+sdot+sdot+sdot=

ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k

Workshop lsquoStructural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodesrsquo Brussels 27 28 November 2012 105

Steinhausen 6 storeys (Switzerland)



Workshop Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes ndash Brussels 27-28 November 2012 105

Zuumlrich 7 storeys (Switzerland)

Lugano 6 storeys

(Switzerland) Baar 5 storeys (Switzerland)





Fire safety plan with all fire safety measures

Careful planning and detailing

Professionally implementation

of fire safety measuresduring the execution

Periodic controls and

maintenance

The intensity of maintenance and controls must be set

depending of the type of structures and the type and

importance of the building

Quality of construction





bull EN 1995-1-2 has fil led many gaps in the knowledge

of structural timber design in fire

bull However some problems are sti ll to be solved

hopefully before the next generation of Eurocodes

will be published

bull Further knowledge in

ldquo Fire safety in Timber Buildingsrdquo

Technical guideline for Europe

SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks




Workshop Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes Brussels 27 28 November 2012 108

bull Simplification (ldquo only one design principle

shall be availablerdquo )

bull Harmonisation (Annexes should be movedto the main part other parts and other ENs)

bull Improvement extension

bull Cross-laminated timber panel (new rules)

bull Timber-concrete-composite elements(new rules)

bull Connections (Improved rules)

bull Failure of claddings (Improved rules)

Future evolution EN 1995-1-2

bull Evolut ion group D Dhima A Frangi (Chair) A Just P Kuklik

J Schmid N Werther




London 9 storeys (UK)

Berlin 7 storeys(Germany)

Vaumlxjouml 8 storeys

(Sweden)

Bolzano 7 storeys (Italy)




What is Eurocode 5



EN 1995-2 Bridges





of fire protection


















Load-bearing

elements without

separating

function

Non-load-bearing

elements wi th

separating

function

Load-bearing

elements with

separating

function

Fire

exposure

On all sides

On only one

side

On only one

side












about 250degC)

Charring rate



t

d char = β

minmmmin

mm

t

d char 8063

50=== β

Fire time

t = 63min

Residual

cross-section

Char layer







constant value for

ISO-fire exposure

depends on wood

species


small influence of


density of wood


Charring rate

Charring depth (mm)


Fire time (min)






Residual cross-

section

- ldquo coldldquo

- load-bearing


Temperature (degC)

Depth x (mm)






0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)







0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)







0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)
















Intumescent coating

systems




Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

timber elements




d c h a r 0

timber slab


Charring




dcharn

d

c h a r 0

dchar0

Charring





d c h a r 0

dcharn

dchar0


Charring









0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1










Charring rate not

constant



Timber element

Cladding


Unprotected

timber surfaces









claddings fall off

















0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f



tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f




tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f




β β =)2( b phase

tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a



β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b




β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b

2c

t a

25 mm




β β =)2( c phase

β β lt)2( a phase





Charring depth (mm)

Fire time (min)







(one layer)






ge l a m

i n



of the boards



















Analysis of





function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther




What is Eurocode 5



EN 1995-2 Bridges





of fire protection


















Load-bearing

elements without

separating

function

Non-load-bearing

elements wi th

separating

function

Load-bearing

elements with

separating

function

Fire

exposure

On all sides

On only one

side

On only one

side












about 250degC)

Charring rate



t

d char = β

minmmmin

mm

t

d char 8063

50=== β

Fire time

t = 63min

Residual

cross-section

Char layer







constant value for

ISO-fire exposure

depends on wood

species


small influence of


density of wood


Charring rate

Charring depth (mm)


Fire time (min)






Residual cross-

section

- ldquo coldldquo

- load-bearing


Temperature (degC)

Depth x (mm)






0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)







0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)







0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)
















Intumescent coating

systems




Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

timber elements




d c h a r 0

timber slab


Charring




dcharn

d

c h a r 0

dchar0

Charring





d c h a r 0

dcharn

dchar0


Charring









0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1










Charring rate not

constant



Timber element

Cladding


Unprotected

timber surfaces









claddings fall off

















0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f



tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f




tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f




β β =)2( b phase

tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a



β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b




β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b

2c

t a

25 mm




β β =)2( c phase

β β lt)2( a phase





Charring depth (mm)

Fire time (min)







(one layer)






ge l a m

i n



of the boards



















Analysis of





function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther





of fire protection


















Load-bearing

elements without

separating

function

Non-load-bearing

elements wi th

separating

function

Load-bearing

elements with

separating

function

Fire

exposure

On all sides

On only one

side

On only one

side












about 250degC)

Charring rate



t

d char = β

minmmmin

mm

t

d char 8063

50=== β

Fire time

t = 63min

Residual

cross-section

Char layer







constant value for

ISO-fire exposure

depends on wood

species


small influence of


density of wood


Charring rate

Charring depth (mm)


Fire time (min)






Residual cross-

section

- ldquo coldldquo

- load-bearing


Temperature (degC)

Depth x (mm)






0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)







0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)







0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)
















Intumescent coating

systems




Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

timber elements




d c h a r 0

timber slab


Charring




dcharn

d

c h a r 0

dchar0

Charring





d c h a r 0

dcharn

dchar0


Charring









0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1










Charring rate not

constant



Timber element

Cladding


Unprotected

timber surfaces









claddings fall off

















0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f



tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f




tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f




β β =)2( b phase

tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a



β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b




β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b

2c

t a

25 mm




β β =)2( c phase

β β lt)2( a phase





Charring depth (mm)

Fire time (min)







(one layer)






ge l a m

i n



of the boards



















Analysis of





function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther













Load-bearing

elements without

separating

function

Non-load-bearing

elements wi th

separating

function

Load-bearing

elements with

separating

function

Fire

exposure

On all sides

On only one

side

On only one

side












about 250degC)

Charring rate



t

d char = β

minmmmin

mm

t

d char 8063

50=== β

Fire time

t = 63min

Residual

cross-section

Char layer







constant value for

ISO-fire exposure

depends on wood

species


small influence of


density of wood


Charring rate

Charring depth (mm)


Fire time (min)






Residual cross-

section

- ldquo coldldquo

- load-bearing


Temperature (degC)

Depth x (mm)






0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)







0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)







0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)
















Intumescent coating

systems




Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

timber elements




d c h a r 0

timber slab


Charring




dcharn

d

c h a r 0

dchar0

Charring





d c h a r 0

dcharn

dchar0


Charring









0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1










Charring rate not

constant



Timber element

Cladding


Unprotected

timber surfaces









claddings fall off

















0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f



tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f




tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f




β β =)2( b phase

tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a



β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b




β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b

2c

t a

25 mm




β β =)2( c phase

β β lt)2( a phase





Charring depth (mm)

Fire time (min)







(one layer)






ge l a m

i n



of the boards



















Analysis of





function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther










about 250degC)

Charring rate



t

d char = β

minmmmin

mm

t

d char 8063

50=== β

Fire time

t = 63min

Residual

cross-section

Char layer







constant value for

ISO-fire exposure

depends on wood

species


small influence of


density of wood


Charring rate

Charring depth (mm)


Fire time (min)






Residual cross-

section

- ldquo coldldquo

- load-bearing


Temperature (degC)

Depth x (mm)






0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)







0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)







0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)
















Intumescent coating

systems




Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

timber elements




d c h a r 0

timber slab


Charring




dcharn

d

c h a r 0

dchar0

Charring





d c h a r 0

dcharn

dchar0


Charring









0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1










Charring rate not

constant



Timber element

Cladding


Unprotected

timber surfaces









claddings fall off

















0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f



tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f




tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f




β β =)2( b phase

tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a



β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b




β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b

2c

t a

25 mm




β β =)2( c phase

β β lt)2( a phase





Charring depth (mm)

Fire time (min)







(one layer)






ge l a m

i n



of the boards



















Analysis of





function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther





constant value for

ISO-fire exposure

depends on wood

species


small influence of


density of wood


Charring rate

Charring depth (mm)


Fire time (min)






Residual cross-

section

- ldquo coldldquo

- load-bearing


Temperature (degC)

Depth x (mm)






0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)







0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)







0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)
















Intumescent coating

systems




Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

timber elements




d c h a r 0

timber slab


Charring




dcharn

d

c h a r 0

dchar0

Charring





d c h a r 0

dcharn

dchar0


Charring









0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1










Charring rate not

constant



Timber element

Cladding


Unprotected

timber surfaces









claddings fall off

















0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f



tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f




tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f




β β =)2( b phase

tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a



β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b




β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b

2c

t a

25 mm




β β =)2( c phase

β β lt)2( a phase





Charring depth (mm)

Fire time (min)







(one layer)






ge l a m

i n



of the boards



















Analysis of





function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther






Residual cross-

section

- ldquo coldldquo

- load-bearing


Temperature (degC)

Depth x (mm)






0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)







0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)







0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)
















Intumescent coating

systems




Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

timber elements




d c h a r 0

timber slab


Charring




dcharn

d

c h a r 0

dchar0

Charring





d c h a r 0

dcharn

dchar0


Charring









0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1










Charring rate not

constant



Timber element

Cladding


Unprotected

timber surfaces









claddings fall off

















0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f



tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f




tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f




β β =)2( b phase

tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a



β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b




β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b

2c

t a

25 mm




β β =)2( c phase

β β lt)2( a phase





Charring depth (mm)

Fire time (min)







(one layer)






ge l a m

i n



of the boards



















Analysis of





function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther




0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)







0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)







0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)
















Intumescent coating

systems




Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

timber elements




d c h a r 0

timber slab


Charring




dcharn

d

c h a r 0

dchar0

Charring





d c h a r 0

dcharn

dchar0


Charring









0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1










Charring rate not

constant



Timber element

Cladding


Unprotected

timber surfaces









claddings fall off

















0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f



tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f




tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f




β β =)2( b phase

tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a



β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b




β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b

2c

t a

25 mm




β β =)2( c phase

β β lt)2( a phase





Charring depth (mm)

Fire time (min)







(one layer)






ge l a m

i n



of the boards



















Analysis of





function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther




0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)







0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)
















Intumescent coating

systems




Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

timber elements




d c h a r 0

timber slab


Charring




dcharn

d

c h a r 0

dchar0

Charring





d c h a r 0

dcharn

dchar0


Charring









0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1










Charring rate not

constant



Timber element

Cladding


Unprotected

timber surfaces









claddings fall off

















0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f



tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f




tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f




β β =)2( b phase

tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a



β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b




β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b

2c

t a

25 mm




β β =)2( c phase

β β lt)2( a phase





Charring depth (mm)

Fire time (min)







(one layer)






ge l a m

i n



of the boards



















Analysis of





function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther




0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zeit [mi n]




layer

Time (min)
















Intumescent coating

systems




Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

timber elements




d c h a r 0

timber slab


Charring




dcharn

d

c h a r 0

dchar0

Charring





d c h a r 0

dcharn

dchar0


Charring









0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1










Charring rate not

constant



Timber element

Cladding


Unprotected

timber surfaces









claddings fall off

















0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f



tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f




tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f




β β =)2( b phase

tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a



β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b




β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b

2c

t a

25 mm




β β =)2( c phase

β β lt)2( a phase





Charring depth (mm)

Fire time (min)







(one layer)






ge l a m

i n



of the boards



















Analysis of





function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther













Intumescent coating

systems




Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

timber elements




d c h a r 0

timber slab


Charring




dcharn

d

c h a r 0

dchar0

Charring





d c h a r 0

dcharn

dchar0


Charring









0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1










Charring rate not

constant



Timber element

Cladding


Unprotected

timber surfaces









claddings fall off

















0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f



tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f




tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f




β β =)2( b phase

tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a



β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b




β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b

2c

t a

25 mm




β β =)2( c phase

β β lt)2( a phase





Charring depth (mm)

Fire time (min)







(one layer)






ge l a m

i n



of the boards



















Analysis of





function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther




Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

timber elements




d c h a r 0

timber slab


Charring




dcharn

d

c h a r 0

dchar0

Charring





d c h a r 0

dcharn

dchar0


Charring









0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1










Charring rate not

constant



Timber element

Cladding


Unprotected

timber surfaces









claddings fall off

















0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f



tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f




tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f




β β =)2( b phase

tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a



β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b




β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b

2c

t a

25 mm




β β =)2( c phase

β β lt)2( a phase





Charring depth (mm)

Fire time (min)







(one layer)






ge l a m

i n



of the boards



















Analysis of





function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther




d c h a r 0

timber slab


Charring




dcharn

d

c h a r 0

dchar0

Charring





d c h a r 0

dcharn

dchar0


Charring









0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1










Charring rate not

constant



Timber element

Cladding


Unprotected

timber surfaces









claddings fall off

















0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f



tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f




tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f




β β =)2( b phase

tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a



β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b




β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b

2c

t a

25 mm




β β =)2( c phase

β β lt)2( a phase





Charring depth (mm)

Fire time (min)







(one layer)






ge l a m

i n



of the boards



















Analysis of





function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther




dcharn

d

c h a r 0

dchar0

Charring





d c h a r 0

dcharn

dchar0


Charring









0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1










Charring rate not

constant



Timber element

Cladding


Unprotected

timber surfaces









claddings fall off

















0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f



tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f




tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f




β β =)2( b phase

tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a



β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b




β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b

2c

t a

25 mm




β β =)2( c phase

β β lt)2( a phase





Charring depth (mm)

Fire time (min)







(one layer)






ge l a m

i n



of the boards



















Analysis of





function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther





d c h a r 0

dcharn

dchar0


Charring









0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1










Charring rate not

constant



Timber element

Cladding


Unprotected

timber surfaces









claddings fall off

















0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f



tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f




tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f




β β =)2( b phase

tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a



β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b




β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b

2c

t a

25 mm




β β =)2( c phase

β β lt)2( a phase





Charring depth (mm)

Fire time (min)







(one layer)






ge l a m

i n



of the boards



















Analysis of





function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther









0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1










Charring rate not

constant



Timber element

Cladding


Unprotected

timber surfaces









claddings fall off

















0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f



tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f




tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f




β β =)2( b phase

tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a



β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b




β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b

2c

t a

25 mm




β β =)2( c phase

β β lt)2( a phase





Charring depth (mm)

Fire time (min)







(one layer)






ge l a m

i n



of the boards



















Analysis of





function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther










Charring rate not

constant



Timber element

Cladding


Unprotected

timber surfaces









claddings fall off

















0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f



tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f




tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f




β β =)2( b phase

tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a



β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b




β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b

2c

t a

25 mm




β β =)2( c phase

β β lt)2( a phase





Charring depth (mm)

Fire time (min)







(one layer)






ge l a m

i n



of the boards



















Analysis of





function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther








claddings fall off

















0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f



tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f




tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f




β β =)2( b phase

tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a



β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b




β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b

2c

t a

25 mm




β β =)2( c phase

β β lt)2( a phase





Charring depth (mm)

Fire time (min)







(one layer)






ge l a m

i n



of the boards



















Analysis of





function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther














0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f



tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f




tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f




β β =)2( b phase

tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a



β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b




β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b

2c

t a

25 mm




β β =)2( c phase

β β lt)2( a phase





Charring depth (mm)

Fire time (min)







(one layer)






ge l a m

i n



of the boards



















Analysis of





function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

t f




tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f




β β =)2( b phase

tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a



β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b




β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b

2c

t a

25 mm




β β =)2( c phase

β β lt)2( a phase





Charring depth (mm)

Fire time (min)







(one layer)






ge l a m

i n



of the boards



















Analysis of





function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f




β β =)2( b phase

tch = tf




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a



β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b




β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b

2c

t a

25 mm




β β =)2( c phase

β β lt)2( a phase





Charring depth (mm)

Fire time (min)







(one layer)






ge l a m

i n



of the boards



















Analysis of





function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a



β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b




β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b

2c

t a

25 mm




β β =)2( c phase

β β lt)2( a phase





Charring depth (mm)

Fire time (min)







(one layer)






ge l a m

i n



of the boards



















Analysis of





function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b




β β lt)2( a phase




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b

2c

t a

25 mm




β β =)2( c phase

β β lt)2( a phase





Charring depth (mm)

Fire time (min)







(one layer)






ge l a m

i n



of the boards



















Analysis of





function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther




0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

t ch

1

2a

t f

2b

2c

t a

25 mm




β β =)2( c phase

β β lt)2( a phase





Charring depth (mm)

Fire time (min)







(one layer)






ge l a m

i n



of the boards



















Analysis of





function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther





Charring depth (mm)

Fire time (min)







(one layer)






ge l a m

i n



of the boards



















Analysis of





function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther







(one layer)






ge l a m

i n



of the boards



















Analysis of





function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther




ge l a m

i n



of the boards



















Analysis of





function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther

















Analysis of





function

fidfid RE le





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther





function

fidfid RE le





Edfi = 06Ed




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile






fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther




fi20 k

= f f k

20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile










20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther








20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

20

fractile

ofstrength

modification factor


and moisture)





20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther




20modfidfi

Mfi

f = f k

γ

partial factor = 10

20

fractile

of

strength

modification factor


and moisture)





modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther




modfi 1=k




char layer

zero strength layer









mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther








mm7d0 =

01k fimod =


dcharn

k0d0

def





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther





Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A

Worked example

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm

Material properties

Solid timber C24

f mk = 24 Nmm2

f c0k = 21 Nmm2



f mk = 24 Nmm2





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther





Topping 132 kNm2

Insulation 006 kNm2

Boards 028 kNm2

175 kNm2

Partitions 100 kNm2

12 Self weight




1 Actions



Topping 60mm

Insulation 40mm

Boards 50mm

Main beam

GL24 160x735mm

Secondary beam

C24 120x260mm








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther








bfi = 120 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 58 mm

hfi = 260 - (30 08 + 7) = 229 mm

Wfi = = 5069 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f mk = 125 24 = 300 Nmm2

( )kNm07

8

4123017001751M

2


=

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ

Worked example

k0d0








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 07 + 7) = 104 mm

hfi = 735 - (30 07 + 7) = 707 mm

Wfi = = 8664 103 mm3

f mdfi = kfi f md = 115 24 = 276 Nmm2

2fidm

2

fi


W

M=le==σ


k0d0

Worked example

( )kNm1118

8

28423017017001751fid

M =sdotsdotsdot++++

=








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN16

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ

k0

d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592


8 x 1 m = 8 m

4 m

4 m A - - - - A






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther






Worked example

mm3289898

129898

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi =

sdot

sdot==

0106328

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

106

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther








bfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (30 08 + 7) = 98 mm

Afi = = 96 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592





Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther




Use of massive

cross-sections

Increase of cross-


depth



Basic strategies


Fire resistance of

60 minutes








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther








Worked example


0

10

20

30

40

Timet

Charring

depth

d char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther






Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depth

d char0or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f

min551

802

2536

2

2536t

min3614188214h82t

na

pch

=

sdot

+=

βsdot

+=


tch = tf










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther










bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2

k0

d0

Worked example

0

10

20

30

40

Time t

Charring

depthd char0

or

d charn

[mm]

1

2a

25 mm

2b

t at f tch = tf






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther






Worked example

mm823482482

12482482

A

Ii

3

fi

fi

fi

=sdot

sdot==

0126823

3000

ififi ===λ

121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

200k fic ==gt 121100032

21

143

0126

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther




2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( )kN059

2

8423017017001751fid

N =sdotsdotsdot++++

=







bfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 85 08 + 7) = 824 mm

Afi = = 68 103 mm2








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther








hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

k0cfificfid0c2

fi

fidfid f kkf mmN95

A

Nsdotsdot=le==σ






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther






Worked example

mm928100100

12100100

A

Ii

3

fi

fifi =

sdot

sdot==

8103928

3000

ififi ===λ

811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther





Worked example

Solid

timber


relfi

kcfi

270k fic ==gt 811100032

21

143

8103

E32

f

E

f

mean

k0cfi

050

k0cfifirel =

sdotsdot=

sdotsdot

π

λ=sdot

π

λ=λ








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther








bfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

hfi = 210 - 2 (60 08 + 7) = 100 mm

Afi = = 10 103 mm2

2fid0c

2

fi


A

N=sdotsdot=le==σ

k0d0

Worked example

( ) kN0592

8423017017001751fidN =

sdotsdotsdot++++=

Connections in fire












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther












connectors)

Connections




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther




Connections with



method

Connections with


Connections with

dowel-type

fasteners


Design by

testing

Timber connections

Axial ly loaded

screws

Connections








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther








dowelled connection



shank nails









afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther








afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1






Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther





Fastener connector

type

Fire resistance

tdfi [min]

Provisions

Nails 15 d ge 28 mm















afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther








afi

a3

a4

afi

afia4

afi

t1















hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther









hpafi

glued-in plugs


using panels



member providing

protection

bolt head

afi

member










fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther









fi




afi

afi

afi

afihp


using panels



la

char layer panel

unburnt timber










bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther









bst

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

dg

hp

hp


general

R30 bst ge 200 mm

R60 bst ge 280 mm


one or two sides

R30 bst ge 120 mm

R60 bst

ge 280 mm


R60 dg ge 60 mm

















EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther












EN 1995-1-1

Connection type k

Maximum period of

validity for k











to 20-percentile












E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther










E d = 40 kN

E d

a 1 = 84 mm a 3 = 84 mm

a 4 = 55 mm

a 2 = 50 mm

a 4 = 55 mm



t dfi ge 30 min


























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther

























g p





Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther




Charring behaviour


steel dowels

Timber

850

700

580

400

200

20

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

215

74

Temp [degC]

850

700

580

400

230

114

Temp [degC]


on charring






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther






Rdtfi

= Aef

f t0k

kfi


side member






g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther




g p









cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther







cavity insulation




Informative annexes



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther



















b b

d c h a r n

h



ll d fl








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther








bull ∆T le 140k


bull ∆T le 180k






Insulation I

Integrity E





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther




ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k




different layers





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther





ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k






ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther




ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k









t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther






t ins1 gt t ins2







ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther




ins ins0i pos ji

=

sumt t k k

Joint coefficient







ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther




ba dc b

Heat paths









































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther







































ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k













ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther












ins ins0i pos j

i

=sumt t k k







Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther





Lugano 6 storeys











maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther









maintenance













will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther








will be published




SP Report 2010

Concluding remarks















J Schmid N Werther














J Schmid N Werther

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