FDD-LTE Radio Link Budget

Contents

FDD-LTE link budget overview FDD-LTE UL Link budget FDD-LTE DL Link Budget Cell radius and areas

The process of FDD-LTE network planning

Link budget input and output

Coverage Inputs

• Area to be covered

• Targeted service at cell edge

• Indoor penetration level

Network Information

• Incumbent network info

• LTE Frequency

• LTE Maximum bandwidth

Coverage Outputs

• Cell Range

•Legacy Site Reuse

•Number of Sites

Link Budget RF Planning

Normal Link budget requirements

11

22

33

•UL cell range•DL throughput at cell range

•UL cell range•DL throughput at cell range

Request UL cell edge throughput

Request UL cell edge throughput

•DL cell range•UL throughput at cell range

•DL cell range•UL throughput at cell range

Request DL cell edge throughput

Request DL cell edge throughput

Request UL and DL cell edge throughput

Request UL and DL cell edge throughput

•UL cell range•DL cell range•Limited link and cell range

•UL cell range•DL cell range•Limited link and cell range

44 Request fixed cellradius

Request fixed cellradius

•UL cell edge throughput•DL cell edge throughput

•UL cell edge throughput•DL cell edge throughput

Link budget model

Request cell rangeRequest cell range Throughput atcell edge

Throughput atcell edge

Request cell edge throughput

Request cell edge throughput Cell rangeCell range

Shannon formula

C=W*logC=W*log1010(1+S/N) (1+S/N) C=W*logC=W*log1010(1+S/N) (1+S/N)

Coverage Capacity

Contents

FDD-LTE link budget overview FDD-LTE UL Link budget FDD-LTE DL Link Budget Cell radius and areas

UL Link budget process

Request cell edge throughput

Request cell edge throughput

Assign RB # Assign RB #

Other parameters

Other parameters

MIMO Conf.MIMO Conf.

Rx receive sensitivityRx receive sensitivity

MAPLMAPL

Cell rangeCell range

TBS & MCSTBS & MCS

SINRSINR

Interferencemargin

Interferencemargin

UL link budget Methodology

MAPL= Pmax – Receive Sensitivity – Losses – Margins +GainsMAPL= Pmax – Receive Sensitivity – Losses – Margins +Gains

UL Link budget

Rx receive sensitivityRx receive sensitivity

Request cell edge ThroughputRequest cell edge Throughput

Example of 512kbps and Dense

urban area

Example of 512kbps and Dense

urban area

Assigned RB number

20kbps 64kbps 128kbps 256kbps 384kbps 512kbps 768kbps1024kbp

sRB 1 2 3 6 8 10 15 18

MCS 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 4

TBS 24 72 144 328 440 568 872 1288

Number of Resource Blocks

For a given MCS the TBS is given different numbers of resource blocks

TBS Table

RB number

Modulation & Coding Scheme

This determines the Modulation Order which in turn determines the TBS Index.

MCS Table

TBS and MCS

512kbps10 RB

512kbps10 RB

MCS 3MCS 3

0

5

10

15

20

25

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

0

5

10

15

20

25

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21512kpbs512kpbs

MCS vs RB

RB number

MCS

For 512kbps,If BLER=10%, TBS>568bit

Assign RB number

- 125

- 120

- 115

- 110

- 105

- 100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Recei ve PowerSI NR

512kpbs512kpbs

10RB is assignedfor 512kbps

10RB is assignedfor 512kbps

RB number

SINR

SINR Target depends on: eNode-B equipment performance Radio conditions (multipath fading profile, mobile speed) Receive diversity (2-way by default or optional 4-way) Targeted data rate and quality of service The Modulation and Coding Scheme Max allowed number of HARQ transmissions (Maximum of 4 on UL) HARQ BLER target (10% considered by default)

Derived from link level simulations or better by equipment measurements (lab or on-field measurements)

SINR

MIMO Conf.1T2RMIMO Conf.1T2R

MCS 3SINR:-1.79dB

MCS 3SINR:-1.79dB

MIMO Conf.1T4RMIMO Conf.1T4R

Assign RB number

　64kb

ps128kb

ps256kb

ps384kb

ps512kb

ps1024kb

ps

RB 2 4 7 8 10 17

MCS 2 1 2 3 3 4

SNR target(1*2)dB -0.3 -2.28 -2.38 -1.63 -1.79 -1.19

SNR target(1*4)dB -4.6 -6.1 -6.18 -5.46 -5.6 -4.96

RB number

Rx receive sensitivity

NF

Reference Sensitivity ＝ Noise Power+ Noise Figure +SNRReference Sensitivity ＝ Noise Power+ Noise Figure +SNR

Noise Power

Own cellsignal

Request SNR

Dense UrbanDense Urban

Thermal Noise

Thermal noise power spectrum densityThermal noise power spectrum density

Thermal noise powerThermal noise power

Noise power spectrum density=k*TNoise power spectrum density=k*T

WhereWhere

KK ：： Boltzmann Boltzmann constantconstant——1.381×10——1.381×10-23-23 （（ J/K)J/K)

TT ：： Kelvin temperature Kelvin temperature （（ KK ））

Assume T=290KAssume T=290K （（ 17 ℃17 ℃ ） ） Noise power spectrum density)=-Noise power spectrum density)=-174dBm/Hz174dBm/Hz

Noise power= Noise power spectrum density *BandwidthNoise power= Noise power spectrum density *Bandwidth

AssumeAssume bandwidth=20MHz bandwidth=20MHz ，， Effective bandwidthEffective bandwidth =18MHz =18MHz Noise power (dB)=-174dBm/Hz+10log(18×10Noise power (dB)=-174dBm/Hz+10log(18×1066)) =-174+72.6=-101.4dBm=-174+72.6=-101.4dBm

Receiver sensitivity

Reference Sensitivity ＝ NF +10log(No) +10log(Bandwidth) +SNRReference Sensitivity ＝ NF +10log(No) +10log(Bandwidth) +SNR

Morph

　Dens

e Urba

n

Urban

Suburban

RuralHighw

ay

Cell Edge User Throughput kbps

512 512 384 128 256

Assign # Resource Blocks #

10 10 6 3 4

Used Bandwidth KHz 1800 1800 1080 540 720

eNode-B Noise Figure dB 3 3 3 3 3

NodBm/

Hz-174.0 -174.0 -174.0 -174.0 -174.0

SINR Request dB -4.0 -3.8 -2.5 -2 -1.8

eNode-B Sensitivity dBm -112.4 -112.2 -113.2 -115.7 -114.2

UL interference margin

UL interference marginUL interference margin

UL Interference Margin

Noise

Other cellinterference

Own cellsignal

Required Received Signal

Request SINR

Interference Margin

The Interference Margin is the interference rise over that of thermal noise due

to other cell interference

Typical IM target considered in LTE link budgets is 3dB

The Interference Margin is the interference rise over that of thermal noise due

to other cell interference

Typical IM target considered in LTE link budgets is 3dB

Interference level

UL Interference Margin

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Cell Load (%)

Nois

e R

ise

(d

B)

50% cell load3dB Noise Rise

eNode B antenna gain

eNode B antenna gaineNode B antenna gain

eNode B antenna gain

General antenna selection recommend for 2 way receive

Antenna Gain is about 18dBi

Horizontal Half-power Beam Width is about 65°

Vertical Half-power Beam Width is about 7°

Adjust Electrical Down tilt is by hand or by optional RCU (Remote Control Unit)

For the Polarization in dense urban, urban and suburban is X pol, rural areas

can use vertical pol.

Antenna Gain is about 18dBi

Horizontal Half-power Beam Width is about 65°

Vertical Half-power Beam Width is about 7°

Adjust Electrical Down tilt is by hand or by optional RCU (Remote Control Unit)

For the Polarization in dense urban, urban and suburban is X pol, rural areas

can use vertical pol.

Based on the engineering experience

Based on the engineering experience

Some case to cover highway or railway, it can select higher gain and narrower beam width antenna, (for example 21dBi and beam width is about 33°)

Four Antenna configuration way

Case1

Case2 Case3

Four Antenna configuration way

Case2

Four Antenna configuration way

Case3

Four Antenna configuration way

● ● ●

Link levelsimulaiton

Link levelsimulaiton

Four Antenna configuration way

　 　 Dense Urban

Urban

Suburban

Rural

Highway

Cell Edge User Throughput kbps 512 512 384 128 256

Num. of Tx antenna # 1 1 1 1 1

Num. of Rx antenna # 4 4 4 4 4

Assign # Resource Blocks # 10 10 6 3 4

MCS # 3 3 4 2 4

TBS bit 568 568 408 144 256

Case1 SINR Request dB -7.2 -7.0 -6.8 -6.5 -5.6

Case2 SINR Request dB -5.4 -4.5 -3.3 -4.4 -3.8

Case3 SINR Request dB -4.0 -3.8 -2.5 -2 -1.8

SINR RequestSINR Request

Four Antenna configuration way

CoverageCoverage

Morph

Dense

Urban

Urban

Suburban

Rural

Highway

Case1 km

0.50 0.71 2.32 9.77 12.30

Case2 km

0.44 0.61 1.83 8.45 10.86

Case3 km

0.40 0.58 1.74 7.17 9.47

Dense urban, Urban and Suburban use Case3

Rural and Highway can use Case2 if the situation permitted

Dense urban, Urban and Suburban use Case3

Rural and Highway can use Case2 if the situation permitted

Cable & connector losses

Cable & connector lossesCable & connector losses

Cable and connector loss

optical fiber

optical fiber

1/2 in Jumper

1/2 in Jumper

7/8in cable

7/8in cable

1/2 in Jumper

1/2 in Jumper

Each Connector Insertion Loss typical 0.05dB

ConnectorConnector

The loss depend on the length of cable

The loss depend on the length of cableThe loss less

than 0.5dB

The loss less than 0.5dB

700MHz:2dB2.6GHz:4dB

700MHz:2dB2.6GHz:4dB

Assume:7/8in cable 50m1/2in cable 6m+4 connecter

TMA gain

TMA gainTMA gain

TMA gain

TMA also called Mast Head Amplifier (MHA)

Impact on link budget Reduces global Noise Figure Compensate cable losses The gain on link budget related

to: Cable loss eNode NF TMA amplifier gain TMA NF

0.5 dB additional insertion loss on DL

eNode-B

Dual TMA

Jumper Cable

Jumper Cable

TX / RX TXdiv / RXdiv

Duplexer

Duplexer Duplexer

Duplexer

LNALNAFeeder

Antenna

Shadowing margin

Shadowing marginShadowing margin

Shadowing Margin

Shadowing Standard Deviation

10 dB 8 dB 7 dB 6 dB

Cell Area Coverage

Probability95% 90% 95% 90% 95% 90% 95% 90%

Cell Edge Coverage

Probability

87.7%

77.7%

86.2%

75.1%

84.9%

73.3%

83.9%

70.9%

Shadowing Margin

11.7 dB

7.7 dB

8.7 dB

5.4 dB

7.2 dB

4.3 dB

5.9 dB

3.3 dB

Dense urban, Urban and Suburban Shadowing Standard Deviation is 8dB

Rural and Highway Shadowing Standard Deviation is 6dB

Dense urban, Urban and Suburban Shadowing Standard Deviation is 8dB

Rural and Highway Shadowing Standard Deviation is 6dB

Handoff gain

Handoff gainHandoff gain

Hard handover Gain

The hard handover gain is the value to reduce the shadowing margin

The hard handover gain is related to handoff hysteresis thresholds,

connection delays, coverage probability targets and shadowing standard

deviations

The simulation result shows that the hard handover gain is about 2~4dB

The hard handover gain is the value to reduce the shadowing margin

The hard handover gain is related to handoff hysteresis thresholds,

connection delays, coverage probability targets and shadowing standard

deviations

The simulation result shows that the hard handover gain is about 2~4dB

Penetration and body loss

Penetration and body lossPenetration and body loss

Penetration loss

EnvironmentPenetration Margin

(dB)

Dense Urban – Deep Indoor

20

Urban - Indoor 17

Suburban - Indoor 14

Rural – In car 8Related with

Operator’s strategy

Related with Operator’s strategy

Body loss

VoIP service ： 3dB Data service ： 0dB

Related with service

Related with service

UE gain and Tx power

UE Antenna gain and Tx powerUE Antenna gain and Tx power

UL Link budget

12345

678910

1112

MAPL=12-1-2+3-4+5-6+7-8-9-10+11MAPL=12-1-2+3-4+5-6+7-8-9-10+11

Propagation modelPropagation model

MAPL= Pmax – Receive Sensitivity – Losses – Margins +Gains

MAPL= Pmax – Receive Sensitivity – Losses – Margins +Gains

Propagation model

Cost231-Hata (UP to1.5GHz)

Okumura-Hata(150 MHz to 1500 MHz )

Path Loss (dB) = 46.3 + 33.9 x log (f) – 13.82 x log(hb)– a(hm) +[44.9 – 6.55 x log (hb)] x log (R) + Kc

Path Loss (dB) = 46.3 + 33.9 x log (f) – 13.82 x log(hb)– a(hm) +[44.9 – 6.55 x log (hb)] x log (R) + Kc

Path Loss (dB) = 69.55 + 26.16 x log (f) – 13.82 x log(hb)– a(hm) +[44.9 – 6.55 x log (hb)] x log (R) + Kc

Path Loss (dB) = 69.55 + 26.16 x log (f) – 13.82 x log(hb)– a(hm) +[44.9 – 6.55 x log (hb)] x log (R) + Kc

WhereWhere ：：f = f = Frequency of TransmissionFrequency of Transmission （ （ MHzMHz ））hb =hb =Base station Antenna Height (Base station Antenna Height (m)m)

hm =hm =UEUE Antenna Height Antenna Height (m) , 1.5m is normal. (m) , 1.5m is normal.

R = R = Distance between the base and UEDistance between the base and UE (km) (km)

Kc = Kc = MMorphology correction factororphology correction factor

a(hm) :Ant height correction factor = (1.1 x log (f) –0.7) x hm - (1.56 x log (f) –0.8)a(hm) :Ant height correction factor = (1.1 x log (f) –0.7) x hm - (1.56 x log (f) –0.8)

Inter site distance and coverage area

Inter site distance and coverage areaInter site distance and coverage area

UL Link budget

Contents

FDD-LTE link budget overview FDD-LTE UL Link budget FDD-LTE DL Link Budget Cell radius and areas

Different of UL and DL link budget

Noise

Adjacent cellinterference

Own cellsignal

Required Received Signal

Request SINR

ULUL

DLDL

DL can not usesame LB method

With UL

DL can not usesame LB method

With UL

DL link budget Methodology

Dense urban cell range (km)

Noi

se r

ise

at

cell

ed

ge (

dB

)

DL Link budget character

Interferencelimited

Noiselimited

115.4833E 115.5000E 115.5167E

38

.78

33

N3

8.8

00

0N

38

.81

67

N

115.4833E 115.5000E 115.5167E

38

.78

33

N3

8.8

00

0N

38

.81

67

N

Assume:Adjacent site power load: 50%Geometry factor at cell edge :3dB

DL link budget approach

Cell edge throughput

Cell edge throughput

Assign RB # Assign RB #

Other parametersOther parameters

MIMO Conf.MIMO Conf.

MAPLMAPL

Cell rangeCell range

MCS&TBSMCS&TBS

SINRSINR

G factorG factor

Request cell rangeRequest cell range Throughput atcell edge

Throughput atcell edge

DL Link budget

Request cell rangeRequest cell range

DL Link budget

MIMO configurationMIMO configuration

eNode B Tx PowereNode B Tx Power

Same with ULSame with UL

DL shadowing Margin

Shadowing Margin on signal

Shadowing Standard Deviation

8 dB 6 dB

Cell Area Coverage Probability

95% 90% 95% 90%

Cell Edge Coverage Probability

86.2%

75.1%

83.9%

70.9%

Shadowing Margin8.7 dB

5.4 dB

5.9 dB

3.3 dB

Shadowing StandardDeviation 8dB

Shadowing StandardDeviation 8dB

95% signalmargin 8.7dB

95% signalmargin 8.7dB

DL Link budget

Adjacent cell power loadingAdjacent cell power loading

Adjacent Tx Power load

Adjacent cell Rx Power load(%)

010%

20%

30%

40%

50% 60% 70% 80% 90%100%

SINR @cell edge(dB)7.24

4.11

2.31

1.04

0.06

-0.74

-1.42

-2.00

-2.52

-2.98

-3.39

SIN

R a

t ce

ll e

dge

(dB

)

Adjacent cell Rx Power load(%)

Assume:Cell range : 500mGeometry factor at cell edge :3dB

DL Link budget

Geometry at cell edgeGeometry at cell edge

Geometry factor

1

2

89

3

4

13

12

11

10

5

14

15

6

7

19

18

17

16

5%CDF is cell edgeG factor is -3dB

AllSiteAdjacent

SiteServing

PowerRx

PowerRxGeometry

System levelsimulation

System levelsimulation

Not related to ISD

Not related to ISD

DL Link budget

SINR at cell edgeSINR at cell edge

SINR

Dense urban cell range (km)

SIN

R a

t ce

ll e

dge

(dB

)

Assume:Adjacent site power load: 50%Geometry factor at cell edge :3dB

Interferencelimited

Noiselimited

DL Link budget

DL throughput at cell edgeDL throughput at cell edge

DL Link budget

-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 2510

-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

SNR(dB)

BLE

R

2T2R SFBC RB20 CFI1 SCME UrbanMicro 3km/hr Pol 3.3GHz

MCS0MCS1

MCS3

MCS5

MCS7MCS9

MCS12

MCS14

MCS16

MCS18MCS20

MCS22

MCS25

MCS27MCS28

SINR >=-0.22dBSINR >=-0.22dB

BLER >=7%BLER >=7%

DL Link budget

100 RB100 RB

MCS 5MCS 5

Throughput= TBS/TTI*(1-BLER)Throughput= TBS/TTI*(1-BLER)

DL Link budget

DL Link budget approach

Request cell edge throughput

Request cell edge throughput

Assign RB # Assign RB #

Other parameters

Other parameters

MIMO Conf.MIMO Conf.

MAPLMAPL

Cell rangeCell range

TBS& MCSTBS& MCS

SINRSINR

Request cell edge throughput

Request cell edge throughput Cell rangeCell range

DL Link budget

NoisePowerSINR

GSINRTxPowerPathloss

etT

AtCellEdgeetTEIRPAtCellEdge

arg

arg1 NoisePowerSINR

GSINRTxPowerPathloss

etT

AtCellEdgeetTEIRPAtCellEdge

arg

arg1

How to get Assign # RB?How to get Assign # RB?

Contents

FDD-LTE link budget overview FDD-LTE UL Link budget FDD-LTE DL Link Budget Cell radius and areas

Limited link

UL cell radiusUL cell radius DL cell radiusDL cell radius

Cell radius based on coverage

Cell radius based on coverage Cell radius

based on capacity

Cell radius based on capacity

Final cell radiusFinal cell radius

Cell range and inter site distance

S3Sector=1.95*R2

R

SOmin=2.60*R2

Glossary

RB: Resource Block TBS: Transport Block Size MCS: Modulation & Coding Scheme SINR: Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio MIMO: Multiple Input Multiple Output MAPL: Maximum Allowable Path Loss TMA: Tower Amplifier BLER: Block Error Ratio HARQ: Hybrid automatic repeat request SNR: Signal to Noise Ratio NF: Noise Figure ISD: Inter-station Distance CDF: Cumulated Distribution Function TTI: Transmission Time Interval