07 falvo militaryservice - ucsf cme•airborne hazards and burn pits center of excellence nj wriisc...
TRANSCRIPT
1
Military Service is a Vulnerable Occupation: Lung Disease as a
Paradigm
Michael J. Falvo, PhDResearch Physiologist, VA War Related Illness & Injury Study Center –
Airborne Hazards and Burn Pits Center of Excellence
Assistant Professor, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
Disclosure
• I have nothing to disclose
• Contents of this presentation do not represent the views of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs or the United States Government
Deployment‐Related Exposures
Agent Orange
Nerve Agent
SolventsAnti‐
Malarial
Dust & Sand
Fuels Pesticides Radiation
Depleted Uranium
VaccinesOil Well Fires
Burn Pits
Mean PM2.5 Concentration (06‐07)
Redrawn from: Engelbrecht et al. 2008
15μg/m3
35μg/m3
Non‐Inhalational Exposure
Figure from Cernak and Noble‐Haeusslein 2010, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab
Uniquely Vulnerable, Susceptible?
Falvo et al., 2015, Epidemiologic Rev
Epidemiologic Findings
• 15 epidemiologic studies (2005 – present)
• Relationship to deployment?
– Respiratory Symptoms: 9 studies, favorable
– Asthma: 10 studies, mixed results
– COPD: 7 studies, largely null
– Other Outcomes: 6 studies, inconclusive
• Limitations
↑ Chronic Lung Disease
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
0.00%
0.50%
1.00%
1.50%
2.00%
2.50%
3.00%
3.50%
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No. o
f Veterans
Prevalence (%)
Redrawn from: Pugh et al. 2016 Mil Med
AsthmaAsthma
COPDCOPD
ILDILD
Clinical Findings
• 18 clinical studies (2004 – present)
– 4 Case reports/series
– 5 Retrospective chart reviews
– 2 Pre‐deployment evaluations
– 6 Post‐deployment evaluations
– 1 Pre‐ and post‐deployment evaluation
• Main findings
– Dyspnea….still complicated
Morris et al. (n=50), 84%
Butzko et al. (n=178), 72%
Krefft et al. (n=28), 82%
Falvo et al. (n=143), 75%
Holley et al. (n=267), 64%
50%
55%
60%
65%
70%
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
% Preserved Spirometry
National VA Post‐Deployment Health Resource (Public Law 105‐368)
WRIISC AHBPCE
2007• Increased reports of airborne hazards exposure and concerns (Helmer et al. 2007)
2010• Working Group at National Jewish publishes recommendations (Rose et al. 2010)
2011• Full PFTs on all referrals
2013• Expanded cardiopulmonary evaluations for Veterans with primary respiratory complaints
2018• Airborne Hazards and Burn Pits Center of Excellence
NJ WRIISC Referral Cohort
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
110.00
FEV1/FVC
n = 485
Post‐9/11
Pre‐9/11
74.9
16.5
6.8 0.8
Normal
Obstructed
Restricted
Mixed
N = 485
Preserved Spirometry
Age
46.0 (37.0, 50.0) yrs
Sex
86.3% male
Post‐Deploy Length
12.8 (7.3, 23.4) yrs
Tobacco Pack Years
0.0 (0.0, 10.0)
n = 364
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Burn Pits Air Pollution Sand/Dust Petrochem Blast
Deployment‐Related Exposures
Exposed Concerned
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
2+ Symp
Short of Breath
Wheeze
Cough
Lower Respiratory Symptoms (≥ 2d∙wk⁻¹)
BD Reversibility
‐15.00
‐10.00
‐5.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
FEV1BD %chan
ge
n = 357
+12%
30
50
70
90
110
130
150
DL C
O(%
predicted)
Isolated ↓ DLCO
HgB corrected; Miller et al. 1983 predicted
n = 349
*
Falvo et al. 2018 Clin Resp J
• N = 123
– Preserved spirometry
– Current smokers excluded
• Low DLCO– DLCO ≤ LLN
–Miller ’83
– HgB corrected
Forced Oscillation Technique (FOT)
20 Hz 5 Hz
Figure from: Brashier & Salvi 2015
Resistance (Rrs) Reactance (Xrs)
R5 R20
Figures from: Brashier & Salvi 2015
5 205 20
5100
%
• 75% (93/124) demonstrate distal airway dysfunction
Butzko et al. 2019 Respir Physiol Neurobiol
Butzko et al. 2019 Respir Physiol Neurobiol
‐80.00
‐60.00
‐40.00
‐20.00
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
R4 Δ (% Chan
ge)
BD Reversibility for R4
‐100.00
‐80.00
‐60.00
‐40.00
‐20.00
0.00
20.00
40.00
AX4 Δ (% Chan
ge)
BD Reversibility for AX4
0 10 20 30 40 50
Not troubled
When hurrying
15 min
100 yards
Severe
MMRC Dyspnea
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
2.00%
8.10%
27.30%
20.20%
15.20%
13.10%
8.10%
5.10%
1.00%
Nothing at all
Very Slight
Moderate
Severe
Very Severe
Maximal
Borg Breathlessness at Peak
n = 99
CPET Patterns for Exertional Dyspnea
< 0.80
≥ 0.80Rest < 36
< 3 ↑ ex
Rest 36‐42
3‐8 ↑ ex
< 50%
50 ‐ 75%
VE/VCO2 Slope Peak VO2 (%) etCO2 (mmHg) VE/MVV
75 ‐ 99%
≥ 100%
30.0 ‐ 35.9
< 30
36.0 ‐ 44.9
≥ 45.0
Post‐Exercise Spirometry
No Δ FEV1 or PEF post‐CPET ≥ 15% reduction in FEV1 or PEF post‐CPET
Hemodynamics ECG Pulse Oximetry↑ SBP (10 mmHg/3.5 mL O2·kg·min
VO2)No sustained arrhythmias, ectopic foci, and/or ST segment changes during CPET or recovery
No Δ in SpO2 from baseline
↔ or ↓ SBP during CPET, or excessive ↑ SBP (≥ 20 mmHg/3.5
mL O2·kg·min VO2)
Altered rhythm, foci, and/or ST ‐ but did not lead to test termination >5% ↓in SpO2 from
baselineAltered rhythm, foci, and/or ST ‐ led to test termination
Adapted from: EACPR/AHA Statemen; Guazzi et al. 2012 Circ
CPET Pattern Results
Hemodynamics ECG Pulse Oximetry↑ SBP (10 mmHg/3.5 mL O2·kg·min
VO2)No sustained arrhythmias, ectopic foci, and/or ST segment changes during CPET or recovery
No Δ in SpO2 from baseline
↔ or ↓ SBP during CPET, or excessive ↑ SBP (≥ 20 mmHg/3.5
mL O2·kg·min VO2) (1‐2%)
Altered rhythm, foci, and/or ST ‐ but did not lead to test termination >5% ↓in SpO2 from
baseline (9.1%)Altered rhythm, foci, and/or ST ‐ led to test
termination (1‐2%)
VE/VCO2 Slope Peak VO2 (%) etCO2 (mmHg) VE/MVV< 30 50.5% ≥ 100% 18.2% Rest 36‐42
3‐8 ↑ ex58.1% < 0.80 53.2%
30.0 ‐ 35.9 35.3% 75 ‐ 99% 50.5%
36.0 ‐ 44.9 12.1% 50 ‐ 75% 27.2% Rest < 36 < 3 ↑ ex
41.9% ≥ 0.80 46.8%≥ 45.0 2.0% < 50% 4.0%
Post‐Exercise Spirometry
No Δ FEV1, PEF post‐CPET (84.9%) ≥ 15% ↓ in FEV1, PEF post‐CPET (15.1%)
83.8 (71.0, 95.5)29.7 (27.4, 32.8) 32.2 (30.2, 34.4) 0.77 (0.63, 0.96)
Conclusions
• Beyond spirometry
• DLCO, FOT, CPET…
Acknowledgements
• Drew Helmer, MD
• Anays Sotolongo, MD
• WRIISC/AHBPCE Clinical, Research, Edu Teams
• VA Post‐Deployment Health Service
• Funding– VA (1I01CX001329, 1I01CX001515)
– DoD (W81XWH‐16‐1‐0663, W81XWH‐17‐1‐0575)
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Questions
Q1. Which of the following deployment‐related exposures are NOT relevant for the
Veteran with dyspnea on exertion?
a) Smoke from open burn pits
b)Blast overpressure waves from IEDs
c) Aircraft/military truck engine exhaust
d)Multiple anthrax vaccinations
Q2. Which of the following conditions is NOT increasing in prevalence among post‐9/11 Veterans receiving care at VA Medical
Centers?
a) Constrictive bronchiolitis
b)Asthma
c) COPD
d) Interstitial lung disease
Q3. Which pulmonary function assessment is most sensitive for assessing the small
airways?
a) Fractional exhaled nitric oxide
b)Forced oscillation technique
c) Diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide
d)Exercise flow‐volume loop