06 oil, minerals, natural gas
TRANSCRIPT
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Oil, Natural Gas and Minerals
The Oceans and NaturalResources
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Outline of Today’s Lecture
• Oil• It’s in the ocean
• It’s transported bysea
• Natural Gas
• It’s in the ocean• It’s transported by
sea
• Minerals• They’re in the
oceans….
• But not yeteconoically !iable
• Putting People BackIn: Why Does ThisMatter to You?
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"hy Oil and Natural Gas#
• Most of the $orld’s ne$ disco!eries arein the ocean% e&'
• The (rctic
• Gulf of Guinea
• )ast coast of (frica
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May -, 3*/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie -
Oil and Natural Gas' 4oe5uestions
• "ho needs it#
• "here is it# 67lace8
• 9o$ do I &et it# 67lace and 4pace8
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5uic: Note
• O)10 refers to the Or&ani;ation for)conoic 1ooperation and
0e!elopent
• 4horthand for
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O)10 1ountries
(ustralia (ustria Bel&iu 1anada 1hile
1;ech
>epublic
0enar: )stonia ?inland ?rance
Gerany Greece 9un&ary Iceland Ireland
Israel Italy @apan Aorea Luebour&
Meico Netherlands Ne$ Cealand Nor$ay 7oland
7ortu&al 4lo!a:>epublic
4lo!enia 4pain 4$eden
4$it;erland Tur:ey DnitedAin&do
Dnited 4tates
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"orld )ner&y 0eand
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http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/images/figure_1-lg.jpg
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Oil 1onsuption
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Top * Oil )porters
. 4audi (rabia
3. >ussia
2. Iran
-. Dnited (rab )irates
+. Nor$ay
/. IraH
E. Au$ait
F. Ni&eria. 1anada
*.Dnited 4tates
• Source: CIA World act!ook
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Top * Oil Iporters
. Dnited 4tates
3. 1hina
2. @apan-. India
+. Gerany
/. Netherlands
E. 4outh Aorea
F. ?rance. 4in&apore
*.Italy
Source: CIA World act!ook
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Main Oil 4uppliers to the
Dnited 4tates' 3*2
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Oil Transportation and
1ho:epoints
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NATURAL GAS
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May -, 3*/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie +
Natural Gas
• 1onsuption epected to increase E* fro3** to 3*3+
• Industriali;ed nations $ill rely on iports for2* of their needs by 3*3+
• Much of the increent in international trade isepected to be in the for of LNG
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May -, 3*/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie /
Global Natural Gas
7roductionNote'
• 0oinance of
Middle )ast
• (sia
• (frica
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May -, 3*/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie E
The (rctic 4ea
• Belie!ed to contain oneHuarter of the $orld’soil and natural &as
reser!es 6ostly &as8
• 1onflicts bet$een1anada, the D4,
Nor$ay, 0enar:,>ussia
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May -, 3*/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie F
Increased &lobal
deand• 0e!elopin& $orld'
0eand $ill double
fro 3** to 3*3+63.year8
• Increase .Fyearin de!eloped $orld
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May -, 3*/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie
Transportin& NaturalGas
• Becoes liHuid $hen cooled to J/3K1 6J3+K?8and shrin:s to less than /**th of ori&inal!olue
• Transported by special tan:ers
• >eturned to &aseous state at terinals and fedinto pipelines
• 1annot burn or eplode in liHuid state
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May -, 3*/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie 3*
LNG Tan:er
• 1an be up to ,*** ft lon&
• 1apacity of 3+,*** to 2F,*** cubic eters of fuel.
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May -, 3*/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie 3
?leet )pansion
• "orld$ide fleet epandin& 2*
• 1urrent &lobal fleet' + !essels• ++ ships under construction
• 3JF LNG tan:ers could arri!e and departalon& Baa and 1alifornia coasts each $ee:
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May -, 3*/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie 33
LNG ?leet by ?la&
• @apan' +.
• 7anaa' *.F
• Malaysia' *.3• Liberia' .E
• Beruda' E.-
• N.I.4' +.E
• Brunei' -./
• Marshall I' -./
• 4in&apore' -.*• (l&eria, Bahaas,
DA' 2.- each
• D4 refla&s4ource' Maritie Business 4trate&ies, LL1
$$$.coltoncopany.co
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LNG 4hipyards
• 1urrently only Facti!ely buildin&
LNG carriers'• @apan 628• Aorea 628
• )urope 638
• 7lans to adapteistin& yards for
LNG construction'• India• 1hina
• 7oland
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D4 LNG Terinals
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May -, 3*/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie 3+
1urrent Terinals
• Boston, M(
• 1o!e 7oint, M0
• )lba Island, G(
• La:e 1harles, L(
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Oil and Natural Gas' 7uttin& it
all in contet• OneJHuarter to oneJthird of oil and &as reser!es areoffshore ostly on the continental shelf
• 4oe si&nificant reser!es are in areas of contested))Cs
• Oil and natural &as issues are increasin&ly aritie
issues Much of the transport is throu&hcho:epoints $ith si&nificant security concerns
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OCEAN MINERALS
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9istorical !ie$s of the deepseabed
• Life could not eist under &reatpressures, $ithout li&ht
• (s late as FE soe scientists belie!edthe seabed $as co!ered $ith ice
• This chan&ed $ith the Challenger epedition
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Challenger ' FE3JFE/
• Goals
• 0eterine the cheical coposition of
sea$ater
• (scertain the physical and cheical
deposits on the sea botto
• )aine the distribution of or&anic life
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The oya&e
• /,*** iles
• ?our naturalists, one cheist'
2,*** species of plants andanials 6-,*** of $hich $erepre!iously undisco!ered8%
• ,-- $ater saples%hundreds of seaJfloor
sedient saples
• +* !olues of epeditionreports
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The disco!ery of inerals in
the deep seabed• F ?ebruary FE2 at 3+K-+’N, 3*K-’"'
• ( dred&e to ,+3+ fathos 6P3.F:8 pic:ed
up soe corals $ith
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More recently
• Man&anese is essential to iron and steelproduction% nonJa&netic is also iportant toshipbuildin& and aerospace
• +E' 4cripps and D1 Ber:eley focus on thestudy of deep sea an&anese nodules
• /+' The "ineral resources o# the sea concludes it $ould be econoically feasible toine the nodules
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Iportant point
• ( &reat deal of the an&anese deposits arefound in the deep seas• Beyond the territorial liits of any nation
• /F DN General (ssebly establishes theCo""ittee on the Peace#ul $ses o# the Sea!edand the %cean loor Beyond the &i"its o#
'ational (urisdiction• 0eep seas established as the co""on heritage o#
"ankind
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Minerals and DN1LO4 III' The
E* Declaration o# Principles•
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D4 obections
• The detailed procedures for productionauthori;ation fro the International
4eabed (uthority• The cople financial rules of contracts
• The decisionJa:in& process in the
1ouncil of the 4eabed (uthority• Mandatory transfer of technolo&y
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- rene&otiation
• 7roduction liitations on inin& $ere reo!ed
• (nnual fee inin& copanies had to pay e!en foreploration $as reo!ed
• D4 &i!en a seat on the 4eabed 1ouncil
• Technolo&y transfer pro!isions reo!ed or adeacceptable to the D4
• 4till not enou&h for soe D4 4enators the treaty stillhas not been ratified by the Dnited 4tates
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"here $e stand no$
• Only ust be&innin& to becoercially !iable 6e&'Nautilus Minerals8
• )ploration continues especially in deep sea
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"hat inerals are $e tal:in&about#
• Nic:el
• 1opper
• "olfra• 1oal
• Iron
• Lead• Cinc
• 4ulphides
• Gold
• 0iaonds• 4il!er
• Man&anese
• 1hroiu• Titaniu
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)n!ironental concerns aboutdeep seabed eploration
• Loss of biodi!ersity
• Dnintended pollutionecolo&icalconseHuences
• Loss of potentially econoically!aluable :no$led&e• Microbes ha;ardous $aste reo!al
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0eep 4ea ent 1reatures• Tube$ors, ussels, crabs,
sHuat lobsters, lipets,al!inella $ors, scale$ors,;oarcid fish, and octopus.
• Gi!en the absence of sunli&ht,no plants are found here.
• Microbes for the base of thefood chain. They arecheosynthetic, usin& ener&y
fro hydro&en sulfide in the!ent fluid, and oy&en andcarbon dioide fro thesea$ater, to create siplesu&ars.
(nenoe,clas, tube$ors
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The 7opeii "or
• The ost heatJtolerantanial on )arth
•1an sur!i!e an en!ironentas hot as F*K1 6E/K?8
• ?orerly, the 4ahara desertant $as belie!ed to be theost heatJhardy creature,
fora&in& briefly in the desertsun at teperatures up to++K1 62K?8.
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1onclusion
• Oil and natural &as are ocean issues• ?ound in the oceans 6nearly all