06 life substances
DESCRIPTION
Life SubstancesTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Chemistry of Life
Life Substances
![Page 2: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Covalent Carbons
![Page 5: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
How to draw atoms and molecules conveniently…
![Page 6: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
C10H22
![Page 7: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Carbon bonded to Carbon can form… Straight Chains
Branched Chains
Rings
![Page 8: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=19nzPt62UPg
![Page 9: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
C7H16
![Page 10: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Isomers
Compounds with the same chemical formula but different 3D structures
![Page 11: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnQe0xW_JY4
![Page 12: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Carbon compounds vary greatly in size
![Page 13: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Biomolecules Large organic molecules found in living
organisms
What are the 4 most important types of (bio)molecules?
![Page 14: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Biomolecules
Cells build biomolecules by bonding small molecules together forming a chain
The small molecules are referred to as monomers
This chain is called a polymer
![Page 15: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
How do the monomers bond
together?
![Page 16: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Polymers can be broken back into monomers too…
![Page 17: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Carbohydrates
Used by cells to provide energy
Terminology Simplest carbohydrate = monosaccharide 2 monosaccharides = disaccharide Larger = polysaccharide
![Page 19: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Types of Carbohydrates
When you have only one or two monosaccharides…you have a
sugar
When you have a long, slightly branched chain of many glucose
molecules…you have starch
![Page 20: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Types of Carbohydrates
When you have highly branched chains of glucose molecules…you
have Glycogen
When you have long chains of glucose linked together…
you have Cellulose
![Page 21: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Types of Carbohydrates
Starch (plants) and Glycogen (animals) are used as energy storage
Cellulose forms the cell walls of plants and gives them structural support
![Page 22: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Lipids
Cells use lipids for energy storage, insulation and protective coverings
![Page 23: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Lipid Structure
![Page 24: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Protein
Provide structure
The basic building block of proteins are amino acids
There are about 20 common amino acids
Thousands of possible combinations = thousands of possible proteins
![Page 25: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Protein synthesis
![Page 26: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The 4 levels of Protein Structure
1. Primary – The order in which the amino acids are bonded together
2. Secondary – Folding caused by hydrogen bonds
1. Alpha Helix2. Beta Pleated Sheets
3. Tertiary – Folding caused by R group interaction
4. Quaternary – 2 or more proteins working together
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Jgb_DpaQhM
![Page 27: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Proteins are responsible for many things. To name a few… Structure Muscle contraction Transporting oxygen in the blood Providing immmunity Carrying out chemical reactions*
Enzymes*
![Page 28: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Enzymes Enzymes speed up chemical reactions
Catalyst
Substrate Product
Enzymes are not used up…they keep working after they have turned one molecule of substrate to product
![Page 29: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
How enzymes work…
![Page 30: 06 life substances](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081413/5494e81db4795921608b457a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Nucleic Acids
Blueprints for building proteins
Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides
Examples?