06. biokimia sistem endokrin metabolik (dr. marhaen hardjo, ph.d, m.biomed)

8/19/2019 06. Biokimia Sistem Endokrin Metabolik (Dr. Marhaen Hardjo, Ph.D, M.biomed)

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BIOKIMIA SISTEMENDOKRIN METABOLIK

Dr. Marhaen Hardjo, Ph.D, M.Biomed

Departemen Biokimiani!er"ita" Ha"an#ddin

Maka""ar


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SKDI SISTEM ENDOKRIN,METABOLIK, DAN NUTRISI

Da$tar Pen%akitNo Kemamp#an Tin&katKelenjar Endokrin1. Diabetes melitus tipe 1 4A2 Diabetes melitus tipe 2 4A3 Diabetes melitus tipe lain (intoleransi glukosa akibat penyakit lain atau obat-obatan) 3A4 Ketoasidosis diabetikum nonketotik 3B5 iperglikemi !iperosmolar 3B" ipoglikemia ringan 4A# ipoglikemia berat 3B$ Diabetes insipidus 1% Akromegali& gigantisme 11' De isiensi !ormon pertumbu!an 111 iperparatiroid 112 ipoparatiroid 3A13 ipertiroid 3A14 irotoksikosis 3B15 ipotiroid 2

1" *oiter 3A1# iroiditis 21$ Cushing's disease 3B1% Krisis adrenal 3B2' Addison's disease 121 +ubertas prekoks 222 ipogonadisme 223 +rolaktinemia 124 Adenoma tiroid 225 Karsinoma tiroid 2

Gizi dan Metabollisme2" ,alnutrisi energi-protein 4A2# De isiensi itamin 4A2$ De isiensi mineral 4A2% Dislipidemia 4A3' +or iria 131 iperurisemia 4A

32 besitas 4A33 /indrom metabolik 3B

Da$tar Pen%akitNo Kemamp#an Tin&kat


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SOAL LATIHAN 1:

Jalur yang dialami glukosa dalam metabolisme tubuhyang benar adalah …

A. Glukosa dikatabolisme melalui glikolisis menjadi 2asam piruvat dan 2 asetil KoA

B. Glukosa disimpan sebagai glikogen melaluiglikogenolisis

C. Glukosa dikonversi menjadi asam lemak melalui

proses lipogenesisD. Glukosa dikonversi menjadi asam amino melaluiproses sintesis protein

. Glukosa menjalani jalur !"#$shunt yang disebut juga jalur heksosa pos%at


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SOAL LATIHAN 3:

&ang tidak sesuai dengan hormon glukagon

A. "enginakti%kan adenilat siklase

B. Counterregulatory terhadap insulinC. "eningkatkan 'A"# sebagai se'ondmassenger

D. "erangsang proses glikogenolisis

. "enghambat proses glikogenesis


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Si&na'in& (% thene#roendo)rine "%"tem

Ne#rona' "i&na'"

0le tri al signalseurotransmittersa mi rometer

Endo)rine "i&na'"

ormones se reted into t!e bloodstream& A meter or so

Bot! neurotransmitters and !ormones intera tit! spe i i re eptors.


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T*o &enera' me)hani"m" o$hormone a)tion

Peptide and amine hormone"

ast+lasma membrane re eptor 0 e tors6 intra ellular signaling

*ene e7pression

Steroid and th%roid hormone"

/lo er 0nter t!e ells

u lear re eptors6 trans ription a tor *ene e7pression


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In"#'in A small protein, 5.8 kDaImportant in glucose metabolism

,ature insulin A larger pre ursorpreproin"#'in

8emo e a 23 aa signal

se9uen e

ormation o t!reedisul ide bonds

Proin"#'in

8emo e t!e : peptide

Mat#re in"#'in A and B !ains.


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Proteo'%ti) pro)e""in& o$ the pro+opiome'ano)ortin POM-pre)#r"or

a long polypeptide t!at undergoeslea age

a series o spe i i proteases

A:

β - and γ -lipotropinα -& β -& and γ -,/:;


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-ate)ho'amine hormone"

/ater "o'#('e

Epinephrine adrena'ineNorepinephrine noradrena'in

eurotransmitters6 neurons

ormones6 adrenal glands


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Ei)o"anoid hormone"

+ara rine

Pro"ta&'andin"

:ontra ting smoot! mus le+ain& in lammation

Antiin lamatory drugs


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Steroid hormone"

0ndo rine tissues& adrenal orte7

:yto !rome +-45'

0'#)o)orti)oid":arbo!ydrate

Minera'o)orti)oid"0le trolytes

Te"to"teroneE"tro&en/e7ual de elopment/e7ual be!a ior 8eprodu ti e un tions


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The major endo)rine &'and"

H%potha'am#"

:oordination enter 8egulatory !ormones

Pit#itar% &'andia blood essels and neurons

Po"terior pit#itar%eurons rom !ypot!alamus

Anterior pit#itar%ypot!alami !ormones in blood


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The major endo)rine "%"tem" and their tar&et ti""#e"


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Ne#roendo)rine ori&in" o$hormone "i&na'"


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Ne#roendo)rine ori&in" o$hormone "i&na'"

!e !ypot!alamus-pituitarysystem.

Anterior pit#itar%8eleasing a tors into a blood

essel .!e anterior pituitary releases t!e

appropriate !ormone.

Po"terior pit#itar%ormones synt!esi=ed in neurons

arising in t!e !ypot!alamus.


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T*o hormone" o$ thepo"terior pit#itar% &'and

O1%to)in a ts on t!e smoot!mus le o t!e uterus andmammary gland& ausing uterine

ontra tions during labor andpromoting milk release duringla tation.

2a"opre""in (also alledantidiureti !ormone) in reases

ater reabsorption in t!e kidneyand promotes t!e onstri tion o

blood essels& t!ereby in reasingblood pressure.


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-a")ade o$ hormone re'ea"e


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Spe)ia'i3ed meta(o'i) $#n)tion" o$ mamma'ian ti""#e"


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$


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Meta(o'i) path*a%" $or&'#)o"e 4+pho"phate inthe 'i!er

:arbo!ydrates& proteins& atsBroken do n

ats in epit!elial ellstria ylgly erol ( A*)

Blood apillaries to t!e li er

K#p$$er )e''" 6 immuneHepato)%te" 6 trans orm dietarynutrients into uels andpre ursors


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Meta(o'i"m o$ aminoa)id" in the 'i!er


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Meta(o'i"m o$ $att% a)id" inthe 'i!er

!e li er is a distributionenter.

Adi )% " $ *hi di " i""#


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Adipo)%te" o$ *hite adipo"e ti""#e

Adi )% " $ *hi d ( * di " i""#


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Adipo)%te" o$ *hite and (ro*n adipo"e ti""#e

BA 6 mito !ondria are prominent. !ermogeni

>A 6 larger and ontain a single !uge lipid droplet. /tore and supplyatty a ids


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Di"tri(#tion o$ (ro*nadipo"e ti""#e in a ne*(ornin$ant

At birt!& !uman in ants !a e bro nat to prote t t!e ma?or bloodessels and t!e internal organs.

!is bro n at re edes o er time&so t!at an adult !as no ma?orreser es o bro n adipose.

I "#'i ' ti i th 'i! 5 Th * ''+$ d "t t


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In"#'in re'ation in the 'i!er5 The *e''+$ed "tate

alorie-ri ! meal -glu ose& atty a ids& andamino a ids enteringli er.

In"#'in - glu ose uptakeby tissues.

/ome glu ose - e7portedto brain& adipose& mus letissue.


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Th d ) i "%"t $ th


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The endo)rine "%"tem o$ thepan)rea"

E1o)rine )e''" 6digesti e en=ymes int!e orm o =ymogens

:lusters o endo)rine)e''" & t!e islets o;anger!ans.

!e islets ontain α & β &

and γ ells& ea ! elltype se reting a spe i ipeptide !ormone.


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0'#)o"e re'ation o$ in"#'in "e)retion (% pan)reati) β )e''"

blood &'#)o"e le el upglu ose uptakeglu ose "-p!osp!ase

6ATP7 #p

losing K8

)hanne'"Depolari=ingoltage-gated :a 2 !annels

open:a 2 lo6-a 98 7 #p

in"#'in re'ea"e by e7o ytosis


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ATP+&ated K 8 )hanne'" in β )e''"

(a) !e o tameri stru ture6 our identi al Kir4.9 "#(#nit" and our S R:(sul onylurea re eptor) subunits

(b) !e stru ture o t!e Kir".2 portion o t!e !annel. !ree K ions (green)are s!o n in t!e region o t!e sele ti ity ilter.

S#'$ %'# i d #&"


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S#'$on%'#ria dr#&"

ype 2 diabetes mellitusBinds to /C81:losing t!e !annels& stimulating insulin release


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The $a"tin& "tate5 the &'#)o&eni) 'i!er

A ter some !ours it!out a meal0'#)a&on rom pan reas

gly ogen @ glu ose

&'#)oneo&ene"i"amino a ids rom proteins inmus le.gly erol rom A*s in adiposetissue.

atty a ids - ketone bodies @ ot!ertissues& t!e brain.


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;#e' meta(o'i"m in the 'i!er d#rin& pro'on&ed $a"tin& or in


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;#e meta(o i m in the i!er d#rin& pro on&ed $a tin& or in#n)ontro''ed dia(ete" me''it#"

A ter depletion o stored

arbo!ydrates& protein" be ome an importantsour e o glu ose (1 to 4).

atty a ids rom adipose

tissue - ketone (odie" -t!e brain (5 to $).

P'a"ma )on)entration" o$ $att% a)id" &'#)o"e and ketone


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P a ma )on)entration o$ $att% a)id , & #)o e, and ketone(odie" d#rin& the $ir"t *eek o$ "tar!ation

&'#)o"e E do n

ketone (odie" E upan energy sour eduring a long ast.

;att% a)id" annotser e as a uel or t!ebrainF t!ey do not

ross t!e blood-brainbarrier.


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Dia(ete"


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Dia(ete"

4< o$ the S pop#'ation

T%pe : dia(ete" Autoimmune destru tion o pan reati β ells


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O(e"it% and the re'ation o$ (od% ma""

Body mass inde7 (B,


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O(e it% )a# ed (% de$e)ti!e eptin prod#)tion

o(=o( mi)e & no leptinate more oodless a ti e& "# g

o(=o( mi)e


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H%potha'ami) re'ation o$ $oodintake and ener&% e1pendit#re

Adipo"e > 'eptin

Leptin re)eptorin ar)#ate n#)'e#" o$ h%potha'am#"

Appetite + ;#e' intake + do*nEner&% "pendin& > #p

S%mpatheti) ner!o#" "%"tem

B'ood pre""#re, heart rate,thermo&ene"i"

Heat

H " h ) ' i &


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Hormone" that )ontro' eatin&

;eptin - adipose tissue


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The ?AK+STAT me)hani m o$ eptin i&na tran d#)tion inthe h%potha'am#"

;eptin binding - dimeri=ation o t!eleptin re eptor

IAK - yr p!osp!orylation o 8 .

/ A @ p-8 @ dimeri=ation @nu leus @ trans ription - eedingbe!a ior and energy e7penditure.

A po""i('e me)hani"m $or )ro""+ta'k (et*een re)eptor" $or


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po ( e e) a $o ) o ta (et ee e)epto $oin"#'in and 'eptin


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0hre'in

0hre'in+eptide !ormone rom stoma !

Appetite stimulant bet eenmeals


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SOAL LATIHAN 1:

Jalur yang dialami glukosa dalam metabolisme tubuhyang benar adalah …

A. Glukosa dikatabolisme melalui glikolisis menjadi 2asam piruvat dan 2 asetil KoA

B. Glukosa disimpan sebagai glikogen melaluiglikogenolisis

C. Glukosa dikonversi menjadi asam lemak melalui

proses lipogenesisD. Glukosa dikonversi menjadi asam amino melaluiproses sintesis protein

. Glukosa menjalani jalur !"#$shunt yang disebut juga jalur heksosa pos%at


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SOAL LATIHAN 2:

Konversi asam amino alanin menjadi piruvat

merupakan bagian dari proses …..A. Glukoneogenesis

B. Glikogenolisis

C. #roteolisis

D. !"#$shunt

. Biosintesis urea


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SOAL LATIHAN 3:

&ang tidak sesuai dengan hormon glukagon

A. "enginakti%kan adenilat siklase

B. Counterregulatory terhadap insulinC. "eningkatkan 'A"# sebagai se'ondmassenger

D. "erangsang proses glikogenolisis

. "enghambat proses glikogenesis

06. biokimia sistem endokrin metabolik (dr. marhaen hardjo, ph.d, m.biomed)

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