06 bio+210+fq+2014+ch+11++microbial diversity revised (min)

8/10/2019 06 BIO+210+FQ+2014+Ch+11++Microbial Diversity Revised (Min)

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Ch. 11 : Microbial Diversity

o Prokaryotic morphologies and representative examples

o Types of reproduction of prokaryotic cells

o Cell arrangements

o Classification of microbeso Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria

know the unique features of the different organisms

o Domain Eukarya know the unique features of fungi

o Lab this week will focus on microbial diversity

this material will be fair game for the exams!


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Typical prokaryotic morphologies

Coccus

Coccobacillus

Bacillus

Vibrio


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Typical prokaryotic morphologies

Spirillum

Spirochete

Pleomorphic


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Reproduction of Prokaryotic Cells Asexual:

binary fission, or snapping division, or budding


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Staphylococci


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PHYLUM CHLOROFLEXI(green nonsulfur)

Thermophilicbacteria PHYLUM DEINOCOCCUS-THERMUS

Deeply branching bacteria

PHYLUM AQUIFICAE

GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAPHYLUM PROTEOBACTERIA

Rickettsias ( )Rhodospirilla ( )

(purple nonsulfur)

Rhizob ium ( )

Nitrifying ( )

Myzobacteria ( )

Campylobacteria ( )

Pseudomonads ( )

PHYLUMCHLOROBI(green sulfur)

Neisserias ( )

PHYLUMBACTEROIDETES

PHYLUM FIBROBACTERESPHYLUM CHLAMYDIAE

PHYLUM SPIROCHAETESPHYLUMPLANCTOMYCETES

PHYLUM CYANOBACTERIA

BACTERIA

ARCHAEA

PHYLUM FUSOBACTERIAPHYLUM FIRMICUTESClostridia

Mycoplasmas

Bacilli-Lactobacilli

Arthrobac te r

Streptomyces

Atopob iumCorynebac te r iumMycobac te r iumNocardia

PHYLUM ACTINOBACTERIAGRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA High G+C Gram-positive

PHYLUM KORARCHAEOTA

PHYLUM EURYARCHAEOTA

PHYLUMCRENARCHAEOTA

Thermophilicarchaea

Methanogens

Halophiles

Classifying prokaryotes based on their rRNA sequences


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Domain Archaea Common features

Lack peptidoglycan Cell membrane lipids have branched hydrocarbon chains

AUG codon codes for methionine (in contrast to bacteria)

Three phyla:

Not known to cause disease

1. Crenarchaeota

2. Euryarchaeota

3. Korarchaeota


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Archaea Some are extremophiles

Require extreme conditions of temperature, pH, and/or

salinity to survive

Prominent members are thermophiles and halophiles


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Archaea

Thermophiles and

hyperthermophiles

Thermophiles:

(a)Geogemma(b)Pyrodictium


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Archaea

Halophiles

Need > 9% NaCl to maintain cell walls

Use bacteriorhodopsins

to drive ATP synthesis (using light energy)BUT NOT using photosynthesis

Most studied organism?


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Archaea

Methanogens

Obligate anaerobes

Use CO 2, H 2, and organic compounds to produce

methane (CH 4)

Soil sediments of ponds, lakes, oceans

Colons of animals (including us!)


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Domain Bacteria Deeply branching bacteria

- Scientists believe these organisms are

similar to earliest bacteria

- Autotrophic

- Deinococcus


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Bacteria Phototrophic bacteria

Blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria) *Green sulfur bacteria *Green nonsulfur bacteria *Purple sulfur bacteria *Purple nonsulfur bacteria

*anaerobic (or anoxygenic)


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E l f b t i


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Examples of cyanobacteria

(a) Anabaena


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Bacteria M ycoplasmas

Lack cell walls

Distinctive fried-egg

appearance on agar media

Diseases


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Gram-positive bacilli and cocci

Bacillus

L ister ia - pathoge

Lactobacillus

Streptococcus

Staphylococcus


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Bt toxin

Bacillus thur ingiensis

B t i


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Bacteria Corynebacterium

Pleomorphic aerobes and facultative anaerobes

E.g. C. diphther iae

http://coproweb.free.fr/pagbac/introbac/corineba.htm


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Bacteria

M ycobacter ium

mycolic acids in their cell wall

E.g. M . tuberculosis


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Actinomycetes

Form branching filaments

Examples of genera: Actinomyces, Str eptomyce s

Geosmins musty odor

of soil

Bacteria

Actinomycetes spores


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Spores

B i


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Bacteria

Gram-Negative bacteria

Largest and most diverse group of bacteria

Many have extensions called prosthecae


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Caulobacter

Rosettes formon surface ofsolutions

Swarmer cells

Stalked cells


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Rhizobium

How is this useful for the plant?

How is this useful for the bacterium?

What is this relationship called?

P d


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P. aeruginosa is ;

- An important cause of respiratory infectionsin cystic fibrosis patients

- Skin infections in burn patients

- Eye infections

- Some Pseudomonas are found in plant rhizospheres

Pseudomonas


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Bdellovibrio


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Bdellovibrio

This is a predator of other gram-negative bacteria and a very fastswimmer!! Can you think of a medical application for this

bacterium?

Prey cell

Bdellovibrio


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M b i These bacteria are known for their ability to form


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Myxobacteria yfruiting bodies that can be seen with the naked eye


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Fungi


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Fungi

Chemoheterotrophic and eukaryotic Have cell walls typically composed of chitin Decompose dead organisms and recycle their

nutrients Used for food and in manufacture of foods and

beverages, but some can spoil foods Some produce antibiotics Some serve as important research tools 30% cause diseases of plants, animals, and

humans Do not perform photosynthesis

Lack chlorophyll


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06 bio+210+fq+2014+ch+11++microbial diversity revised (min)

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