06 07 chapter 3 notes
DESCRIPTION
Early Civilizations Ancient India & ChinaTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 3 Notes
Ancient India & China
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India
• Diverse Geography• Himalayan and Karakoram mountains
• Ganges and Indus River Valleys
• Deccan Plateau
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Ancient India
• Indus Valley Civilization• (3000 BC to 1500 BC)
• Major Cities were Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa
• Well organized with public wells & advanced drainage system
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Indus Valley (continued)
• Theocracies
• Economy based on farming by the Indus River
• Traded with Mesopotamia
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Aryans (1500 BC)
• Moved from Asia into India and conquered the Harappans
• Controlled all of India by 1000 BC
• Could farm with the help of the Iron plowshare
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Aryans (continued)
• Developed Sanskrit, their first writing system• Used for recording legends and
religious chants
• The Vedas were religious hymns• The Bhagavad Gita was the most
famous section of the Mahabhara
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Caste System• Light-skinned Aryans looked down
on dark skinned subjects
• A set of social categories that determined a persons occupation & economic potential
• The caste system still exists today
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5 major castes• Brahmins (priests)
• Kshatriyas (warriors)• Vaisyas (commoners)• Sudras (Dark skinned natives who worked for the Vaisyas)
• Untouchables (not considered human, lived in separate areas)
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Hinduism
Collection of ancient beliefs, no single “founder”
• Believed in the existence of a single force in nature, called Brahman
• A person’s actions will determine how they are reborn in their next life
• Goal is to be unified with Brahman
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Buddhism• Founded by Siddhartha GautamaBeliefs:
• Escape from suffering• Promise of eternal salvation
Spread throughout China
Monasteries became important centers of learning
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Mauryan Dynasty (324 BC)• Centralized government with
provinces
• Asoka was the greatest ruler in the history of India
• He used Buddhist ideals to guide his rule • Provided rest stops & animal hospitals
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Silk Road (around 1 AD)• Silk was China’s most valuable
product
• Ran from China to Eastern Europe
• India prospered from the trade between the Romans and the Chinese
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Gupta Empire (320 AD)
• Known for religious toleration
• Great traders
• This was the Golden Age of India
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Indian Science• Earth was round, on it’s axis, and
revolved around the sun• Algebra• Concept of zero
• Indians gave their number system to the Arabs• The Arabs gave this number system
to the Europeans
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Ancient China
• Diverse geography•Huang and Yangtze rivers
•Deserts, Mountains•China isolated by natural barriers
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Shang Dynasty (1750 – 1122 BC)
• Major concern was war
• King could choose & remove aristocratic leaders
• Strong belief in life after death
• Mastery of bronze casting
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Zhou Dynasty (1045 – 256 BC)
• Mandate of Heaven• heaven kept order through the king
• king had authority from heaven to command
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Technology & Family
• Technology• Irrigation was widely used• Increased food production due to iron plowshares…
this led to increased populationE048186 Trinity+1
• Family• Filial piety -> duty of members of the family to put
the needs of the leading male in the family ahead of their own
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Religion• Hinduism & Buddhism
• focused on freeing the soul from the cycle of rebirth
• Confucianism, Daoism, & Legalism• focused on the immediate world and how to
create a stable order in that world
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Important People
• Confucius: Great Teacher• People must behave in accordance
with Tao (the Way)
• Filial piety: respect family, elders first
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Confucianism
• 5 relationships• parent and child, • husband and wife, • elder sibling and junior sibling,
• elder friend and junior friend,
• ruler and subject
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Confucianism (continued)
• Duties & responsibilities
• Filial piety
• Social Harmony
• Kings should lead by example
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Daoism• Based on the ideas of Lao Zi
• Tries to set proper forms of behavior for human beings on Earth
• Act spontaneously and let nature take its course without interfering in it
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Legalism• People are evil by nature
• Create order through strict laws and harsh punishment
• Feudal leaders agreed with this
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Qin Dynasty (221 – 206 BC)
• United China into a centralized state
• Legalism became their ideology• Bureaucracy divided into 3 parts:
• Civil, military, censorate (Checked on government officials)
• Built the Great Wall of China
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Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD)
• Established schools for civil positions
• Followed Confucius’ ideals
• Population increased
• Expanded Chinese Empire
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Great Chinese Inventions• Magnetic compass
• Gunpowder
• Paper
• Printing
• Iron casting (led to steel)
• Fore-and-aft rigging for ships