05.land,land useandurbanisation prof.h.b.singh

LAND, LAND USE

AND

URBANISATION

- CRITICAL ISSUES

H.B.Singh

(Former) Professor & Head

Department of Regional Planning

School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi

31st.Oct.2012 HBS

Brainstorming Session III “Scope for Optimal Land resource Utilisation by various Land Use Planning Sectors”

Structure of presentation

1. Status: Land and Landuses

2. Urbanisation: Trends

3. Landuse Examples : NCR & Haryana Sub- Region,

Doon ghati

4. Problems and Issues: Rural, Urban and Regional

Landuse

5.Needed Interventions: NewIdeas, Innovations,

Inclusive development Planning, Visioning and Participative

Planning, FBC, TOD

Popln.(m)2002 Natural Increase % Infant Mort.rate Life Expect M Expect F Expt %Urban GNIPPP $ Pop/s.mile

World 6215 1.3 54 67 65 69 47 $7,140 120

USA 287.4 0.6 6.6 77 74 80 75 $34,100 77

Asia 3766 1.3 53 67 66 69 38 $4,280 307

India 1049.5 1.7 68 63 62 64 28 $2,340 827

Europe 728 -0.1 8 74 70 78 73 $16,150 82

Australia 19.7 0.6 5.2 80 77 82 85 $24,970 7

Afica 840 2.4 86 53 52 64 33 $1960 72

Source: 2002 World Popln. Data Sheet Popln. Reference Bureau Washington USA

India: Some Facts

• 2 % of world’s geographical area

• 18 % of world’s population

• 4 % of freshwater resources

• 15 % of livestock population

The Indian Context: Development Parameters

!8% human and 15% livestock population

lives on only 2% land area of the world.

Only 4% fresh water resources for the

same population of human beings and

livestock.

Urbanisation level is the least

Population density is highest

Development indicators are very low, just

above Africa

http://www.mongabay.com/igapo/world_statistics_by_area.htm

Rank Country Capital city 2008 Population Estimate 2002 Population Est Population

growth

2002-2008

Land area

(sq km)

Population

density

#/sq km

1 Russia Moscow 140,702,000 Jul-08 144,978,573 2002 -2.95% 17075200 8.2

2 Canada Ottawa 33,213,000 Jul-08 31,902,268 2002 4.11% 9976140 3.3

3 United States of

America

Washington DC 303,825,000 Jul-08 280,562,489 2002 8.29% 9629091 31.6

4 China Beijing 1,330,045,000 Jul-08 1,284,303,705 2002 3.56% 9596960 138.6

5 Brazil Brasilia 191,909,000 Jul-08 176,029,560 2002 9.02% 8511965 22.5

6 Australia Canberra 20,601,000 Jul-08 19,546,792 2002 5.39% 7686850 2.7

7 India New Delhi 1,147,996,000 Jul-08 1,045,845,226 2002 9.77% 3287590 349.2

8 Argentina Buenos Aires 40,677,000 Jul-08 37,812,817 2002 7.57% 2766890 14.7

9 Kazakhstan Astana 15,341,000 Jul-08 16,741,519 2002 -8.37% 2717300 5.6

10 Sudan Khartoum 40,218,000 Jul-08 37,090,298 2002 8.43% 2505810 16.0

11 Algeria Algiers 33,770,000 Jul-08 32,277,942 2002 4.62% 2381740 14.2

12 Congo (Dem. Rep.) Kinshasa 66,515,000 Jul-08 55,225,478 2002 20.44% 2345410 28.4

13 Greenland Nuuk 56,300 Jul-08 56,376 2002 -0.13% 2166086 0.0

14 Mexico Mexico 109,955,000 Jul-08 103,400,165 2002 6.34% 1972550 55.7

15 Saudi Arabia Riyadh 28,161,000 Jul-08 23,513,330 2002 19.77% 1960582 14.4

16 Indonesia Jakarta 237,512,000 Jul-08 231,328,092 2002 2.67% 1919440 123.7

17 Libya Tripoli 6,174,000 Jul-08 5,368,585 2002 15.00% 1759540 3.5

18 Iran Tehran 65,875,000 Jul-08 66,622,704 2002 -1.12% 1648000 40.0

19 Mongolia Ulaanbaatar 2,996,000 Jul-08 2,694,432 2002 11.19% 1565000 1.9

20 Peru Lima 29,181,000 Jul-08 27,949,639 2002 4.41% 1285220 22.7

21 Chad N'Djamena 10,111,000 Jul-08 8,997,237 2002 12.38% 1284000 7.9

22 Niger Niamey 13,273,000 Jul-08 10,639,744 2002 24.75% 1267000 10.5

23 Angola Luanda 12,531,000 Jul-08 10,593,171 2002 18.29% 1246700 10.1

24 Mali Bamako 12,324,000 Jul-08 11,340,480 2002 8.67% 1240000 9.9

25 South Africa Pretoria ² 43,786,000 Jul-08 43,647,658 2002 0.32% 1219912 35.9

26 Colombia Bogota 45,014,000 Jul-08 41,008,227 2002 9.77% 1138910 39.5

27 Ethiopia Addis Ababa 78,254,000 Jul-08 67,673,031 2002 15.64% 1127127 69.4

28 Bolivia Sucre 9,248,000 Jul-08 8,445,134 2002 9.51% 1098580 8.4

29 Mauritania Nouakchott 3,365,000 Jul-08 2,828,858 2002 18.95% 1030700 3.3

30 Egypt Cairo 81,714,000 Jul-08 70,712,345 2002 15.56% 1001450 81.6

31 Tanzania Dar es Salaam 40,213,000 Jul-08 37,187,939 2002 8.13% 945087 42.5

32 Nigeria Abuja 138,283,000 Jul-08 129,934,911 2002 6.42% 923768 149.7

33 Venezuela Caracas 26,415,000 Jul-08 24,287,670 2002 8.76% 912050 29.0

34 Namibia Windhoek 2,089,000 Jul-08 1,820,916 2002 14.72% 825418 2.5

35 Pakistan Islamabad 167,762,000 Jul-08 147,663,429 2002 13.61% 803940 208.7

36 Mozambique Maputo 21,285,000 Jul-08 19,607,519 2002 8.56% 801590 26.6

37 Turkey Ankara 71,893,000 Jul-08 67,308,928 2002 6.81% 780580 92.1

38 Chile Santiago 16,454,000 Jul-08 15,498,930 2002 6.16% 756950 21.7

39 Zambia Lusaka 11,670,000 Jul-08 9,959,037 2002 17.18% 752614 15.5

40 Burma (Myanmar Rangoon 47,758,000 Jul-08 42,238,224 2002 13.07% 678500 70.4

41 Afghanistan Kabul 32,738,000 Jul-08 27,755,775 2002 17.95% 647500 50.6

42 Somalia Mogadishu 9,559,000 Jul-08 7,753,310 2002 23.29% 637657 15.0


http://mongabay.com/igapo/world_statistics_by_country.htm

http://mongabay.com/igapo/world_capitals.htm

http://mongabay.com/igapo/world_statistics_by_pop.htm

http://mongabay.com/igapo/world_statistics_growth_rate.htm







http://mongabay.com/igapo/world_statistics_by_area.htm

HBS

12.2

30.3

3.16

0.72

4.44

37.0

0.28

6.8

17.8

6.25

MIN. Land

(ha/Capita)

Max.

Growth

India’s 2011 popl- 1,210,193,422 – 181mil.>2001 ha/c-0.27,

den.-368.1


Sources •Population data: citypopulation.de & CIA World Factbook •Country area data: CIA World Factbook

World Statistics: Country wise Land Area and Population

PER CAPITA LAND AREA is THE LEAST in India


http://www.citypopulation.de/

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/

(1) Forests

(2) Area under

non-agricultural uses (3) Barren and

uncultivable land

(4) Permanent pastures

& other grazing land

(5) Land under

miscellaneous tree crops

(6) Culturable waste land

(7) Fallow land other

than current fallows

(8) Current fallows and

(9) Net area sown

LANDUSE CHANGE IN INDIA 1950- 2008

9 Categories

of Landuses

41.8 44.6 46.4 46.1 46.9 46.3 46.1

3.8

3.9 3.5 4.9 4.5 4.8 4.8 6.1

3.7 2.9 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.4

8.1 6.4 5.8 5.5 4.9 4.5 4.3

7.0

1.5 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.1

2.3

4.7 4.4 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.4

13.4

12 9.3 6.6 6.4

5.8 5.7

3.3

5.0

5.4 6.4 6.9 7.8 8.5

14.2 18.1

21 22.2 22.2 22.8 22.8

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

195

0-5

1

196

0-6

1

197

0-7

1

198

0-8

1

199

0-9

1

200

0-0

1

200

7-0

8

LA

ND

US

E P

ER

CE

NT

AG

E

Forests

Area under non-agricultural uses

Barren and uncultivable land

Permanent pastures & othergrazing landLand under miscellaneous treecropsCulturable waste land

Fallow land other than currentfallowsCurrent fallows

Net area sown

Source :Data Book 2011

Indian Agricultural Research Inst. New Delhi.

LANDUSE CHANGE IN INDIA 1950- 2008

Though Area under

Forests & Net Area

sown have

increased, the area

under Non-agric use

is increasing

significantly

The level of urbanisation in

the country as a whole

increased from 27.7% in

2001 to 31.1% in 2011 –

an increase of 3.3 percentage

points during 2001-2011

compared to an increase of

2.1 percentage points during

1991-2001.

(2001)

(2026)

19.9% 23.3

% 25.7%

27.8%

38.20%

URBAN

Urbanisation In India 1872 – 109 towns

1901 – 251

……………..

2001 - 5161

2011 -- 7935

The number of towns at the

national level increased from

5,161 to 7,935 – a net

addition of 2,774 towns

(2,532 census towns and 242

statutory towns) in 2011 compared to the 2001Census.

Urbanisation In India Faster & more wide spread

R B Bhagat ([email protected]) is with the International

Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai.

A substantial increase in the

urban population is due to a

net rural-urban

classification and rural-to-

urban migration. A huge

number of new towns

emerged during the last

decade, contributing

significantly to the speeding

up of urbanisation

Urbanisation 2011 – due to many new Urban Centres & Migration

R B Bhagat ([email protected]) is with the International Institute

for Population Sciences, Mumbai.

Dimensions of Urbanisation

SPATIAL MANIFESTATION OF URBANISATION

GEMs & SPURs (NCU) Urban Corridors (NATMO)

N

Coastal Boundary

District Boundary

LEGEND

Notified Special Economic

Zones (January 2008)

State Boundary

International Boundary

KILOMETRES

500400300200100050100

INDIA

Noida

Jaipur

FaridabadGurgaon

JAMMU &

KASHMIR

PUNJABUTTARANCHAL

CHANDIGARH

HARYANA

HIMACHAL

PRADESH

UTTAR PRADESH

DELHI

RAJASTHAN

MADHYA

PRADESHGUJARAT

CHHATISGARH

JHARKHAND

WEST

BENGAL

ORISSA

BIHAR

SIKKIM

ASSAM

MEGHALAYA

NAGALAND

MANIPUR

ARUNACHAL

PRADESH

MIZORAM

TRIPURA

Mumbai

Coimbatore

Nagpur

KERALATAMIL NADU

KARNATAKAANDHRA PRADESH

MAHARASHTRA

Rangareddy

HyderabadVisakhapatnam

Bangalore Chennai

Pune

Kolkata

States with Urbanisation

level aove National

Average (27.78)

Surat

Indore

Kochi

Vijayawada

Figure 2: Location of SEZs (January 2008)

Ahmedabad

Metro Cities

Mega Cities

SEZs- Islands of Urban Development • Of 195 SEZs, over 50% are being located in & around metro cities

• 80% SEZs are in 5 most urbanized states Maharashtra, TN, Karnataka, Haryana & Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh which alone has 27% of SEZs

• SEZs in these 6 states are attracting 97.6% of investment and are expected to generate 44.4% direct & 39.8% indirect employment

•IT/ITES dominate (133 – IT) over multi-product (9) & other categories (53) SEZs

Location of

Notified SEZs (January 2008)

SPREAD OF DEVELOPMENT IN DMIC STATES

AND BEYOND

• All DMIC States would want to carry forward the development impulse to other parts of the State

• Feeder railway lines and East-west highway network should guide location & type of economic activities to spread development to other areas

• Integration of physical and functional inter-linkage of DMIC nodes with other urban centers to be planned judiciously.

SPATIAL

POLICY FRAMEWORK

2

A

1 3 4

B

5

6 C

E

D

12

L K

11 8

7

F

G

H

I

10

J

9

• Infilling and expansion of the

existing Developed Areas

• Developing New Nodes

(Economic Activity Areas)

• Addressing Under

Development in the middle

areas of the region- Rajasthan

DMIC

Urbanisation Process and Spatial patterns

1. Decision Making & Control Spatial Organisation of power

(Decentralisation)

2.Capital Flows Economic Activity location

(Industrialisation)

3.Innovation Diffusion Modernisation Surfaces

(Modernisation)

4.Migration Settlement Pattern

National Capital

State Capital

District HQ

HBS

Xtics of urbanisation in Developed & Developing countries

Simultaneous with industrialisation / Tertiarisation

Gradual / Fast

Share of primary, secondary & tertiary sectors

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

20

40

60

80

100%

Tertiary Sector

Secondary Sector

Primary Sector

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

20

40

60

80

100%

Tertiary Sector

Secondary Sector

Primary Sector

HBS

Developed Country

Developing Country

Devlpng Area

URBANISATION / GLOBALISATION

HBS

Devlpd Area

Nodal region

Homogeneous Region

21

N. C. R. - Regional Land Use Regional land use – 4 major land

use zones and 3 sub-zones

1. Controlled / Development / Regulated Zone

-Urbanisable Area (A)

-Agricultural (Rural) Zone within

controlled / development /

regulated area (B)

-Green Buffers along Highways

(C)

2. Highway Corridor Zone

3. Natural Conservation Zone (N)

4. Agriculture (Rural) Zone outside

controlled / development /

regulated areas

A

B

C

N

N

N

B

Classification Area (in Hec) Percentage

Built-up 96940 7.22

Agriculture 1124922 83.77

Forest 51496 3.83

Wasteland 57508 4.28

Water Bodies 8220 0.61

others 3714 0.28

Total 1342800 100.00

Existing Land Use 2008

NCR Sub-Region HARYANA

Agriculture Land

Water Bodies

Forest

Industrial

Built-up/Settlement

Transportation

Mining

Plantation

Barren Land

Others

SADA Area is 1625.80 sq.km.

excluding MDDA (502 sq.km.)

Landuse-2008 Landuse-1999

Landuse-1986 Landuse-2011

N.C.R.

HARYANA

NCR sub reg

Doon Ghati

REG.PLAN

COMPARATIVE STATUS

CHANGE OF LANDUSES

IN REGIONAL PLANS

25 Yrs.

9 Yrs.

13 Yrs.

Except Agric, all other LU

categories increased

Agric, Built-up

&others increased.

Water bodies,

Forests &

Wasteland

decreased

Forests, Industrial

Settlements,

transportation,

Plantation &

Barren increased.

Agric, Water

bodies & Mining

decreased

Counter Magnet

Selected Concept Plan- Landuse

Circulation,

21%

Open,Green,

15%

Utilities 2%

Institutional,

14%Industrial 5%

Commercial 5%

Residential

38%

Res

Com

Ind

Inst

utility

Open/Rec

Circ&Park

Urban Land use

Urban Floor Space use

(b) Multi-purpose / Transitional area . Buffer area around the abadi, poultry farms, dairy farms

pastures, orchards, forests, harvesting places, burial / cremation grounds, bundhs, dams,

embankments, wastelands

(c) Agricultural farms. Irrigated multi-crop area , dry farming single crop area, fallow lands,

horticulture and vegetable growing area

(d) Movement channels. Railway lines, roads, tracks , chakroads, foot paths,

(e) Water bodies. Streams, canals, lakes, ponds, fish-ponds and water-logged areas.

(f) Others. Quarries, Forest and other government lands

. Though land use categories mentioned here remain almost common throughout the country, their

pattern and configuration changes considerably in nucleated villages of the northern plains, to

dispersed settlements in tribal areas and to the linear disjointed developments along the transport

channels as in Kerala.

Rural Land Uses There are six discernible land use categories within which many subsidiary uses though mixed

with each other, can be identified. as under :

(a) Village abadi area •Residential - houses, compounds, Cattle sheds Community facilities - wells, chaupals, Panchayat

ghar, religious places.

•Commercial - provision and service shops, periodic market place.

•Rural industrial - artisans' workshops, cottage industries.

•Movement Nodes - bus stop, railway station, steamer ghat.

•Public facilities and services - schools, medical and veterinary clinic, post office, police station

etc.

•Open spaces for occasional social events

Forest River

Agric.farms

Chak Roads

Multi Purpose Area

Abadi

Revenue Boundary

Access Road

Main Road

Water Bodies

Transitional Area

Physical Structure of a Typical Village

Problems and issues

Minimum land area per person

Rate of reduction of land area per person is also

maximum

Further pressure increase on land due to maximum

cattle population.

Area of agric. Land reducing

Quality of agric. Land ( soil fertility ) going down.

Environmental sustainability ?

Low priority on land related issues – policy,

planning, managment and governance

Mining Land use Problems Natural Environment / Ecology degradation

Human environmental Problems ( Health

related)

Damage to agriculture

Haphazard concentration of people and

activities. (Mining based and mining related.)

No commonality in Landuse classification,

• Landuse -general

• Landuse -urban

• Landuse -rural

Problems and issues (contd.)

Green Revolution Petrochemical-based technology for green revolution under the advice

of foreign aid agencies - short-run gains in productivity - depletion and

deterioration of land and water resources. –water-fertilizer - pesticide-

intensive agriculture, crossbred animals and single species forest

plantations -, not sustainable / suitable to India.

Useful chemical fertilizers and pesticides in temperate countries, are

proved to be harmful and detrimental to agric production, ecology and

and environment, in India's humid tropical

The non-sustainable nature of the green revolution, white revolution

technology and the fast depletion of natural resource base lead the

Ministry of Agriculture and the Planning Commission to take serious

cognizance of the problems of planning and management of country's

natural resources.

The Ministry of Agriculture initiated in 1987 an extensive research

project " Perspective plan for Conservation, Management and

Development of Land resources in the country" on a zonal basis. The Planning Commission set up in 1988 Agroclimatic Regional Planning

Units. Before the recommendations of the various zonal studies were taken up

for serious deliberations the NEP era set in. NEP is in obvious contradiction

with the policy of Land use regulation.


Policy Measures Under NEP Affecting Land-Use

Relaxation of restrictions on acquisition of land by NRI'S and

FERA companies. - foreign companies with very high income levels can capture

the prime lands anywhere in India. The Multi-nationals are free to grab and mine,

pollute, destroy land and water resources. The Government does not seem to be in

a position to intervene and regulate the land-use, forest and marine resources of

the country, due to IMF and WTO. Conditionalities

Removal of controls on location of industries with special special

concession in backward districts. - haphazard proliferation of industries

dislocating peasant agriculture, polluting land, water and air, leading to

environmental damage.

Relaxation of restrictions on conversion of agricultural lands to non-

agricultural uses, and ceiling on agricultural land holdings. - large-scale

transfer of lands for speculative purpose, distorting the land market and viability of

agriculture.

Promotion of export-oriented agriculture and concessions to agro-

processing companies. - diversion of land peasant farming and exhaustion of

soils, water resources due to chemical-input intensive cultivation.


Needed Interventions

Needed Interventions (contd.)

1. Land Policy, Land use Planning, Land management –

highest priority

2. Delineating Planning Regions of the country cutting

across the State boundaries to 1. Agro-climatic regions

(15), 2. Agro-ecological Regions (20 with 60 sub-regions)

3.Bio-climatic Regions (6) and 4. Agro-meteorological

Regions (35)

3. Planning Commission to have more emphasis on

Regional planning and Land use Planning with linkage

from National level down to Local area planning.

4. Rural – Urban continuum for people of India ( not only

the citizen of India)

5. Decentralization, not only of Governance but also of

Planned Development of each village for its Primary,

Secondary and Tertiary sectors in the village itself.

6. Land Record and Mapping – Gis based accurate maps

for effective planning


7. Emphasize more R&D Studies in professional

Institutions, to evolve more contextually relevant

model of development and appropriate Technology

* Researches in sustainability, Holding or Carrying

Capacity

*Latest ideas and Innovations like TOD, FBC, smart growth,

new urbanism, and green approaches considering the

Indian context.

8. Transparency

9. Participatory Planning approach

10.Land consolidation as a tool for Rural Development

and LU planning

11.Use of ITK And Best Practices of material and non

material use of Rural Resources

12.Re emphasis of 73rd. & 74th CAA


THANK YOU

HBS

Legislative

PRODUCTION

PROVISION

UTILISATION CHOICES

SAFETY …

ENV.SUSTEN.

PEOPLE

ACTIVITIES

SPACE TIME

RESOURCES

TECHNOLOGY

Civil Society

Mrkt. Forces

Govt.Setup Executive

Juditiary

Pub.

Disclosure

Transparency

Accountability

Equity

•Acts/ Laws

•Institutions/Offices

•Functions

•Plng. Design

•Implementation

•Maintenance

/Admin

•Processes/ procedures

PROCESS OF ENHANCEMENT OF QUALITY OF LIFE

THROUGH PRODUCTION, PROVISION AND

UTILIZATION OF GOODS AND SERVICES WITH

PEOPLE’S CHOICE , THEIR SAFETY & SECURITY

WITH ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

PROCESS OF ORGANISING, PEOPLE AND THEIR

ACTIVITIES OVER SPACE AND TIME CONSIDERING

RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY TO ACHIEVE

DEVELOPMENT

ORGANISING AND CONTROLLING CIVIL SOCIETY

AND MARTKET FORCES FOR ITS SOCIAL

WELFARE (SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT )

THROUGH A GOVERNMENT SETUP

Constitution

HBS

Policy

Plan

Projects

Production

Provision

Utilisation

Choice

Participation

Organisations

Natural Capital

Regeneration Capacity

Assimilative Capacity

Material

Aspects

Goods &

Services

Primary Sector ( Agro-based) Secondary Sector ( Industrial) Tertiary Sector (Services)

Physical Infrastructure Social Infrastructure Financial Infrastructure

Availability / Access Affordability

Consumption Volume

Job Opportunity Leadership

Consumption / Service Item

Political Freedom

Decision Making

Resource Mobilisation Plan Preparation Plan Implementation

Community Based Orgn. Non-Government Orgn. Government Orgn. Co-operatives

Soil Quality Sub- Soil Water Vegetative Cover Bio-Diversity

Soil Fertility Rain Water

Bio-Mass Bio-Diversity

Surface Pollution Water Pollution

Air Pollution Bio-Diversity Damage

Non-

Mate

rial

Aspe

cts

Envi

ron

men

tal

Sust

aina

bilit

y

Physical

Quality

of Life

DEVELOPMENT

Social Quality of Life

Environ-

mental

Quality

Safety/ Security Natural Disasters Wars, Riots, Group Clashes. Stable Government . Stable Political Economy

DEVELOPMENT PARAMETERS

Indicators of Development

A. Outcome Indicators- Human development Indicators (HDIs)

1. Income related

2. Health related

3. Awareness / Education related

B. Input Indicators– Provision of Infrastructure

1. Physical Infrastructure

2. Social Infrastructure

3. Economic/ Commercial Infrastructure

HBS

COMPONENTS OF

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT

What ?

Sectors

Who? Organisation

s

How ? Techno-

ecology

Where ? Space

When ? Time

Rural Area

Primary

Sector

Urban Area

2ndary

&Tertiary

Sectors

Input to Primary Sector

Tractors, Tools, Techniques,

HYV Seeds etc.

Output to

Secondary & Tertiary Sectors

Storage, Processing,

Marketing etc.

RURL URBAN COMPLEMENTARITY

TECHNO- ECOLOGICAL INTEGRATION

ACTIVIT

IES

ENVIR

ONME

NT

TECHNO

LOGY

Land

Water

Living

Working

Socialising

Fauna Movemen

t

Flora

SECTORAL INTEGRATION

Primary

Sector

Seconda

ry

Sector

Tertiary

Sector

Physical

Infrastructure

Social

Infrastructure

Economic

Infrastructure

Area

(Landuse)

Nodes

(Settlements

)

Network

(Infrastructur

e)

Working

(Production)

Living

(Population

Distribution)

Mobility

(Physical &

Functional)

SPATIAL INTEGRATION

Survey &

Analysis

Plan

Preparatio

n

Plan

Approv

al

Plan

Implementati

on

Plan

Monitorin

g

Plan

Review

PLANNING PROCESS LONG

TERM

PLAN

SHORT

TERM

PLAN

ANNUAL

PLAN

INTEGRATION OF TIME AND PLANNING PROCESS

1. The adopted definition of sustainable development that ‘meets

the need of the present generation without

compromising the needs of future

generations’ (Brndtland Commission 1987) by

UN is very general, and ambiguous.

2. World bank’s definition is more specific and usable - It emphasises

that any development project should not

exceed the regenerative capacity of the

environment ie, the capital of natural

resources should not be spent . it is only the

cyclic, renewable, additionally accrued natural

wealth that should be spent or utilised.

Definition and meaning of Sustainable Development

FIVE BASIC CONCERNS OF SUSTAINABLDEVELOPMENT

5

Natural Resource Capital not to be

spent

4

Appropriate Technology to enhance

Regenerative & Assimilative

Capacities

3

Waste Generation within Assimilative

Capacity

2

Use of Resources within

Regenerative Capacity

1

Economic Growth commensurate with the

population

HBS

Concerns of Sustainable development

Plot Development,

Buildings, Roads, Water

Supply, Power, Sewerage,

Drainage, Poverty

Alleviaion, P.D.S. etc.

Projects

Architecture

Socio-economic Civil Engg. PROJECTS / PROGRAMMES

Social welfare through

Economic Growth, full

Employment, Equity and

Social justice

Organising Population,

Economy, Resources

and Mobility over

Regional Space

Orderly Development of

City for its efficient

functioning &

enhancement of QOL

Fig.2 Development, Planning and Projects: Inter-linkages

Economy

Employment Equity

Social Welfare

Area

Node Linkage

Geddisian

triangle

Folk

Place Work

Fig.2 Development, Planning and Projects: Inter-linkages

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN

REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN

CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Evolving Efficient

Activities and Space

Relationship through

layouts and Spatial details

CIAM’s triangle Living

Movement

Working Recreation ZONAL/AREA DEVELOPMENT PLAN

HBS

Scattered land holding

Land consolidation

Rural Resource Management

Land

• Records

– Cadastral Maps – (Khasra) Nos. Type, Area, Ownership

– Revenue Records- (Khetauani) Owner wise records for revenue collection

• Consolidation – Public evaluation of each field nos.

– Individual total valuation amount

– Setting aside the need for common dev. Purpose (approx. 2%)

– Option given to individual owners with bigger land area at any location

– Final settlement of claims (including litigation) for the entire village ( no inter village consolidation)

• Soil Conservation- – Leveling, Bunding, Channelising, embankment,

– Watershed Mngmt

– Reforestation

• Soil Fertility- – Productivity treatment (Usar-sudhar)

– Rishi-krishi, Org,farming, Avoiding chemical fertilizers

– Mix-cropping, vermiculture

• Land development and supply- – By Govt. to individuals for various uses

49

LAND AS RESOURCE

• Land serves as a base and platform for all human

activities

• Access to land is becoming increasingly difficult by

competing demands of various urban uses including

housing

• This competition leads to unhealthy trends like

speculation, increased land prices, lack of access of land

to EWS

• Supply of urban land is inherently inelastic owing to the

investment requirement and time required for expanding

urban infrastructure for which land itself is a major input

50

• Failure to expand enough serviced land in line with the

growing demand greatly accentuates the shortage of

serviced land

• Due to critical shortages, haphazard and premature

exploitation of peripheral unregulated use of land takes

place and unauthorized development continues

• In metropolitan cities, adequate supply, proper disposal

and delivery of serviced land, call for measures for

ensuring proper management of land

LAND AS RESOURCE contd.

51

REFORMS IN LAND MANAGEMENT

While repeal of Urban Land Ceiling & Regulation Act is a welcome step, a series of legislative,

regulatory and procedural reforms are needed such as:

• The process of spatial planning should be broadened to embrace the regional dimensions.

Regional planning exercises need to be under taken by DPC/MPC

• Zoning and FAR regulations as a part of the Master Plan document should be rationalised

• Procedural reforms regarding conversion of land from agricultural to non-agricultural use

• Innovative approaches for land assembly, land development and shelter construction

• Promote distributional equity to ensure availability of land

• Mop-up unearned increments in land values

• New public-private partnerships to match the demand for quick supply of serviced land

52

DISTRICT PLANNING COMMITTEE

• CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISION (ARTICLE

243 ZD)

“There shall be constituted in every State at the district level a District Planning

Committee to consolidate the plans prepared by the Panchayats and the

Municipalities in the district and to prepare a draft development plan for the

district as a whole.

Every District Planning Committee shall, in preparing the draft development plan, have regard to –

matters of common interest between Panchayats and the Municipalities including spatial planning,

sharing of water and other physical and natural resources, the integrated development of

infrastructure and environmental conservation…..”

• Urban and rural areas have to share the

resources of the district

• Rapid transformation from rural to urban

• Increase in urbanising districts – 171

districts above national average

• DPC an opportunity for rural – urban

integration

• So far 12 states and two Union Territories

have taken steps to constitute DPC

Mile Stones in Agricultural

Development

• Green Revolution (1968)

• Ever-Green Revolution (1996)

• Blue Revolution (water, fish)

• White Revolution (Milk)

• Yellow Revolution (flower, edible)

• Bio-Technology Revolution

• ICT Revolution

Development of Indian Agriculture : Basic

Issues

• Revitalization of Cooperative Institutions

• Improving Rural Credits

• Research, Education & Extension

• Human Resources Development

• Trade & Export Promotion

• Land Reforms

• Enabling Environment for higher

Agricultural Growth

The thrust areas:

• Diversification of Agriculture

• Inter-cropping

• Micro Management

• Water Management

• Organic Farming

• Agri-Clinics and Agri-business Centres

• Bio-Technology

Technologies for Sustainable Agricultural

Development

• Biotechnology

• Pre & post harvesting technology

• Energy saving technology

• Environment protection technology

• Information and Communication technology

• GIS & RS technology

• Internet/Intranet Technology

ELEVENTH SCHEDULE

(Article 243-G)

1. Agriculture including agricultural extension

2. Land improvement, implementation of land reforms, land consolidation and soil conservation

3. Minor irrigation, water management, and watershed development

4. Animal husbandry, dairying and poultry

5. Fisheries

6. Social forestry and farm forestry

7. Minor forest produce

8. Small scale industries, including food processing industries

9. Khadi, village and cottage industries

10. Rural housing

11. Drinking water

12. Fuel and fodder

13. Roads, culverts bridges, ferries, waterways and other means of communication

14. Rural electrification, including distribution of electricity

15. Non-conventional energy sources

16. Poverty alleviation programme

17. Education, including primary and secondary schools

18. Technical training and vocational education

19. Adult and non-formal education

20. Libraries

21. Cultural Activities

22. Markets and fairs

23. Health and sanitation, including hospitals, primary health centres and dispensaries

24. Family welfare

25. women and child development

26. Social welfare, including welfare of the handicapped and mentally retarded

27. Welfare of the weaker sections, and in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes

28. Public distribution system

29. Maintnance of the community assets

Sound Social surplus

Polarisation in Developing countries

Urban Areas exploiting Rural Areas

Rural Areas left with old, incompetent and children

No rural urban Continuum

Urban Areas suffering- slums, crowding………

Prospects Urbanisation as a tool for Reg. Development

Rural -Urban-Continuum -proper hierarchy

Growth-poles - Balanced Settlement pattern

Preventive, Curative Measurement for Rural & Urban Development

(slum formation)

Simultaneous

Job People

National Commission on Urbanisation (NCU) – GEMs & SPURs

(Special Priority Urban Region)

Metropolis People Town City Village Jobs

X

HBS

The level of urbanisation in the country as a whole increased from 27.7% in

2001 to 31.1% in 2011 – an increase of 3.3 percentage points during 2001-

2011 compared to an increase of 2.1 percentage points during 1991-2001.

it was the net rural-urban classification

and net rural-to-urban migration that

were responsible for higher urban-rural

growth differentials and the speeding

up of urbanisation during 2001-2011.

rural-to-urban migration has increased

from 42% in 1991-2001 to 56% in 2001-

2011.

The number of towns at the national

level increased from 5,161 to 7,935 – a

net addition of 2,774 towns (2,532

census towns and 242 statutory towns)

in 2011 compared to the 2001 Census.

As there has been

R B Bhagat ([email protected]) is with

the International Institute for Population

Sciences, Mumbai.

DR. S. K.

KULSHRESTHA

62

Aims and Objectives

To promote growth and balanced development of the whole region by:

– providing economic base in the identified major settlements for absorbing economic development impulse of Delhi,

– introducing efficient transport network,

– developing physical infrastructure,

– introducing rational land use pattern,

– improving environment and quality of life.

DR. S. K.

KULSHRESTHA

63

Policy Zones

• NCT-Delhi 1,483 sq. km.

• Central National Capital Region (CNCR) 2000 sq. km: 1- Ghaziabad-Loni complex, 2-Gurgaon-Manesar complex, 3-Faridabad-Ballabhgarh complex, 4-Noida, 5-Sonepat-Kundli complex, and 6- Bahadurgarh

• Highway Corridor 500 m on either side of ROW of National Highways No. 1, 2, 8, 10, 24, 58, 91 (area 300 sq. km)

• Rest of NCR 29,795 sq. km approximately.

2 3

5

4 6

1

DR. S. K.

KULSHRESTHA

64

Policies

• NCT-Delhi

– Environmentally sustainable development

– No new major economic activity- I, C, WS Trade,

– Only activities required to sustain the local population to be permitted

• Central National Capital Region

– Maximise opportunities in CNCR to compete with NCTD in offering jobs, economic activities, transport system, housing, social infrastructure, and quality of environment

– Participating states to prepare plans for their portion in an integrated manner emphasising transportation, civic infrastructure, land use, and conservation

DR. S. K.

KULSHRESTHA

65

Policies

• Highway Corridor

– Activities permitted after notification as a controlled/ development/ regulated area:

• As urbanisable area – R,C,I,PSP,REC, U, T, O, Heritage / Conservation zones

• As agriculture Zone – agro-allied, green-I, Social forestry, sanitary land fill, mining, bus shelters, railway stations, airports, wireless stations, godowns, filling stations, housing, schools, dispensaries, veterinary centres, police post, recreation / tourist facilities, govt. offices

• As green buffer – approach /service roads, agric, plantation, filling station with amenities, toll plazas, bus shelter, police booth,

DR. S. K.

KULSHRESTHA

66

Policies

• Rest of NCR

– Accelerated development of both rural and urban areas

– Induced growth in the identified settlements (metro and

regional centres) so they they may be attracting locations for

economic and allied activities and private sector participation

Towns:

For the Census of India 2011, the definition of urban area is as follows;

1. All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or

notified town area committee, etc.

2. All other places which satisfied the following criteria:

i) A minimum population of 5,000;

ii) At least 75 per cent of the male main working population

engaged in non-agricultural pursuits; and

iii) A density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km.

Urban Area Categories

Class 1 - 1 lakh+

2 - 50,000 – 99,999

3 - 20,000 - 49,999

4 - 10,000 - 19,999

5 - 5,000 - 9,999

6 - Below 5000

DC

Industrial

Institutional

CBD

ASPECTS OF URBAN DEV. PLNG

1. Population

2. Functional or Economic

Base – Mono, Bi & Multi-

Fnl – mandi, admin, etc.

3. Area – Landuses, Dist.

Sectors

4. Nodes- CBD, DC, Rly

Stn, Ports, Tourist points

etc.

5. Networks

(Transportation)

6. Infrastructure

7. Environment

8. Organisation &

Management

www.scottwilsonindia.com passionate | ambitious | collaborative | knowledgeable

Emphasizing Building Form

over Land Use

Emphasizing Mixed Use

Attention to Streetscape and

Public Realm

Designed focus Public

Participation Process

www.scottwilsonindia.com passionate | ambitious | collaborative | knowledgeable Community Design + Architecture

Transit-Oriented Development

(TOD)

• Maximizing the linkage between land use and

transportation to -

• Create location efficiency

• Expand mobility for diverse population

• Increase housing and shopping choices

• Create financial returns

• Recapture the value of public investment

• Support community identity


Elements of TOD – Mixing of Uses

• Segregating compatible land uses leads to greater transportation costs, ecological/environmental damage and services management costs.

• Mixing of uses reduces transportation costs, environmental

degradation and reduces cost of services delivery. It also provides greater opportunity of public open spaces.


Site for District Centre near Supe

The Forest


Site for Sub-City Centre north of Astagaon


Percolation Tank between Astagaon & Sarol Khas


Tank near Kamargaon


District Centre on the central Corridor near Bhorwadi


City Centre on the Plateau


Sonewadi

Proposed Site for City centre


City Centre Site overlooking Ahmadnagar in the North

05.land,land useandurbanisation prof.h.b.singh

Real Estate