05 rn31546en10gla0 coverage dimensioning

7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning

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Coverage Dimensioning

Customer confidential

1 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

3GRPESS – MODULE 5



Module 5 – Coverage Dimensioning

Objectives

• After this module the participant shall be able

to:-• Calculate link budget for different services

• Understand link budgets and parameters



• Calculate planning thresholds

• Calculate cell range



Module Contents

Introduction

Link budget calculation

Planning margins



Cell coverage area prediction



Module Contents

Introduction


Planning margins






Introduction

• Target of coverage dimensioning is to give estimate of sitecoverage area (site count for given area)

• Coverage dimensioning requires multiple inputs

– Service type

– Tar et service robabilit



– Initial site configuration – Equipment performance

– Propagation environment

• Link budget calculations are used for calculation of the sitecoverage area with the given inputs



Link budget

• The target of the link budget calculation is toestimate the maximum allowed path loss onradio path from transmit antenna to receive

antenna – The minimum E b / N 0 (and BER/BLER) requirement is

achieved with the maximum allowed path loss andtransmit power both in UL & DL



• The maximum path loss can be used tocalculate cell range R

Lpmax_DL

Lpmax_UL

R



Link budget types

R99 DCH link budget

• Uplink – Can be based on many different PS and CS services

• Downlink – Can be based on many different PS and CS services

HSDPA link budget

• Uplink – HSDPA associated UL DPCH link budget is used which can be 16, 64 ,128 or 384 kbps

– Peak HS-DPCCH overhead is included to the R99 DCH Eb/No this overhead often a ears in the transmitter



section of the link budget)

• Downlink – Can be based on defined cell edge throughput conditions

HSUPA link budget

• Uplink

– Can be based on defined cell edge throughput conditions – Peak HS-DPCCH overhead is included to the HSUPA Eb/No

• Downlink – Can be based on defined cell edge throughput conditions



Module Contents

Introduction


• R99 link budget – Uplink

– Downlink

•



• HSUPA link budget

• CPICH link budget

Planning margins




R99 UL Link Budget

• The calculation is done for each service(bit rate) separately

– Bit rate depends on service, which

can vary in speech service bit rates(e.g. 4.75, 5.9, 7.95, 12.2 kbps) topacket service bit rates (e.g. 8, 16,32, 64, 128 and 384 kbps) as well asvideo service (e.g. 64 kbps)



• overage m ng serv ce can e e nebased on customer inputs or lowest pathloss based on calculations



R99 UL Link Budget

Transmitter - Handset

• Transmission power classes

– Power Class 4 most common at the

moment (note ± 2 dB tolerance) – Power Class 3 most common in new

mobiles and data cards (+1/-3dBtolerance)



– Typically assumed to be 0 – 2 dBi

– For data card 2 dBi can be assumed

• Body Loss

– For CS voice service body loss of 3 dB

is assumed as the mobile is near head.

• EIRP represents the effective isotropicradiated power from the transmitantenna.

LossBody-GainAntennaTransmitPowerTransmitUEEIRPUplink +=



R99 UL Link Budget

Receiver – Node B

• Node B noise figure – Depends on Node B

– Depends on Frequency

• Thermal Noise

– = -108 dBm

▪ k = Boltzmann’s constant, 1.43 E-23 Ws/K

▪ T = Receiver temperature, 293 K

Flexi BTS Noise Figure:

•< 2.0 dB (Band 2 GHz common)

•< 2.1 dB (Band 1700 – 2100 MHz)

•< 2.3 dB (Band 800-960 MHz)

BTk DensityNoiseThermal ××=



▪

B = Bandwidth, 3 840 000 Hz• Uplink Load

– Definition of UL load can be based ontraffic inputs or estimated

• Interference margin

– Interference margin is calculated based onUL load

• Interference floor is calculated as follows

ce_margininterferenfigurenoiseBNodenoisehermal_I ++= T floor enterferenc



Interference Margin

• Interference margin is calculated from the UL loading (η) value

– From set maximum planned load

• "sensitivity" is decreased due to the network load (subscribers in the network) &

in UL indicates the loss in link budget due to load.

20

IMargin [dB]



( ) [ ]dB Log η −⋅− 110 10IMargin =

1.25

3

10

6

25% 50% 75% 99%Load factor η



R99 UL Link Budget

Receiver – Node B

• Service Eb/No

– Related to the selected service

– Channel model – BLER targets etc,

• Service Processing gain

– Related to the service bit rate

–



services with low bit rates. These servicestend to have more relaxed link budgets andgenerate smaller increments in cell loading.

• Receiver thermal sensitivity – Thisrepresents the receiver sensitivity whenthe system is loaded i.e. an interferencemargin has been included

GainProcessingEb/NoRequirede_floornterferencySensitivitReceiver −+= I

×=

RateBit

RateChipLOG10GainProcessingService



Required E b /N 0

• When E b / N 0 is selected, it has to be known in which conditions it is defined (select closestE b / N 0 value to the prevailing conditions if available) – Service and bearer

▪ Bit rate, BER requirement, channel coding

– Radio channel▪ Doppler spread (Mobile speed, frequency)

▪ Multipath, delay spread

▪ Three main groups of channels models that are widely usedto model different propagation environments.

• -



,

• COST 259 models, Typical urban (TU), Rural area (RA),Hilly terrain (HT)

• ITU models, Indoor A/B, Pedestrian A/B, Vehicular A/B

– Receiver/connection configuration▪ Handover situation

▪ Fast power control status

▪ Diversity configuration (antenna diversity, 2-port, 4-port)

• Some corrections have to be done in the link budget in case the conditions do notcorrespond the used E b / N 0

– Soft handover gain

– Power control gain

– Fast fading margin



R99 UL Link Budget

Receiver – Node B

• RX antenna gain

– Is different for different frequencies

– Gain and size varies

• Cable loss

– In Flexi the remote RF headminimizes the influence of cable



losses

– MHA can be used to compensate thecable loss as well as lower the systemnoise figure

▪ If MHA NF is 2 dB then noenhancement on system noise figure

with Flexi



WCDMA Panels

WCDMA Narrowbeam Antennas

Antenna TypeDimensions

mm

Weight

k

Frequency

Ran e MHz

Gain

dBi

Beam

WidthDowntilt

WCDMA Dual Broadband Antennas (WCDMA/GSM 1800 or SRC)

Antenna Type Dimensions[mm]

Weight[kg]

FrequencyRange [MHz]

Gain[dBi]

BeamWidth

Downtilt

CS72764.01 Xpol F-panel 1302/299/69 12.0 1710-2170 18.5/18.5 85°/85° 0..8°/0°..8°

CS72761.09 Xpol F-panel 1302/299/69 12.0 1710-2170 17/17 65°/65° 0..8°/0°..8°

WCDMA Broadband Antennas

Antenna Type

Dimensions

[mm]

Weight

[kg]

Frequency

Range [MHz]

Gain

[dBi]

Beam

Width Downtilt

CS72761.01 Xpol F-panel 342/155/69 2.0 1710-2170 12.5 65° 2°

CS72761.02 Xpol F-panel 1302/155/69 6.0 1710-2170 18.5 65° 2°

CS72761.05 Xpol F-panel 1302/155/69 7.5 1710-2170 17 88° 0°...8°

CS72761.07 Xpol F-panel 1942/155/69 10.0 1710-2170 19.5 65° 0°...6°

CS72761.08 Xpol F-panel 662/155/69 7.5 1710-2170 18 65° 0°...8°

CS72761.09 Xpol F-panel 1302/155/69 3.5 1710-2170 15.5 65° 0°...10°

• BTS antenna varies between frequenciesand sizes as well as configuration

• Smaller antenna beam higher gain

• Higher size (from 1 to 2 meters) higher

antenna gain within same frequency• Lower frequency lower gain

• BTS antenna gain is lower in WCDMA900than in WCDMA2100 if the antenna



CS72762.01 Xpol F-panel 1302/299/69 12 1900-2170 21 30° 0°...8°

WCDMA Omni Antennas

Antenna TypeDimensions

[mm]

Weight

[kg]

Frequency

Range [MHz]

Gain

[dBi]

Beam

WidthDowntilt

CS72760 Omni 1570/148/112 5.0 1920/2170 11 360° --

– Vertical size limiting Vertical beamwidth increases when frequencydecreases



Cable loss

• Cable loss is the sum of all signal lossescaused by the antenna line outside thebase station cabinet

– Jumper losses

– Feeder cable loss

– MHA insertion loss in DL when MHA is used



▪ ypca .

– Feeder losses decrease when frequency islower

▪ 7/8” loss at 900 MHz is about 3.7 dB/100 m



Benefit of using MHA

• MHA can be used to improve the base station system noise figure in UL

• The benefit achieved by using MHA equals to the noise figure improvement

• The benefit of using MHA depends on the cable loss, for example

– When Lcable < 5 dB: Benefit of using MHA > Cable loss

– When Lcable > 5 dB: Benefit of using MHA < Cable loss

– Calculated with NSN MHA (G = 12 dB, NF = 2 dB) and base station NF = 3 dB

•



Note MHA insertionloss for DL

MHA Gain



R99 UL Link Budget

Receiver – Node B

• UL fast fade margin

• SHO gain (old MDC gain)

• Gain against shadowing





Fast fading margin

• Fast fading margin is used as a correction factor for E b / N 0 at the cell edge, whenthe used E b / N 0 is defined with fast power control

– At the cell edge the UE does not have enough power to follow the fast fading dips

• In DL fast fading margin is not usually applied due to lower power controldynamic range

Fast fading margin = (average received E b / N

0 ) without fast PC - (average received E

b / N

0 ) with fast PC



Source: Radio Network Planning & Optimisation for UMTS; J. Laiho, A. Wacker, T. Novosad; Tab. 4.11

Channel: Pedestrian A; antenna diversity assumed

Speed

2.7 km/h

11 km/h

22 km/h

54 km/h

130 km/h



Fast fading margin

20

25

MS moving towards the cell edge

• Some headroom is needed in the mobile station TX power for maintainingadequate fast power control

• This is needed at cell edge for UEs to be able to compensate fast fading

• Typical values are from 2 to 5 dB for slow-moving mobiles (according toWCDMA for UMTS)



0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 410

15 d B

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4-10

0

10

20

d B m

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 45

10

15

d B

Seconds

Mobile transmissionpower starts hittingits maximum value

E b / N 0 target

increases fast

Received qualitydegrades, more

frame errors



Soft Handover (MDC) Gain – UL

• SHO gain (Macro Diversity Combining) gives the Eb/N0 improvement in softhandover situation compared to single link connection

• At cell edge the SHO gain can be around 1.5 dB,

– Simulation results in following figure shows that the gain depends on UE speed aswell as on difference of the signal level of the SHO branches

• An average over the cell in UL is commonly 0 dB, this is due to the fact that

– Significant amount of diversity already exist



▪ 2-port UL antenna diversity, multipath diversity (Rake)

– The graph includes both Softer and Soft Handover (however it is not possible to seethose gains separately)

▪ Soft Handover combining is done at RNC level by using just selection combining (based onframe selection)

▪ Softer Handover combining is done at the BTS by using maximal ratio combining

– In case of more than 2 connections - no more gain (compared to case of twobranches)



Soft Handover (MDC) Gain – UL

Tx power, uplink

0.5

1

1.5

2

D C g a i n ( d B )

Soft HO

Combining(including softer combininggain for the other branch)Softer HO

Combining

Dynamic SimulatorResult for 2 branches



-0.5

0

0 5 10

Difference between the signal level of SHO links (dB)

S H

O

MS speed 3km/h

MS speed 20km/h

MS speed 50km/h

MS speed 120km/h



Gain Against Shadowing (slow fading)

• At cell edge there is the gain against shadowing. This is roughlythe gain of a handover algorithm, in which the best BTS can alwaysbe chosen (based on minimal transmission power of MS) against a

hard handover algorithm based on geometrical distance. – In reality the SHO gain is a function of required coverage probability and the

standard deviation of the signal for the environment.

–



,

likelihood of multiple servers is high, or indoors where the radio channeltends to be dominated by a much smaller number of serving cells.

▪ For indoors users the recommendation is to use smaller SHO gain value

– Soft handover gain can be understood also as reduction of Slow FadingMargin (See Cell range estimation)



Gain Against Shadowing (slow fading)



Typical average value of the Gain against shadowing is between 2 and 3 dB



R99 UL Link Budget

• Building penetration loss – This parameter is clutter specific, normally

for dense urban areas this value is higherthan in rural area. Recommended valuesfor urban is 16 dB and suburban 12 dB.

• Indoor location probability – This parameter defines the probability of

connection in indoors, value depending onclutter and area, varies from 85 – 95%

•

These planning margins are defined in detail later on!



– Correspondingly clutter and areadependent, varies from 5 to 12 dB.

• Shadowing margin – This is calculated from indoor location

probability and standard deviation. Typicalvalues for slow fading margins for 90-95%

coverage probability are:▪ outdoor: 6 – 8 dB (lower for suburban/rural)

▪ indoor: 10 – 15 dB (lower for suburban/rural)



R99 UL Link Budget

marginfadeslowBPLgainULSHO-marginfadefastULgainMHA-

losscableainRxAntennaGysensitivitReceiverrequiredpowerotropicI

+++

+−=s

• Isotropic power required

– Required signal power is calculated totake into account the buildingpenetration loss and indoor standard

deviation as well as receiver sensitivityand additional margins.



• Allowed propagation lossrequiredpowerIsotropic-EIRP. =loss p Allowedpro



Module Contents

Introduction


• R99 link budget – Uplink

– Downlink

•



• HSUPA link budget• CPICH link budget

Planning margins




R99 DL Link Budget

• The calculation is done for each service(bit rate) separately

– Bit rate depends on service, whichcan vary in speech service bit rates

(e.g. 4.75, 5.9, 7.95, 12.2 kbps) topacket service bit rates (e.g. 8, 16,32, 64, 128 and 384 kbps) as well asvideo service (e.g. 64 kbps)



• overage m ng serv ce can e e ne

based on customer inputs or lowest pathloss based on calculations



R99 DL Link Budget

Transmitter – Node B• Max Tx Power (total)

– Max Tx power is based on selected WPA, e.g. 20 W = 43dBm and 40 W = 46 dBm. This depends on Node B typeand configuration.

– This parameter is used in definition of Max Tx power perradio link.

• Max Tx power per radio link

– Max Tx power per radio link is upper limit for DL powercalculation.

• TX power per user

– Tx power per user is depended on DL load used in link



GainAntennaTransmitonlossMHAinserti-lossCabler)TxPowerUseower,MIN(MaxTxPEIRPDownlink +−=

u ge ca cu a on s use o e ne ow muc power sused per user)

– This parameter notifies the average user location such as6 dB which correspond to average user location.

• MHA insertion loss

– In DL the insertion loss needs to be noticed. Commonly0.5 assumed.

• Other margins

– Cable loss, Tx antenna gain noticed as earlier.

• EIRP

– EIRP is calculated as follows



DL Power calculation

• The DL power calculation is depended on two different methods – Max DL RL power

▪ This is as upper limit which is limitation based on system parameters

– DL Tx power per user▪ average distribution and power calculation related to the DL load.

• In case of low load then Max DL RL power is limiting• In case of high DL load then the DL tx power per user is limiting

• The selection of peak to average power ratio depends on many factors



• The lower DL power is selected from Max Tx power per connection and TX power peruser EIRP is calculated as follows:

• As an example:

Service Type Speech CS Data PS Data

Downlink bit rate 12.2 64 64 128 384 kbps

Max tx power per connection 34.2 37.2 37.2 40.0 40.0 dBm

Tx power per user (IPL 6 dB) 60% load 34.6 38.6 37.6 40.3 42.0 dBm

EIRP (0.5 cable loss, 18.5 tx antenna gain) 52.2 55.2 55.2 58.0 58.0 dBm

GainAntennaTransmitonlossMHAinserti-lossCabler)TxPowerUseower,MIN(MaxTxPEIRPDownlink +−=



Max Tx power per radio link

• The maximum allowed downlink transmit power for eachconnection is defined by the RNC admission control functionality

– Vendor specific

• In NSN RAN the maximum DL power depends on – Connection bit rate

– Service E b / N 0 requirement (internal RNC info)



– CPICH transmit power and group of other RNC parameters• Actual available DL power per user depends on maximum total

BTS TX power, DL traffic amount and distribution over the cell (Allusers share same amplifier)



• DL coverage based on max. RL power set by RNC – Realistic effect of RNC parameters taken into account

• The maximum downlink transmit power is computed using the equations:

– For real time

– And for non-real time

Max Tx power per radio link

( )lated MaxDLCalcuPtxDPCHmaxPtxmax MinStreamingonalConversati MaxDLPower ,) / ( +=

( ) xPtxDLabsMalated MaxDLCalcuPtxDPCHmaxPtxmax Min Background e Interactiv MaxDLPower ,,) / ( +=

Service Type 3.4 kbps 13.6 kbps standalone 12.2 kbps speech +

64 kbps data +

128 kbps data +

384 kbps data +



– Above calculation includes following assumptions and factors,

▪ Ptxmax = 43 dBm for a 20 W cell and Ptxmax = 46 dBm for a 40 W cell

▪ PtxDPCHmax is database parameter which defines the maximum code channeloutput power for the power control dynamic range of BTS. Default -3 dB

▪ MaxDLcalculated is calculated as follows

▪ Where in:

• PtxPrimaryCPICH which is the transmission power of the primary common pilot channel

• CPICHtoRefRABOffset which defines the offset of the primary CPICH tx power, and themaximum DL transmission power of the reference service channel in DL power allocation

×

×+××+−=

)10(

)10()7.310(10RePr

Re10

1010

Re

f

EbNo

Serv

EbNo EbNo

BR

BR LOG fRABOffset CPICHtoimaryCPICH PTxlated MaxDLCalcu

f

ServSRB

RNC Downlink EbNo

ServiceBit Rate(kbps)

Eb/No(dB)

SRB 3.7 8

Voice 12.2 8

Data 64 4.5

Data 128 4.5

Data 384 4.5

. . . .

Maximum DL power 29.8 dBm 33.8 dBm 34.2 dBm 37.2 dBm 40.0 dBm 40 dBm



Average pathloss

Average pathloss

IPLcorr is the max to average

pathloss ratio

corr edgecell IPL L L _=

edgecell

corr

L

L IPL

_

=



BS

2R

( )( )∫ ∫

∫ ∫++=

++

=−

π

π

ϕ ϕ π

ϕ ϕ π

0

1

0

2

1

0 0

22

2

sec3_ )cos(212

1

)2(

)cos(22

d dssss R

d dr r r rR R R

IPL

n

nn

n R

t corr

Slope n



DL peak to average ratio (IPL correction factor) – mathematical analysis:

• resultsPropagationslope

IPLcorr_omni IPLcorr_3sect IPLcorr_omni

(dB)IPLcorr_sect

(dB)

2 0.5 0.38 -3.0 -4.3

3 0.4 0.27 -4.0 -5.7

3.3 0.38 0.25 -4.2 -6.0

Average pathloss – IPL correction



• Recent simulations confirm that -6.5…-6 dB is a valid value with antenna patternand >= 5 degree tilt

3.5 0.36 0.24 -4.4 -6.3

3.7 0.35 0.23 -4.5 -6.5

4 0.33 0.21 -4.8 -6.8



R99 DL Link Budget

Receiver - Handset

• Handset Noise Figure

– Handset NF varies between frequency

and can vary between different models• Interference margin

– Interference margin is defined basedon downlink load and interference



marginceinterferenfigurenoiseHandsetnoisehermal_I ++= T floor enterferenc

• Thermal noise

– As defined in Uplink

• Interference floor



Handset Noise Figure

• Handset noise figure varies between frequencies as well asbetween models

• 3GPP Specification defines certain limits for UE performance for

different frequencies – For higher frequencies (e.g. 2 GHz) specification defines 9 dB requirement

for UE



– or ower requenc es e.g. z requ remen s spec e



R99 DL Link Budget

• Service Eb/No

– Related to the selected service in DL

– Channel model

– BLER targets etc, – Refer to Uplink part

• Service Processing gain

– Related to the service bit rate

Customer confidential38 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

• Receiver Sensitivity – As defined in UL

GainProcessingEb/NoRequirede_floornterferencySensitivitReceiver −+= I



R99 DL Link Budget

• RX antenna gain

– Commonly in data cards some antenna gain isdefined, commonly this is just 2 dBi. Assumptionneeds to be as defined in UL

• Body loss

– Similarly as in uplink the DL needs to consider thebody loss if defined e.g. for voice service in UL

• DL Fast fading margin

– No fast fading margin noticed in DL as was noted


.applied due to lower power control dynamicrange.

• SHO gain

– In SHO gain 1 dB advantage can be noticedcompared to the UL.

• Gain against shadowing

– This is harmonized between UL/DL as theselection of better cell can happen in eitherdirection independently.

S f H d (MDC) G i DL



Soft Handover (MDC) Gain – DL

• In edge of the cell a 3 – 4 dB SHO gain can be seen on required DL E b / N 0 inSHO situations compared to single link reception

– Combination of 2 – 3 signals

– Commonly in dimensioning the DL SHO gain is assumed to be 2.5 dB

• In DL there is also some combining gain (about 1.2 dB) as an average over thecell this is due to UE maximal ratio combining

– soft and softer handovers included


▪ from MS point there is no difference between soft and softer handover

– average is calculated over all the connections taking into account the averagedifference of the received signal branches (and UE speed)

▪ 40% of the connections in soft handover or in softer handover and 60% no soft handover

▪ taking into account the effect multiple transmitters

▪ combination of dynamic simulator results and static planning tool

– in case more than 2 connections - no more gain (compared to case of two branches)

S ft H d (MDC) G i DL



Soft Handover (MDC) Gain – DL

Dynamic SimulatorGain in total transmit power of two linksReceiver sensitivity gain + 3 dB

Total DL Tx power of all branches

-

-1

0

1

2

M D C g a i n ( d B )


MS speed 3km/h

MS speed 20km/h

MS speed 50km/h

MS speed 120km/h

-4

-3

0 5 10

Difference between the SHO links (dB)

S H O

Soft HO

Softer HO

R99 DL Li k B d t



R99 DL Link Budget

• The rest of the calculation are as shownin Uplink link budget

– Building penetration loss as defined for UL

– Location probability and standard

deviation as defined for UL

• Isotropic calculation and allowedpropagation loss are calculated almost asearlier with few differences (no MHA gain,

These planning margins are defined in detail later on!


ga ns an ac ors

marginfadeslowBPLgainDLSHO-marginfadefastDL

losscableainRxAntennaGysensitivitReceiverrequiredpowerotropicI

+++

+−=s

requiredpowerIsotropic-EIRP. =loss p Allowedpro

Link budget for different frequencies and BTS types



Link budget for different frequencies and BTS types

• The main performance differences between BTS types and carrierfrequencies are related to

– Noise figure

– Transmit power – Feeder loss

– Antenna gain


HSDPA SchedulerFlexi

900 MhzFlexi

2100 MHzUltasite

(2100 MHz)

Noise figure 2.3 dB 2 dB 3 dB

Transmit power 40 W 20 W, 40 W 20 W, 40 W

Feeder loss (example) 3.7 dB/100m 6.5 dB/100m 6.5 dB/100mAntenna gain (example, same v. dimension) 14.5 dB 17.5 dB 17.5 dB

Module Contents



Module Contents

Introduction


• R99 link budget• HSDPA link budget

– Uplink


–


Planning margins


Uplink DPCH link budget for HSDPA



Uplink DPCH link budget for HSDPA

• Overall same approach as normal R99uplink link budget except therequirement to include a peakoverhead for the HS-DPCCH

• HS-DPCCH Overhead is dependentupon the selected associated DCH(16/64/128/384).

– Use the values with soft handover as atthe cell edge connection is commonly in


SHO

– Without SHO can be used in somespecial case like I-HSPA without Iurinterfaces

• Rest of the link budget is the same asfor a conventional Uplink link budget

• The soft handover gain has effect onthe cell radius and site coverage

Module Contents



Module Contents

Introduction


• R99 link budget• HSDPA link budget

– Uplink

–



Planning margins


HS-PDSCH LINK BUDGET



HS-PDSCH LINK BUDGET

• In HSDPA link budget, one of two approaches can be adopted

– Target HSDPA bit rate can be specified and link budget completed from top to bottomto determine the maximum allowed path loss

▪ HS-PDSCH SINR should correspond to the targeted cell edge throughput

– Existing maximum allowed path loss can be specified and link budget completed frombottom to top to determine the achievable HSDPA bit rate at cell edge


• e o a ransm power ass gne o e - an - epen s on

RNC parameters and CCCH power and in shared carrier also on DCH trafficload

• HS-PDSCH does not enter soft handover, which leads to SHO gain of 0 dB

• An overhead for HS-DPCCH channel has to be taken into account in UL whenHSDPA is active

HS-PDSCH link budget



HS-PDSCH link budget

Max Tx power is the allocated power for HS-PDSCH which depends on the CCCH and in

shared carrier also on the required DCH power41 dBm in 20 W dedicated HSDPA carrier

SINR Requirement depends on the required

Cell edge throughput affects the requiredSINR


ce e ge t roug put

Spreading gain is calculated from the usedspreading factor 16

Soft handover gain is 0 dB because no

SHO on HS-PDSCH

Release 5 HSDPA Downlink HS-PDSCH link budget



• The HSDPA power corresponds to the total transmitpower assigned to the HS-PDSCH and HS-SCCH. – Thus in dimensioning the HS-SCCH power have to noticed

from the total HSDPA power.

• C/I requirement computed from SINR rather than Eb/Nolike in R99

R99

HSDPA

C/I Requirement = Eb/No – Processing Gain

C/I Requirement = SINR – Spreading GainSpreading Gain = 12 dB,

due to the SF16

SINR-throughput mapping

Release 5 HSDPA Downlink HS PDSCH link budget

Power available for

HS-PDSCH (excluding

HS-SCCH power and other

services)

Cell edge throughput

Interference margin based

on full power usage


• - s ou correspon to t e targete ce

edge throughput• Relationship between SINR and RLC throughput can bevalidated as part of a practical investigation

• No fast fade margin because no inner loop power control

• HS-PDSCH does not enter soft handover

• Other differences:

– UE antenna gain can be assumed to be 2 dBi or 0 dBi

– No body loss

– No soft ho gain

• Gain against shadowing 2.5 dB, referring to macro cellenvironment best cell selection

No SHO

HSDPA signal quality SINR



S readinTransmitted

HS-PDSCH

HSDPA signal quality SINR

• HSDPA signal quality (SINR) depends on

– Available power for HSDPA

– Channel conditions

– Cell range (pathloss) – Interference level over cell area


GeometryFactor

Total TransmitPower

Factor

Orthogonalityfactor

power

+−⋅

= −

GP

PSF SINR

tot

PDSCH HS

11

16

α

SINR and HSDPA Throughput



SINR and HSDPA Throughput

• The single-user HSDPAthroughput versus its averageHS-DSCH SINR is plotted.

• Notice that these results includethe effect of fast fading anddynamic HS-DSCH linkadaptation (and HARQ).

e r a g e s i n g l e - u s e r t h r o u g h p u t [ M b p s ]

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0HS-DSCH POWER 7W (OF 15W), 5 CODES,1RX-1TX, 6MS/1DB LA DELAY/ERROR

Rake, Ped-A, 3km/h

Rake, Veh-A, 3km/h

Rake, Ped-B, 3km/h

MMSE, Ped-A, 3km/h

MMSE, Ped-B, 3km/h

Rake, Veh-A, 30km/h


-

23 dB is required to achieve themaximum data rate of 3.6 Mbpswith 5 HS-PDSCH codes

• Benefit from using higher codes(10/15) is only experienced for

higher SINR values >10 dB

A

Average SINR (1 HS-PDSCH) [dB]

-10 -5 50 10 15 20 25 300

Average HS-DSCH SINR [dB]

Common celledge condition

Insidemacro

cell

Micro cell,

LOS, lowinterference

R l 5 HSDPA D li k HS PDSCH li k b d t



Cell radius calculation

• The cell radius can be calculated with different cell edge throughputs

• Also the PtxMaxHSDPA can vary based on Node B power (e.g. 20W or 40W)

• Next Figure shows site coverage area (sqkm) with different throughputs and with

different HSDPA powers (5, 10 and 15 W)

Release 5 HSDPA Downlink HS-PDSCH link budget


HS-SCCH LINK BUDGET



• HS-SCCH makes use of power control based uponHS-DPCCH CQI and ACK/NACK

• Usual to assume 500 mW of transmit poweralthough a greater power can be assigned for UE at

cell edge

14000

16000

18000

HSDPA Tx Power = 30 dBm



0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

0 4 0

8 0

1 2 0

1 6 0

2 0 0

2 4 0

2 8 0

3 2 0

3 6 0

4 0 0

4 4 0

4 8 0

5 2 0

5 6 0

6 0 0

6 4 0

6 8 0

7 2 0

7 6 0

8 0 0

HS-SCCH Transmit Power (mW)

O c c u r a n c e s


• HS-SCCH does not enter soft handover

HSDPA throughput – Orthogonality



g p g y

• Close to the BTS the own cellinterference dominates andSINR depends only on HSDPA

power share of total cell powerand orthogonality

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

h o g o n a l i t y

= − PDSCH HS P


• Even in these optimalconditions high throughput

requires high orthogonality – Orthogonality of higher than 0.9

can be achieved in isolatedenvironment

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

Throughput, kbps

O r t

10% BTS pow er for HSDPA 50% BTS pow er for HSDPA80% BTS pow er for HSDPA

( )α −⋅ 1tot P

Example: HSDPA vs. UL return channel link budget



p g

• UE is able to decrease the UL bit rate in case of UL powerlimitation

– Return link link budget with 16 kbit/s bit rate

• Cell edge throughput is highly dependent on the HSDPA power – 4W 75 kbit/s, 8 W 200 kbit/s, 12 W 330 kbit/s, 16 W 430 kbit/s

165.00


130.00

135.00

140.00

145.00

150.00

155.00

160.00

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

HSDPA throughput

M a x i m u m p a t h l o s s

PS 16 UL, HSDPA

PS 64 UL, HSDPA

PS 128 UL, HSDPA

PS 384 UL, HSDPA

HSDPA, 4 W

HSDPA, 8 W

HSDPA, 12 W

HSDPA, 16 W

Module Contents



Introduction


• R99 link budget

• HSDPA link budget


• HSUPA link budget


Planning margins


HSUPA Uplink Link Budget (I)



• Similar to an HSDPA link budget, one of twoapproaches can be adopted

– target uplink bit rate can be specified and link budgetcompleted from top to bottom to determine the

maximum allowed path loss

– existing maximum allowed path loss can bespecified and link budget completed from bottom toto to determine the achievable u link bit rate at cell


edge

• Majority of uplink link budget is similar to that of aR99 DCH

• HSUPA uplink link budget makes use of Eb/Nofigures rather than SINR figures

Eb/N l k t bl

HSUPA Uplink Link Budget (II)



Eb/No look-up tables

Cell Edge Throughput

Target BLER

Propagation Channel

used to index the Eb/Nolook-up table and determinean appropriate Eb/No figureas well as calculate


process ng ga n

• Eb/No values are included for

• Bit rates 32 kbps to 1920 kbps

• Target BLER 1, 5 and 10 %

• Propagation channels Vehicular A 30 km/hr and Pedestrian A 3 km/hr• Eb/No values include E-DPDCH, E-DPCCH and DPCCH

HSUPA Uplink Link Budget (III)



• Transmit section of link budget is identical to that of a HSDPA

associated R99 DPCH link budget.• Transmit antenna gain and body loss can be configured for either

a data card or mobile terminal. Thus the gain can be 2 dBi

• HS-DPCCH overhead is slightly different as in DPCH. Next tableshows the overhead values for SHO and non-SHO case:

• =


Margin - Own Connection Interference

• Interference Margin = -10*LOG(1- Uplink Load/100)

• The own connection interference factor reduces the uplinkinterference floor by the UE’s own contribution to the uplinkinterference, i.e. by the desired uplink signal power

• This factor is usually ignored in R99 DCH link budgets becausethe contribution from each UE is relatively small

• This factor is included in the HSUPA link budget because uplinkbit rates can be greater and the uplink interference contributionfrom each UE can be more significant

HSUPA Uplink Link Budget (IV)



• The receiver sensitivity calculation is the same as that for aR99 DCH link budget

• Receiver Sensitivity = Interference floor + Eb/No -


Processing Gain

• Receiver RF parameters, gains and margins are the same asfor a R99 DCH link budget

• same fast fade margin due to same inner loop powercontrol

• No differences in calculations

Module Contents



Introduction


• R99 link budget

• HSDPA link budget


• n u get


Planning margins


CPICH link budgetChannel CPICH



• CPICH reception is required for cellaccess and synchronisation

• The CPICH link budget is similar to thedownlink service link budget

• The CPICH transmit ower is defined b

Channel CPICH

Service Pilot

Transmitter - Node B

Pilot Tx Power 33.00 dBm

Cable Loss 0.5 dBi

MHA Insertion Loss 0.0 dB

Tx Antenna Gain 18 dB

EIRP 50.5 dBm

Receiver - Handset

Handset Noise Figure 7 dB

Thermal Noise -108 dBm

Downlink Load 80 dB

Interference Margin 6.99 dB

Interference Floor -94.0 dBm


RNC parameter

• The CPICH link budget is calculatedbased on C/I requirement (E c /I o ) of -15 dB

• CPICH reception does not benefit fromsoft handover

Required Ec/Io -15.0 dB

Receiver Sensitivity -109.0 dBm

Rx Antenna Gain 0 dB

Body Loss 3 dB

DL Fast Fade Margin 0 dB

SHO gain 0 dB

Gain against shadowing 2.5 dB

Building Penetration Loss 12 dB

Indoor Location Prob. 90 %

Indoor Standard Dev. 10 dB

Shadowing Margin 7.8 dB

Isotropic Power Required -88.7 dB

Allowed Prop. Loss 139.2 dB

Example: CPICH vs. HSDPA coverage



• The pilot coverage can be extended with higher power

• Less power for HSDPA and higher cell range decrease the celledge throughput

– 2W pilot 142 dB and 550 kbit/s – 3W pilot 145 dB and 440 kbit/s

– 4W pilot 147 dB and 350 kbit/s



130

135

140

145

150

155

160

165

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

HSDPA throughput

M a x

i m u m p

a t h l o s s 2W CPICH

3W CPICH

4W CPICH

HSDPA, 2W CPICH

HSDPA, 3W CPICH

HSDPA, 4W CPICH

Module Contents



Introduction


Planning margins



• Shadowing margin

• Building penetration loss

• Body loss


Planning margins



• Output of the link budget calculation is a maximum path lossestimate from transmit antenna to the received antenna

• In coverage planning additional “planning margins” are introduced

to take into account – Signal shadowing due to obstructions (buildings, trees etc.) on the radio path Slow fading



– gna a enua on y u ng s ruc ures or n oor users

– Attenuation to the signal caused by phone user Body loss▪ If not taken into account in link budget

Slow fading margin



• Slow fading is caused by signalshadowing due to obstructions on theradio path

• A cell with a range predicted from

maximum pathloss will have aCoverage Probability of about 75 %

– Lot of coverage holes due to

Max pathlossfrom link budget

Pathloss

Max pathlossfrom link budget

Pathloss

- Slow fadingmargin



• Slow fading margin (SFM) is requiredin order to achieve higher coveragequality, Coverage Probability

– Smaller cell, less coverage holes overcell area

• Cell range from prediction model

prediction model

Cell Range

Coverageprobability = 75% outdoors

prediction model

Cell Range

Coverageprobability > 75% outdoor( ) ........max =⇒−= RSFM L R f

Coverage Probability = Area Location Probability over Cell Area



• In dimensioning, the Area Location Probability of a single cell isdefined instead of Point Location Probability at Cell Edge.

• Area Location Probability over Cell Area – means the probability

that the average received field strength is better than the minimumneeded received signal strength (in order to make a successfulphone call) within the cell. The difference between Point & Areal i n r ili i ill r l w



Point Location Probability

Area Location Probability

Fu

Cell Edge Location Probability

Ph Location Probability over Cell Area

Point Location Probability at Cell Edge



• As shown previously, the Slow Fading (log-normal fading) isnormal distributed with the distrbution function

• The probability, Pxo that r exceeds some threshold, x o at a given

2

2

2

)(

22

1)( σ

σ π

⋅

−−

⋅⋅⋅

=

mr r

e r p



⋅

−⋅+=

⋅⋅⋅

= ∫∞

⋅

−−

22

1

2

1

2

1

0

2

)(

20

2

2

0

σ

σ π

σ

m

x

r r

x

r x erf

r d e p

m

Refer to Cellular Radio Performance Engineering, Chapter 2, e.g. 2.9 Page 29

Jakes, W.C.Jr. Microwave Mobile Communications. USA 1974, John Wiley & Sons. 473 p

.

point location probability can be written as the upper tail probabilityof the above equation :

Slow FadingMargin, SFM

From Point Location Probability to Area LocationProbability



F

R

p dAu x=

⋅

⋅ ∫1

2 0

π

Area Location ProbabilityPoint Location Probabilitiespx0

Probability



F erf a e erf a bb

u

a b

b= + + ⋅ − ⋅ +

⋅ ⋅ +

12

1 1 1

2 1

2( )

2

)( 00

⋅

−=

σ

P xa

2

log 10

⋅

⋅

= σ

e

b

P 0 field strength threshold value at cell edgeγ path loss slope

Slow FadingMargin, SFM

StandardDeviation, σ σ

Slow Fading MarginPoint Location

Area Location

Slow fading margin



Slow Fading Margin

SFM [dB] (xo-Po)Probability,

Pxo

a bArea Location

Probability, Fu

-5.00 26.60% -0.4419 1.2964 56.00%

-4.50 28.69% -0.3977 1.2964 58.00%

-4.00 30.85% -0.3536 1.2964 59.99%

-3.50 33.09% -0.3094 1.2964 61.97%

-3.00 35.38% -0.2652 1.2964 63.93%

-2.50 37.73% -0.2210 1.2964 65.86%

-2.00 40.13% -0.1768 1.2964 67.76%

-1.50 42.56% -0.1326 1.2964 69.63%

-1.00 45.03% -0.0884 1.2964 71.45%

-0.50 47.51% -0.0442 1.2964 73.23%

0.00 50.00% 0.0000 1.2964 74.96%

0.50 52.49% 0.0442 1.2964 76.63%

1.00 54.97% 0.0884 1.2964 78.25%

• Slow fading margin valuespresented for the differentPoint Location and Area

Location Probability values

Standard Deviation, ss = 8dB



1.50 57.44% 0.1326 1.2964 79.81%

2.00 59.87% 0.1768 1.2964 81.30%

2.50 62.27% 0.2210 1.2964 82.73%3.00 64.62% 0.2652 1.2964 84.09%

3.50 66.91% 0.3094 1.2964 85.38%

4.00 69.15% 0.3536 1.2964 86.61%

4.50 71.31% 0.3977 1.2964 87.76%

5.00 73.40% 0.4419 1.2964 88.85%

5.50 75.41% 0.4861 1.2964 89.87%

6.00 77.34% 0.5303 1.2964 90.82%

6.50 79.17% 0.5745 1.2964 91.71%7.00 80.92% 0.6187 1.2964 92.53%

7.50 82.57% 0.6629 1.2964 93.29%

8.00 84.13% 0.7071 1.2964 93.99%

8.50 85.60% 0.7513 1.2964 94.64%

8.80 86.43% 0.7777 1.2964 95.00%

9.50 88.25% 0.8397 1.2964 95.77%

10.00 89.44% 0.8839 1.2964 96.25%

=

Point Location Probability = 50 %Area Location Probability = 75 %

Building penetration loss



signal level increases with floor~

• Signal levels from outdoor base stations into buildings areestimated by applying a “Building Penetration Loss (BPL)” margin

• Slow fading standard deviation is higher inside buildings due to

shadowing by building structures – There are big differences between rooms with window and “deep indoor” (10

..15 dB)



Pref = 0 dB

Pindoor = -3 ...-15 dB

Pindoor = -7 ...-18 dB

-15 ...-25 dB no coverage

rear side :-18 ...-30 dB

,..10th floor)

Area Location Probability – Indoors



Add mean values,superimpose standard deviations

• For indoor location area probability calculation, mean penetration losses have tobe added, and increased standard deviation needs to be taken into account aswell:



( ) ........=⇒−−= R BPLSFM L R f

222

21

...

...

1 N indoor indoor outdoor

N mmm BPL

σ σ σ σ +++=

+++=

BPL: Building Penetration Loss [dB]

Module Contents



Introduction


Planning margins




• Propagation models

• Cell range to cell area

Propagation Models



• Empirical

• Semi-empirical

An equation based on extensive empirical measurements is created.Those models can be used only in the environments similar to theexamined one. The small changes in the environment characteristic

can cause enormous errors in the prediction of wave propagation.

Combination of empirical and



• Deterministic

Wave propagation is described by means of rays travelling between transmittedand receiving antenna and coming in to reflections, scattering, diffractions, etc .Those methods, generally based on ray optical techniques, give a very accuratedescription of the wave propagation but require a large computation time.

. .COST Hata can be combined with

the theoretical knife edge model).

Propagation Models used in common planning tools



Okumura-Hata• The most commonly used statistical model

Walfish-Ikegami

• Statistical model especially for urban environmentsJuul-Nyholm

• Same kind of a prediction tool as Hata, but with

S t a t i s t i c al ⇒

t o b e

t un e



different equation for predictions beyond radio horizon (~20km)

Ray-tracing

• Deterministic prediction tool for

microcellular environments

D e t er mi ni s

t i c

Propagation Models – Okumura-Hata & COST Hatamodel



• In order to fit the Okumura-Hata model into the operation frequencies of 3G,some additional measurements and adjustments were done in the framework ofEuropean Cooperation in the Field of Scientific & Technical Research (COST)

• The validity range for the extended model:

– Frequency f: 150 MHz – 2000 MHz

– Distance R: 1-20 km

– BS height hBS: 10-200m



– MS height hMS: 1-10m

• The correction factor c present in the model depends on area type

area typecorrection

factor [dB]

dense urban areas -3city center areas 0

suburban areas 12,27

rural areas 32,52

( ) ( )

+⋅−⋅

+

⋅=

94.44log33.18log78.4

4.528log2

10

2

10

2

10

f f

f

CorrectionFactor

for suburban areasfor rural areas

Propagation Models – Okumura-Hata & COST Hatamodel



ectionMorphoCorrFactorCorrection+

log(R))](hlog6.55-[44.9)a(h-)(hlog13.82-(f)logB+A=L BS10MSBS1010

+

⋅⋅+⋅⋅

.............=⇒ R



[ ]8.0)(log1.56-h0,7]-(f)log[1,1=)a(h

MHz2000<f MHz150033.90

MHz1500 f MHz150 26.16 =B

MHz2000f MHz150046.30

MHz1500 f MHz150 69.99 =A

10MS10MS −⋅⋅⋅

<

<

<<

<<

f

Propagation Models – Walfish-Ikegami



• Model for urban macrocellular propagation

– Antenna close to roof-top level

• Assumes regular city layout (“Manhattan grid”)

• Total path loss consists of two parts:NLOS

• roof-to-street diffraction and scatter loss

LOS• line-of-sight loss



h

w

b

d

• mobile environment losses

Propagation Models – COST Walfish-Ikegami model



• This semi empirical model is the special adaptation of Walfish-Bertoni model, prepared especially for the typical antennasplacement in 3G (below the roof top).

• The validity range: – Frequency: 800 MHz- 2000 MHz

– BS height: 4 – 50 m (above roof-top)



– MS height: 1 – 3 m

– Distance: 0.02 – 5 km

• Path loss with LOS between MS & BS

)(log26)(log206.42 1010 R f L LOS ++=.............=⇒ R

LOS: Line-off-sight

Propagation Models – Walfish-Ikegami



• Line-of-sight path (LOS)

– Use free space propagation

– Applicable for microwave & satellite links

• “Non-line-of-sight” path (NLOS) – Heavy diffraction, refraction situations

– Great uncertainties in modeling



– COST Walfish-Ikegami model includes model for NLOS prediction

– Use ray-tracing models

▪ Needs detailed building databases (vectorial information)

“Manhattan grid”model




Path loss without LOS between MS & BS

L0: free space propagationL1: multi screen diffraction loss

L2: roof top to street diffraction & scatter loss

++

=

,

,

0

210

L

L L L

L NLOS

0

0

21

21

≤+

>+

L L

L L



)(log20)(log2044.32 10100 d f L ++=

⋅−

⋅+

⋅+−

+−∆++−−=

,114.00.4

,075.05.2

,354.010

)(log20)(log10)(log109.16 1010102

ϕ

ϕ

ϕ

MS hh f w L

w: Mean street width: [m]

b: Mean building spacing [m]∆h: Mean building height [m]ϕ: Mean angle between propagation path & street [°]




Path loss without LOS between MS & BS (continue)

)lg(9)lg()lg(111 b f k d k k L L f d a −⋅+⋅++=

hh BS ∆>

∆−+−

=,0

),1lg(18

11

hh L

BS

hh BS ∆≤



( )

−+−

−+−=

∆

∆−⋅−

=

⋅∆−⋅−

∆−⋅−=

,1925

7.04

,19257.04

,1518

,18

,5.0

)(8.054

),(8.054

,54

f

f

k

h

hhk

d hh

hhk

f

BS d

BS

BS a

BS

hh BS ∆>

hh BS ∆≤

hh BS ∆≤

hh BS ∆≤ 5.0>d

and

and

5.0≤d

Medium sized cities and suburban centres

Metropolitan centres

Mean building spacing: b [m]Mean building height: ∆h [m]

Propagation Models – Microcell



Ray tracing Raylaunching



Tx

Tx

• Very accurate methods, but due to the complexity of the algorithms

computer power consuming.

• Digital maps with a high accuracy are required.

Coverage Area – Coverage Area in Dimensioning



• After cell radius has been determined, cell area can be calculated

• When calculating cell area, traditional hexagonal model is takeninto account



R

Omni

A = 2,6 R12

Bi-sector

A= 1,73 R22

Tri-sector

A = 1,95 R32

R

Coverage Area – Hexagons vs. Cells



• Three hexagons • Three cells



Cell range calculations – Example



• Differences on planning margin are reflected to cell size

Indoor

Speech 1.1 km Uplink limited

Video call 1.1 km Uplink limited

PS Data 384/384 0.7 km Uplink limited

PS Data 384/HSDPA 384 0.8 km Downlink limited

2100 MHz

G_ant = 18.5 dBi



HSUPA 384/HSDPA 384 0.8 km Downlink limited

HSUPA/HSDPA 1 Mbps 0.6 km Downlink limited

Indoor

Speech 2.0 km Uplink limited

Video call 2.0 km Uplink limited

PS Data 384/384 1.2 km Uplink limitedPS Data 384/HSDPA 384 1.4 km Downlink limited

HSUPA 384/HSDPA 384 1.5 km Downlink limited

HSUPA/HSDPA 1 Mbps 1.3 km Downlink limited

900 MHzG_ant = 16 dBi

Effect of planning margin on coverage area



• Planning margin parameter settings have a major effect on the cellarea calculations

NRT 64/384 planning margin effect on Coverage Area(stepped +/- 1dB)

80%

100%

120%

a



-80%

-60%

-40%

-20%

0%

20%40%

60%

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

Change of parameter

E f f e c t i n C o v e r a

g e A r e

Building penetration loss change (ref = 16dB)

Indoor standard deviation change (ref = 12dB)

Module 5 – Coverage dimensioning



Summary

• Planning margins are required in order to achievetarget Coverage Probability

• Pilot power planning thresholds have to be defined fordifferent services and area types



• e range s ca cu ate w t a pat oss pre ct on

model• Link budget calculation involves many estimates and

assumptions “Educated guess”

05 rn31546en10gla0 coverage dimensioning

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