0410 diversifying rice-based farming systems in the southern philippines irrigation sector project...

4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 1

Diversifying Rice-Based Farming Systems in the Southern Philippines Irrigation Sector Project

with the System of Rice Intensification(Paper for presentation in the World Rice Research Conference,

Tokyo-Tsukuba, Japan, 4-7 November 2004)

Felipe Rafols Jr., Allan Gayem, Ligaya Belarmino, Flor L. Magbanua, Rene Q. Nombre, Joel A. Basiao, Carlos S. Salazar, Edgar F. Tagarao,

Elmer T. Nepa, Pacifico E. Calibayan, and Roger C. Lazaro

(SPISP Stakeholders: Farmers, Staff and Consultant)


Outline of the Presentation

• Information on Philippines Irrigation and Improvements-Expectations from the Southern Philippines Irrigation Sector Project in its revitalized PIM&T.

• Motivation for establishing the Pilot

Techno-Demo Farms with the IAs.

• Some Results todate, Extended Analysis,

and Future Further Plans.


SPISP SubProject Location Map SPISP SubProject Location Map

Region VI

Visayas West

Region VI

Visayas West

Region VII

Visayas Central

Region VII

Visayas Central

Region XIII

Caraga Mindanao

Region XIII

Caraga Mindanao

Region XII

ARMM Mindanao

Region XII

ARMM Mindanao


Climatic Types and Topography• In the Visayas

the wetter and drier months are quite distinct, and generally the topography is quite hilly.

• In Mindanao, in general, rainfall is almost uniformly distributed thru out the year with flat topographic features.


Innovations Introduced in SPISP• Watershed Management: Rehabilitation and Protec-

tion to improve water harvesting and reduce (soil and streambank) erosion as well as sedimentation.

• Proportional weirs, in lieu of steel gates, with an orifice provided to pass the conveyance loss, and

• a built-in slit, to assure that no standing water remains within the irrigation canal network and to keep snails, schistosomiasis host, from thriving.

• Canal lining reduces maintenance cost as well as speeds up irrigation water flow velocity that will prevent the snails from hanging around.


Motivation for SPISP, NIA & IAs• With water savings, expand the irrigable area,

and eventually convert part of the rice land into diversified crop land.

• Ultimate Purpose: To produce enough rice for self-sufficiency requirement and to….

• Diversify into high-valued cash crops that may provide cash to buy rice elsewhere whenever the production falls below expectation.

• Eventual Goal: Further diversification to include livestock and/or aquaculture farm for extra income- assurance/insurance plus resources for composting.


Options in the Pilot Techno-Demo Farms

• Margate rice production system, popularized in the Philippines in the 70’s, was simply an intermittent irrigation and drainage scheme.

• Some similarities with SRI, developed in the 80’s, at Madagascar, and now being promoted in Asia.

• Total Quality and Production Management (TQPM) proposed by the Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Training Institute (ATI)

• Features: Water savings of up to 50% while crop yield could be at least double from present yield with continuously basin flooded irrigation.


Margate MonumentDipolog, Zamboanga, Mindanao

Courtesy of Mr. Mike D. Lopez

30 years ago


SRI from Madagascar

• A Jesuit priest, Father Henri de Laulanié, in Madagascar is considered the SRI developer helped launch the not-for-profit organization, ‘Association Tefy Saina’ meaning "to improve the mind."

20 years ago

From 1 plant


SRI Yields in Mindanao SPs• In Mindanao, at a one-ha.

techno-demo farm established at the CARAGA Regional Irrigation Manager’s personal farm with poultry waste, used as a major component of self-produced, organic matter.

• The Mestizo PSBRC 72H Hybrid rice variety grown the SRI way yield 8.90 t/ha on a 40 x 40-cm. grid plant spacing.

• In Gibong Right Bank Subproject at the Caraga Region of Mindanao the Farmer-President of the Federation of IAs joined in following the first SRI pilot techno-demo farm.

• The SRI Inbred IR64 rice variety gave a 7.50 t/ha yield in a 35 x 35-cm plant spacing compared to 4.59 t/ha from a hybrid PSB RC 72H rice planted at usual random spacing.


SRI Results in SPISP, MindanaoSub-Project Area

Rice

Variety

Spacing

cm x cm

Yield

tonsha-1

Net P/ha

Income

Water Saved

1st Trial

Caraga HyB72H 40 x 40 8.90 42,000 ~45-73%

2nd Trial

Gibong HyB72H Random 4.59 23,500 N.A.

InBIR64 25 x 25 6.50 ditto

35 x 35 7.50 38,482 ditto

45 x 45 6.80 ditto


SRI Yields at the Visayas SPs• In the Visayas Barangay

Balicotoc, an originally rainfed area supplied with irrigation pump, the Inbred C64 rice variety was grown the SRI way

• Yield was 7.33 t/ha from 35 x 35-cm plant spacing surpassing the 3.67 t/ha yield from 10 x 30-cm spacing from the Total Quality & Productivity Management (TQPM) approach with a booster chemical fertilizer.

• Also in the Visayas in Magballo Communal Irrigation System, SRI growers used registered PSB RC18 rice variety.

• The yields ranged from 2.83 – 5.50 tons/ha (the highest from 40 x 40-cm plant spacing), these were slightly lower than the first attempt and attributed to possible toxicity build-up from long years of chemical fertilizer and pesticide use.


Total Quality & Productivity Management (TQPM) vs SRI

• TQPM is similar to SRI with booster inorganic/chemical fertilizer until the organic fertilizers has enhanced the micro-organism population in the soil community.

• The TQPM pilot techno-demo plots did show a quick initial response from the chemical fertilizer with very dark green leaves but

• SRI plots with organic fertilizer that initially showed yellowing leaves eventually prevailed.


TQPM (left) & SRI (Right)

Booster effect obvious

Lighter color start


SRI Results in SPISP-Visayas 1/2Sub-Pro-ject

AreaVariety/

Cooperator

Spacing

cm x cm

Yield

Tonsha-1

Net P/ha

Income

Water Saved

1st Attempt Wet Season 2003

Balicotoc InbredC64 Random 2.66 7,592

Rainfed but TQPM 10 x 30 3.66 11,130

Pump Assisted SRI 35 x 35 7.33 26,512 ~ 71 %

3rd Attempt Dry Season 2004

Magballo PSBRC 18 Random 2.70 6,443 ~ 38 %

Communal Hernanie 35 x 17.5 2.83 6,641 ~ 68 %

Irrigation Domingo 35 x 35 3.04 7,521 ~ 68 %

System J.E. Caldito 35 x 35 4.30 15,972 ~ 71%

Anselma 30 x 30 4.73 10,757 ~ 61 %

Colendres 40 x 40 5.54 15,931 ~ 61 %

Range 2.83-5.54 6.6 –16.0k


Soil Test Results at Balicotoc & Magballo SRI Test Sites

Farmer- Land Crops SoilCooperator's Area Grown pH Org Fer N P K

Name Hectare Low Med High Low Med High Deficient Sufficient (Bags)

F. Rafols Jr. 0.70 Rice 6.2 X X X 10 45 40 0

A. Gayem 0.27 Rice 7.6 X X X 10 60 45 45

A. Collendres 0.21 Rice 6.0 X X X 10 45 45 45

J. E. Caldito 0.25 Rice 6.0 X X X 10 45 45 45

H. Domingo 0.36 Rice 7.6 X X X 10 45 45 45

Bacolod City, Negros Occidental: Soil Laboratory Center

Magballo-Balicotoc-Canlamay Integrated Irrigation Schemes

Nitrogen,N Phosphorous, P Potassium,KIndicative Nutrients Availability in the Soil Recommendations

Soil Test Results and Fertilizer Recommendation for SRI Trial Participating Rice Farmers

kg/ha

Magballo: Site of Second Trial on SRI in the Visayas, Irrigated with Run-of-the-River Diverted Water Since 1985

Balicotoc: Site of First Trial on SRI and TQPM in the Visayas, Rainfed and Newly Opened Land for Rice, Pump Irrigated


SRI Results in SPISP-Visayas 2/2Sub-Project

AreaSeason/

Cooperator

Spacing

cm x cm

Yield

Tons/Ha

Net P/ha

Income

Water Saved

4th Attempt Wet Season May – Jun ’04

Magballo J. Tubola 35 x 35 3.46 12,705 N.A.

Communal R. Abelida 35 x 35 4.76 21,286

Irrigation A. Gilvero 30 x 30 5.60 27,878

Average 4.61 20,623

Range 3.46 – 5.60

12.7 – 27.9 k

5th Attempt Dry Season Jun – Oct ‘04

Magballo J.E. Caldito 25 x 25 4.92 13,369 N.A.

Communal A. Collendres 25 x 25 4.81 15,531

Irrigation H. Domingo 25 x 25 3.54 6,157

Average 4.24 11,686

Range 3.54 – 4.92 6.1 –15.5 k


11stst SRI Results Pilot Techno-Demo Farms SRI Results Pilot Techno-Demo Farmsat Balicotoc, the Visayas Schemes 1/2at Balicotoc, the Visayas Schemes 1/2

FarmersFarmersPracticePractice

PracticesSpacing

cm x cmLand Area

Production(Sacks:Tons)

Gross

Income

Expenses

PhP/Ha.

Net

Income

RandomRandom 1 Ha.1 Ha. 66.3066.30 2.652.65

18,54018,540 10,94810,948 (1.69)(1.69)

7,5927,592

TQPMTQPMTechno-Techno-DemoDemo

10 x 30 10 x 30 200 m200 m²²0.02 Ha.0.02 Ha.

91.5091.50 3.663.66 27,45027,450 16,32016,320

(1.68)(1.68) 11,13011,130

10 x 40 10 x 40 200 m200 m²²0.02 Ha.0.02 Ha.

75.0075.00 3.003.00 22,50022,500 15,43615,436

(1.46)(1.46) 7,0647,064

SRISRITechno-Techno-DemoDemo

25 x 2525 x 25

35 x 3535 x 35

45 x 4545 x 45

133 m133 m²²0.013 Ha.0.013 Ha.

125.00125.00 5.005.00 37,50037,500

29,86529,865(1.26)(1.26) 7,6347,634

133 m133 m²²0.013 Ha.0.013 Ha.

183.33183.33 7.337.33 54,99954,999 28,48728,487

(1.93)(1.93) 26,51226,512

133 m133 m²²0.013 Ha.0.013 Ha.

154.18154.18 6.176.17 46,25446,254

26,64526,645(1.74)(1.74) 19,60919,609

Profitability (*.**) = Gross Income/Expenses)


2nd SRI Results at Magballo CIS, the Visayas SPs 2004 2/2


Productivity/ProfitabilityAnalysis:SRI & TQPM in SPISP

Participant Spacing Gross Gross Net Farm Profitabiity Cost, PesosVariety (cm x cm) Income Expense Income Gross In/Ex per Kg.

/Yield (t/ha) Caraga, MindanaoRIM Mindanao 40 x 40 cm Hybrid PSBR72H 8.90 t/ha. 71,200 29,412 41,788 2.42 3.30Traditional Practice RandomHybrid PSBR72H 4.00 t/ha. 32,000 19,770 12,230 1.62 4.94Gibong SP, MindanaoSRI 35 x 35 cmInbred IR 64 7.50 t/ha. 63,683 25,200 38,482 2.53 3.36Traditional Practice Random Hybrid PSBR72H 4.59 t/ha 42,228 18,695 23,532 2.26 4.07

Balocotoc, VisayasMr. Felipe Rafols, Jr. 35 x 35 xm Inbred C64, SRI 7.33 t/ha 54,999 28,487 26,512 1.93 3.62Mr. Felipe Rafols, Jr. 10 x 30 cmInbrid C64, TQPM 3.66 t/ha. 27,450 16,320 11,130 1.68 4.15Balicotoc, Visayas RandomInbrid C64, Trad 2.65 t/ha. 18,540 10,948 7,592 1.69 3.84Magballo, The VisayasMs. A. Colendres 40 x 40 cmReg. PSBRC 18, SRI 5.50 t/ha. 45,200 29,270 15,930 1.54 5.32Mr. J.E. Caldito 35 x 35 cmReg. PSBRC 18, SRI 4.30 t/ha. 38,260 22,258 15,972 1.72 5.18Mr. H. Domingo RandomReg. PSBRC 18, Trad. 2.70 t/ha. 23,460 17,017 6,423 1.38 6.30

Ph Pesos/Ha.

Productivity/Profitability and Cost per Kg. AnalysisThe Visayas and Mindanao, The Philippines


Productivity & Profitability Comparative Analysis with SRI in Sri Lanka

Enterprise Budgets Yield Gross Gross Net Farm Profitability ProductionPractice (kg./ha.) Income Expense Income Gross In/Ex Cost

Season mean Rupees/Kg.(2000-2002)

SRIYala (Minor Season) 5,299 34,899 18,907 15,992 1.85 11.10Maha (Major Season) 5,763 36,720 20,436 16,285 1.80 8.70

ConventionalYala 3,910 27,017 18,600 8,417 1.45 13.30Maha 3,757 23,871 16,381 7,490 1.46 11.90

Sri Lanka Rupees/Ha. (Farm Wage)

Kalhota and Kurunegala Districts, Sri Lanka

Productivity/Profitability and Cost per Kg. Analysis

Namara, R. E, et.al. (2003) Prospects for Adopting System of Rice Intensification in Sri Lanka: A Socioeconomic Assessment. International

Water Management Institute, Kandy, Sri Lanka,. Report No. 75

Profitability=Gross Income/GrossExpense


Updated Summary of Results:Oct.04 1/2


Updated Summary of Results:Oct.04 2/2


What is Next in the Immediate Future?• SPISP is already at the System Management and

Agricultural Development Plan Implementation Phase in the three core subprojects.

• The plan to extend the experiences of SRI to other Visayas SubProjects is expected soonest and a wider application of the Pilot Techno-Demo results is already on the drawing board.

• The socio-institutional aspects would also then be considered, focusing on adoption and dis-adoption rates cited in Namara, et. al. (2003) and

• Maybe a randomized complete block research if only to convince the unbelieving partners.


That is all Folks!

Thank you for your patience.


Effective Rain vs EvapotranspirationEff Rain and ETo-Luzon

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

Month

Eto, mm/m Eff, Rain, mm/m

Eff Rain and ETo-Visayas

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

Month


Eff Rain and ETo-Mindanao

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

Month


Water Balances in the Major Islands of the Philippines and at SPISP’s

Sub-Projects

Obtained with FAO’s WATPOW & CLIMWAT Computer Program


Philippine Irrigation Statistics-2003 est.Irrigation

System

Number

Counted

Area, ha. Served

Per Cent

Of Total

Tons/ha Yield

% Crop

Intensity

National 192 690,000 51 137

Communal 6,700 490,000 36 104

Pump Lift 4,000 147,000 13

Total

Irrigable

10,892 1,354,000 100 ( 43%) 3.70 ave.

Potentially Irrigable

Hectare3,130,000

(100%) 2.00 ave.


SRI Subproject(SP) Sites’ StatisticsInitial

Pilot SRI Sites

Service Area

Ha.

Rice Crop

Ha.

Diversified Crops

Ha.

Cropping Intensity

%Mindanao:Gibong RB, SP, Caraga

2,583

4,786

380

200

Visayas:

Magballo SP, NeOcc

737

458

872

181

Can-asujan SRIP, Cebu Island

772

738

806

197


Proportional Weirs with an Orifice to pass on Conveyance Loss and a Slit to avoid standing water collecting upstream

Proportional Weirs with an Orifice to pass on Conveyance Loss and a Slit to avoid standing water collecting upstream

Can-asujan SP Cebu, The Visayas

Gibong RB Core SP, Mindanao

Proportionate Share

Maintain UniformWater Levels

SchistosomiasisUnfriendly


Comparative Mean Values of ET, P and Total Water Requirements (WR)

Irrigation

technique

EvapoTrans-

piration, mm

Percolation, P, mm

Totals

WR, mm

Conventional

Flooding

765 515 1,280

Water

Saving (SRI)

689 169 858

Difference 67 346

(67%)

422

Mao Zhi. (1996) Environmental impact of water saving irrigation for rice. In: M.Smith, L. S.Pereira, Eds, Irrigation scheduling: From theory to practice. Proc. of the ICID/FAO workshop on irrigation scheduling. 12-13 Sep. 1995; Rome (Italy). P141-146.

0410 diversifying rice-based farming systems in the southern philippines irrigation sector project...

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