UMTS Coverage Estimation

ZTE University

Content

Link Budget

Coverage Scale Estimation

UTRAN Coverage Solutions

coverage

capacity

quality

Balance

Perfect solution: the balance among coverage, capacity

and quality.

Dimension estimation

UMTS radio network dimension estimation is a process of

calculating amount and configuration of equipment based

on the goal of coverage, capacity and quality.

Enquiry

Analyses

Survey

Build Model

Simulation

Requirement

Analyses

Site Survey

Site Allocation

System Simulation

and Authentication

Propagation Model

Test

Propagation Model

calibration

Capability

Estimation

Output Planning Report

Site Selection

Radio Network Planning Flow

Estimation based on coverage and capacity

Determine the number of Node B according to coverage

Uplink coverage, downlink coverage→Coverage radius of cells

Account required Node B number

Determine the number of Node B according to users’

capacity

Uplink capacity, downlink capacity→the number of users supported

per cell

Account required Node B number

Take the bigger value between the two.

PA

Feeder lossPropagation

loss

Antenna gainPenetration

loss

NodeB sensitivity

Shadow

margin

Human body

lossUE power

Link Budget and Models

Simply, link budget is to perform accounting on all losses and gains on a communication link.

Definition: Estimate the system coverage capability by reviewing and analyzing all kinds of influence factors in the propagation path of forward and reverse signals, and obtain the maximum propagation loss allowed on the link under certain call qualities.

Transmitting Power

The NodeB transmitting power is a system parameter,

different for individual services. It shall be determined in

accordance with service type and service coverage.

The maximum transmitting power of NodeB is 43 dBm.

The power of the dedicated channel (DCH) accounts for

63% of the total power.

Transmitting Power

TS25.101 stipulates the UEs in four power levels

During link budget, it is generally taken to 21 dBm for voice

service and 24 dBm for data service (supported by a small

number of UEs). At present it is taken to 21 dBm uniformly.

Power ClassNominal Maximum

Output PowerTolerance

1 +33 dBm +1/-3 dB

2 +27 dBm +1/-3 dB

3 +24 dBm +1/-3 dB

4 +21 dBm ± 2 dB

Receiver Sensitivity

Sensitivity = kTB + NF + Eb/No – PG

kT is the level of hot noise (dBm/Hz)

B is the bandwidth of the UMTS carrier frequency (Hz)

NF is the noise figure (dB)

Eb/No is the required bit S/N ratio

PG is the processing gain (dB)

Receiver Sensitivity

Noise Figure

Thermal Noise

Rx sensitivity

Eb/No-PG

Eb/No

+ De-spread De-modulation

Noise Rise

(interference Margin)

Thermal Noise

Environment hot noise power spectrum density

N=KTB/B=KT

K= 1.380650*10E-23 Boltzmann’s constant

T: absolute temperature（=Celsius temperature+273.15）

B: Receiver bandwidth, the bandwidth for UMTS system is

3.84MHz ,Usually is -174dBm/Hz

Noise Figure

The noise figure of the receiver is the noise

introduced by receiver during processing. It equals

to the ratio of input signal/noise to the output

signal/noise:

F=(Si/Ni)/(So/No)

NF＝10logF

Node B: 3~5dB

UE: 5~7dB

Quality Factors

Eb/No bit energy/noise spectrum density. The value of

Eb/No relates to:

the service type

moving speed

encode/decode algorithm

antenna diversity type

power control

multi-path environment

Power spectrum

Required

Eb/No

Subscriber 1Noise

Subscriber 2Subscriber 3

Eb/No = = S

R×

W

N

S

NX

W

R= S

NX PG

Channel

Rate

(kbit/s)

Required

Error

Block Rate

Recommend

ed Value by

3GPP

12.2 <10-1 n.a

<10-2 5.1 dB

64 <10-1 1.5 dB

<10-2 1.7 dB

144 <10-1 0.8 dB

<10-2 0.9 dB

384 <10-1 0.9 dB

<10-2 1.0 dB

Static propagation condition Multi-path channel 1 Multi-path channel 2

Channel

Rate

(kbit/s)

Required

Error Block

Rate

Recommende

d Value by

3GPP

12.2 <10-1 n.a

<10-2 11.9 dB

64 <10-1 6.2 dB

<10-2 9.2 dB

144 <10-1 5.4 dB

<10-2 8.4 dB

384 <10-1 5.8 dB

<10-2 8.8 dB

Channel

Rate

(kbit/s)

Required

Error Block

Rate

Recommend

ed Value by

3GPP

12.2 <10-1 n.a

<10-2 9.0 dB

64 <10-1 4.3 dB

<10-2 6.4 dB

144 <10-1 3.7 dB

<10-2 5.6 dB

384 <10-1 4.1 dB

<10-2 6.1 dB

Quality Factors

Eb/No is related to the service type, moving speed, coding/decoding

algorithm, antenna diversify, power control, and multi-path

environment

Eb/No Values Under Different Channel Environments in 3GPP

PG = 25dB

Voice 12.2 kbps Data 64 kbps Data 384 kbps

NodeB

PG = 18dB

PG = 10dB

Processing Gain

Processing gain = Chip rate/Bit rate (PG = W/R)

Different services have different processing gains.

As a result, their service coverage is different.

Antenna Gain

NodeB antenna gain

During link budget, suppose the directional antenna gain of the

NodeB to 17 dBi and the omni-directional receiving antenna gain to

11 dBi.

In practice, different antennas can be selected in accordance with

different region types and coverage requirements.

UE antenna gain

The UE antenna gain is 0 dBi.

Soft handover region

Soft Handover Gain

Soft handover gain indicates the gain to overcome slow

fading. When the mobile equipment is located in the soft

handover region, multiple wireless links of soft handover

receive signals at the same time, which decreases the

requirement for the shadow fading margin.

Macro diversity gain

Body loss

When the handset is positioned at user’s waist or

shoulder, the received signal will be 4~7dB or 1~2

dB lower than the value when it is positioned

several wavelengths away from the body. Usually

the value is 3dB.

Penetration loss

The penetration loss of buildings refers to the attenuation

of radio waves when they pass through the outer structure

of buildings. It equals the difference between field-strength

medians in and out of a building.

It is related to the material and thickness of buildings.

Feeder Loss

For a feeder of 30-40 meters long, suppose the total feeder loss to 4

dB (including the connector loss) during link budget.

For a feeder of 40-50 meters long, suppose the total feeder loss to 5

dB (including the connector loss) during link budget.

The feeder loss may decrease the NodeB receiving level and shorten

the coverage radius. Tower amplifiers can be used to compensate the

feeder loss on the uplink.

= +

+

Mean signal intensity

Slow fading

Fast fading

Sig

na

l(d

Bm

)

Distance

Radio Propagation Characteristics

Shadow Fading Margin

The shadow fading complies with lognormal distribution. Its value is related to the sector edge communication probability and shadow fading standard deviation, while the latter is related to the electromagnetic wave propagation environment.

In the radio space propagation, the path loss of any a given distance changes rapidly and the path loss value can be regarded as a random variable in conformity with lognormal distribution.

In the case of network design in accordance with the average path loss, the loss value of points at the cell edge shall be larger than the path loss median for 50% of time period, and smaller than the median for the left 50% of time period. That is, the edge coverage probability of the cell is 50% only.

To improve coverage probability of the cell, it is necessary to reserve the fading margin during link budget.

Shadow Fading Margin

Suppose the random variable of propagation loss to , the average

value to m, and the standard deviation to .

Set a loss threshold .

When < , the signals can meet the demodulation requirement of

expected service qualities.

The edge coverage probability equal to or larger than 75% can be

represented as:

For the outdoor environment, the standard deviation of the random

variable of propagation loss is always taken to 8 dB.

The corresponding shadow fading margin is:

1

1

75.02

1)1(

1

2

)(

cov

2

2

dePP

m

rerage

dBm 4.58675.0675.0|1|

Shadow Fading MarginAccumulated normal probability distribution

Median

Deviation with median signal m

Normal distribution probability

density function

Standard deviation

Threshold Propagation loss

=8

dBm 4.58675.0675.01

Sh

ado

w fad

ing

marg

in (d

B)

Edge coverage probability

Shadow Fading Margin

Power control margin

fast attenuation margin

Use to overcome the power control variation range of

fast fading (Rayleigh fading). The fast power control

margin in walking speed is 2.0~5.0dB, in high moving

speed is about 0 dB.

Interference Margin

Interference reserve, Noise Rise Limit

UMTS is a self-interfered system whose coverage is

closely related to the capacity. It is represented as

interference margin in the link budget.

Typical value: 1~3dB, according to load between

20~50% (uplink).

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Loading

Nois

e R

ise

Capacity increases

System unstable

Interference Margin

Coverage, Capacity and Stability

Uplink Budget ProcessParameter. Symbol Procedure

Tx Power (dBm) A

Tx Antenna Gain (dBi) B

Tx Body Loss (dB) C

Tx Feeder Loss (dB) D

Tx EIRP (dBm) E E=A+B-C-D

Thermal Noise Density (dBm/Hz) F

Thermal Noise (dBm) G G=F+10*LOG(3840000)

Receiver Noise Figure (dB) H

Receiver Noise (dBm) I I=G+H

Interference Margin (dB) J

BitRate (kbps) K

Process Gain (dB) L L=10*LOG(3840/K)

Required Eb/No (dB) M

Receiver Sensitivity (dBm) N N=I+J-L+M

Rx Antenna Gain (dBi) O

Rx Feeder Loss (dB) P

Rx Body Loss (dB) Q

Power control headroom (dB) R

Soft Handover Gain (dB) S

Shadow Fading Margin (dB) T

Penetration Loss(dB) U

Max Allowable Path Loss (dB) V V=E-N+O-P-Q-R+S-T-U

Uplink/Downlink Balance

The downlink cell radius is

related to the number of

subscribers in the cell, the

location and services of the

subscriber.

The downlink is usually limited

by the capacity. When the load

of the cell increases, the

condition of limited downlink

may occur.

The balance between the uplink

and downlink needs the help of

planning software for iterative

calculation.

R99 Uplink Link Budget Example

CS12.2K CS64K PS64K

TX

Tx Power [dBm] 21.00 21.00 21.00

Antenna Gain [dBi] 0.00 0.00 0.00

Body Loss [dB] 3.00 0.00 0.00

Feeder Loss [dB] 0.00 0.00 0.00

EIRP [dBm] 18.00 21.00 21.00

RX

Thermal Noise Density [dMm/HZ] -174.00 -174.00 -174.00

Thermal Noise [dBm] -108.16 -108.16 -108.16

Receiver Noise Figure [dB] 2.20 2.20 2.20

Receiver Noise [dBm] -105.96 -105.96 -105.96

Bit Rate [kbit/s] 12.2 64 64

Process Gain [dB] 24.98 17.78 17.78

Required Eb/No [dB] 4.20 2.70 1.60

Receiver Sensitivity [dBm] -126.74 -121.04 -122.14

Interference Margin [dB] 3.01 3.01 3.01

Antenna Gain [dBi] 18.00 18.00 18.00

Feeder Loss [dB] 2.80 2.80 2.80

Body Loss [dB] 0.00 0.00 0.00

Margin

Power control headroom [dB] 2.00 2.00 2.00

Soft Handover Gain [dB] 3.00 3.00 3.00

Shadow Fading Margin [dB] 8.70 8.70 8.70

Penetration Loss [dB] 20.00 20.00 20.00

Max Allowable Outdoor Path Loss [dB] 149.23 146.53 147.63

Outdoor Coverage Cell Raius [km] 1.74 1.45 1.56

Max Allowable Indoor Path Loss [dB] 129.23 126.53 127.63

Indoor Coverage Cell Raius [km] 0.47 0.39 0.42

R99 Down Link Budget Example

CS12.2K CS64K PS64K PS128K PS384K PCPICH

TX

Tx Power [dBm] 33.00 33.00 33.00 35.00 38.00 33.00

Antenna Gain [dBi] 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00

Body Loss [dB] 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Feeder Loss [dB] 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80

EIRP [dBm] 48.20 48.20 48.20 50.20 53.20 48.20

RX

Thermal Noise Density [dMm/HZ] -174.00 -174.00 -174.00 -174.00 -174.00

-90.00

Thermal Noise [dBm] -108.16 -108.16 -108.16 -108.16 -108.16

Receiver Noise Figure [dB] 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00

Receiver Noise [dBm] -101.16 -101.16 -101.16 -101.16 -101.16

Bit Rate [kbit/s] 12.2 64 64 128 384

Process Gain [dB] 24.98 17.78 17.78 14.77 10.00

Required Eb/No [dB] 7.50 5.20 4.80 4.50 4.30

Receiver Sensitivity [dBm] -118.64 -113.74 -114.14 -111.43 -106.86

Interference Margin [dB] 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00

Antenna Gain [dBi] 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Feeder Loss [dB] 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Body Loss [dB] 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Margin

Power control headroom [dB] 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 0.00

Soft Handover Gain [dB] 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 0.00

Shadow Fading Margin [dB] 8.70 8.70 8.70 8.70 8.70 8.70

Penetration Loss [dB] 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00

Max Allowable Outdoor Path Loss [dB] 150.14 148.24 148.64 147.93 146.36 123.50

Outdoor Coverage Cell Raius [km] 1.84 1.63 1.67 1.59 1.44 0.32

Max Allowable Indoor Path Loss [dB] 130.14 128.24 128.64 127.93 126.36

Indoor Coverage Cell Raius [m] 0.50 0.44 0.45 0.43 0.39

HSDPA Link budget

Cell edge coverage bit rate decide the cell radius

Demodulation threshold is Es/No

Without soft handover and fast power control, so

the Power control headroom and soft handover

gain is zero

Body loss is Zero.

HSDPA Downlink budget ExamplePS128K PS384K HSDPA

TX

Tx Power [dBm] 35.00 38.00 37.00

Antenna Gain [dBi] 18.00 18.00 18.00

Body Loss [dB] 0.00 0.00 0.00

Feeder Loss [dB] 2.80 2.80 2.80

EIRP [dBm] 50.20 53.20 52.19

RX

Thermal Noise Density [dMm/HZ] -174.00 -174.00 -174.00

Thermal Noise [dBm] -108.16 -108.16 -108.16

Receiver Noise Figure [dB] 7.00 7.00 7.00

Receiver Noise [dBm] -101.16 -101.16 -101.16

Bit Rate [kbit/s] 128 384 600

Process Gain [dB] 14.77 10.00 12.04

Required Eb/No (Es/No) [dB] 4.50 4.30 6.19

Receiver Sensitivity [dBm] -111.43 -106.86 -107.1

Interference Margin [dB] 6.00 6.00 6.00

Antenna Gain [dBi] 0.00 0.00 0.00

Feeder Loss [dB] 0.00 0.00 0.00

Body Loss [dB] 0.00 0.00 0.00

Margin

Power control headroom [dB] 2.00 2.00 0.00

Soft Handover Gain [dB] 3.00 3.00 0.00

Shadow Fading Margin [dB] 8.70 8.70 8.70

Penetration Loss [dB] 20.00 20.00 20.00

Max Allowable Outdoor Path Loss [dB] 147.93 146.36 144.5

Outdoor Coverage Cell Raius [m] 1.59 1.44 1.27

Max Allowable Indoor Path Loss [dB] 127.93 126.36 124.5

Indoor Coverage Cell Raius [m] 0.43 0.39 0.34

HSUPA Uplink budget Example

CS12.2K CS64K PS64K HSUPA

TX

Tx Power [dBm] 21.00 21.00 21.00 24.00

Antenna Gain [dBi] 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00

Body Loss [dB] 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Feeder Loss [dB] 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

EIRP [dBm] 18.00 21.00 21.00 25.59

RX

Thermal Noise Density [dMm/HZ] -174.00 -174.00 -174.00 -174.00

Thermal Noise [dBm] -108.16 -108.16 -108.16 -108.16

Receiver Noise Figure [dB] 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.20

Receiver Noise [dBm] -105.96 -105.96 -105.96 -105.96

Bit Rate [kbit/s] 12.2 64 64 600

Process Gain [dB] 24.98 17.78 17.78

-7.00Required Eb/No [dB] 4.20 2.70 1.60

Receiver Sensitivity [dBm] -126.74 -121.04 -122.14 -113.96

Interference Margin [dB] 3.01 3.01 3.01 3.01

Antenna Gain [dBi] 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00

Feeder Loss [dB] 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80

Body Loss [dB] 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Margin

Power control headroom [dB] 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00

Soft Handover Gain [dB] 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00

Shadow Fading Margin [dB] 8.70 8.70 8.70 8.70

Penetration Loss [dB] 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00

Max Allowable Outdoor Path Loss [dB] 149.23 146.53 147.63 143.04

Outdoor Coverage Cell Raius [m] 1.74 1.45 1.56 1.16

Max Allowable Indoor Path Loss [dB] 129.23 126.53 127.63 123.04

Indoor Coverage Cell Raius [m] 0.47 0.39 0.42 0.31

Content

Link Budget

Coverage Scale Estimation

UTRAN Coverage Solutions

Coverage target Max. allowed path loss

Propagation model

Link budget

Coverage radius

Calculation of NodeB Coverage Radius

Link budget is a key component in coverage

planning

Link budget can help understand the impacts

made by parameters on network

Cell Coverage Radius Calculation

Although the model of macro cell can be in different forms,

most of them are a “slope-intercept” model

Common formula

Path loss = k1 + k2log(d)+ k3Hms + k4log(Hms) +k5log(Heff) +

k6log(Heff)log(d) + k7 + clutterloss

30Heff

-6.55k6

-13.82k5

44.6k2

152.4k1

Omni-directional NodeB

R

D

D

R

Three-sector directional

NodeB (65°)

D

R

Six-sector directional

NodeB (65°)

232

3RS

RD 3

22 95.138

9RRS

RD2

3

232

3RS

RD 3

Calculation of NodeB Coverage Area

Content

Link Budget

Coverage Scale Estimation

UTRAN Coverage Solutions

Mid-high traffic areas coverage solution

Low traffic areas coverage solution

Indoor environment coverage solution

Mid-high Traffic Areas Coverage Solutions

Large Scale

Factories

Mid-high Traffic

Areas

Coverage Solutions

Dense Urban

Indoor

macro Node

B

Outdoor

macro Node

B

Street

micro Node B

Street

BBU+RRU

Common

Urban

Macro Node

B +RRU

BBU

+RRU

Sceneries Big Markets

High Performance Indoor Macro Node B

Coverage

Integrative RF Module

Receiving Sensitivity (single antenna): -126.5dBm

Support UMTS 4 carriers, 6 sectors

Output power: 20W/40W/60W

High Capacity Baseband

1344CE supported with full

configuration

S444, 20W@Carrier

1C

2C

3C

4CS222222, 20W@Carrier

1C

2C

Support 9CS RRU Support Local 12CS

S333, 20W@Carrier

1C

2C

3C

Flexible Capacity

Flexible Configuration：

Maximum S444 and S222222

Baseband: 128CE～1344CE

Flexible Networking

Support ATM/TDM

networking

Support IP and TDM hybrid

transmission

Support all IP networking

Different Phases

HSDPA supported

HSUPA supported

Smooth evolution to HSPA+

Flexible Deployments of RRUs

In mid-high traffic areas the

RRUs can be flexibly deployed

when there is not enough site

room:

Macro Node B+ RRU

BBU+ RRU

BBU pool+RRU

Out door construction reduces cost and rent

High efficiency PA makes smaller Node B

and lower power consumption

MGWMSC Server

BBU

Macro Node B

Large scale BBU

RRU

RNC RNC

GGSNSGSN

Macro Node B RRU

RRU

RRU

RRU

Macro Node B

Construction

Flexible deployment of RRUs

It is an innovation to flexibly deploy RRUs

ZXWR serial RRU

ZXWR BBUB

High Performance Outdoor Macro Node B

Coverage

Apply B8812 when there is short of equipment room.

B8812 is designed with modular structure. It is compact and features with anti thief/break.

High capacity B8812 is built in transmission, power, air conditioner, etc.

1200mm

17

50

mm

Flexible Configuration:

Maximum S444 or S222222

Dividable Rack

Depth only 0.6m

Footprint only 0.72m2

High Reliability

300AH battery, average

work time 9 hours

The difficulties of Dense Urban Coverage

Many high buildings make wireless signals barrier

seriously.

Difficult to find sites, especially rooftop platform

Traffic explosion needs high system capacity

High cost of associated equipments and renting

The deployment of macro Node B meets the requirement of capacity

The street Node B solution does not need rooftop platform and associated equipments

SOLUTION

BBU + RRU Structure in Street Solution

ZXWR BBUBFiber on pole

Street Node B

Outdoor integrated cabinet

The BBU plus RRU structure in street Node B solution can greatly reduce the

network construction cost and speedup network deployment.

ZXWR R8840

The BBU plus RRU solution can be deployed in the urban areas

where there are not rooftop platform and site room.

RRU and lightning proof box are installed in the pole.

Beautify antenna and lightning rod on top of the pole.

BBU connects with RRU by fibers.

Outdoor integrated cabinet can accept BBU, power supply,

batteries and transmission equipment.

Requirements of BBU + RRU Structure for

Street Coverage

Carries 1C1S ~ 4C1S

Output power 20/40W

Size360×320×165mm(H

×W×D)

Weight 16.5kg

Power

consumption170W

Outdoor type

RRU

ZXWR R8840

BBU with high capacity satisfies the flexible expansion

To support HSPA function and even HSPA+ by software upgrade

RRU with high PA efficiency and small volume

RRU can be smoothly upgraded to support 4CS

Baseband

Capacity512 ~768 CE

Carries 12CS

Size132×482×330mm(H

×W×D)

Weight 15kg

Power

Consumption300W

Indoor type

BBU

ZXWR BBUB

ZTE can provide serial street Node B which can meet different environment

requirements. BBU and RRU should be smaller volume, flexible installation.

Outdoor Micro Node B in Street Solution

Covering areas The outdoor micro Node B solution can be

deployed in the urban areas where can not install

fibers.

The micro Node Bs and lightning proof box are

hidden in pole-piers. Beautify antenna and

lightning rod on top of the pole.

Iub interface supports IP transmission.

The power supply is 220V/110V AC, UPS and

batteries are hidden nearby.

Install along streets

Content

Link Budget

Coverage Scale Estimation

UTRAN Coverage Solutions

Mid-high traffic areas coverage solution

Low traffic areas coverage solution

Indoor environment coverage solution

Low Traffic Areas Coverage Solutions

highway

Low traffic

Areas

Coverage

solutions

suburb

4 antennas

receivingOTSR

Micro

Node B

Macro Node

B+RRU

rural roads tunnel

BBU+RRU

Radiated Coverage of Macro Node B + RRU

Macro Node B with BBU function will be deployed if

there is room site and transmission

RRU can be deployed when there is not enough room.

RRU connects with macro Node B by fibers.

Microwave can be chosen as one kind of transmission

between sites.

Construction detail

RRU

Site 1 Site 2

Site 3

RRU

Macro Node B with

room site and

transmission

Microwave

transmission

introduced

SDH/PDH

Distributed Coverage of Macro Node B +

RRU BBU is put in the center of small town. RRU can be put in the residential areas or small

markets. BBU and RRU are connected by fiber on pole.

BBU can be embedded in the integrated cabinet. Several RRUs stack together to form BBU

pool.

The distance between BBU and RRU is up to 40Km. The topology of BBU and RRU networks

can use link or circle style.

Center BBU

Market 1 RRU

Market 2 RRU

Market 3 RRUMarket 4 RRU

Outdoor Micro Node B Coverage Solution

Coverage Solution The choice of outdoor micro Node B and repeater can meet the

requirement of tunnels coverage.

In low traffic areas the micro Node Bs are good choice to make fast deployment.

Highway

+

ZXWR B8803+REPEATER

Tunnel

Rural Suburb

Coverage Enhancement Technology

The advantages of 4-atenna receiving

The adoption of 4-antenna receiving technology can widen more 14-22% covering radius of one site.

In low traffic areas the 23-33% of total sites can be reduced by adoption of 4-atenna receiving

technology.

RF CH 1

RH CH 2

RF CH 3

RF CH 4

Baseband

transaction

More 20％ of uplink coverage

Coverage with

2-atenna receiving

Coverage with

4-atenna receiving

OTSR Technology for Low Traffic Areas

Coverage

It can get the 3 sectors coverage with purpose in term of the same investment of omni antenna.

The gain of omni antenna is lower 7dB than sector antenna.

The STSR covering radium is broader than OMNI.

OTSR technology is a good choice for the places where have low voice traffic and need broad

coverage.

DDL

LPA

DDL

LPA

DDL

LPA

LPA

DDL

LPA

Splitter

DDL DDL DDL

OTSR

OMNI

STSR

Flexible Outdoor Coverage Solution

High Capacity

Smooth Expansion

Wide Coverage

High StabilityOutdoor Macro

B8812

+

BBU+RRU

+

BBU+RRU

Outdoor Macro

B8812

Outdoor Micro

B8803

Medium Capacity

Save Equipment room

Flexible Deployment

High Reliability

+

BBU+RRU

Outdoor Micro

B8803

Wide Coverage

Flexible Deployment

High Reliability

Den

se U

rban

Urb

an/S

ub

urb

Ru

ral

Indoor Macro

B8912

Content

Link Budget

Coverage Scale Estimation

UTRAN Coverage Solutions

Mid-high traffic areas coverage solution

Low traffic areas coverage solution

Indoor environment coverage solution

Traditional Indoor Coverage Solution for

Office Environment

Signal Source plus Distributed

System

Passive Distribution System

Active Distribution System

Fiber Distribution System

Penetration Coverage

Outdoor Macro Node B

Outdoor Micro Node B

Repeater Coverage

RF Repeater

Fiber Repeater

Penetration Coverage by Outdoor Macro

Node B A simple indoor coverage solution.

To tolerate 10-20dB path loss because of the separate wall.

Not having good covering effects because of the loss.

This solution is suitable for the residential areas where the buildings are lower than 7 floors.

The penetration coverage by outdoor macro Node B can’t meet the

requirements of the most indoor coverage occasions

Signal Source plus Distributed System

Coverage Solution The signal source is from macro or micro Node B, or RRU and repeaters.

The passive or active coaxial cable, fiber or leak cable can be chosen for

distributed system.

Power loss won’t be avoided by means of the signal source plus

distributed system coverage solution.

GSM site

UMTS site

GSM signal

UMTS signal

Antenna

Passive IDS

Combiner

RF Repeater Coverage Solution

RF repeater can be used for some

confined areas coverage.

Some problems follows with RF

repeater coverage including

Uplink noise increasing to

affect the system performances.

Impossible to expand the

capacity.

RF repeater coverage solution is only suitable to the confined areas or the indoor

edge areas.

RF repeater

covering directly

RF repeater plus

indoor distributed

system

RF repeater

RF repeater

Fiber Repeater Coverage Solution

Fiber repeater is adopted for

some special requirements.

Several problems appears with

the fiber repeater coverage

including

The high cost of optical

elements

Uplink noise increasing to affect

the system performances.

Impossible to expand the

capacity.Fiber HUB

Fiber repeater

Fiber repeater coverage solution is an expensive choice.

Summary of the Traditional Coverage

Solutions

The penetration coverage of outdoor macro Node B cannot meet the

requirements of most indoor coverage occasions

Most of traditional coverage solutions adopt signal source plus indoor

distributed system.

The traditional indoor coverage solutions meet the covering but not

capacity requirements.

The GSM indoor distributed system has to be upgraded to support UMTS

frequency band.

RF repeaters cannot be expanded in capacity , and fiber repeaters are

very expensive.

The New Requirements for UMTS Indoor

Coverage

System requirements Low cost equipments

Small size

Low CAPEX and OPEX

No noise

High capacity

Multi-carriers

Easy to upgrade

Easy to install

Transmission by fiber or twisted-pair

Flexible monitor and O&M

Several power voltage input choices

Few initial parameters setting

BBU + RRU Solution to Meet Traffic Shifting

Requirements

BBU pool

To share baseband resources

To reduce the repetitive BBU

construction

RRU RRU

Residential area CBD areaGo to

work

Off

duty

OMC

Micro RRU Indoor Distributed Solution

Micro RRU has advantages on high power and

low cost effective. It can be also used as the

resource of indoor distributing system.

With high efficiency power amplifier, Micro

RRU has the benefits on low thermal and

power consumption, small size, light, portable,

and easy installation.

Future expansion can be easily achieved by

only expanding BBU

Small or medium scale buildings with GSM indoor distributed system

Reuse the existing IDS with fast deployment and

convenient upgrading

BBU + Micro RRU + IDS

GSM

Source

Combiner Coupler

Power splitter

Micro

RRUBBU

Perfect Indoor Coverage Solutions

New Building Coverage Sharing Macro Node B’s Capacity Indoor Blind Spot Supplement

P Bridge

P8925

Antenna

Macro Node B

P8925

Antenna

3G BBU

P Bridge

P8925

Antenna

Macro Node B

Outdoor Signal

Pico RRU can be deployed directly without distributed system for its small output power. It can

greatly improve the capacity and quality of indoor coverage.

Perfect Indoor Coverage Solutions

3G BBU

P Bridge

P8925Antenna

Expansion capability: cell splitting, LOW TCO

Wide Coverage: Pico RRU can be deployed at the bottom of

coverage area, low RF loss, realize high quality indoor

coverage.

High Capacity: flexible configure the capacity to meet

requirements, cell splitting with software upgrade to smoothly

expand capacity. Lower TCO.

Flexible Networking: adjustable power, single layer, single

point optimization according to traffic distribution.

250 mm

200 m

m

40 mm

Power Supply for Pico RRU and Indoor

Antennas

Power supply

The power supply of Pico RRU is provided by the P Bridge equipment. They are connected by

twisted-pairs.

The power supply of micro RRU and BBU can be -48V DC or 110V/220V AC.

Traditional indoor

antennas

Indoor beautify

antennas

The New Requirements to Indoor Equipments

Carrier 1C1S

Output power 5W

Size 350X260X95mm

(H×W×D)

Weight 8.5 kg

Power

consumption90W

Micro RRU

ZXWR R8905

Carrier 1C1S

Output power 250mW

Size 200×250×40mm

(H×W×D)

Weight 1.5kg

Power

consumption12W

Pico RRU

ZXWR P8925

ZTE can provide serial indoor RRUs with less than 9L size. All the RRUs are

passive natural cooling and easy to install.

BBU with high capacity satisfies the flexible expansion

To support HSPA function and even HSPA+ by software upgrading

RRU with high PA efficiency, small volume and natural cooling

Easy to install. Power supply can be AC or DC.

Various Indoor Coverage Solutions

Flexible V3+ indoor coverage solution satisfies different scenarios with

different requirements for coverage and capacity.

BBUB + P8925+ P Bridge

Pico Access Solution

BBUB +P8925+

Pico RRU + IDS

IDS

BBUB ++

Micro RRU + IDS

IDSR8905+

Micro Node B + IDS

IDSB8803

+

Macro Node B +IDS

IDSB8912

+H8901

Home Access Solution

DSL Modem

Indoor Capacity

Indoor Coverage

Low

Middle

High

Small Middle Large

Solution for buildings and

residential areas coverage

BBU+RRU

overlay solution

Traditional overlay solution