04. chapter - 4 accident caution theory

8/19/2019 04. CHAPTER - 4 Accident Caution Theory

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CHAPTER - 4

Accident Causation and Prevention

1. Causation or Occurrence ?

2. The Accident Problem3. Need for Safety 4. easons for Accident Pre!ention

4.1 "umanitarian or #asic Needfor Safety

4.2 $conomic or Costs of accident4.3 Social4.4 %e&al4.' Producti!ity.

'. (actors )m*edin& Safety '.1 At the +ana&ement le!el'.2 At the ,or-ers le!el

'.3 At the o!ernment le!el /. #asic Terms in AccidentPre!ention

/.1 )ncident /.2 Accident /.3 )n0ury/.4 an&erous Occurrences/.' an&erous O*erations/./ "aardous Processes/. Occu*ational Noti5able6

iseases

. Theories of Accident Causation.1 "einrich7s Theory

.2 (ran- #ird7s 8*dated omino

Theory .3 "e*burn7s Theory .4 +ulti*le Causation Theory .' Systems +odel Theory ./ (errell7s "uman (actors

Theory . Peterson7s Accident9)ncident

Causation Theory .: $*idemiolo&ical Theory .; Surry7s ecision Theory .1 they are caused7 .Most of the accidents are caused by

our latent or patent, visible or invisible,known or unknown, detectable orundetectable, intentional or unintentionalunsafe acts, conditions and seuentialevents leading ultimately to accident.

They e!plain rather the causation andnot "ust the occurrence. Therefore allsafety people should analyse thiscausation to #nd out the appropriatemeasures for prevention.

The word ‘causation points out ‘ourresponsibility’ and suggests the positivepreventive measures to remove realreasons causing that accident. The word‘occurrence points out occurring bychance or fate or something else andindicates nobody’s responsibility, which isnot the healthy or safe philosophy of safety.

$%&'()* gives seven factors relatingto causation of accidents & agency, unsafemechanical or physical condition, unsafeact, unsafe personal factor, type of accident, nature of in"ury and location of in"ury.

The terminology and philosophy givenin +hapter and ' must be studiedbefore reading any chapter including this

one.

1

THEME


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! THE ACCI"ENT PRO#$E%

The -ero accident goal is an idealgoal, and one must try to achieve it byusing all safety philosophy andtechnology. $n reality, an industry andaccidents are corelated and each

industry is facing the accident *roblem,the number and magnitude may bevarying.

Nature and Si&e o' t(ePro)*e+,

$t is this accident problem at the rootwhich has generated the need of safety./eaths, in"uries and su0ering are itsdirect results. +ompensation, production

loss, timeloss and various costsloss areindirect results. The in"ured worker, hisfamily, factory and the nation, all are thesu0erers. Accidents not resulting inhuman in"uries, but resulting in propertydamage or moneyloss are alsoaccountable and undesired. Thereforeaccident is always undesirable. That iswhy the accident ro)*e+ hasattracted attention worldwide.

Many employers look to it leniently

and do not pay proper attention. Theyfeel that it is cheaper to prolong theha-ard than to remove it. 1ecause of theinsurance schemes and 2%$ Act, manyemployers think that now they should notworry because they have insured theirplants and workers against accident andthey will be compensated. %uch attitudeincreases the accidentproblem and actsagainst the e0orts for safety.

Many workers also tend to takeadvantage of the 2%$ %cheme and invite

unnecessary accidents. This hasincreased the number of reportableaccidents, which can be reduced by themotivation of workers and their unions.

The national moneyloss and timeloss bysuch accidents must be prevented by coordinated e0orts. Training at all levelshelp much in this regard.

The si-e 3severity4 of this accidentproblem can be "udged from the 354 +ostof the accidents and 34 %tatistics of

accidents which are e!plained in +hapter

6 to discuss its various aspects. 7et, somehighlights are given below&

$n $ndia during 5889 there were total58:9'6 accidental deaths recorded, outof which the #gure in factories was *:*3;or other causes see tables in +hapter64. Total in"uries 3fatal and nonfatal

accidents4 during 58) and 58)' were8*:( and 5'5*: respectively. This#gure in 588: and 5885 was 5)55( and*:688 respectively. This indicatesdecrease in accidents despite increasingindustrialisation and employment. This isowing to nonreporting of accidents frommany states. %ee


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brings industrial ha-ards of varioustypes vi-. mechanical, electrical,noise, vibration, chemical 3#re,e!plosion, radiation, gas, dust, fumes,poisoning etc.4 and many visible orinvisible health ha-ards. $t is the basicneed to protect the human life and

environment from all such ha-ards.Only safety can do it.

. /irect and indirect costs of accidentsare tremendously increasing andcausing the great national loss. Thiscan be prevented by safety 3see part9, +hapter @ 64.

'. orkers are our national wealth. ecannot a0ord to lose them. ;atalaccidents must be minimised toprevent this fatal loss.

9. /eaths and in"uries e!tend su0eringto the families and society also. Thismust be prevented or curtailed bysafety.

6. %ocial loss in the form of pain, loss of earning capacity, loss of life or limb,ille0ects to health, diseases, increaseof handicapped persons, increase of court cases and emotional losses dueto accidents must be reduced by safeconditions, safe practices and trainingfor them.

*. functionaland operated by men. All other factorsare for men only. Management andmarket cannot function without men.Money and material cannot Cow withoutmen. Machinery cannot be designed,operated and maintained without men.

Thus ‘+an is predominant and mostimportant factor in allindustrial activities.Pre!ention of accident to =man7 is

therefore most essential.

3

AccidentPrevention

1Humanitarian

5Produ-ctivity

2Economic

4Legal 3

Social


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4.! Econo+ic or Costs o' Accidents,

There are three agencies that su0ereconomic losses due to accidents&5 orker and his family. Management.

' %ociety and nation.or5er 6 (is 'a+i*3 su0er economic

losses due to loss of life or limb, loss of earning capacity and e!tra e!penses vi-.medical, nutrition, transport etc.2motional and mental su0ering is e!traloss.

%ana2e+ent sustains money lossdue to direct 3insured4 and indirect3uninsured4 costs of accidents 3;or detailssee


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production people consider safety as anobstruction or brake to their work andreuire workers to go ahead by anymeans to meet production target. %uchattitude may result in accident which willretard productivity.

1y de#nition ‘accident’ means

interruption or interference with theorderly progress or production 3see part'.5, +hapter @4. Then how can anaccident prevention work or safety beconsidered against productivityH

Therefore this wrong belief of ‘safetyagainst productivity’ must be corrected as‘safe production is the only production’.One report says that a safe factory is 55times more productive than an unsafefactory.

%afety and productivity both area0ected if housekeeping, workingconditions, procedures, supervision,training, preventive maintenance etc. arepoor and both can be improved byimproving these common factors.

7 /ACTORS I%PE"IN8SA/ET0

The factors impeding i.e. retarding orin"uring safety are those factors, which goagainst the e0orts for safety. $t isnecessary to identify such negativefactors 3as they cause ha-ards4 and toremove them for the purpose of safety.

A list of such factors may be verylong and may vary from factory to factory.%ome common factors are classi#ed andgiven below&

7.1 At t(e %ana2e+ent$eve*,

5.


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). >uided by personal 3psychological4factors causing unsafe actions.

8.


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the event, not the result of the event,while unintentional in0ury refers to theresult of an accident and is the preferredterm for accidental in"ury.

$t is also de#ned as EAn unplanned orunintended occurrence that interrupts orinterferes with a work activityF. This

de#nition is based on the fact that manyaccidents, the great ma"ority, yield noin"ury and receive passing attention only.

Thus there may or may not be anyin"ury to person or property, the onlysymptom of an accident is ‘interruption orinterference with a work activity orenergy transfer’. This is the broadde#nition, giving rise to the concepts of ‘/amage accident’, ‘Dosttime accident’,‘Total loss control’ and ‘Total lossprevention’.

?owadays we see ‘planned orintended accident’ also, but, then theymay fall under the $ndian in industry> an accident is considered as an un*lanned or une@*ected e!ent resultin& in in0ury to a

*erson or *ro*erty or both. /amageaccidents 3without human in"ury4 havenot received due attention in the accidentprevention programmes. %tatutorily some

damage accidents 3dangerousoccurrences4 are reportable under the;actories Act, 589).

The word ‘accident’ as de#ned by$ndian %tandard& '()* 58)' means anunintended occurrence arising out of andin the course of employment of a personresultin& in in0ury .

;or the purposes of the orkmen’s+ompensation Act 58', ‘a personalin"ury caused to a workman by accidentarising out of and in course of his

employment’ is said eligible forcompensation depending upon the typesof in"uries listed in %chedule$ and theoccupational diseases in %chedule$$$ of the Act.

The word accident is not de#ned inthe ;actories Act. $ts reporting is de#nedas follows 3%ection ))4.

Notice o' certain accident, wherein any factory an accident occurs whichcauses death, or which causes any bodily

in"ury by reason of which the personin"ured is prevented from working for a

period of forty9ei&ht hours or moreimmediately following the accident, orwhich is of such nature as may beprescribed in this behalf, the manager of the factory shall send notice thereof tosuch authorities, and in such form andwithin such time, as may be prescribed.

Ieport of accident to a person oranimal is also reuired under the2lectricity Act and Iules.

Thus the pure or theoretical de#nitionof ‘Accident’ includes ‘event’ but notnecessarily its result as in"ury or damage.$n this conte!t, it is as good as ‘nearmiss’and accident may or may not have in"ury.

The legal or practical de#nition of ‘accident’ includes both ‘event’ and‘in"ury’ otherwise it is not an accident.

Above matters are prescribed underIule 5:' of the >u"arat ;actories Iules,which also prescribes ‘dan&erousoccurrences’ which may or may notinclude personal in"ury.

;or further discussion see part '.5 of +hapter @.

An accident seuence andconseuence are e!plained in part (.5following.

9. In:ur3,

To in"ure means ‘to hurt’ and an in"urymeans ‘a harm’. $n legal terms in"ury maybe to a person or property or both andcompensation 3damages4 can be awardedto the in"ured person for the loss he hassu0ered and may continue to su0er.


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There are two types of in"uries.

%inor in:ur3 generally means thathaving no permanent e0ect and leadingto less than three days o0 work. %a:orin:ur3 generally means that leading tomore than three days o0 work. The ma"orin"ury may be fatal 3death4 or serious. Afatal in"ury is a great loss to the familyand society.

An in:ur3 is an e!ternal damage tothe human body, disturbance ordysfunction resulted from an accident.

#y cause; in"uries may bemechanical 3bruise, cuts, tissue ruptures,breakage etc.4, thermal 3shock, burn,frostbite4, chemical 3burn, acuteinto!ication and poisoning4, radiated3tissue regeneration, changes in thehaematopoietic system4, or combined3the e0ect of more than one causativefactor with various conseuences4. Theresult of accidents 3which may cause

serious, minor or no in"ury4 may be thecauses of temporary or permanentdisablement or a fatality.

The term u"arat ;actories Iules, thefollowing occurrences are prescribed asdangerous and they are reportable in;orm ?o. 5 3for bodily in"ury or death4 L5A 3for no bodily in"ury, propertydamage may or may not be resulted4&

5. 1ursting of a steam plant underpressure.

. +ollapse or failure of lifting appliancesor overturning of a crane.

'. ;ire, e!plosion, escape of moltenmetal, hot liuor, gas etc.

9. 2!plosion of a pressure vessel.6. +ollapse or subsidence of a structure.

9.7 "an2erous Oerations,

The term ‘dangerous operation’ isused in section )( of the ;actories Actmeaning ‘Any manufacturing process oroperation carried on in a factory e!posingany person employed in it to a serious

risk of bodily in"ury, poisoning or disease’

8

1

2

3!!

"a#or $n#ury

"inor in#urie%

&o in#uryaccident%


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and the %tate >overnment is advised tomake rules regarding dangerousoperations.

Iule 5: of the >u"arat ;actoriesIules lists ( %chedules of suchdangerous operations. Their sub"ects arebrieCy mentioned below &

5. Aerated water processes.. 2lectrolytic plating or o!idation.'. 2lectric accumulators.9. >lass manufacture.6. Metal grinding or gla-ing.*. Dead and its compounds.(. /angerous petroleum gas.). 1lasting operations.8. Diming and tanning of raw hides L

skins.5:. +hromic acid and bichromates.55. +arcinogenic /ye intermediates.5. Acids or alkalis.5'. Acetone, tetrachloroethane and other

solvents.59. +arbon disulphide and Bydrogen

sulphide.56. /angerous pesticides.5*. O!ygen and Bydrogen compression.5(. Asbestos.5). %tone or free silica.58. +hemical works.

:. 1en-ene and allied products.5. %olvent e!traction plants.. +arbon disulphide plants.'. Bigh ?oise.9. >as elding or +utting.6.


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tetraethyl lead, phosphorous, mercury,manganese, arsenic, nitrous fumes,carbon bisulphide, ben-ene, chromeulceration, anthra!, silicosis, halogens,radium or radio active substances or rays, skin cancer, to!ic anaemia, to!ic

"aundice, oil acne or dermatitis,

byssionosis, asbestosis paint or chemicaldermatitis, noise, beryllium, carbonmono!ide, coal miners’ pneumoconiosis,phosgene, occupational cancer,isocynates and to!ic nephritis.

%chedule $$$ of the orkmen’s+ompensation Act 58' also gives a listof '9 occupational diseases in its part A,1 L +. A similar list is also given by the2%$ Act.

Only statutory occupational diseasesare listed above, but, there are manynonstatutory diseases also which needaccident or disease prevention. ;ordetails see im*airment to health or en!ironment i.e.

*ollution. Thus those accidents 3including

diseases and poisoning4 are given moreattention, which pose in"ury to a person,property or environment.

> THEORIES O/ ACCI"ENTCAUSATION

Narious theories are developed toe!plain the phenomena of accidentcausation and prevention. They aree!plained below&

>.1 Heinric(s T(eor3,

".,. "einrich, a pioneer in safetyphilosophy, #rst published his work,$ndustrial Accident


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four step formula )dentify the *roblem> 5nd and !erify the reason for the e@istence of the *roblem> select the a**ro*riate remedy and a**ly theremedy .

5:. The humanitarian incentive forpreventing accidental in"ury is

supplemented by two powerfuleconomic factors& 354 The safeestablishment is eGciently productiveand the unsafe establishment isineGcient 34 The direct employer’scost of industrial in"uries for com*ensation claims and for medicaltreatment is about one#fth of the total3direct plus indirect4 cost which theemployer must pay.

These a!ioms were the #rst set of principles or guidelines ever set before inindustrial safety and it has guided allsafety activity till today. /uring thepassage of (6 years, some of his a!iomsare uestioned and disbelieved as truths,but, most of them are still true and dealwith the important areas of safety, vi-.accident causation and prevention,reasons of unsafe acts and conditions,management control functions,responsibility of organisation, costs of

accident, safety and productivity etc.

Accident Seuence, The 5!e factorsin accident occurrence series inchronolo&ical order are1. Ancestry and social en!ironment.2. (ault of *erson.3. 8nsafe act andBor mechanical or

*hysical haard.4. Accident and'. )n0ury.

One factor is dependent on another

and one follows because of another, thusconstituting a seuence that may becompared with a row of dominoes placedon end and in such alignment in relation

to one another that the fall of the #rstdomino precipitates the fall of the entirerow. An accident is merely one factor inthe seuence. $f this series is interruptedby the elimination or withdrawal of evenone of the #ve factors that comprise it,the in"ury can possibly be prevented. %ee

;ig 9.'.

5 Ancestry L %ocial environment ;ault of


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hich causes or permits

Jnsafe Actsof


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of otherpersons

Othercauses

5:5 8: (9 )) ('

TOTAD 69 6: 6:5 '8* ')5

This supports "einrich7s conclusion

that human failure is the predominantcause of accidents. Bowever, this is notnecessarily applicable to all or ma"orityof the industrial accidents as per othertheories.

To #nd out rate of human failure,software ETechniue of Buman 2rrorIate


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correctly> his abuse of it 9 that createsdan&er.

Be points out that "udgement mustbe used in selecting the ma"or causewhen a mechanical ha-ard and anunsafe act both contribute to accidentoccurrence.


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/i2. 4.4 , /ran5 #irds "o+inoSeuence

$ac5 o' contro* is the #rst dominoand refers the fourth function of themanagement 3planning, organising,

directing, controlling and coordinating4.$t involves accident investigation,facility inspection, "ob analysis,personal communication, selection andtraining, ‘standards’ in each workactivity identi#ed, measuringperformance by standards andcorrecting performance by improvingthe e!isting programmes. This #rstdomino may fall due to inadeuatestandards, programmes and follow up.

#asic Causes Etio*o23 are 354. He)urns T(eor3

".A. "e*burn ampli#ed the aboveBeinrich’s theory and arrived at theprinciple that an in"ury accident is theresult of the convergence at the samepoint of time of 9 factors 354 Jnsafeactionable 34 Jnsafe conditional 3'4


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MAN MACHINE

MEDIA

MANAGEMENT

MAN MACHINE

MEDIA

MANAGEMENT

which by its reaction causes a suddenclosing together or convergence of allthe four factors to cause an in"uryaccident. Be emphasises that the fourfactors are complementary to oneanother in causation of any in"uryaccident such that, if any one or more

can be withdrawn by any means duringor "ust before convergence, an in"uryaccident can be prevented. The eventof an accident will not be prevented byendeavours to perfect any one of thefactors to the e!clusion of the others.Iemedial measures must be adoptedfor each of the factors. Dike Beinrich healso suggested planning and organisingto prevent unsafe actions and removeunsafe mechanical or physicalconditions.

>.4 .$. 8roses %u*ti*eCausation T(eor3,

As per this theory manycontributing factors combine together inrandom fashion, causing accidents.%uch factors should be identi#ed. Asshown in #gure 9.*, mostly man,machine and media interact with eachother to generate causes for accident

and management has to identify themand provide necessary safetymeasures.

/i2ure 4.9 , %u*ti*eintersectin2 causes

$n this theory5. %an includes workers, public etc.. %ac(ine includes euipment,

vehicle etc.'. %edia includes environment,

weather, roadways etc.

9. %ana2e+ent means within whichabove three parameters operate i.e.to be controlled by themanagement.

+haracteristics of @5. %an includes age, se!, height,

skill level, training, motivation etc.. %ac(ine includes si-e, weight,

speed, shape, MO+, energy etc.'. %edia includes pressure,

temperature, content,contaminants, obstruction on roadetc.

9. %ana2e+ent includes structure,style, policy, procedure,communication etc.

%imple e!ample of this theory is aman slipping due to walking on abanana skin lying on the road. Beremain contributing factors are as under&

Man @ A man walking on the road.Machine or ob"ect or vehicle @

1anana skin.Media @ %lippery skin on hard road.All above causes are interacting

with each other to lead to the accident.Absence of any reason can avoid theaccident. This indicates that slippery

banana skin should be removed fromthe road or man should be moreattentive for not walking on it or theroad should not be so hard to causeslipping.

Det us take another e!ample of aworker falling from a ladder. As per thedomino theory an investigation is asunder &

The unsafeact

+limbing the defectiveladder

The unsafecondition

The defective ladder

The remedialmeasure

Iemove or repair thedefective ladder andtrain that worker

As per the multiple causationtheory some of the contributing factorssurrounding this accident can be foundout by asking &

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5. hy was the defective ladder notfound in normal 3past4 inspectionsH

. hy did the supervisor allow its useHhy did he not get it repairedurgentlyH

'. /idn’t the in"ured worker know heshouldn’t use itH

9. as he properly trained or notH6. as he reminded or cautionedH*. /id and do the supervisor e!amine

the "ob #rstH The answers to these and similar

uestions would suggest the followingmeasures&5. An improved inspection procedure.. Iepairing the ladder 3machine, tool,

"ob etc.4 immediately i.e. not waitingfor an accident.

'. $mproved training and supervision.9. 1etter #!ation of responsibilities.6.


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s

+asual chain

This theory states that accidentsare the result of a casual chain 3as inmultiple causation theory4, one or more

of the causes being human error, whichis in turn caused by three situations overload, incompatibility and improperactivities. ;actors a0ecting these threesituations are as follows &

5. Over*oad 3A mismatch of capacity,load and a state4 due to

3a4 Doad Task 3


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>.F Eide+io*o2ica* T(eor3,

%uchman stated epidemiologicalde#nition of accident as EAnune!pected, unavoidable, unintentionalact resulting from the interaction of host 3accident victim4, agent 3in"ury

deliverer4 and environmental factorswithin situations which involve risktaking and perception of dangerF. Bismodel is shown below&

ordon and Mc;arlandsupported that accidental in"uries couldbe studied with the same techniues.

>.D Surr3s "ecision T(eor3,

Eean Surry developed this theorystemming from the epidemiologicalmodel of %uchman. $t assumes that bya person’s action or inaction dangeroccurs to the person. $f any negativeresponses to the uestion are shownduring the danger buildup cycle, thedanger becomes imminent. $f all repliesare positive, the danger diminishes and

a negative response to one of the

uestions will lead to inevitable in"ury.An accident can be the result of manydi0erent routes through the model 3:routes4. There are fewer routes leadingto noin"ury situations.

>.1 Ener23 Re*ease T(eor3

,

r. %eslie #all, former /irector of %afety for ?A%A, introduced a causationtheory. Bis thesis is that all accidentsare caused by ha-ard, and all ha-ardsinvolve energy, either due toinvolvement with destructive energysources or due to a lack of criticalenergy needs. This model is most usefulto identify ha-ards and to understand

system safety.ibson noted that in"ury to a livingorganism can be only by some energyinterchange. Bence it was suggestedthat the energy e!change should beconsidered as the in"ury agent. Theenergy e!change resulting in an in"urycould be mechanical, chemical,thermal, electrical etc. This concept isuseful in understanding the way in"uryis caused and e!amining the solutions.hen a grinding wheel is in stop

position it does not make accident, butif it runs and #ngers trapped, it makesaccident because of its kinetic energy.

illiam Badden, in 58(:, e!plained=ener&y transfer or release7 as the mainfactor for accident causation and saidthat accidents and in"uries are causedbecause of transfer or release of energybetween ob"ects, events orenvironment interacting with people.

1ased on this theory, Badden

suggested ten strate2ies to preventor reduce losses as under&

5.


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uantity or concentration of ha-ardous chemicals.

'.


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represents control of performance of man, machine and physicalenvironment.

The ord =control7 includes *re!ention as ell as correction of unsafe conditions and actions.Pre!ention is an ad!ance *art of

=control7 hich if *racticed> subseFuent control for conseFuence or eGect may not be needed. Thus accident control isa vital factor in every industry, which if ignored or practised unskilfully, leads toneedless human su0ering and businessbankruptcy.

The accidentprevention taskreuires both, the immediate approach3direct control of personal performanceand environment4 and the longrunapproach of instruction, training andeducation. This task must be performedbefore an accident and in"ury occur.%ubseuent e0orts after accidents arealso necessary.

Thus accident prevention may bede#ned as an integrated programme, aseries of coordinated activities,directed to the control of unsafe actsand unsafe conditions and based onknowledge, attitude and ability forsafety. $t aims to serve industry,

country and humanity.;ive basic or fundamental steps for

accident prevention 3safe and eGcientproduction4, suggested by B..Beinrich,are &

5. Organisation.. ;act #nding.'. Analysis of the facts found.9. %election of remedy and6. Application of the remedy.

%i!th step of ‘Monitoring’ 3i.e.measurement of result, assessment i.e.comparison with legal criteria orstandard, feedback and furtherimprovement4 is also suggested.

/i2. 4.> %teps of Accident


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traGc rules must be observed. /riversof vehicles of ha-ardous goods shouldhave undergone speci#c training.

After seeing an unsafe act,observer’s 3e.g. supervisor or safetyoGcer4 attitude should be to ‘talk with’the worker and not to ‘talk to’ the

worker. This means to call or advise theworker politely, ask him why he isdoing so or not using reuired tool,

euipment, procedure etc., hear hise!planation, try to understand him andthen e!plain him the ‘underlyingha-ard’ and make him convinced about‘unsafe act’ and to correct it as persafety reuirement.

%ome e!amples of unsafe acts andcontrol measures are given in Ta)*e4.1&

Ta)*e 4.1, Jnsafe Acts, Iemedies and Iesponsibilities

Unsa'e Actions or#e(aviouristic Causes

Re+edies Resonsi)i*ities

5 Age, se!, e!perience


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as worry, hurry, fatigue, od or by

any agency or due to failure or weakeningof any material, structure, situation,condition or system.

Observance of unsafe conditionsincludes many areas such as properlighting, ventilation, housekeeping, Coors,platforms, handrails, toe guards, machineguards, tanks, vessels and pipelines,safety #ttings and devices, electricalha-ards, #re prone condition, gaseousand dust e!posures, noise, vibration,atomic radiation, loading, unloading and

transportation etc.

%uch unsafe conditions are due tononprovision, nonmaintenance, poormaintenance, poorsupervision, lack of training, improper design and layout of plant L machinery, absence of guardsand safety devices, failure of safety

devices, euipment or tools, unsafestructure, poor housekeeping, #repronearea, sources of ignition, static electricity,slippery Coor, high noise, vibration,lighting, radiation, poor ventilation etc.

Observation for unsafe workingconditions should include basictechniues of look, listen, smell and feel3DD%;4 to detect unusual condition of situation, position, noise vibration, odour,temperature, pressure, out of control etc.

%ome e!amples of unsafe conditionsand control measures are given in Ta)*e4.!&

Table 4.2: Unsafe Conditions, e!edies and es"onsibilities

Unsa'e Conditions orEnviron+enta* Causes

Re+edies Resonsi)i*ities

5 Atmospheric conditionssuch as contents of air,temperature, humidity,

A Air sampling,monitoring, cleaningand conditioning.

A 2ngineering and Jtility/ept.

ventilation, rain, 1 Bumidity control. 1 Bumidity /ept.

lightening etc. + $mprove natural andarti#cial ventilationby eGcient e!haustsystems.

+ 2ngineering /ept.

$llumination, itsdistribution and di0usion

A $mprove natural andarti#cial illumination.

A Dighting /ept.

direct glare, reCectedglare, shadow andcolour

1 >ood design andplant layout.

1


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housekeeping. %upervisor

9 1ad housekeeping,rubbish, disorder,unplanned layout

A >ood housekeeping,orderliness,cleanliness, plannedlayout.

A ood design, goodmaterials, good

construction Lmaintenance, goodproceduresconforming tostandards.

A /esign 2ngineer,


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techniues.

storage, transportationetc.

1 Application ofappropriate remedysuch as safe guards L#ttings, safetydevices, eliminationof ha-ard,

minimisation ofha-ard level,lockouts, trips Linterlocks, isolation,failsafe design,failure minimisation,failure rate reduction,screening, scrubbing,monitoring i.e.sensing, measuring,responding, andwarning 3audio

visual4 of dangerousparameters, remotecontrols,microprocessors,recorders, autocontrollers etc.

1 +hief 2ngineer.


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e!perience. /ecide very carefully thatwhich is the unsafe act, which is theunsafe condition, which is more pro!imateand the accident is due to any one ortheir combination and in which seuence.;rom facts, witnesses and rational

"udgement #nd reply to all these

uestions and report properly for realaccident reporting and true causationstudy.

Twelve steps 3safety oGcer’sprocedure4 to analyse the causes of accidents are as follows &

5. Obtain the supervisor’s report of theaccident containing the details givenabove.

. Obtain statutory accident report form.'. Obtain the in"ured person’s report.9. Obtain the reports of witnesses if any.6. Obtain the doctor’s report on in"ury.*. $nvestigate the accident.(. Iecord all evidences and facts.). Tabulate the essential facts of the

given accident together with thesimilar past accidents.

8. %tudy all the facts.5:. Analyse accident causes in details.

%uch analysis will classify causes asdefective or no guard, poor lighting,

poor ventilation, no safety devices, nouse of


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trained, cautioned, persuaded, convincedand appealed for improvement. +ertaincases reuire proper placement, othermedical or psychological treatment oradvice. $n rare cases and as a last resort,some form of disciplinary action may beneeded.

Application of selected safetymeasures should be immediate and longterm. 2!isting unsafe conditions andactions should be corrected at once whileat the same time longterm programmesshould be started to include proceduresand techniues devised to anticipate andprevent situations of a similar nature.

Application of remedy is the dynamicpart of accident prevention. Jnless theremedy is successfully applied, all priorsteps are of no use and wasted.

F.!.7.1 a3s 6 %eans o' A*icationo' Re+ed3 , A safety engineer oroGcer applies the following ways &5.


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1onus, salary increase, vacation withpay, days o0, trips, personal gifts,reuisite assignments of work,banuets, picnics and participation insafety activities prove useful in thisregard.

'. $o3a*t3 3/esire to cooperate4

20ect of accident by the employees onsupervisor’s record, on employer’soverhead cost, on uality of product,on fellow employees and oncompany’s prestige must be broughtto the notice of individual to createand maintain their sense of loyalty tothe employer.

9. Resonsi)i*it3 3Iecognition of obligation4 The sense of responsibility, both to self and to others, is created byassignments and analogy of observance of safety rules.

6. Pride 3%elf satisfaction and desire forprice4


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5:. %afety message on work orders,computers, correspondence etc.

55. ;eaturing speci#c safepractice rules.5. $nvestigation of accidents and

e!plaining their analysis of unsafeactions, unsafe conditions and theirremedial measures.

5'. +onducting training programmes.59. %ending persons to outside safety

courses.56. %peci#c programmes as per our own

need and nature of work.5*. +onducting shortterm safety course

for all employees in rotation.

F. %ode*s 'or AccidentPrevention,

B.. Beinrich’s model of ‘;ive stepsof accident prevention’ is e!plained inprevious


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This is updated model of Beinrich’s #vesteps model shown in ;ig. 9.(. Bere onlyone step of ‘monitor’ is added formonitoring of applied remedy and toreconsider the problem.

1asic philosophy of accident

prevention is reuired at the root of anysafety management. Monitoring is afeedback mechanism, it tells us how weare doing, what progress we are making.$t dictates additional needs, we thencollect additional data, analyse it, selectadditional remedies, apply them, monitorand so on.

F.4 /ive ‘Es o' AccidentPrevention

%afety or accident prevention can beachieved by the following #ve methods&

1. En2ineerin2 contro*s 3to prevent unsafe conditions4


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$nvestigation

AnalysisKAssessment


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58. %upervisor should ‘talk to’ theworker and not ‘talk with’ theworker to e!plain his unsafe act.

:. ;eedback or measurement of result is useful in ‘performancecycle model’ to correct ourpreventive action.

!. rite s(ort notes or eB*ain in)rie',

5. The accident problem.. ?eed for safety.'. Ieasons for accident prevention.9. ;actors impeding safety.6. Meanings of ‘Accident’.*. Types of ‘Accident’.(. Types of ‘$n"ury’). Types of ‘/angerous occurrences’.8. Types of ‘/angerous operations’.5:. Types of ‘Ba-ardous process’.55. ?oti#able diseases.5. Ten A!ioms of industrial safety.5'. Accident seuence.

59. +riticism of Beinrich’s theory.56. ;acts #nding for accident

prevention.5*. ‘Jnsafe acts’ OI ‘unsafe

conditions’.5(. ;our basic remedies for accident

prevention.

5). ays and means to apply remedyto prevent accidents.

58. Jpdated %afety ManagementModel.

:. Two approaches to safety.

. "iscuss Git( detai*s,

5. B.. Beinrich’s Theory OI;rank 1ird’s /omino Theory.

. Multiple +ausation Theory OIilliam Badden’s 2nergy Theory.

'. ;ive ;undamentals of Accidentu"arat;actories Iules 58*' with subseuent

Amendments.9. The orkmen’s +ompensation Act

58' and Iules 589.

04. chapter - 4 accident caution theory

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