031513 stem cell research

Stem Cell Research

John F. Morris, Ph.D.Rockhurst University

I. What are stem cells?

A. All human beings begin life as asingle cell.

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1) This single cell contains everything about this human being.

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2) The process of growing from one cellinto the body you have now takes time.

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3) That first cell divides into 2 cells, which then divide into 4 cells, then8 cells, then 16, and so on …

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3) … until it forms a small ball at 5-7 days, called a blastocyst.

outside inside

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4) Doctors also refer to a human beingduring this early part of our life as anembryo.

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5) From this tiny embryo, the rest of thehuman body develops.

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6) Thus, all of the cells in your bodystemmedfrom those first cells.

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II. Stem Cells– Nature’s Building Blocks

A. Stem cellsare basic cells fromwhich all of the specific cells inour body develop.

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B. And so, an embryois made up ofstem cells.

Stem cells

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1) These are called embryonic stem cells.

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Stem cells

C. Then, as the different cells in ourbodies grow, some of them stayin our tissues as stem cells.

bone marrowstem cells

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1) The stem cellsthat remain as wegrow and develop are calledadult stem cells, and are found in:

� blood;

� bone marrow;

� nose;

� mouth;

� fat tissue.

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a) Our adult stem cellshelp in thenormal repair and regeneration ofour body.

For example, when wehave a cut or abroken bone.

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2) Adult stem cellscan also be collected when a baby is born from the:

� placenta;

� umbilical cord;

� amniotic fluid.

� umbilical cord blood;

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III. Using Stem Cellsto Heal and Cure

A. Because stem cellscan turn intoother types of cells, doctors want to use them to heal people and cure disease.

1) This is already being done with adult stem cells!

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Joseph Jr.'s Story

Joseph Davis, Jr. , of Cedar Hill, Texas, was born with sickle cell anemia.

He received chemotherapy to destroy the cells which were creating his sickle cells. Then, on May 10, 2002, he received a transplant of stem cells collected from his baby brother Isaac’s umbilical cord blood when he was born.“It was about 20 days after the transplant, when all of a sudden he started feeling better," said Joseph Sr.

Now Joseph Jr. is a healthy, vibrant boy with a normal life. His doctors say he is cured.

Diagnosed in in May of 1995 with Multiple Sclerosis, Barry Goudy’s treatment was becoming less and less effective and his quality of life was decreasing.

In July of 2003, Barry received an adult stem cell transplant using his own cells.After 4 months he was able to go back towork, symptom free. He celebrated 5 years of remission from MS last July.

“I look forward to continuing to live an active, pro ductive MS-free lifestyle that includes my work as well as playing

racquetball, golf and coaching hockey .” – Barry

Adult Stem Cells May Treat Many DiseasesStudy Suggests Benefits for Patients WithAutoimmune Diseases and Heart Disease

By Salynn BoylesWebMD Health News Feb. 26, 2008

Cord blood stem cells help meet minority marrow nee dsBy David Martin , CNN March 2, 2010 -- Updated 0309 GMT (1109 HKT)

"We went through that process, and nobody had a match. Siblings are the best matches. My brother or my sister wasn't a match. My friends, aunts, uncles, cousins, nobody was a match. So, couldn't go that route," Mumford said.

At that point, Mumford said, his choices were to continue chemotherapy and live for, maybe, another year and a half. Or he could try a cord blood stem cell transplant.

Mumford received a cord blood stem cell transplant in November 2004. Mumford, who's now 30, says he's never felt better. "I just feel amazing," he said. "I have a lot of energy, and I'm just exci ted about it."

Nathan Mumford tried to find a bone marrow donor after his leukemia was diagnosed not long after he graduated from college.

Waverly Teen Travels to D.C. for Stem -cell Press Conference; Rabon, Senator Promote Research into Adult CellsThe State Journal-Register 21 June 2006

"(The surgery) allowed me to walk again and goback to my normal life.” – Jacki

WASHINGTON – Jacki Rabon of Waverly, IL,Was paralyzed from the waist down in a 2003car accident at the age of 16. She underwent experimental surgery in Lisbon, Portugal, thattransferred stem cells from the inside of hernose to the area of her spinal cord injury. She said at the news conference that she has increased feeling in her hips and now walks with the aid of a walker and braces.

As reported in 2009 in the Journal of the American Medical Association, 20 of 23 patients became insulin-independent after treatment with their own bone marrow adult stem cells.

Jaider Abbud , a young dental surgeon in Brazil, is one of the first patients ever to be treated for Type I Diabetes using adult stem cells (Jaider, on the right, is pictured with Dr. Julio Voltarelli, one of the doctors who treated him.) He was testing his blood and taking multiple insulin shots every day.

In a talk he gave on Capitol Hill in 2007, a year after his treatment, Jaider described his diagnosis and life with juvenile diabetes, and how he hadn’t taken insulin or any medication since receiving his adult stem cell transplant.

Amazing recovery attributed to cord bloodToddler diagnosed with cerebral palsy

shows remarkable improvementBy Bob Considine TODAYShow.com contributor updated 10:41 a.m. CT, Tu es., March. 11, 2008

2-year old Dallas Hextell was diagnosed with cerebral palsy, but is now showing fewer signs of the disorder and marked improvement after an infusion of his own stem cells at Duke University — made possible by the preservation of his own cord blood shortly before birth.

Within five days, a different child emerged — laughing, clapping, waving and reacting. “Before he went to Duke, we were trying to teach him to use a walker ,” Cynthia Hextellsaid. “Now he walks with no assistance at all .”

A recent umbilical-cord-blood transplant at Children's Mercy Hospital in Kansas City, MO, has transformed GrantonBayless of Bolivar, MO, from a frail, nearly immobile patient into a bubblybaby who wiggles when he sees his masked and gloved parents enter his sterile hospital room.

Granton received his transplant on June 10, 2008. Daniel Bayless said that because of confidentiality guidelines, all he and his wife, Jenni, would ever know of the donation was that it came from a boy born in 2000 and was stored in St. Louis.So far, Granton continues to improve.

Cord Blood Helps Missouri 'Bubble Boy' Move Out of ICU, WiggleThursday, July 10, 2008

Stroke Patient's Own Stem Cells Used In Trial For First Time

ScienceDaily (Apr. 16, 2009) — For the first time in the United States, a stroke patient has been intravenously injected with his own bone marrow stem cells as part of a research trial at The University of Texas Medical School at Houston.

Roland "Bud" Henrich, 61, was transferred to Memorial Hermann – Texas Medical Center on March 25 after suffering a stroke while working on his farm in Liberty. He arrived too late to receive tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), the only treatment for ischemic strokes. He became the first patient in the trial.

When he arrived at the hospital, Henrich could not speak and had significant weakness on his right side. When he was released after nearly two weeks of hospitalization and rehabilitat ion, he was able to walk and climb stairs unassisted and said his fi rst words.

At 5½ months old, Mason was diagnosed with an extremely rare genetic bone marrow disorder called Malignant Infantile Osteopetrosis (MIOP). On October 1st, 2009, Mason received a stem cell transplant from donated umbilical cord blood. If not for the unselfish act of cord blood donation, Mason would not have been saved. Mason continues to get better each and every day and is now seeing normal new bone growth and development. We decided that establishing the Mason Shaffer Foundation was an ideal opportunity for our family to make a difference in other people's lives.

-Marc & Sarah Shaffer

New Study Uses Adult Stem Cells In Effort To Save Limbs Of Patients With Peripheral Arterial DiseaseArticle Date: 12 Feb 2010 - 2:00 PDT

Helen Thomas , 80, of Hastings, Michigan, was one of six subjects spared amputation in the study. She traveled to Grant to undergo the procedure this summer. The outcome "has been nothing short of a miracle," said Thomas, who had a non-healing leg wound and previously lost a toe due to poor circulation. "I feel like a normal person again. I'm able to go to the grocery store. Without this procedure, I would have been in a wheelchair."

The December issue of The Journal of Vascular Surgery has published the results of a clinical trial at Grant Medical Center in Columbus, Ohio, documenting the outcomes of nine patients who received a groundbreaking transplant of adult stem cells. The study was designed to see if the stem cells would cause new blood vessels to grow bypassing severely narrowed or clogged arteries.

Ciaran Finn-Lynch , 11, underwent the pioneering trachea transplant in March and is set to return home to Northern Ireland after the surgery was declared a success. Ciaran was born with a condition called Long Segment Tracheal Stenosis, which left him with a windpipe just one millimeter across.

Doctors at Great Ormond Street Hospital in London took stem cells from the youngster's bone marrow and injected them into a donor windpipe which had been stripped of its own cells. They implanted the organ and allowed the stem cells to transform themselves in his own body.

His mother said Ciaran's recovery had been 'up and down' but he kept his spirits up. Ciaran is lookin g forward to going home and is likely to return to sc hool in September.

British boy is first child to have a new windpipe g rown from his own stem cells

By Daily Mail ReporterLast updated at 1:25 PM on 6th August 2010

December 2011

Suzanne Somers Uses Novel Stem Cell Therapy During Breast Rejuvenation

By William Faloon

Actress Suzanne Somers was diagnosed with breast cancer in 2001.

She had a lumpectomy to remove the tumor, followed by radiation therapy. The destructive effects of surgery combined with high-dose radiation can cause severe disfigurement to breast tissues.

Using an advanced technique conceived by Dr. Kotaro Yoshimura in Japan, Suzanne's American surgeon utilized a novel strategy known as Cell-Assisted Lipotransfer . Withthe Cell-Assisted Lipotransfer strategy, autologous adipose-derived stem cells are used to enhance survival rate of the fat grafts and to reduce postoperative atrophy (shrinkage).

Eight-week-old Carver Bayless is a lucky guy. So is his 4-year-old brother, Granton .

On Dec. 16, Carver received an infusion of umbilical cord blood from an anonymous donor. Doctors at Children’sMercy Hospital hope the blood’s stem cells will take root in his bone marrow and create a new working immune system for him.

Granton , who spent his infancy perilously close to death, hadthe same transplant procedure at Children’s Mercy in 2008. He’s healthy and active now. So far, Carver is doing well, too.

Missouri family hopes cord blood helps second ‘bubble boy’BY ALAN BAVLEY – Posted on Thu, Dec. 29, 2011 11:54 PM

And much, much more ...

� heart disease;

� blindness;

� Parkinson’s;

� lupus;

� ALS.

Currently, there are over 2,000 FDA approvedclinical trials going on using adult stem cells!

B. Since adult stem cellshave worked so well, some doctors also want to useembryonic stem cellsfor research.

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1) Embryonic stem cellsare obtainedfrom living embryosat the blastocyststage of development.

blastocyst = 5-7 day old embryo

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Stem cells

a) “Harvesting” embryonic stem cellsalwaysresults in the destructionof adeveloping embryo.

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2) Supporters of embryonic stem cellresearchclaim that stemcells from embryoshold great “promise” for fighting many human diseases.

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� tumor formation;

� difficulty in obtaininggenetically stable cells;

� immune rejection.

a) However, after more than 25 years ofwork embryonic stem cell researchcontinues to face numerous obstacles:

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3) Nonetheless, the FDA has recently givenapproval for three embryonic stem cell research trials.

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a) The first was given to Geron Corp. based in California.

1) In January of 2009, the FDA allowed Geron to test the safety of embryonic stem cellsto help rebuild neurons in damaged spinal cords.

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The first of five patients to participate in the Phase 1

safety trial got an injection in October 2010.

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But in November of 2011,Geron abruptly stoppedthe trial and announcedit was getting out of the

embryonic stem cell research field!

b) The other two trials are being conductedby Advanced Cell Technology(ACT ).

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1) In November of 2010, theFDA gave ACT approval to use the embryonic stem cells to treat a rare form of juvenile blindness called Stargardt’s disease.

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2) Then, in January of 2011 ACT received the go-ahead to use embryonic stem cells in a trial of adults with a related condition calledage-related macular degeneration.

b) The other two trials are being conductedby Advanced Cell Technology(ACT ).

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Both trials beganenrolling in 2011and are currently

underway.

However, it should be notedthat the FDA approval for

all three trials was given withonly limited pre-clinical testing

and numerous unansweredsafety concerns.

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IV. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer(cloning)

A. One of the major problemswith embryonic stem cellsis that they cause immunerejection when transplantedinto living hosts.

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1) In “theory,” one way to avoid immunerejection would be to use geneticallyidentical stem cellsfrom your clone.

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a) To make embryonic stem celltreatments widely available,researchers will likely needto use somatic cell nuclear transfer to obtain them.

B. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer:

human ovum = 23 chromosomes

first, remove the nucleus from an“ovum” or “egg” cell;

empty ovum = 0 chromosomes

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skin cell = 46 chromosomes

second, get a “non-reproductive” or“somatic” cell from the patient –

i.e., a “skin” cell;


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finally, “transfer” the nucleus of the“somatic” cell to the “empty” ovum(usually using some form of shock).

skin cellempty ovum

+ -


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46 chromosomes =a 1-celled embryo (zygote)

finally, “transfer” the nucleus of the“somatic” cell to the “empty” ovum(usually using some form of shock).


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1) If the process works, the embryo is allowedto develop for 5-7 days to the blastocyststage at which time the embryo is destroyedby the harvesting of her or his stem cells.

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C. Supporters of SCNTtry to claim that it is not cloning, but …

… this wasthe same

process usedto produce

Dolly!

Dr. David Prentice = http://www.stemcellresearch.org/testimony/prentice_03-02-05.pdf

V. An “Ethical” Alternative?

A. A new method has been developedthat gets embryonic-like stem cellsfrom ordinary body cells through aprocess called

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1) The basic idea is to add genes calledmaster regulators to regular skin cellsto switch certain genes on the cell’sgenome on and off.

a) The cells in our bodyeach contain all of ourgenes, but they are not all “turned on.”

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1) The basic idea is to add genes calledmaster regulators to regular skin cellsto switch certain genes on the cell’sgenome on and off.

b) This is what makes ourcells different – the genes used in one type of cellare not used in a differenttype of cell.

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2) In reprogramming, the factors that are introduced change the genes that are “turned on” which returns the cellto an embryonicor pluripotent state.

a) These new cells have been named induced pluripotent state cellsor iPSCs.

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November 20, 2007

Copyright 2007, The New York Times Company, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/21/science/21stem.html?hp

B. But is this new approach better?

1) On the one hand, this process doesnot need women to donate eggs.

2) And, this new cell is not an embryo,so it would not become a baby if implanted in a womb.

3) Plus, these iPSCs would be a geneticmatch for the patient.

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1) Just like embryonic stem cells, iPSCscouldcause tumors in the patient.

2) These iPSCs couldbe manipulatedinto sperm and eggs for cloning.

C. Are there any drawbacks?

3) Although it couldbe done differently,researchers currently use tissue from aborted fetuses in this process.

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1) ESCR& SCNTdestroyinnocent human beings!

A. The ethicalarguments againstESCR& SCNTare clear.

VI. Conclusions

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B. Other serious ethicalproblems are:

1) SCNT is unsafeforwomen due to thegreat number of humaneggs that would needto be harvested.

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2) Plus, funding ESCR&SCNTdiverts moneyfrom Adult Stem CellResearchthat alreadyhelps human patients!

B. Other serious ethicalproblems are:

But adult stem cellresearch raisesno ethical controversy!

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C. In the end:

3) everyone supports adult stem cell research –we need to build on this common ground!

1) opposition to ESCRand SCNT is notopposition to cures, research, or science;

2) the concerns raised about ESCRand SCNTare not just religious (faith & reason);

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www.frc.org

For more information about thegroundbreaking research with

adult stem cells, go to theFamily Research Council website at

Or visit:

www.stemcellresearchfacts.org

031513 stem cell research

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