0_3 guide_for ee street lighting

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Guide for energy efcientstreet lighting installations


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Old installations inict unnecessary yearly costs.By correct investments and utilizing todaystechnology it is possible to reduce todays energyconsumption for street and road lighting by asmuch as approximately 60 %. For Europe as awhole, this stands for about 36 TWh a year.In addition, you also achieve a signicant savingon maintenance costs.

Recently there has been a tendency towardsa shift in the responsibility for costs related toinstallation and operation of street lightinginstallations. In Norway this came as a lawreform in 1991, the law stated that it is nolonger allowed to make cross subsidies of streetlighting within the electricity companies.This means that the road keeper have to coverall the costs related to installation and operationof the street light.

There are several factors that emphasize theimportance of a holistic focus when consideringinvestments in these kinds of installations.

Normally public authorities have two differentbudgets for running and maintaining theinstallations as well as investing and construction.This does not make it easy for overall considerationof the installations total economical aspects.This is also applicable to adaptive lighting wherere-investments, in some cases, can have apayback time as short as 5 years or less.

When sending out a tender, there is today apublic demand that all purchasing and contractsshould be in accordance to existing laws ofpublic purchase. It is also important that thetender gives a thorough description of whatfunctional demands should be addressed in alighting installation, so that afterwards you canchoose the best total solution in terms of bothinvestment costs, running costs and main-tenance costs (ref. LCC).

As much as 50-70 % of the original energyconsumption can be saved by reinvesting in newtechnologies where old in-efcient luminaireshave been replaced, changed lighting arrangementsand the introduction of stepless dimming inrelation to adaptive lighting and as much as70 % in energy reduction has been achieved.By replacing the luminaires only, between 40-50 %

energy reductions is achieved.

In addition, by implementing two way communication(luminaires with built-in intelligence),

you achieve an accurate feedback on the lampscondition and thereby reduce the need formanual control, and may plan maintenance ina cost effective way. To keep a better track of

your installation and secondarily to optimize thepriorities for the maintenance of the road, theroad keeper should have an electronic record ofhis installations, based on a digitalized mappingsystem where each component is registered asindividual traceable objects with a geographicalreference.

Huge savings potentialHuge saving potentials utilizing new technology. Outdated installations increase energy

costs and new technology represents a large cost cutting potential in the rehabilitation ofoutdoor lighting installations. With new installations there is great saving potential whenemploying new enriching adaptive lighting techniques which are possible with todayshigh technology.

This booklet is meant for person-nel with responsibility for outdoorstreet lighting, road keepers andadvisers/ consultants.

Crossover subsidies:To transfer costs for running theelectricity grid to cover costs forinstallation and operation of streetand road lighting installations.

LCC-calculations:A calculation that show the result-ing cost over the installationswhole lifetime or a closer speciedtime period.

Objects /attributes:Information stored with aregistered geographical positionsuch as a luminiare with attachedGPS coordinates (X/Y).

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Its important that the road keeper has control andawareness of the costs. Its being observed thatsome road keepers try to reduce their costs by trans-ferring the responsibility to private road keepers andcommunity associations. A complicating factor withsuch a solution, is that many of these installationsare constructed and integrated with the main supply

grid. It can therefore be the case that one installationcontains several customers. For instance in Norway,the Public Road Authority, (Statens Vegvesen) is theroad keeper in all of the municipalities.

Road lighting guidelinesBy writing such guidelines for the diversion of re-sponsibility gives better control for your costs.

When introducing guidelines you should alsoconsider making the establishment of road lightingan obligated part of the allowance for constructingroads in the municipality.

The guideline can describe the correct work methodfor securing quality and these shouldfollow the municipalities general regulations of roadconstruction. This paper will then representa minimum demand for (private) initiated install-ations to be connected to the public grid.

The guideline should consider the following subjects:* Description of public measures. Where the munici-

pality has made a political or administrative decisionfor the initiator to include road lighting as anobligated and included cost for the road construction,the cost for new establishment will be transferred

to the initiator.* The quality standards for luminaires and technicalequipment must be described (see notes)

* The municipality should dene the desired levelof lighting on the road in accordance with inter-

national and national regulations with recommendations and set limits for the use of energy related

to dened luminaires.* Considerations of light pollution issues should be

described* Describe which parameters should dictate when to

switch on/off the luminaires and under whichconditions the installation should operate atdimmed levels.

* Where in the existing grid system it should derivepower. For installations with two way communi-

cation, describe the requirements for thecommunication equipment and dene the protocolsfor communication to the administrative system.

* Specications of correct integration points for

energy measurements. (How will the energyconsumption of the installation be measured?).

With the rapid development of luminaries and light-ing control gear it is of great importance to keep theguidelinesup to date.

Accomplishing public demandsTo comply with the regulations concerning theremoval of hazardous PCB from lighting installations,it is especially important to emphasize to theresponsible authorities the energy saving potentialthat can be achieved by upgrading the technologyof their installations.

New installations have to comply with todaysregulations for lighting levels, electrical installationregulations and environmental demands.The proposed EU ECO-directive also sets demandsfor the lifecycle analysis, lead and mercury freeinstallations and a ban against ineffective electro-

mechanically control gear. Let your new lightinginstallation be a class A installation!

By implementing these changes you prepare forfuture European recommendations and regulationsconcerning the environment and the energyreduction.

Financial considerationsThe calculation of return on Investment is impor-tant to identify todays energy cost, including thecost of both electrical power consumption andof energy used. Furthermore a lifecycle calcula-

tion will have to consider the future changes incost. The calculations will use the present valuemethod with discounted cash ow or by the useof continuous cash ow analysis. For the calcula-tion of nancial costs or of nancial payback,the public rate of calculation should be utilized.

By utilizing new types of luminaires and controlgear you can prolong lifetime values so that theannual maintenance costs is reduced.

In total one could say that by reinvesting in newtechnology and planning according to todayslighting level demands, the road keeper will

achieve a payback on invested capital within atime period of 4-6 years depending on the initialsituation; energy price level, and the level of main-tenance costs involved. (Whatever the situationthis is a short payback time compared with othersafety improvement measures.)

Organizing outdoor lightingRoad and street lighting place heavy demands on the public road budget.Recent studies in Norway indicates that the daily costs represent about 20-40 % of thetotal budget, half of this gure covers the energy costs and the other half goes to runningand maintenance.

Example:Trondheim municipalitybudget 2006:

Luminiares:1100 at highways2800 county roads16600 mun. roads

300 parks700 private roadsTotal 21500

Budget:Run/maint: 925.000 EuroEnergy: 950.000 EuroReserves: 6.250 EuroTotal: 1.881.250

Road lighting specications:Specic regional demands for build-ing and erecting of road lighting,

here you can implement both tech-nical, esthetical and functionaldemands. As well as other guide-lines to be followed.

Examples of functional demands:

LifetimeMaterialColourConnection/interfaceMaintenance needColour renderingIP-classication

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Upgrading installationsUpgrading of outdated installations. Throughout Europe you nd miles of outdated

installations. Today this represents an enormous energy saving potential, and at the sametime in many situations, do not solve the lighting task in a satisfactory way. New technologyrepresents new possibilities.

How to get started?For existing installations it is of high importance to be aware and have control of the

existing installation. For new installations and refurbished installations one has to makeoptimal lighting choices taking into consideration the roads complexity, trafc volume,

way of construction and the volume of pedestrians and cyclists.

Remember: The evaluation of alternativesolutions sets the groundwork for good results!

If there isnt an already working guideline for theinstallation to comply with, the installation hasto be built according to the relevant national andinternational regulations. Check whether todaysinfrastructure (columns, electrical grid etc.)is still applicable? Is there a clear understanding

between the road keeper, electrical supplier andany other parties (phone company, estate owneretc)?

In this concern there are several publications worthconsidering (see notes). Eventually the installationhas to be evaluated and designed with regard tothe technical specications, both lighting valuesand electrical requirements by using computerizedprograms.

Being aware the current technical developmentsyou also should consider how your new install-

ation should be monitored, controlled/regulated,and maybe integrated with digital maps.

Its of great importance to make an overall strategy

plan on the organization of the everyday runningand maintenance operations.

By calculating the costs for different solutions itsimportant to know todays cost for by instanceeach luminaires. If a higher nancial investmentis made today so that stepless dimming isimplemented, then this will lower energy costsand provide a potentially longer interval between

each luminaires replacement. Furthermore, onewill be able to plan and use personnel resourcesmore efciently by utilizing handheld computersolutions such as so-called eet control.

One will also have to put some thought into howto exploit the modern technology to reduce thecosts for everyday running and maintenance ofthe existing not upgraded installations.

There is therefore a need to use a calculationmodel (LCC) that calculates the alternativesolutions affects on equipment-, installation-,

energy-, running- and replacement costs, as wellas the general maintaining costs. The respectiveelements have to be calculated with itscorresponding lifetime expectancy and cycles.

CIE - 115

Recommendations for the lightingof road for motor and pedestriantrafc.

EN13201-2:Road lighting. Performancerequirements.

Fleet administration:

Administrative data managementof operational tasks that makeseconomical overview related toplanned actions possible.

Do the old installations fullthe current electrical guidelines?

What is the average lifetime of theluminiares?

Is it possible to implement energymeasurements?

Light pollution:Too high levels of light or light inareas where its not wanted.

Remember: Retrotting of old installations canutilize up to 50-70% energy reduction, in additionthere are reduced running costs!

Introducing new technology does not necessarilydemand a reconstruction of the electrical supply.For instance existing technology can utilize theexisting power distribution grid for communica-tion, in addition to radio and digital mobile

communication (GPRS/GMS).

When new luminaires are retrotted it is foundthat lower power consumption is used to achieve

the original lighting levels on the road.New luminaires contain both better optical systemsand lighting sources that contribute to more lightfor less electrical energy, and also contribute to lesslight pollution (obtrusive light) by directing more ofthe light onto the road and not the surroundings.An installation designed using the old standards,also has a higher averagely lighting level comparedto todays needs. These improvements in techno-

logy allow us to consume less electrical energyand at the same time to achieve adequate roadlighting.

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The basis for all road lighting engineering hasbeen to maintain safety by being able to observeobjects on and beside the road. Importantfactors are the roads geometrical design,complexity, trafc volume and speed.One also has to consider wet surfaces, the pre-sence of pedestrian crossings, parked vehicles,schools etc. All installations were designed inthe past based on the worst case scenario whichis still valid.

The photoelectric detector was considered as arevolutionary development at the time, and ispresent in most road lighting installations today.As new technology can adapt the light levelssteplessly, new possibilities arise.Modern technology for supervision of the trafcwill optimize the lighting, it will also still needto cater for the worst case scenario but shouldalso be able to automatically adapt fully to thecurrent needs. For example if the trafc ow islow during the night or if the trafc speed is lowduring rush hours, or in snowy conditions thereection from the road surface is so high thatthe need for lux levels is considerably lower thanduring wet or dry conditions and so on.

The obvious advantage of using adaptive light-ing, with built in intelligence, is reduced energy

consumption and reporting from the lamp ofthe current status. This gives better control ofthe installation and ensures that the equip-ment actually delivers what is required to thecustomer which leads to an improvement of thequality of the delivered product, road lighting.This can be used to deliver higher quality formthe installer organisation. It also makes possibleto achieve better eet management.

Better control also gives increased predictabil-ity and secondarily it lowers maintenance andrunning costs, by being able to achieve betterplanning and better implementation of errorcorrections in the installations. Adaptive lightingintroduces demands for better energy measure-ments in the installations allowing the auto-matic regulation of both electrical parameters,burning hours and light levels. This will call fora demand for measured installations wheremetering is not installed today. How this is to beincluded must be a part of the agenda when aninstallation is being carried out. If the same sys-tem implements the measurement function andthe control function then the communicationexpenses will be reduced, it will minimise thenumber of components needed in the system

so reducing costs and simplifying the operationand maintenance.

Adaptive lightingAdaptive road lighting. Road lighting is present to increase the safety of trafc and toenhance the sense of security for individuals. Previous regulations and guidelines weredesigned to use the technology that was available at the time.

Adaptive lighting:Description of a lighting instal-

lation that automatically adaptsto the needs; for instance theweather, road conditions or trafcdemands. For optimized usage ittakes built in intelligence in theluminiares that makes two waycommunication possible.

Intelligence:In this context means the built inelectronics in the luminiare thatcan measure and control theluminiare and makes two waycommunication possible andthereby achievement of adaptive

lighting (also called intelligentlighting).

The future is adaptive lighting

Take control of your streetlighting

Public guidelines for purchasinghave to be followed!

As the implementation consumes reduced energythen the existing electrical infrastructure is more

than capable of supplying the retrotted luminaires.Since the retrotting does not involve the electricalgrid, the implementation of a control system thatdemands a separate communication cable willresult in a bad return of investment.

On the other hand there are alternatives for thefeeding of communication. Both radio communica-tion and the so called PowerLine communication,are alternatives that do not require any physicalconnections in addition to what already exists.

The main principal is to install a component inthe feeder cabinet that communicates, two-ways,

with each and every one of the luminaires either

by radio waves or by communication signals on theexisting power grid.

The component located in the feeder cabinet canbe programmed to control and log every luminarieson an individual basis (in some situations only thecomponent in the feeder cabinet can contribute toa signicant better control and feedback from theinstallation, without the upgrading of the luminaries).With this technology one have the opportunity forindividual energy logging and updated informationon running/maintenance that will contribute to aneasier planning of the daily maintenance.A considerable reduction of the municipalitiescosts for running and maintaining the roadlighting installations will be the result of such an

investment.

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Purchase an important functionGood planning will ensure the foundation for a good lighting installation. Your decisionswill have consequences for more then 20 years into the future, so this obligates a thoroughplanning phase. This can mean the need for independent and high quality competence in

this phase.

For new installations and refurbished installa-tions it is important to ensure that the tenderhas an accurate and precise technical descrip-tion that at the same time doesnt favour anybrand specic technology. At the same timeits important to end up with an installation thatin the future can function well, without beingdependent of any single supplier or contractor.A good example is to use standard lamp sockets(by instance E27 or E40) and ballasts that canignite different types of lamps (by instance bothmetal halide and high pressure sodium lamps).

When the project initiator is provided with agood description of the technical functionalitythis goal is obtainable. When carrying out largeinvestments and/or implementing a frameworkagreement it is also important to give theadministrative system some thought.This system can embrace the control of theinstallation, gathering of information on energy

consumption, log the burning hours of eachlamp, link burnt out lamps to a superior map-ping system and many other useful functionsconcerned with documentation and the dailyrunning of a streetlight installation.

Often its also the road keepers job to deliverlighting for parks, pathways, oodlight trackingtracks and so on. Its important to considerindividual demands for these lighting tasks also.

In Norway public purchasing is obligated toinclude a Life Cycle Calculation (LCC) whendeciding a purchase. The tender therefore has tospecify clearly how these calculations are to becarried out. This will include information on thetotal efciency of the system, power loss in theignition system, efciency of the lamp, expecteddecrease of maintenance costs due to extendedlife times etc.

Its important to perform genuine calculations foryour installation.

During rehabilitation its important to considerlamp heights and possible extended mountingbrackets. By switching from old mercury lampsto high pressure sodium lamps it is often poss-ible to decrease one step of the installed lampeffect (W) and still provide for todays demandsfor lighting. In these situations lighting calcula-tions should be carried out with an independentcounsellor.With a new installation lighting calculations areto be documented so that all demands are beingfullled.

When building new installations you are free tooptimize your installation dependent on lampheight and relative placement of the columns.

Which demands are to be met when carrying outlighting calculations? Independent of the supplier Adjustments to the present road geometry

and surface That it uses the same lamps in the in the

planned installation as those used in thecalculation.

When ownership is transferred/accepted, meas-urements should be carried out on the installa-

tion to verify that the actual lighting level relatesto the deliverable lighting calculations!

Lighting calculationsLighting calculations can initially seem quite simple to perform using todays computerbased calculation programs. But it takes an experienced lighting planner to make correctassumptions and premises, and also to interpret the results. Normally several adjustmentshave to be made before you receive an optimal result.

Lighting measurements terms:

Illuminance:(Lux)Is the total incident light (luminousux) on a spesic surface, per unitarea.

Luminance:[Cd/m2]Density of reected or emittedlight from a surface in a spesic

direction, per unit area. In roadlighting the important factors arethe roads reecting ability and theamount of incident light. This isthe most used quality criterion instreetlighting today.

Glare:Light that either reduces the com-fort or directly reduces the vision.Maximum requirements are givenfor streetlighting installations.

Contrast:A measure of the visibility between

an object and the background(or another object). The highercontrast the higher visibility.

Uniformity:Relative number that indicatesthe relation between the lowestluminance level present and theaverage luminance level presentin a dened measuring eld.Minimum requirements are givenfor streetlighting installations.

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IEE:Intelligent Energy Europe

Special thanks to:Mr Eirik Bjelland

Mr Odd Arnesen

Intelligent Energy Europe (IEE) as part of the Competitiveness and Innovation Program (CIP) (2007-2013)

The objective of the IEE II Program is to contribute to secure, sustainable and competitively priced energyfor Europe, by providing for action:

to foster energy efciency and the rational use of energy resources; to promote new and renewable energy sources and to support energy diversication; to promote energy efciency and the use of new and renewable energy sources in transport.

It will in particular contribute to the Commissions proposed integrated energy and climate changepackage including the renewable energy road map and the Energy Efciency Action Plan.Intelligent Energy Europe II (IEE II) builds on the experience gained from its predecessor, the rstIntelligent Energy - Europe (IEE) Program running from 2003 to 2006. This Program has become the mainCommunity instrument to tackle non-technological barriers to the spread of efcient use of energy andgreater use of new and renewable energy sources. IEE II should also help with faster and smoothimplementation of energy-specic legislation.

For tender specications and call for proposals visit:http://ec.europa.eu/energy/intelligent/index_en.html

Support schemesFor the nancing of this kind of projects it is possible to gain nancial support from bothnational and international organisations. Below the European program IEE is shown.

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This brochure is translated by

Supported by

The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors.

It does not necessarily reect the opinion of the European Communities.

The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of

the information contained therein.

on behalf of the E-Street project (www.e-streetlight.com)


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