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CE100CE100Introduction to Introduction to
Civil Civil EngineeringEngineering
Geotechnical Engineering
Lecture 5
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
EngineerEngineer(in-ja-neer’)
A person trained and skilled in any of the various branches of engineering: a civil engineer
(Random House Webster’s College Dictionary, 1991)
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
EngineeringEngineering
(Random House Webster’s College Dictionary, 1991)
… the practical application of science and mathematics, as in the design and construction of machines, vehicles, structures, roads, and systems …
Geotechnical Geotechnical Engineering is:Engineering is:
That branch of civil engineering that deals with soil, rock, and under-ground water…i.e. the use of soil and rock as a construction material.
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
Issues addressed by Issues addressed by geotechnical engineers:geotechnical engineers:• Can the soils support the structure?• What will the groundwater due in the future and
how will that affect the structure?• What is the impact of grading, excavation or
filling?• Are the earth and rock slopes stable?• What type of foundations are best suited for the
structure?• What type of retaining walls if used are required?• How will the site respond to an earthquake?• Is the site contaminated?• How can a contaminated site be remediated?
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
Strength ofStrength of materialsmaterials Engineering GeologyEngineering Geology
FoundationsFoundations
Soil MechanicsSoil Mechanics
StaticsStatics
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
To complete a geotechnical To complete a geotechnical engineering project one mustengineering project one must::
• Understand the nature of the structural and geotechnical loading
• Understand the geological setting of the construction site
• Understand the engineering behavior of the soils that will carry the structural loads
• Understand the interaction between the soil and rock and the foundation elements.
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
For every project the For every project the geotechnical engineer must:geotechnical engineer must:• Study the geology of the site and how it
affects the planned construction• Investigate the surface and subsurface
geotechnical materials• Conduct field and laboratory tests to
ascertain the necessary engineering properties of the soil
• Determine the most economical foundation system compatible with the geotechnical properties of the site and the needs of the structure.
• Develop appropriate construction procedures.
• Monitor the progress of construction
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
CE Curriculum at CE Curriculum at KFUPMKFUPMRequired Courses
CE 353 Geotechnical Engineering
Elective CoursesCE 453 Geotechnical Engineering IICE 454 Soil Stabilization & Site ImprovementCE 455 Foundation DesignCE 456 Seepage Analysis
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
CE 353 Geotechnical EngineeringCE 353 Geotechnical Engineering
Geotechnical Engineering Geotechnical Engineering –– Core & ElectivesCore & Electives
CE 454 Soil Stabilization & Site CE 454 Soil Stabilization & Site ImprovementImprovement
CE 455 Foundation DesignCE 455 Foundation Design
CE 456 Seepage AnalysisCE 456 Seepage Analysis
CE 453 Geotechnical Engineering IICE 453 Geotechnical Engineering II
Ele
ctiv
esE
lect
ives
Cor
eC
ore
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
GeotechnicalGeotechnicalTopicsTopics
• Soil Mechanics (some Rock Mechanics)
• Deep & Shallow Foundations• Landslides & Earthquakes• Groundwater • Soil & Rock as eng. Materials• Exploration & Testing• Allied w/ Geological Engineering
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
CE 353 Soil Mechanics CE 353 Soil Mechanics will:will:• Focus on understanding the engineering behavior of
soils:• Strength• Deformation
• This requires an understanding of:• The origin of soil• The nature of the individual particles that make up a
soil• The effect of particle grouping (packing) on the
engineering properties of soil.• The very important effect of water on the engineering
properties of soil.• An understanding of how stresses are transmitted to
and through soil material• The effect of the transmitted stresses on the
deformation of soil elements, and• An understanding of how soil fails under load.
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
Why do you want to Why do you want to be a Civil Engineer?be a Civil Engineer?• Proficiency in math and science• Suggested by a high school
counselor• Has relative that is an engineer• xx• xx• xx
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
CE 100 Dr. Talat BaderCE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
CE 100 Dr. Talat BaderCE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
Geotechnical Geotechnical Engineering Engineering • Main Topics in Geotechnical Engineering
• Origin of soil minerals (Geology)• Behavior of soil material (Physics, Chemistry,
Materials science)• Classification of soil• Soil Exploration, Investigation• Soil/rock mechanics (Mechanics & Hydraulics)• Soil treatment / stabilization / improvement• Foundation analysis & design• Earth Excavations & tunnels.• structures, retaining walls, earth dams
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
Geotechnical Geotechnical EnginggringEnginggring SubjectsSubjects• Sub-surface Exploration
• Soil Stratification / Characterization
• Void Detection• Ground water table
• Sallow Foundation• Building• Parking Lots• Highway / Airfields
• Deep Foundation• On Shore / Offshore• Piles• Piers• Stone Columns
• Earth Structures• Dam• Abutments
• Retaining Structures• Retaining Walls• Sheet Piles• Braced Excavations
• Geotechnical Properties of Difficult Soils
• Sabkha• Sand• Soft Clays• Expansive Soils• Marl
• Geo-environmental Engineering• Soil Contamination• Landfills and Waste Disposal
• Soil Dynamics• Earth Engineering• Dynamic Loading on Foundations
and Earth Structures• Machine Foundation
• Soil Structure Interaction• Dynamic• Static
• Soil Modification and Ground Improvement
• Geo-synthetic Material
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
Soil ClassificationSoil Classification
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
SandSand
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
SiltSilt
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
ClayClay
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
Does Geotechnical Does Geotechnical Engineer works alone?Engineer works alone?
Geotechnical Engineering
EarthquakeEngineering
MechanicalEngineering
ConstructionEngineering
MaintenanceImprovementStabilization
StructuralEngineering
Water & EnvironmentalEngineering
Basic Sciences•Geology
•Material Sciences•Chemistry
Mechanics
CE 100 Dr. Talat BaderExcavate a slope at this site – what are ground conditions?CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader“Perfect” coring gives perfect information about discrete locations
CE 100 Dr. Talat BaderCorrectly predict actual conditions from the borehole information??CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
Surficial deposits
Then we draw Then we draw -- Simplified Simplified GeologyGeology
Faults
Shale
Interbedded sandstone and shale
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
Drilling Rigs: Old and NewDrilling Rigs: Old and New
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
Types of Soils Types of Soils
Strong Compressible
Weak
LowLowWeightWeight
Large DistributedLarge DistributedWeightWeight
Very Large Concentrated
Weight
&&Types of LoadingTypes of Loading
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
Types of FoundationsTypes of Foundations
Shaft Pile
Pile
Mat
Spread
ShallowShallow DeepDeep
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
Example of Design Example of Design RequirementsRequirements
Some of the design issues:• Structure must be supported
safely and without excessive settlement.
• Basement walls must resist lateral earth and water pressures.
• Construction must not unduly influence adjacent structures (adjacent building should not fall into your excavation!)
Some of the requirements:• Choose and design
appropriate systems.• Assess relative performance
and cost.
QV1 Building, St George’s Terrace, Perth
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
Foundation TypesFoundation Types
Isolated footing
Pile groupCE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
Retaining StructuresRetaining Structures
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
Water TableWater Table
Atmospheric pressure = 0Atmospheric pressure = 0Free water tableFree water table
CE 100 Dr. Talat BaderCE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
?This is a $13 million tunnel boring machine (TBM) used for tunneling at
a Nevada Test Site.
CE 100 Dr. Talat BaderCE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
Niigata Earthquake, Niigata Earthquake, JapanJapan
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
Damage to Building, Damage to Building, Loma Loma PrietaPrieta Earthquake Earthquake (US)(US)
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
Why it leaningWhy it leaning
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
Subsurface ConditionsSubsurface Conditions
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
or concreteA gravity dam is made from , or sometimes both. It is called a masonry
gravity dam because gravity holds it down to the ground stopping the water in the
pushing it over.reservoir
DamsDams
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
Embankmentdams are made mainly from natural materials. The two main types are earthfilldams and rockfill dams. Earthfill dams are made up mostly from compactedearth, while rockfill dams are made up mainly from dumped and compacted rockfill.
CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader
Thank youThank you
Dr. BaderDr. Bader