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Underground StructuresEngineering services for owners and contractors


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COWI A/S is a leading interna-

tional consultancy firm, founded in

1930. COWI is a privately owned

professional firm entirely independ-

ent of any manufacturer, supplier

or contractor.

The head office is located in

Kongens Lyngby, about 12 km

north of the centre of Denmarks

capital Copenhagen.

COWI employs around 3,300

staff, of which 1,400 are based

outside Denmark in subsidiaries,

branch offices or project offices.2,100 employees are professionals

holding Ph.D., M.Sc. or B.Sc.

degrees in civil, structural, geotech-

nical, mechanical or electrical

engineering and other academic

areas such as geology, hydrology,

chemistry, biology, agronomy,

sociology, economy and planning.

The annual turnover in 2005 was

350 Million Euro. More than half

of the companys turnover isgenerated outside Denmark in

more than 100 countries around

the world.

Department for tunnels and

underground structures

COWI has provided cost-effective

designs of tunnels and under-

ground structures for more than 50

years for clients all over the world.

COWI is currently involved in

some 20-30 projects with tunnels

COWI A/S

and underground structures world-wide, and the consultancy activities

occupy almost 100 engineers and

other professionals generating an

annual turnover in the order of 10

million Euro.

Clients

COWI works for owners as well as

for contractors. We advocate for a

close dialogue with the contractor

(BOT and design-build projects) in

order to optimise the design and

construction. Knowledge aboutoptimised design and construction

is also the basis, when we design

for owners.

Quality management

COWI has established an internal

quality assurance system, which is

ISO 9001 certified. All design

activities are carried out in accord-

ance with individual project quality

plans tailored to meet the specific

requirements of each project.

COWI's head office in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.

Photo:MortenLarsen


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COWIs experience covers a wide

range of underground facilities

including:

Deep basement structures

Underground parking spaces

Underground mall facilities

Underground storage facilities

Retention basins

Underground facilities

The new playhouse in Copenhagen.

Photomontage:Lundgaard&T

randbergA

rkitekter

Domicile at Copenhagen Harbour water front.

Underground parking.Copenhagen metro station.

Pumping stations

Shelters

Underpasses and pedestrian

tunnels

Road and rail tunnels and ramps

Underground railway and metro

stations

Shafts

Photo:StigStasig


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Consultancy services and expertise

covering all project phases:

All phases

Process management Project management Risk management Quality management Health and safety management Environmental management

Feasibility phase

Ideas generation and evaluation Feasibility studies Cost estimation (considering uncertainties) Construction and procurement scheduling Environmental impact assessment

Design phase

Design management

Establishment of design basis Safety and evacuation analyses Natural hazard analyses (storm water,

flooding, seismic action etc.) Civil and structural design Construction aspects and constructability Geotechnical and hydrological design Durability and water tightness design M&E installations Operational risk assessment Design of utility relocation from

construction area Design documentation

Authority and public phase

Authority approval management Property consultancy Land acquisition management Archaeological consultancy Public consultation

Tender phase

Development of tender design anddocuments

Management of tender procedures Bid design Value engineering Preparation of contract for construction

Construction phase

Construction management

Construction risk assessment Building damage survey and monitoring Interface coordination Programme and budget control Site supervision Design follow-up As-built documentation Birth certificate for concrete structures Contract and claims management

Operation and maintenance (O&M)

O&M management system Inspection of structures and installations Ranging of maintenance and reinvestment

needs

Repair and maintenance design

COWIs services cover the whole

life cycle of a project from the early

ideas through feasibility studies,

conceptual and detailed design and

construction to the operation phase

and rehabilitation or decommis-

sioning.

Our services range from profes-

sional advice on a particular

problem to comprehensive plan-

ning and total engineering design

and implementation of large-scale

projects.

COWI provides one-stop-shopping services for both owners

and contractors. COWI can

provide all relevant services or,

alternatively, lead a team with

international and local consultants,

depending on the owners wishes

and preferences.

Our involvement in complex and

demanding tunnel and under-

ground projects over the years has

lead to the development of particu-lar in-house knowledge for which

we are internationally recognized.

Design tools

Advanced and reliable design tools

are a prerequisite for carrying out

an optimised design. COWI uses a

number of computerised tools in

our designs including the following:

FLAC is a finite difference pro-

gram widely used for modelling in

geotechnical and tunnelling design.

PLAXIS is a finite element

program specifically developed for

numerical analysis of geotechnical

and underground structures.

ABAQUS is one of the leading

multi-purpose finite element

programs for a wide spectrum of

numerical analyses in engineering

and natural science.

IBDAS is an integrated design and

analysis software tool developed at

COWI which allows for geometri-

cal modelling, structural analysis

and verification of engineering

structures and generation of

construction drawings.

ROBOT is a finite element

program for analysis and design of

beam, truss, slab, shell and 3D

structures.

DuraCrete is a probabilistic

concrete durability design tool

which allows calculation of servicelife of reinforced concrete struc-

tures threatened by reinforcement

corrosion.

Types of services

Construction pit, Triangeln Stationat Malm Citytunnel, Sweden.


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Photo:PerryNordeng


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Underground structures form a

main part of underground facilities.

Our in-house experience covers all

of the following types of under-

ground structures:

Large and deep retaining wall

structures

In-situ cast concrete structures

built within a construction pit

Ground anchors for retaining

walls or to counterbalance uplift

Temporary propping for retaining

walls

Retaining concrete wall structureswith footing

Bored piles used for foundations

and tension piles

Slurry walls

Related or similar works to all of

the above

Underground structures

District heating tunnel Copenhagen.

Photo:HenrikPyndtSr

ensen

Great Belt Tunnel, Denmark.

Examples on types of related

works are:

Groundwater control

Ground movements

Ground treatment

Watertightness

Durability


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In urban areas underground

structures often have to be con-

structed under space constraints.

Structures may have to be con-

structed with limited space between

and close to existing buildings and

in some situations structures may

even have to be constructed below

existing buildings and structures.

Construction under space con-

straints requires special attention to

neighbouring buildings and struc-

tures, which in some areas may

require temporary support duringconstruction or a permanent

reconstruction of the affected part

of the building and foundation.

COWI develops tailormade

solutions to specific problems in

close cooperation with the owner

and the contractor.

Excavation under space constraints

Construction of ChristianhavnMetro Station, Copenhagen.

Construction of FrederiksbergMetro Station, Copenhagen.

Construction of Triangeln Stationat Malm Citytunnel, Sweden.


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Retaining wall structures are

primarily used for retaining con-

struction pits. Walls are either

temporary or part of the permanent

underground structure. Normally

retaining walls are exposed to

external ground and waterpressure,

and during the construction period

and in the permanent situation they

are subject to a number of different

load combinations depending on the

design of permanent works, tempo-

rary works and the construction

method.

Retaining wall structures include

embedded retaining walls such as

secant pile walls and diaphragmwalls, large sheet pile walls and

soldier pile walls.

Retaining wall structures

Ground anchors may be temporary

or permanent, and may be used for

horisontal fixing of a retaining wall

structure or to counterbalance

vertical uplift forces on a structure.

COWI provides cost-efficient

solutions by integrating temporary

and permanent works where

possible. By using the retaining wall

structures as part of the permanent

structure, cost savings can be

achieved compared to solutions

where conventional construction

pits and separate permanent

structures are applied. The use of

permanent ground anchors may, in

some solutions, also provide a morecost-efficient solution.

Skylight

Concourselevel

Station area

Platform

Technicalrooms

Technicalrooms

District heating tunnel,Copenhagen.

Diaphragm wall construction inCopenhagen.

A typical Copenhagen metro station.

Construction of Triangeln Station atMalm Citytunnel, Sweden.


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Photo:HenrikPyndtSrensen


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Watertightness

Underground structures are nor-

mally exposed to an external water

pressure, and permanent structures

and joints must therefore be

watertight.

Watertightness of the structure

may be ensured by designing a

watertight concrete, the use of

watertight joints and possibly use of

waterproofing membranes, depend-

ing on the actual requirements.

COWI provides up-to-date

watertight design solutions.

Durability

Underground structures often need

to be designed to resist attacks from

e.g. chlorides and sulfates etc.,

present in the soils and groundwa-

ter, and to fulfill a lifetime require-

ment in the excess of 100 years.

COWI is among the most experi-

enced experts in the world when it

comes to durability and has chaireda number of internationally recog-

nised research projects in this field.

COWI provides a probabilistic

based durability design of struc-

tures, which determines the required

concrete cover of reinforcement on

the basis of the chosen receipt for

concrete and the concrete proper-

ties, the chosen type of reinforce-

Watertightness and durability

ment, the actual environment and

the lifetime requirement given by

the owner. On the basis of the

durability design and the actually

detected (tested) construction

quality, the new concrete structures

are provided with a birth certificate

when constructed which documents

the quality of the structure at

handing-over.

COWI also provides solutions to

maintenance or rehabilitation of

concrete structures which suffer

from damages, inadequate concretequality or environmentally deter-

mined deterioration.

In addition, COWI is experienced

in alternative designs for particular

aggressive environmental conditions

and for high service life demands,

such as designs of concrete struc-

tures using stainless steel alone or in

combination with black steel in the

parts of the structures where higher

protection is needed. One otheralternative design solution which

COWI is experienced in is the use of

steel fibre reinforcement.

Apart from this modern rational

service life design COWI offers

professional consultancy in connec-

tion with concrete investigations,

e.g. our in-house specialists carry

out petrographic analyses.

Plan section analysis.

Leaking tunnel with iceformation.

Heavily corroded concrete pilar.

Transport processes of undergroundstructures (principle).

Importance of concrete cover andworkmanship.


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To create a winning project the right

concept for design and construction

method must be chosen. COWI has

many years of experience in the

business and is able to, in close

contact with the owner or the

contractor, to detect and determine

the winning concepts - which fulfil

the owners requirements.

COWI optimises design of

structures and related works to

ensure an optimal constructability

and to keep material quantities at a

minimum. This is achieved by using

experienced project managers and

designers on the projects and bydesigning the works using up-to-

Design optimisation - the winning project

date design tools. Integration of

temporary and permanent works

where possible and integration of

design and construction methods

are key-points in providing value

engineering.

Reinforcement, cut & cover tunnel, Malm Citytunnel.

Contract signing Busan-Geoje ImmersedTunnel, Korea.


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Spreebogen Tunnels, Berlin,Germany

Description: 530 m long and 90 m widetunneled traffic corridor below the riverSpree in Berlin. The cut & cover tunnelscomprised dual lane road, railway andmetro tunnels, placed in 20 m deepexcavations below groundwater and jet-grouted or anchored bottoms.

Completed: 2001

Client: Spie - Batignolles SA

Services by COWI: Detailed design.

Qatar National Library

Description: High-rise building (117 m) with acentral core of 3 columns (120 m tall and 9 mhigh) based on about 2000 reinforced concretepiles and other foundation elements (pile caps/raft/ground beams).

Completed: 2005

Client: Qatar Petroleum

Services by COWI: Consultancy services onconcrete technology and durability of theas-built substructures (piles and foundation),service life assessment, assessment of structuralcapacity, structural and durability testing andpossible repair solutions.

Malm Citytunnel, cut & Covertunnel, Sweden

Description: Connection from boredtunnels to surface by 360 m cut & covertunnel and 390 m permanently drainedopen ramp at the southern part of thetunnel project for a regional railwayconnecting to the resund Link railway.

Completed: 2011

Client: Banverket (Swedish National RailAdministration)

Services by COWI: Conceptual studies,clients tender design, design follow-up

during construction.

Copenhagen district heatingtunnel shafts

Description: 3 large shafts, 35 m deep,app. 20-25 m diameter circular oroval for construction of 4 km, 5 m ext.diameter TBM bored tunnel. The projectis carried out using a partnering modelcovering the client, the consultant andthe concractor.

Completed: 2008

Client: Copenhagen Energy (KE)

Contractor: KFT-JV(MT Hjgaard and Hochtief)

Services by COWI: Feasibility study,conceptual and preliminary design,tender documents and contractnegotiation, detailed design andsupervision.

Selected references

Copenhagen Metro stations

Description: 7 deep and 3 shallowunderground stations on CopenhagenMetro lines M1 and M2.

Completed: 2002.

Client: restadsselskabet I/S

Services by COWI: Outline designand tender documents. Review ofthe contractors detailed design.Construction management andsupervision.

Dubai Metro, United Arabes Emirates

Description: Tender design for Dubai Metrounderground stations and cut & covertunnels. The project comprised tender designof 10 underground stations and 4 cut &

cover tunnels. The stations and cut & covertunnels were designed with diaphragm wallsas part of the permanent structures and aninner wall to ensure 100 years design life insaline conditions. Construction would usetop down methods and was developed inclose cooperation with the contractor.

Completed: 2004 - 2005

Client: Besix nv Belgium and OrascomConstruction Industries, Egypt. Dubai.

Services by COWI: Tender design comprisingestablishment of design basis, providedrawings and calucaltions, description ofconstruction methods and quantities as basisfor contractors bid.

Photo:HenrikPyndtSrensen

Photo:restadsselskabet/SrenHytting

Photo:ChristofferKolbjrnsen


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Copenhagen Airport railway stationand resund Link Tunnels

Description: 600 m long cut & coverdouble-tracked railway station on theresund Link railway. The 10 m deepconstruction pit was retained by largesheet pile walls and secant pile walls. Inaddition, app. 4 km cut & cover tunnelsbetween Copenhagen Central Station andthe Copenhagen Airport.

Completed: 2001

Client: resund A/S

Services by COWI: For various parts of theworks: Tender documents, detailed design,design check, construction management,technical support and site supervision.

Selected references

Terminal tunnel at Seeb InternationalAirport, Oman

Description: App. 500 m long 45 m widetunnel between two terminal buildings belowtwo aircraft taxiways.

Completed: 2011

Client: Ministry of Transport &Communication, Sultanate of Oman.

Services by COWI: Conceptual design,

preliminary design and detailed design.

Pumping station for wastewater,Copenhagen

Description: Pumping station located atreclaimed land within the harbour area

Completed: 1998

Client: Municipality of Copenhagen

Services by COWI: Geotechnical andenvironmental investigations, detaileddesign, tender preparation and negotiation,supervision

Skansenlpet Tunnel, Trondheim,Norway

Description: 700 m cut & cover, two-lane

road tunnel incl. 100 m immersed tunnel.Completed: 2008

Client: Reinertsen-Pihl JV

Services by COWI: Contractors tenderdesign of permanent concrete structures.

Bosphorus Crossing, Turkey

Description: 13.3 km underground railwayline crossing the Bosphorus strait including 4stations and 1.8 km cut & cover tunnel.

Completed: 2010

Client: HPYG JV: Hazama (J), Penta-Ocean(J), Yksel (TR) and Gris (TR).

Services by COWI: Tender design

programme management.

Great Belt Tunnel, Denmark

Description: App. 1 km cut & cover tunnelsand ramps at either end of the Great Beltfixed link railway between Funen andZealand.

Completed: 1998

Client: A/S Storebltsforbindelsen (Great

Belt A/S)Services by COWI: Tender design, tenderevaluation, detailed design of structures andmechanical installations, design follow-upduring construction and site supervision.

Photo:JensFrederiksen


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