018 jgee 022 mehta study rajasthan

International Journal of Geology, Earth & Environmental Sciences ISSN: 2277-2081 (Online)

An Open Access, Online International Journal Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jgee.htm

2014 Vol. 4 (3) September-December, pp. 183-193/Mehta et al.

Research Article

Copyright 2014 | Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 183

STUDY ON HYDROGEOCHEMISTRY OF GROUNDWATER IN

SANGANER TEHSIL, JAIPUR DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN *A. Mehta

1, T. Senapati

1 and R. Duggal

2

1School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Poornima University, Jaipur, Rajasthan

2Poornima Group of Institutions, Jaipur, Rajasthan

*Author of Correspondence

ABSTRACT

Groundwater is an important source for drinking water and its quality is a critical issue around the world.

Groundwater quality is affected by different natural as well as anthropogenic processes. As no significant

work appears to have been done in hydrogeochemistry of ground water in different villages of Sanganer

Tehsil, Jaipur, Rajasthan, prompted us to undertake a systematic study of the area. The study on

hydrochemical facies indicated that cations were dominated by sodium-potassium type; anions were

dominated by carbonate-bicarbonate and chloride type ones. Most of the groundwater samples were found

to be saline in nature with high SAR value. These indicators point out to sodium hazard in the soil, when

used for irrigation purpose. However, general hydrochemical parameters indicated that most of the

samples were within the maximum permissible limits for drinking water. Correlation matrix showed

relationships of varied types between different hydrochemical parameters. Parameters under study have

been found to be highly positive correlated (EC-TDS, TDS-Cl-, EC-Cl

-, Cl

--Na

+, TDS-Na

+), Positively

correlated (TDS-TH, EC-SO42-

, EC-Na+) and negatively correlated (pH-TDS, pH-Salinity, pH-TH) with

each other.

Keywords: Groundwater, Hydrogeochemistry, Hydrochemical Facies, SAR Value

INTRODUCTION

Water has been regarded as the largest natural resource in the form of groundwater and surface water.

Groundwater makes up about 20% of the world's fresh water supply, which is about 0.61% of the entire

world's water, including oceans and permanent snow. Deterioration of groundwater quality due to

different geogenic and anthropogenic activities are of great concern (CGWB 2010). Groundwater quality

in an area is dependent on various physical, chemical and biological factors. Rajasthan state is considered

as arid and semi-arid region. Due to scarcity of surface water, majority of the people in Rajasthan, have to

depend upon ground water resources. In many areas, ground water is the only available source for

drinking water. In this context, rapid increase in human population coupled with expanding urbanization

and industrialization has led to a greater imbalance between water availability and water demand. At the

same time, good quality of water in adequate quantity should be available to sustain a healthy life.

According to Prasanna et al., (2011) quantitative study is not sufficient for the management of ground

water. Qualitative study of the groundwater is equally important component of groundwater management.

Different researchers studied the importance of hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in

different aquifers to solve the issues related to groundwater management (Panigrahy et al., 1996; Atwia et

al., 1997; Ballukraya and Ravi, 1999; Ramappa and Suresh, 2000) while others have done extensive study

on groundwater across India including Rajasthan (Kulashersta et al., 2002; Gupta et al., 2004; Garg et al.,

2006; Jain et al., 2006; Kumar and Singh, 2010; Kaur and Singh, 2011; Saxena and Saxena, 2013). As

such, the objective of this study is to explore the hydrogeochemistry of the groundwater in different

villages of Sanganer Tehsil, Jaipur, Rajasthan and also to find suitability of ground water for irrigation

purpose.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study Area: Sanganer Tehsil is attached with main Jaipur city. It lies between 2649 to 2651 N latitude and 7546 to 7551 E longitude. It covers an area of 635.5 sq. km. The climate of the area under study is




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hot semiarid with extremes of temperature (15-45C) having average rainfall around 650 mm (26 inch.).

The location of study area is shown in the Map-1 given below:

Map 1: Study area map

Methodology

A total 40 samples were collected from different wells, tube-wells or hand-pumps from 40 villages

(Table-1) of Sanganer Tehsil during pre monsoon season between periods from June 05 to June 15, 2014.

All samples were labeled properly and according to the prerequisites for the sample analyses.

Temperature, pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, salinity were measured on site using potable meter

(PCS Testr 35 Multi-parameter) while all other parameters were analyzed using distilled water and

according to the standard methods of APHA (2005). Locations from where samples have been taken are

shown in the Map-2 and the details of sample points are available in Table-1 with sampling sources.

Map 2: Topographic map of sampling points in Sanganer Tehsil




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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Study on Hydrochemical Facies

In this study different hydro-chemical parameters of the groundwater were represented by plotting on a

Piper tri-linear diagram (Figure 1). The Piper diagram includes two triangles to represent cations and

anions respectively and one diamond shaped area to represent combination of anions and cations. From

this plot the concept of hydrogeochemical facies can be formulated (Piper, 1944).

The study of hydrogeochemical facies can be used as a useful tool to determine the flow pattern, rock-

water interaction and origin of chemical history of groundwater (Kumar and Kumar 2013). Piper diagram,

plotted from the available data is shown in Table-1. From the Piper diagram, it can be interpreted that

cation concentration of the groundwater samples of the selected area is predominated by sodium-

potassium type, whereas anion concentration is dominated by carbonate-bicarbonate type and chloride

type.

Salinity Hazard

The salinity hazard can be assumed from electrical conductivity result. Conductivity of water is

influenced by the presence of ions in water (Walton 1970). Highly saline water is unfit for drinking and

other purposes as well as for agriculture purpose. According to the salinity hazard classification (Table-2),

most of the samples are highly saline (57.5%) and 15% samples are extremely saline.

SAR: Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) is an important parameter of groundwater quality monitoring. SAR

value can be used for determination of suitability of irrigation water because it is responsible for sodium

hazard. SAR is defined as

2

22

MgCa

NaSAR

Where all concentrations were expressed in mg/l. In the present study, the range of SAR value of

groundwater in the studied area varied from 7.22 to 88.91 values. The average SAR value is supposed to

be 25.89. It has been found that 37.5% sampling sites showed very high SAR value while another 37.5%

showed high SAR value.

SAR value was found to be lower only in 7.5% sampling sites. Higher SAR value can cause sodium

hazard in the soil when it is used for irrigation purpose. If groundwater with high SAR value is used in

irrigation, then Ca++

ions of soil have a tendency to be replaced by Na+ ions, which in turn disturb the soil

structure (Tatawat and Chandel, 2008) and degrade the soil quality.

General Hydrochemistry of Groundwater

pH: The values of pH ranged from 7 to 9. Minimum pH (7.25) was observed in Govindpura village

(Sample No.-13) while Maximum pH (8.87) was observed in Laxmipura village (Sample No.-22) (Table-

1). All water samples were found to be within limits but were alkaline in nature. The pH showed negative

correlation with almost all investigated parameters (Table-3).

Electrical Conductivity (EC): Minimum (530 mhos/cm) and maximum (4850 mhos/cm) EC was found

in Pratapnagar (Sample No.-29) and Beelwa (Sample No.-7) villages respectively (Table-1 and Graph-1).

By analyzing the results, all water samples showed EC higher than permissible limit.

TDS (Total Dissolved Solids): EC signifies the amount of TDS in water. Findings of the present study

were in agreement with the results of the survey conducted by Jain et al. (2006). The total dissolved solids

in drinking water reveal saline behavior of water, which indicates the organic pollution level of water.

Minimum (298 mg/l) and maximum (1950 25 mg/l) concentration of TDS was observed from

Jaranwala (Sample No.-17) and Bamoriya (Sample No.-5) villages respectively (Table-1 and Graph-2).

According to W.H.O. (1984), TDS should be between 500-1500 mg/l. TDS was found to be within limit

in 72.50% villages, lower in 22.50% villages, whereas 5.00% villages showed TDS higher than

acceptable limit. It showed highly positive correlation with EC (Table-3).




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Table 1: Physico-chemical analysis of the Groundwater Samples of Sanganer Tehsil

Sample

No. Sampling Sites Source

Temp.

(C)

EC

(mhos/cm) pH

TDS

(mg/l)

HCO3-

(mg/l)

CO32-

(mg/l)

TH

(mg/l)

1 Asawala H 28.6 1913 7.32 682.80 126 28 290

2 Bagru H 31.6 1180 8.60 652.80 268 24 250

3 Bagru Rawan T 28.5 1330 8.70 558.92 278 20 130

4 Baksawala H 29.7 1652 7.92 655.60 126 32 250

5 Bamoriya W 30.4 3600 8.54 1950.20 390 18 300

6 Bar ka Balaji W 30.2 660 8.72 347.34 183 24 175

7 Beelwa H 31 4850 7.69 1418.70 360 24 630

8 Bhankrota H 30.6 560 8.50 334.70 207 24 150

9 Bhatawala T 29.6 1856 7.77 801.10 138 40 280

10 Dayalpura H 30.2 3080 7.42 848.80 68 26 190

11 Durgapura H 29.4 750 8.60 483.88 166 24 225

12 Goner T 28.7 630 8.20 362.90 305 0 125

13 Govindpura T 30 1479 7.25 667.14 368 20 280

14 Hajiwala T 28.5 860 7.60 435.72 198 0 86

15 Heerapura H 29 550 8.50 315.02 215 24 100

16 Jagannathpura H 28.2 1060 8.70 693.08 220 18 157

17 Jaranwala T 31.5 930 8.60 298.28 186 24 72

18 Khetapura H 29.2 2680 7.69 860.20 110 0 170

19 Khori H 30.2 720 8.50 560 122 24 200

20 Kishorpura H 30.5 650 8.50 722.30 225 22 165

21 Lakhawas H 33.8 1530 8.70 691.40 130 11 96

22 Laxmipura No. 1 W 31.4 2370 8.87 647.80 75 0 170

23 Mahapura H 28.6 987 7.52 721.36 348 24 280

24 Mahel T 29.6 1120 8.00 758 368 0 370

25 Manoharpura H 29.5 1735 8.60 628.40 386 0 128

26 Mohanpura H 28.8 1992 7.83 691.81 79 20 140

27 Muhana H 30.1 690 8.00 400.90 391 0 200

28 Nevta T 30.5 980 8.20 556.70 379 0 145

29 Pratapnagar H 29.8 530 7.60 565.80 400 18 255

30 Ramchandrapur

a T 29.4 758 7.40 625.86 203 0 184

31 Ramsinghpura T 32.7 1619 7.30 1164.20 426 16 560

32 Sanganer H 29.8 1260 8.10 643.90 205 0 350




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33 Seemliya T 33.6 1812 7.59 604.72 170 20 210

34 Shikarpura T 29 3040 7.25 1354.91 165 16 1360

35 Sirani H 28.8 720 8.00 426.86 305 0 150

36 Sitapura T 28.6 1350 8.40 519.24 152 15 236

37 Sukhdeopura T 29 953 7.90 591 258 20 425

38 Surajpura H 30.3 2180 7.70 656.59 326 0 200

39 Teelawas T 29.7 1160 8.70 633.08 422 22 135

40 Vatika T 30.2 2210 7.70 1677.97 854 18 330

Minimum 28.2 530 7.25 298.28 68 0 72

Maximum 33.8 4850 8.87 1950.2 854 40 1360

Mean 29.97 1499.65 8.067 705.249 257.525 15.4 253.725

Std. Deviation 1.31153 940.22748 .50637 353.13778 144.98948 11.21309 214.74648

Table 1: Physico-Chemical analysis of the Groundwater Samples of Sanganer Tehsil (continued..)

Sample

No. Sampling Sites

Ca2+

(mg/l)

Mg2+

(mg/l)

Cl-

(mg/l)

SO42-

(mg/l)

Na+

(mg/l)

K+

(mg/l) Na%

RSC

(mg/l)

SAR

(mg/l)

1 Asawala 48 40.80 289 63 136 3 61.01843723 65.2 20.41

2 Bagru 72 16.80 184 24 156 2 64.01944895 203.2 23.41

3 Bagru Rawan 36.80 9.12 135 51 75 1 62.33595801 252.08 15.65

4 Baksawala 44 33.60 264 56 138 3 64.50137237 80.4 22.15

5 Bamoriya 88 19.20 808 91 651 5 85.95387841 300.8 88.92

6 Bar ka Balaji 49.60 12.24 71 25 53 3 47.52206382 145.16 9.53

7 Beelwa 84 100.8 264.91 264 254 2 58.07622505 199.2 26.42

8 Bhankrota 43.20 10.08 35 38 58 1 52.54720342 177.72 11.24

9 Bhatawala 40 43.20 314.9 92 178 4 68.62745098 94.8 27.59

10 Dayalpura 28 28.80 416 57 240 5 81.17958913 37.2 45.04

11 Durgapura 67.20 13.68 99 0 70 2 47.09576138 109.12 11.01

12 Goner 36 8.40 35 0 93 2 68.1492109 260.6 19.74

13 Govindpura 40 43.20 164.94 30 145 2 63.8575152 304.8 22.48

14 Hajiwala 25.2 5.52 79 55 128 1 80.7663411 167.28 32.66

15 Heerapura 28.8 6.72 35 7 68 4 66.96428571 203.48 16.14

16 Jagannathpura 46 10.08 190 65 188 1 77.11767586 181.92 35.50

17 Jaranwala 20 5.28 30 28 76 2 75.5228505 184.72 21.38




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18 Khetapura 36 19.20 325 136 250 4 82.14747736 54.8 47.57

19 Khori 60 12 160 0 106 3 60.22099448 74 17.67

20 Kishorpura 48 10.8 140 120 186 3 76.27118644 188.2 34.30

21 Lakhawas 28.4 6 235 67 210 5 86.20689655 106.6 50.64

22 Laxmipura No. 1 24 26.4 294.9 59 178 2 78.125 24.6 35.46

23 Mahapura 80.4 18.96 118 98 148 1 59.99355774 272.64 20.99

24 Mahel 108 24 234 53 118 5 48.23529412 236 14.52

25 Manoharpura 39.2 7.2 165 0 172 4 79.13669065 339.6 35.71

26 Mohanpura 32 14.4 244.91 129 191 3 80.69883527 52.6 39.65

27 Muhana 66 8.4 36 0 82 2 53.03030303 316.6 13.44

28 Nevta 46 7.2 106 29 149 22 76.27118644 325.8 28.89

29 Pratapnagar 84 10.8 86 38 112 2 54.59770115 323.2 16.27

30 Ramchandrapura 58 9.36 152 105 155 3 70.11004615 135.64 26.71

31 Ramsinghpura 132 55.2 354 111 210 5 53.45599204 254.8 21.71

32 Sanganer 76 38.4 248 34 106 3 48.79140555 90.6 14.02

33 Seemliya 56 16.8 249.92 7 142 2 66.42066421 117.2 23.54

34 Shikarpura 388 93.6 589.81 36 122 1 20.34402911 300.6 7.87

35 Sirani 38.4 12.96 57 0 99 2 66.29036493 253.64 19.53

36 Sitapura 44 30.24 228 12 78 1 51.55311929 92.76 12.80

37 Sukhdeopura 90 48 139 84 60 1 30.65326633 140 7.23

38 Surajpura 28 31.2 339.89 2.5 45 2 44.25612053 266.8 8.27

39 Teelawas 39.2 8.88 187 56 89 2 65.42996836 395.92 18.15

40 Vatika 76 33.6 389.87 68.5 529 2 82.89103965 762.4 71.46

Minimum 20 5.28 30 0 45 1 20.34402911 24.6 7.223151

Maximum 388 100.8 808 264 651 22 86.20689655 762.4 88.91982

Mean 61.6 23.778 212.3513 54.775 156.1 3.075 64.00966018 202.317 25.89222

Std. Deviation 58.45558 21.70003 156.23248 51.66422 115.96281 3.32348 15.00179167 133.29731 16.80184

Temp.-Temperature, TDS-Total dissolved solids, TH-Total Hardness, RSC-Residual Sodium Carbonate, SAR-Sodium Adsorption Ratio, Std.

Deviation- Standard Deviation, W- Well, T- Tube Well, H- Hand Pump




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Table 2: Salinity hazard table (Salinity hazard classification table after Richard 1954)

Salinity hazard

class EC in s/cm Water Class

Number of

samples % of sample

C1 2250 Very high 6 15%

Table 3: Correlation matrix of parameters of water samples of villages of Sanganer Tehsil

Para

meter EC pH

TD

S

HC

O3-

CO

32-

TH

Ca2

+

Mg2

+

Cl-

SO42-

Na

+ K

+

Na

%

R

S

C

S

A

R

EC 1

pH -

.295 1

TDS .765**

-

.292 1

HCO3-

.020 -

.120

.424**

1

CO32-

.101 .011 .121 -

.165 1

TH .470**

-

.457**

.556**

.098

.11

0 1

Ca2+

.274

-

.350*

.466**

.106

.02

7 .945**

1

Mg2+

.673**

-

.521**

.569**

.061

.21

7 .848**

.628**

1

Cl-

.775**

-

.261 .857**

.058

.09

6

.520**

.453**

.503**

1

SO42-

.578**

-

.282

.531**

.028

.19

8 .247 .065

.480**

.305 1

Na+

.592**

-

.093 .858**

.407**

.05

7 .110 .070 .147

.714**

.422**

1

K+ .009 .028 .043 .095

-

.21

2

-

.114

-

.084

-

.135 .043

-

.011 .140 1

Na% .150 .195 .139 .016

-

.06

0

-

.592**

-

.585**

-

.462**

.086 .216 .552**

.16

9 1

RSC -

.010

-

.078

.388*

.944**

-

.13

6

.159 .222 .019 .070 -

.102

.359*

.07

3 .014 1

SAR .476**

.046

.650**

.241

-

.03

3

-

.162

-

.167

-

.116 .570**

.348*

.927**

.19

4 .788**

.2

27 1




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Figure 1: Tri-linear Piper Diagram for different hydro-chemical parameters

Graph 1: EC of villages of Sanganer Tehsil

Graph 2: TDS of villages of Sanganer Tehsil




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Graph 3: Chloride of villages of Sanganer Tehsil

Graph 4: Correlation between Chloride and EC of villages of Sanganer Tehsil

Total Hardness (TH): Minimum (72 mg/l) and maximum (1360 mg/l) total hardness was observed in

Jaranwala (Sample No.-17) and Shikarpura (Sample No.-34) villages respectively (Table-1). W.H.O. has

recommended safe permissible limit for hardness to be 100-500 mg/l. In groundwater, hardness is mainly

due to carbonates, bicarbonates, sulphates and chlorides of Ca2+

and Mg2+

. Total hardness was higher in

7.50% villages; below than permissible limit in 7.50% villages whereas 85.00% samples showed TH

within optimum limit.

Chloride (Cl -): The chloride content was higher than permissible limit (200-600 mg/l) in 2.50% villages

whereas it was lower in 55.00% villages. Only 42.50% villages were within optimum limit. High content

of chloride gives salty taste to water. Minimum (30 mg/l) was reported from Jaranwala village (Sample

no.-17) and maximum (808 mg/l) was observed from Bamoriya village (Sample No.-5) (Table-1 &

Graph-3). It shows positive correlation with electrical conductivity (Table-3 and Graph-4).

Bicarbonate (HCO3 -): CO3

-2 and HCO3

- taken

together make total alkalinity. Higher values of alkalinity

give undesirable taste to water and also make it not potable. Minimum bicarbonate (HCO3-) (68 mg/l) was

observed in Dayalpura village (Sample No.-10) while maximum (854 mg/l) was found in Vatika village

(Sample No.-40).

Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K

+): Minimum (45 mg/l) and maximum (651 mg/l) Sodium (Na

+) content

was observed from Surajpura (Sample No.-38) and Bamoriya (Sample No.-5) villages respectively

(Table-1). Almost all villages (90.00%) contained higher concentration of Na+ except in Surajpura village

0500

100015002000250030003500400045005000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

EC

Chloride

EC

and C

hlo

ride

Val

ues

Sample No.




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wherein it was below limit. The acceptable limit for Na+ is 50 mg/l and K

+ is 20 mg/l according to

W.H.O. guidelines (1984). Potassium (K+) content of water samples varied from 1 to 22 mg/l.

Conclusion

The study focused on analyzing and evaluating ground water quality in areas with poor quality of

drinking water & adverse effects on irrigation of ground water in affected areas of Rajasthan with

particular reference to Sanganer Tehsil of Jaipur District. The salinity hazard is alarming in the study area

as 72.5% samples fall in this range indicative of being unsuitable from the point of view of drinking water

as well as irrigation. Higher SAR values also indicate that soil structure may be disturbed in near future.

However, most of the general hydrochemistry parameters of studied samples were within the maximum

permissible limits for drinking water.

ACKNOLEDGEMENT

The authors are thankful to Dr. K.K.S. Bhatia, President, Poornima University, Er. H. K. Solanki,

Assistant Professor, National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj (Ministry of Rural

Development, Govt. of India), Jaipur, and Dr. Susmita Sharma, Associate Professor, Poornima College of

Engineering, Jaipur for their valuable suggestions and support.

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018 jgee 022 mehta study rajasthan

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