!

!

"#$%&#%$'(!&)(('*+,-!

./,!+)%$&,+!'01!,22,&#+!)2!3)(&'0)!2('04!50+#'65(5#78!!

'!&'+,!+#%17!2$)9!#/,!:'0'$7!;+('01+!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

<5++,$#'#5)0!=%$!>$('0?%0?!1,+!<)4#)$?$'1,+!

1,$!@'#/,9'#5+&/AB'#%$C5++,0+&/'2#(5&/,0!D'4%(#E#!

1,$!:/$5+#5'0AF(6$,&/#+AG053,$+5#E#!=%!H5,(!

!

!

!

3)$?,(,?#!3)0!

!"#$%&'()'*%+,-.'

?,6)$,0!50!H)0+#'0=!

!

H5,(8!@E$=!IJJI!

:/5&4,0!)$!,??!K

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

L,2,$,0#-!! ! ! M$)2N!O'0+AG($5&/!"&/950&4,8!M/<! !

H)$,2,$,0#-!!!! ! M$53N!<)=N!<$N!@'##/5'+!O)$#! ! ! !

.'?!1,$!9P01(5&/,0!M$P2%0?-!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Q%9!<$%&4!?,0,/95?#-!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

<,$!<,4'0-!!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

O5,$95#! ,$4(E$,! 5&/! '0! >51,+! +#'##8! 1'++! 15,! 3)$(5,?,01,! F6/'01(%0?8! '6?,+,/,0! 1,$!

R,$'#%0?!1%$&/!9,50,!'4'1,95+&/,0!S,/$,$8!0'&/!;0/'(#!%01!D)$9!9,50,!,5?,0,!F$6,5#!

1'$+#,((#N! D,$0,$! /'6,! 5&/! C,1,$! 15,+,! 0)&/! ,50,! E/0(5&/! F$6,5#! '0! ,50,$! '01,$,0!

F6#,5(%0?!)1,$!O)&/+&/%(,!59!L'/9,0!,50,+!M$P2%0?+3,$2'/$,0+!3)$?,(,?#N!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

./)9'+!LN!T'(#,$!!

!%/+-'#0'1#2,-2,&'

!

3#21-4,5#2'%26'4.-0%1-' )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))'5';0#$)1%&#5)0!NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !53!>50(,5#%0?! NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !35!! 7%.,'89':#+1%2#'0+%2;'52&,%/5+5,<'/<'1%+6-.%'0#.$%,5#2'!

3"%4,-.'=9'''>#.$%,5#2'#0'1%+6-.%'4-.54"-.<'0%?+,&'))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))'='D)$9'#5)0!)2!&'(1,$'!*,$5*/,$7!2'%(#+-!'0!,U*,$59,0#'(!+#%17! NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !I!F6+#$'&#! NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !I!;0#$)1%&#5)0!NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !I!>U*,$59,0#'(!+,#A%*! NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !V!L,+%(#+!NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !W!! !"#$%&'()*+% NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !W!! !"#$%$,-."-/)'*%.'00-12$%NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !X!! 3'()*+%-*&%.'00-12$%NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !YJ!"%99'$7!'01!15+&%++5)0! NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !YI!! 3'()*+% NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !YV!! 4,-."-/)'*%.'00-12$% NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !YV!! 5'(6)*$&%&'()*+%-*&%$,-."-/)'*%.'00-12$%NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !YZ!! 477$./%'7%/8$%)*)/)-0%$&)7).$%+$'($/#9% NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !Y[!B'#%$'(!,U'9*(,+! NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !YW!! :"($2.$*.$%NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !YW!! 4,-."-/)'*%.'00-12$% NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !YW!! ;"0/)<2/-+$%.-0&$#-%-./),)/9%NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !YX!:)0&(%+5)0! NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !Y\!F&40)C(,1?,9,0#+! NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !Y\!L,2,$,0&,+!NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !IJ!!!

3"%4,-.'@9'''3<1+51'1%+6-.%'1#++%4&-' ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))'@@':7&(5&!&'(1,$'!&)(('*+,-!*5+#)0!)$!*5,&,9,'(!+%6+51,0&,K! NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !IV!F6+#$'&#! NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !IV!;0#$)1%&#5)0!NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !IV!D5,(1!)6+,$3'#5)0!NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !IZ!>U*,$59,0#+!NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !IW!<5+&%++5)0!NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !VJ!F&40)C(,1?,9,0#+! NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !VJ!L,2,$,0&,+!NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !VY!

3"%4,-.'A9'''B5..#.&'#0'&"%++#C'$%D$%'.-&-.E#5.&')))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))'A@':)(('*+,!&'(1,$'+!]!95$$)$+!)2!+/'(()C!9'?9'!$,+,$3)5$+!NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !VV!F6+#$'&#! NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !VV!;0#$)1%&#5)0!NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !VV!:'(1,$'!2)$9'#5)0!,U*,$59,0#+! NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !VZ!:)9*'$5+)0!C5#/!0'#%$'(!&'(1,$'+! NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !V^!! :$=$&-%5-0&$#-%'*%>#-*%5-*-#)-% NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !V^!! ?-6-"0%5-0&$#-@%!-1"-%A$B%>")*$-% NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !VW!<5+&%++5)0!NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !VW!! C(10).-/)'*2%7'#%*-/"#-0%.-0&$#-2%NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !VW!! ! D-2%5-E-&-2%5-0&$#-@%:$*$#)7$% NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !VW!! ! F09(1"2%;'*2@%;-#2% NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !V\!! ! >-0-1-+'2%5-0&$#-2% NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !V\!! D)()/-/)'*2% NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !ZJ!:)0&(%+5)0! NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !ZJ!F&40)C(,1?,9,0#+! NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !ZY!L,2,$,0&,+!NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !ZY!%%'

7%.,'889':#+1%2#'0+%2;'52&,%/5+5,<'%26'65;-'52,.?&5#2&'''3"%4,-.'F9'''(-1?..-2,'0+%2;'1#++%4&-'52'!-2#'))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))'F@'L52#50?8!$,&%$$,0#!('01+(5150?!'01!@5)&,0,!+#$%&#%$'(!$,)$?'05='#5)0!50!.,0)8!BTA.,0,$52,!_:'0'$7!;+('01+`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

''

3"%4,-.'G9'''(50,'%.1"5,-1,?.-'52'E#+1%2#-&' ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))'HA'L52#!'$&/5#,&#%$,!50!3)(&'0),+-!2$)9!+50?(,!$52#!#)!#$5'U5'(!$52#+! NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !^Z!F6+#$'&#! NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !^Z!;0#$)1%&#5)0!NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !^Z!! :8$%1#'+#$22%'7%#)7/)*+M%1$#2)2/$*.$%'#%7$$60$*$22N%NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !^[!! >$'0'+).-0%2$//)*+%'7%O*-+-%K:$*$#)7$L% NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !^^!! O*-+-%#)7/%H'*$2%NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !^X!! :-+-*-*-%-#$-%P%/8$%#''/2%'7%-%0-*&20)&$N% NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !^\!M/7+5&'(!9)1,(+!NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !WY!! 4Q1$#)($*/-0%2$/"1%-*&%1#'.$&"#$% NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !WY!<5+&%++5)0!NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !WV!:)0&(%+5)0! NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !WZ!F&40)C(,1?,9,0#+! NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !W[!L,2,$,0&,+!NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !W[!!

3"%4,-.'H9'''3.--452D'I'1#++%4&-'I'.50,52D'))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))'JJ':$,,*50?!A!&)(('*+,!A!$52#50?-!#/,!+#$%&#%$'(!2,,16'&4!)0!3)(&'0),+! NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !WX!F6+#$'&#! NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !WX!;0#$)1%&#5)0!NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !WX!! G'0.-*'%)*2/-6)0)/9%-*&%#)7/)*+%NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !W\!! >#-,)/9<&#),$*%,'0.-*'%&$7'#(-/)'*% NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !XJ!>U*,$59,0#'(!*$)&,1%$,! NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !XI!! R/-60$%2)/"-/)'*% NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !XZ!! S*2/-60$%2)/"-/)'*%NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !X[!! T'B%(-*9%-Q$2N%NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !XX!;9*(5&'#5)0+!NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !\J!! D-%!-0(-M%:-6"#)$*/$%28)$0&%,'0.-*'% NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !\Y!<5+&%++5)0!NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !\Z!"%99'$7!'01!&)0&(%+5)0! NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !\^!F&40)C(,1?,9,0#+! NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !\W!L,2,$,0&,+!NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !\W!!

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a5#',! NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN !YJ[

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b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c$'0!:'0'$5'NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNI[!;;NIN!!! >U*,$59,0#'(!+,#%*!'01!$,+%(#+NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNI\!!;;;NYN!! ;((%+#$'#5)0!)2!&'(1,$'!2)$9'#5)0 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNVZ!;;;NIN!! <,$53,1!$,('#5)0+/5*!6,#C,,0!$,+,$3)5$!+5=,8!1,*#/!'01!&'(1,$'!15'9,#,$ NNNNNNNNV[!;;;NVN!! :'(1,$'!,U'9*(,+-!c$'0!:'0'$5'8!.,0,$52,8!L'6'%(!:'(1,$' NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNVX!;;;NZN!! d(79*%+!@)0+!:'(1,$'8!@'$+NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNV\!!;aNYN!! "#$%&#%$'(!'U,+!)2!.,0,$52,NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNZ[!;aNIN!! M/)#)?$'*/+!)2!.,0)!%0&)02)$95#5,+NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNZX!;aNVN!! @'*+!)2!.,0)NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNZ\!;aNZN!! M/)#)?$'*/+!)2!2$'&#%$,!6,(#!0,'$!S)+!:'$$5='(,+NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN[Y!;aN[N!! "&/951#e+!*$)f,&#5)0+8!$)+,!'01!&)0#)%$!15'?$'9+!2)$!154,+!'01!2$'&#%$,+NNNNNNNNN[Z!;aN^N!! M/)#)!*('#,8!.,0)NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN[^!;aNWN!! <54,!+C'$9!)2!.,0)!R'f)!L52# NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN[W!;aNXN!! :)9*'$5+)0!#)!>#0']"#$)96)(5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN[\!;aN\N!! :7&(,!)2!3)(&'0)!&)0+#$%&#5)0!'01!1,+#$%&#5)0 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN^J!!aNYN!!!! S)&'#5)0!)2!#/,!+#%17!'$,'!F0'?'!_B>!.,0,$52,`NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN^W!aNIN!!!! <54,+!)2!#/,!)(1,+#!154,!+C'$9!)2!#/,!.'?'0'0'!$52#!=)0, NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN^\!aNVN!!! "/,'$,1!154,+NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNWJ!aNZN!!!! >U*,$59,0#'(!+,#%*NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNWY!aN[N!!!! M/)#)?$'*/+!'01!+4,#&/,+!)2!#/,!,U*,$59,0#+ NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNWI!!a;NYN!!! L52#!=)0,!(,0?#/+!'+!'!2%0&#5)0!)2!3)(&'0)!/,5?/# NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNW\!a;NIN!!! .7*,+!)2!?$'35#7A1$53,0!3)(&'0)!1,2)$9'#5)0 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXY!a;NVN!!! c,)9,#$7!)2!#/,!&)0,+NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXI!a;NZN!!! M/)#)?$'*/+!)2!?,('#50,!,U*,$59,0#+NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXV!a;N[N!!! "#'6(,!+5#%'#5)0!*()#NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNX[!a;N^N!!! "%99'$5=,1!'$$'0?,9,0#!)2!/71$)2$'&#%$,+NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXW!

a;NWN!!! F9)%0#!)2!$52#!=)0,+!'+!'!2%0&#5)0!)2!#)#'(!0%96,$!)2!,U*,$59,0#+ NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXX!a;NXN!!! :'0'$7!;+('01+8!+#$%&#%$'(!'U,+!'01!('01+(51,+NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN\J!a;N\N!!! S,'+#!,22)$#!9)1,( NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN\Y!a;NYJN!! "#$%&#%$'(!,3)(%#5)0!)2!S'!M'(9' NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN\V!a;NYYN!! D)%$!9'50!#7*,+!)2!$52#!=)0,+!$,('#,1!#)!+,&#)$!&$,,* NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN\^!''

M5&,'#0'!%/+-&'!;NYN!!!! ",(,&#,1!,U*,$59,0#+!'01!9,'+%$,1!?,)9,#$5&!+#$%&#%$,+NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN^!;;NYN!!! c,)9,#$5&!$,('#5)0+!)2!,U*,$59,0#+!3,$+%+!c$'0!:'0'$5'NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNIX!;;;NYN!! >U*,$59,0#'(!+&'(50? NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNV^!;aNYN!! "#$%&#%$'(!,3)(%#5)0!)2!.,0)NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNZW!!!!

!

!

!

Preface and Introduction

i

!"#$%&'("#)*#+),-%.*$%)

!"#$%&'($&'%$)*$+"',$+"#,',$',$+)$#-./'0&+#$,+1./+.1&-$%#/"&(',%,$+"&+$0#,+&2'-'3#$4)-/&()$

*-&(5,$ &(0$ +"#$%.+.&-$#**#/+,$)*$#0'*'/#$61)7+"$&(0$ '+,$61&4'+8901'4#($0#,+1./+')(:$;#1+'9

(#(+$%)1<")-)6'/&-$0#<1#,,')(,$1#,.-+'(6$*1)%$-&+#1&-$&(0$4#1+'/&-$/)--&<,#,$7#1#$,+.0'#0$

'($ +"#$=&(&18$ >,-&(0,:$?.#,+')(,$ '(/-.0#$ @'A$ +"#$#4)-.+')(&18$ ,+&6#$&+$7"'/"$&$4)-/&('/$

',-&(0$2#/)%#,$/1'+'/&--8$.(,+&2-#B$@''A$7"#1#$&(0$7"8$0)$6'&(+$-&(0,-'0#,$*)1%B$&(0$@'''A$

7"&+$',$+"#$6#(#+'/$&(0$+#%<)1&-$1#-&+')(,"'<$2#+7##($'(+1.,')(,$&(0$*-&(5$'(,+&2'-'+8C$$

!"#$<1'(/'<&-$-)/&-'+'#,$,+.0'#0$&1#$D1&($=&(&1'&$&(0$!#(#1'*#B$2)+"$',-&(0,$#E<#1'#(/#0$

-&16#9,/&-#$ *-&(5$ *&'-.1#,$ 0.1'(6$ +"#'1$ 61)7+":$ F'#-0$ &(0$&(&-8+'/&-$ #4'0#(/#$ 1#4#&-,$ +"#$

,+1./+.1&-$0',<&1'+8$)*$+"#$/&-0#1&9+8<#$#0'*'/#$@D1&($=&(&1'&A$&(0$1'*+9+8<#$#0'*'/#$@!#(#9

1'*#A$&(0$'--.,+1&+#,$+"#$%#/"&(',%,$)*$*-&(5$0#,+&2'-'3&+')(:$!"#$%.-+'*&/#+#0$'(+#1&/+')($

)*$%&6%&$ '(+1.,')($ &(0$ 0#/-'(#$ )*$ &$ 4)-/&()G,$ ,+&2'-'+8$7&,$ ,+.0'#0$ '($ &(&-)6$ #E<#1'9

%#(+,:$$

H'(/#$+"#$/)(,+1./+')(&-$/)(+1&,+,$2#+7##($D1&($=&(&1'&$&(0$!#(#1'*#$'--.,+1&+#$0'**#1#(+$

+8<#,$)*$'(,+&2'-'+8B$+"',$+"#,',$',$,#<&1&+#0$'(+)$+7)$%&'($,#/+')(,I$$

@>A$ J)-/&()$*-&(5$'(,+&2'-'+8$28$/&-0#1&$*)1%&+')($@/&-0#1&9+8<#$4)-/&()#,A$$

@="&<+#1,$KB$L$&(0$MAB$&(0$$

@>>A$ J)-/&()$*-&(5$'(,+&2'-'+8$&(0$0'5#$'(+1.,')(,$@1'*+9+8<#$4)-/&()#,A$

@="&<+#1,$NB$O$&(0$PA:$$

Q--$ /"&<+#1,$ &1#$ %&(.,/1'<+,$ 71'++#($ *)1$ <##191#4'#7$ <.2-'/&+')($ '($ ,/'#(+'*'/$ R).1(&-,:$

S&/"$/"&<+#1$/)(+&'(,$,#<&1&+#$,#/+')(,$)($'(+1)0./+')(B$6#)-)6'/&-$,#++'(6B$0&+&$&/T.','9

+')($ &(0$ 0',/.,,')(B$ &(0$ &$ ,#<&1&+#$ 1#*#1#(/#$ -',+:$ ="&<+#1,$ K$ &(0$ L$ &1#$ &-1#&08$ <.29

-',"#0U$/"&<+#1$N$"&,$2##($&//#<+#0$*)1$<.2-'/&+')(:$="&<+#1,$M$&(0$O$&1#$,.2%'++#0$+)$&$

R).1(&-B$&(0$%'6"+$2#$ ,.2R#/+$ +)$/"&(6#,U$="&<+#1$P$ ',$ '($<1#<&1&+')(:$Q--$/"&<+#1,$&1#$

/)--&2)1&+'4#$ ,+.0'#,:$ F'1,+$ &.+")1,"'<$%&(.,/1'<+,$ *)1%$/"&<+#1,$KB$MB$NB$OB$ &(0$P:$V8$

/)(+1'2.+')($ +)$ +"#$ '(0'4'0.&-$ /"&<+#1,$ 7&,$ PWX$ @="&<+#1$ KAB$ NWX$ @="&<+#1$ LAB$ YWX$

@="&<+#1$MAB$ZWX$@="&<+#1$NAB$YWX$@="&<+#1$OAB$&(0$ZWX$@="&<+#1$PA:$

Preface and Introduction

ii

,*-')/0)1"2$*#").2*#3)(#4'*5(2('6)56)$*2+%-*)."-7*'("#)

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

$

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

$

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`&0&,$/&-0#1&$',$.(0#1-&'($28$&$1#,#14)'1$)*$)(-8$ N$5%$ 0'&%#+#1:$ !"',$ /"&<+#1$ ,")7,$ +"&+$ &$ /)--&<,#$ /&-0#1&$ )($ !#(#1'*#$ 7&,$ %#9/"&('/&--8$ &($ .(-'5#-8$ '(/'0#(+:$ >+$ ',$ &16.#0$ +"&+$ #1),')($ &(0$ ".6#$ -&(0,-'0#,$ 7#1#$#E+#(,'4#-8$'(4)-4#0$'($+"#$*)1%&+')($)*$+"#$%)1<")-)6'/&-$2&,'($)*$!#(#1'*#:$!"',$,+.08$%&8$ "#-<$ +)$ '0#(+'*8$ )+"#1$ ".6#$ -&(0,-'0#$ ,/&1<,B$ <1#4').,-8$ '(+#1<1#+#0$ &,$ /)--&<,#$/&-0#1&,:$

$

Preface and Introduction

iii

,*-')//0)1"2$*#").2*#3)(#4'*5(2('6)*#+)+(3%)(#'-B4("#4)

!8*&'%-)U):*2'%-);<)*#+)J$87(#$3%)KHL)=>??>@0)<(.'(#RI)-%$B--%#').2*#3)$"22*&4%)*#+)4'-B$'B-*2)-%"-R*#(V*'("#) (#) ;%#"I)W:H;%#%-(.%) =!*#*-6) /42*#+4@D) 7'%$5'-%&)'-#( 8)"5'-#( )*( 9-5%2(:,&$',$3(;0$)#).&3,2$(4"'<3,2-"=)=(#)&-%44@D)H.%%&18I$ !"',$ <&<#1$ <1)4'0#,$ '(,'6"+,$ '(+)$ 1#-&+#0$ ,+1./+.1#,$ '($ +"#$ 0##<-8$ #1)0#0$V')/#(#$/)%<),'+#$,"'#-0$4)-/&()$a!#()b$)($()1+"7#,+#1($!#(#1'*#:$\&,#0$)($,+1./+.1&-$*'#-0$7)15B$<#1')0'/$()1+"7&1090'1#/+#0$4)-/&()$'(,+&2'-'+8$',$/"&1&/+#1'3#0:$!"',$/"&<+#1$*)/.,#,$ )($ +"#$ /)(*'6.1&+')($ )*$ 1'*+$ 3)(#,$ &(0$ )*$ '(0'4'0.&-$ 0'5#,$ &(0$ *1&/+.1#,:$ ['5#$0'1#/+')(,$ /"&(6#0$ &*+#1$ ,#/+)1$ /)--&<,#$ #4#(+,B$ '%<-8'(6$ &$ (#&19,.1*&/#$ ,+1#,,9*'#-0$%)0'*'/&+')(:$[#/)%<1#,,')($&(0$,"#&1'(6$/&.,#0$'(+#(,#$/1.,"'(6B$*)1%'(6$&$a*1&/+.1#0$2#-+b$+"&+$,.11).(0,$+"#$-&(0,-'0#$,/&1<,:$!"',$*1&/+.1#$2#-+$',$0#,/1'2#0$'($0#+&'-$2&,#0$)($,#4#1&-$<1)*'-#,$&(0$,+1./+.1&-$@0&+&$&(&-8,',A$%#+")0,:$V#/"&(',%,$)*$#<',)0'/$,+&6#,$)*$4)-/&()$,#/+)1$/)--&<,#,$&1#$0',/.,,#0:$

$

!8*&'%-)O):*2'%-);<I);-"22)1<I)X%2"B4"N)QI)J$87(#$3%)KHL0)<(.')*-$8('%$'B-%)(#)N"2$*#"%40).-"7)4(#R2%)-(.')'")'-(*C(*2)-(.'4D)JB57(''%+)'")>2/3&,3(-'<(?2$@&3%5/()*(A/B$3I)%+('%+)56)YZ):*'3%64I)X*23%7*),-%44I)J&%$D)1"2D)H.%%&18I$ !"',$ 7)15$ /)%2'(#,$ *'#-0$ &(&-8,',$ &(0$ &(&-)6$%)0#-'(6B$ ,")7'(6$ +"#$ ()(90.1&2'-'+8$ )*$ 1'*+$ 3)(#,B$ #E#%<-'*'#0$ 28$ +"#$ V')/#(#$ ,"'#-0$ aQ(&6&b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

$

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c/)(,+1./+'4#$ '(+#1&/+')($ <1)/#,,#,$&(0$<1)4'0#,$&$/-.#$+)$-)/&+#$7#&5$,.2,+1&+.%$&(0$-)/&-$*-&(5$'(,+&2'-'+'#,$)($4)-/&()#,:$$

Preface and Introduction

iv

/#'-"+B$'("#) !"#$ =&(&18$ >,-&(0,$ /)%<1',#$ ,#4#($ ',-&(0,$ 7'+"$ '(0'4'0.&-$ &(0$ -)(69+#1%$ 4)-/&('/$1#/)10B$&--$)*$+"#%$2.+$_&$D)%#1&$"&4'(6$2##($&/+'4#$'($+"#$<&,+$O5&$@H/"%'(/5#$KddNA:$H#&7&109*&/'(6$#,/&1<%#(+,B$.<$+)$%)1#$+"&($)(#$5'-)%#+#1$0##<$&(0$+#(,$)*$5'-)%#+#1,$-)(6B$&1#$<1)%'(#(+$%)1<")-)6'/&-$ *#&+.1#,$)($+"#,#$4)-/&('/$',-&(0,B$&,$7#--$)($%&(8$4)-/&('/$#0'*'/#,$7)1-07'0#:$Q-#E&(0#1$4:$e.%2)-0+$@KZKNAB$)(#$)*$+"#$*'1,+$#E<-)1#1,$)($+"#$=&(&18$>,-&(0,B$<&'0$&++#(+')($+)$+"#$6#)-)6'/&-$#4)-.+')($)*$,./"$,/&19-'5#$4&--#8,$)($!#(#1'*#:$Q$*#7$8#&1,$-&+#1$&$0',/.,,')($)*$+"#$0#4#-)<%#(+$)*$+"#$/)%%)($%)1<")-)6'9/&-$0#<1#,,')(,$)*$+"#$=&(&18$>,-&(0,$#(,.#0I$_f)<)-0$4)($\./"$@KZLOA$&<<-'#0$+"#$+#1%$b#-#4&+#0$ /1&+#1b$ @/&-0#1&A$ +)$ &$ %)1#$ +"&($ LWWW$ %$ 0##<$ ,/&1<$ '($ ()1+"#1($ _&$ ;&-%&:$="&1-#,$_8#--B$)($+"#$)+"#1$"&(0B$<),+.-&+#0$'($KZOO$+"&+$,'6('*'/&(+$#1),')($7&,$'(4)-4#0$'($ +"#$ *)1%&+')($ )*$ +"#$ !&2.1'#(+#$ =&-0#1&$ )($ _&$ ;&-%&$ &(0$ _&,$ =&`&0&,$ =&-0#1&$ )($!#(#1'*#:$^+"#1$".6#$%)1<")-)6'/&-$0#<1#,,')(,B$,./"$&,$+"#$,/&19-'5#$^1)+&4&$4&--#8$)($,).+"#&,+#1($ !#(#1'*#$ 7#1#$ -'5#7',#$ '(+#1<1#+#0$ &,$ *)1%#0$ 28$ #1),')($ @F1'+,/"$g$ ]#',,$KZPZA:$Q2).+$".(01#0$8#&1,$-&+#1B$\1&4)$@KdOLB$KdPLA$7&,$)(#$)*$+"#$*'1,+$+)$/)(,'0#1$+"#$,+##<$ ,/&1,$ )*$ _&,$ =&`&0&,$ =&-0#1&B$ ^1)+&4&$ &(0$ Dhi%&1$ 4&--#8,$ )($ !#(#1'*#$ &,$ +"#$1#,.-+,$)*$61&4'+&+')(&-$2-)/5$,-'0'(6:$H./"$&$-&(0,-'0#9"8<)+"#,',B$")7#4#1B$7&,$21)&0-8$0).2+#0$2#/&.,#$)*$ +"#$ '%<-'#0$".6#$4)-.%#,$ @+#(,$)*$/.2'/$5'-)%#+#1,A$)*$%&+#1'&-$ +)$*&'-$*1)%$+"#$4)-/&('/$*-&(5,$'(+)$+"#$,#&:$H'(/#$ +"#$ ,<#/+&/.-&1$ &(0$7#--97'+(#,,#0$ -&(0,-'0#$7"'/"$ +1'66#1#0$ +"#$/-'%&/+'/$KdZW$V+:$ e#-#(,$ #1.<+')($ @_'<%&($ g$ V.--'(#&.E$ KdZLAB$ +"#$ .(,+&2-#$ (&+.1#$ &(0$ ,+1./+.1&-$/)--&<,#$ )*$ 4)-/&('/$ #0'*'/#,$ "&4#$ 2#/)%#$ 1#/)6('3#0$ &(0$ &++1&/+#0$ &++#(+')($ 6-)2&--8$@#:6:$[.**'#-0$ #+$ &-:$ KdZKU$ H'#2#1+$ KdZNU$e)-/)%2$g$H#&1-#$ KdZNU$V))1#$ #+$ &-:$ KddNA:$S4'0#(/#,$*)1$6'&(+$-&(0,-'0#,$"&4#$2##($'0#(+'*'#0$'($+"#$*)--)7'(6$8#&1,$&+$%&(8$4)-/&9()#,$ @H'#2#1+$KdZNA:$Q2).+$YOX$)*$ +"#$Q(0#&($4)-/&()#,$ +&--#1$ +"&($L:O$5%$/)--&<,#0$@F1&(/',$ KddNA:$ Q1).(0$ KWW$ 0#21',$ &4&-&(/"#,$ c+"#$ 1#,.-+'(6$ -&(0,-'0#$ 0#<),'+c$ "&4#$2##($0)/.%#(+#0$&1).(0$?.&+#1(&18$j&<&(#,#$4)-/&()#,$@>()5./"'$KdZZA:$Q+$-#&,+$+"1##$%&R)1$ LW+"$ /#(+.18$ /)--&<,#,$ &1#$ 1#<)1+#0$ *1)%$k&%/"&+5&$ @\#-).,)4$ KddNA:$ SE+#(,'4#$,.2%&1'(#$0#<),'+,$&,,)/'&+#0$7'+"$&2).+$YW$6'&(+$-&(0,-'0#,$)*$e&7&''&($)/#&($',-&(0$4)-/&()#,$7#1#$%&<<#0B$ ,)%#$)*$ +"#$ -&(0,-'0#,$ &++&'(#0$ -#(6+",$ )*$ )4#1$LWW$5%B$4)-9.%#,$#E/##0'(6$OWWW$5%l$ @V))1#$#+$ &-$KddNA:$Q--$ +"#,#$ *&/+,$ ,")7$ +"&+$ +"#$ '(,+&2'-'+8$&(0$/)--&<,#$)*$4)-/&('/$*-&(5,$',$.2'T.'+).,:$$\&,#0$ )($ ,.2%&1'(#$ ,+.0'#,$ &1).(0$ +"#$=&(&1'#,B$ #()1%).,$ 4)-.%#,$ @KWM9KWN$ 5%lA$ )*$-&(0,-'0#$0#<),'+,$7#1#$4#1'*'#0$ @m&++,$g$V&,,)($LWWKAB$ +"#$%#&($-&(0,-'0#$*1#T.#(/8$2#'(6$+"#1#$/&:$KLO9KYW$5&$@k1&,+#-$#+$&-:$LWWKB$V&,,)($#+$&-:$LWWLA:$!"#$.<<#1$,.2%&91'(#$ ,-'0#$0#<),'+,$()1+"$)*$!#(#1'*#$&1#$/)11#-&+#0$ +)$4#18$ 1#/#(+$#4#(+,B$ '%<-8'(6$ +"&+$4)-/&()$'(,+&2'-'+8$',$,+'--$&/+'4#$@m&++,$g$V&,,)($LWWKA:$Q-,)$,.2&#1'&-$,+.0'#,$1#4#&-$+"#$"'6"$ *1#T.#(/8$&(0$"&3&10$<)+#(+'&-$)*$,#/+)1$/)--&<,#,B$<1)0./'(6$,/&1<,$%./"$&2)4#$+"#$,#&$-#4#-$@#:6:$n&4&11)$g$=)#--)$KdZdU$=&11&/#0)$KddNU$eh1-'%&(($#+$&-:$KdddA:$$!"#$,).1/#,$)*$,.2&#1'&-$&(0$,.2%&1'(#$4)-/&()$*-&(5$0#,+&2'-'3&+')($&1#$-&16#-8$,<#/.-&9+'4#:$ Q-+").6"$ -&16#$ +#%<)1&-$ &(0$ ,<&+'&-$ 4&1'#+8$ )*$ 4)-/&('/$ >,-&(0,$ @/*:$ =&(&1'#,$ c$

Preface and Introduction

v

e&7&''AB$ +"#$ ,'3#,B$ +8<#,$ &(0$ '(/'0#(/#,$ )*$ ,#/+)1$ /)--&<,#$ #4#(+,$ &1#$ 6#(#1&--8$ 4#18$,'%'-&1$@=&11&/#0)$KddNU$k1&,+#-$#+$&-:$LWWKA:$!"',$'%<-'#,$/)%%)($*&/+)1,$+)$2#$1#,<)(9,'2-#:$ D1&4'+8$ *)1/#$ '+,#-*$ %&8$ /&.,#$ 4)-/&()$ ,<1#&0'(6$ &(0$ +#(,')(&-$ *-&(59,-'<$ &-)(6$0',/1#+#$0#+&/"%#(+$,.1*&/#,$@[#-&(#8$g$[#(-'(6#1$KdddU$4&($m85$0#$J1'#,$#+$&-:$KddYU$\)16'&$#+$&-:$LWWWA:$!"#,#$*)1/#,$&1#$%)1#)4#1$2'&,#0$28$0'5#K$'(+1.,')(,$+"&+$(./-#&+#$'($,7&1%,$&(0$1'*+$3)(#,:$e'6"$%&6%&+'/$)1$"801&.-'/$<1#,,.1#,$7'+"'($1'*+$3)(#,$%&8$<.,"$&$ 4)-/&()$ ,#6%#(+$ ,#&7&10$ &(0$ +".,$ +1'66#1$ 0f/)--#%#(+$ )*$ ".6#$ 4)-/&('/$ ,#/+)1,$@H'#2#1+$KdZNU$m&-5#1$KddLU$>4#1,)($KddOU$S-,7)1+"$g$J)'6"+$KddPA:$\&,#0$)($(.%#1'/&-$/&-/.-&+')(,$7#$5()7$+"&+$&$4)-/&()$',$'($/1'+'/&-$2&-&(/#$)*$'+,$-)&0B$'(+1.,')(,$&(0$+"#$%#/"&('/&-$ <1)<#1+'#,$ )*$ +"#$ 1)/5,$ @['#+#1'/"$ KdZZU$ >4#1,)($ KddOA:$ >(+1.,'4#$ 0)%'(6$'(/1#&,#,$+"#$'(,+&2'-'+8$)*$4)-/&('/$*-&(5,B$7"'/"$&1#$+1'66#1#0$+)$*&'-$28$#:6:$#&1+"T.&5#,$&(0$+1#%)1,B$*&.-+$1#&/+'4&+')($)1$)4#1,+##<#('(6$@J)'6"+$g$S-,7)1+"B$LWWWA:$[#/1#&,#$)*$+"#$ /)"#,')($ &(0$ '(+#1(&-$ *1'/+')($ /)#**'/'#(+$ )*$ 1)/5,$ 28B$ #:6$ &-+#1&+')($ )1$ "'6"$ <)1#$<1#,,.1#,B$#&,#$*&.-+$*)1%&+')($@>4#1,)($KddOA:$!"#1#*)1#B$+"#$0',+1'2.+')($)*$7#&5$-&8#1,$'(,'0#$ &$ 4)-/&()$ )1$ #&,8$ 0#*)1%&2-#$ ,.2,+1&+.%$ ',$ )*$ '%<)1+&(/#B$ *&/'-'+&+'(6$ 4)-/&()$0#*)1%&+')($&(0$,#/+)1$/)--&<,#$@n&5&%.1&$KdZWU$=-&6.#$g$[#(-'(6#1$KddNA:$$H'(/#$7#&5$%&+#1'&-,$*)/.,$+"#$4)-/&()$,+1&'(B$2.+$+"#$4)-/&()$0#*)1%&+')($0'1#/+,$0'5#$'(+1.,')(,B$7"'/"$&6&'($&-+#1,$+"#$,+1#,,$*'#-0B$&$,+#&08$,+1#,,o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

1 Dikes are thought to propagate as magmatic pressure-driven, liquid-filled fractures. They are thus orientated perpendicular to the main extensional stress direction. Analyzing dike arrangements therefore allows to infer the paleostress environment of the time of emplacement. If the magmatic pressure does not exceed strength criteria of the rocks, the tendency to intrude existing planes of weakness is enhanced.

Preface and Introduction

vi

[(#2%('B#R) ['#$ k&(&1#($ .%*&,,#($ ,'#2#($ >(,#-(B$ 6#5#((3#'/"(#+$ 0.1/"$ #'(#$ ,#"1$ -&(6#$ S(+7'/59-.(6,6#,/"'/"+#B$7)2#'$&--#$ >(,#-(B$&.p#1$_&$D)%#1&B$ '($0#($ -#+3+#($OWWW$ j&"1#($&5+'4$7&1#($@H/"%'(/5#$KddNA:$D#7&-+'6#B$3.1$H##$6#1'/"+#+#$q!r-#1aB$)*+$h2#1$#'(#($k'-)%#+#1$+'#*$ .(0$ %#"1#1#$ s#"(#15'-)%#+#1$ -&(6B$ ,'(0$ &($ J.-5&(6#2r.0#($ &--6#%#'($ r.p#1,+$&.**&--#(0:$Q.*$ 0#($ k&(&1#($ 2#6&(($ 0'#$ [',5.,,')($ h2#1$ 0'#$ S(+,+#".(6$ ,)-/"#1$ %)1<")-)6',/"$&.**r--'6#1$ k&19r"(-'/"#1$ !r-#1$ ,/")($ 2#'$ Q:4:$ e.%2)-0+$ @KZKNA:$ m#('6#$ j&"1#$ ,<r+#1$#(+21&((+#$0'#$2',$"#.+#$&(0&.#1(0#$[',5.,,')($3.$'"1#1$S(+,+#".(6I$_f)<)-0$4)($\./"$0#*'('#1+#$ KZLO$ 0#($\#61'**$ q=&-0#1&a$ @S1"#2.(6,51&+#1AB$7r"1#(0$="&1-#,$ _8#--$ @KZOOA$#"#1$S1),')($&-,$e&.<+.1,&/"#$*h1$0'#$S(+,+#".(6$0#1$=&-0#1#($4)($!&2.1'#(+#$@_&$;&-%&A$.(0$_&,$=&`&0&,$@!#(#1'*#A$0#.+#+#:$Q./"$&(0#1#$61)p#$%)1<")-)6',/"#$H#(5#(B$7'#$0&,$^1)+&4&+&-$'%$Hh0),+#($!#(#1'*#,$7.10#($0.1/"$S1),')($#15-r1+$@F1'+,/"$.(0$]#',,$KZPZA:$S1,+$/&:$".(0#1+$j&"1#$,<r+#1$#17r6+$\1&4)$@KdOLB$KdPLAB$0'#$,+#'-#($1'#,'6#($H#(5#($0#1$_&,$=&`&0&,$=&-0#1&B$,)7'#$0'#$!r-#1$4)($^1)+&4&$.(0$Dhi%&1$&.*$!#(#1'*#$5t((+#($0&,$]#,.-+&+$4)($61&4'+&+'4#($\-)/51.+,/".(6#($,#'(:$J'#-*&/"$7.10#$0'#$0#1&1+$5h"(#$e&(691.+,/"9e8<)+"#,#$ &(6#37#'*#-+B$ 0&$ #,$ .(%t6-'/"$ ,/"'#($ 0&,,$ 6&(3#$ J.-5&(*-&(5#($ '(,$V##1$,+h13#($5t((+#(:$$S1,+$,#'+$0#%$2#3#.6+#($Q221./"$0#1$V).(+$H+:$e#-#(,$n)10*-&(5#$'%$j&"1#$KdZW$@_'<9%&($g$V.--'(#&.E$KdZLAB$2#6&(($%&($0'#$D#*&"1$4)($F-&(5#(5)--&<,#(B$2#'$0#(#($,'/"$.:&:$ V&,,#(2#7#6.(6#($ %#"1#1#1$ k.2'55'-)%#+#1$ #1#'6(#(B$ 3.$ .(+#1,./"#($ .(0$ 3.$4#1,+#"#(:$ H#'+"#1$ %#"1#($ ,'/"$ e'(7#',#$ 0&1&.*B$ 0&,,$ *&,+$ &--#$ )3#&(',/"#($ J.-5&(#$7r"1#(0$ '"1#,$ 1&,/"#($ Q.*2&.,+&0'.%,$ 0#*)1%'#1+$ .(0$ 0#,+&2'-','#1+$ 7#10#($ .(0$ &($'"1#($F-&(5#($#<',)0',/"$5)--&2'#1#($@3:\:$[.**'#-0$#+$&-:$KdZKU$H'#2#1+$KdZNU$e)-/)%2$g$H#&1-#$KdZNU$V))1#$#+$&-:$KddNA:$H)$3#'6#($YOX$0#1$Q(0#(4.-5&(#$h2#1$LBO$5%$et"#$e'(7#',#$&.*$#'(,+'6#$F-&(5#(5)--&<,#$@F1&(/',$KddNA:$=&:$KWW$H/".++,+1)%&2-&6#1.(6#($c$1#,.-+'#1#(0#$Q2-&6#1.(6#($4)($F-&(5#(5)--&<,#($c$7.10#($.%$0'#$T.&1+r1#($J.-5&(#$j&<&(,$ '0#(+'*'3'#1+$ @>()5./"'$ KdZZA:$ [1#'$ 61)p#$ F-&(5#(5)--&<,#$ 0#,$ LW:$ j":$ 7.10#($&--#'(#$ 4)($ k&%/"&+5&$ 2#,/"1'#2#($ @\#-).,)4$ KddNA:$ u2#1$ YW$ 4)-.%'(t,#$ ,.2%&1'(#$e&(61.+,/"9Q2-&6#1.(6#($ 7.10#($ .%$ 0'#$ e&7&''&(',/"#($ >(,#-($ 5&1+'#1+B$ 3:!:$ h2#1$LWW$5%$ -&(6$ 2#'$ 2',$ OWWW$5%l$ J)-.%#($ @V))1#$ #+$ &-:$ KddNA:$ Q--$ 0'#,#$ n&/"7#',#$)**#(2&1#($7'#$6#6#(7r1+'6$>(,+&2'-'+r+$.(0$k)--&<,6#*&"1#($&($J.-5&(#($,'(0:$v(+#1,./".(6#($0#,$V##1#,2)0#(,$'%$]&.%$0#1$k&(&1#($5)((+#($61)p#$e&(61.+,/".(96#($@KWM9KWN$5%lA$('/"+$(.1$&($0#($F-&(5#($0#1$r-+#1#($@KO9LW$V&AB$,)(0#1($&./"$&($0#($()/"$&5+'4#($>(,#-($&.*3#'6#(B$0)1+$%'+$#'(#1$%'++-#1#($er.*'65#'+$4)($#'(#%$e&(61.+,/"$<1)$KLO9KYW$5&$@k1&,+#-$#+$&-:$LWWKB$V&,,)($#+$&-:$LWWLA:$j.(6#$e&(61.+,/"&2-&6#1.(6#($4)1$n)109!#(#1'*#$-&,,#($4#1%.+#(B$0&,,$V&,,#(4#1-&6#1.(6#($0#($J.-5&(5)%<-#E$&./"$"#.+#$()/"$4#1r(0#1($@m&++,$g$V&,,)($LWWKA:$Q./"$&($_&(0$%#"1#($,'/"$0'#$e'(7#',#$&.*$#<',)0',/"$7'#0#15#"1#(0#$F-&(5#(5)--&<,#$@3:\:$n&4&11)$g$=)#--)$KdZdU$=&11&/#0)$KddNU$eh1-'%&(($#+$&-:$KdddA:$$

Preface and Introduction

vii

['#$v1,&/"#($*h1$0'#$[#,+&2'-','#1.(6$4)($,.2&#1',/"#($.(0$,.2%&1'(#($F-&(5#($,'(0$'%$7#,#(+-'/"#($.(2#5&((+$237:$,<#5.-&+'4:$[&$0&,$3#'+-'/"#$Q.*+1#+#($4)($F-&(5#(5)--&<9,#($&($4#1,/"'#0#(#($>(,#-5#++#($r.p#1,+$.(+#1,/"'#0-'/"$,#'($5&(($@k&(&1#($9$e&7&''AB$0#(()/"$ '"1#$ Q.,2'-0.(6$ .(0$ Q1+$ r"(-'/"$ ',+$ @=&11&/#0)$ KddNU$ k1&,+#-$ #+$ &-:$ LWWKAB$%h,,#($0'#$e&.<+*&5+)1#($*h1$0'#$>(,+&2'-'+r+$4.-5&(',/"#1$D#2r.0#$'($'"1#%$Q.*2&.$.(0$'(+#1(#($H<&((.(6,*#-0$-'#6#($@J)'6"+$g$S-,7)1+"$LWWWA:$S,$7'10$0',5.+'#1+B$0&,,$J.-5&(#$&--#'(#$0.1/"$0&,$#'6#(#$D#7'/"+$0#*)1%'#1#($@!"#$%&'()A$.(0$0'#$J.-5&(*-&(5#($(&/"$&.p#($6-#'+#($ @[#-&(#8$g$[#(-'(6#1$KdddU$4&($m85$0#$J1'#,$#+$&-:$KddYU$\)16'&$#+$&-:$LWWWA:$['#$&.*$0'#$J.-5&(*-&(5#($#'(7'15#(0#($k1r*+#$,'(0$3.0#%$'($'"1#1$]'/"+.(6$.(0$D1tp#$ 7r"1#(0$ %&6%&+',/"$ &5+'4#1$ ;"&,#($ 0.1/"$ 0'#$ >(+1.,')($ 4.-5&(',/"#1$ Dr(6#L$@&'*$!A$,+r(0'6$4#1r(0#12&1:$V'+$e&(62#7#6.(6#($5)#E',+'#1#(0#$D&(6'(+1.,')(#($)0#1$]'*+3)(#($ -&,,#($ 4#1%.+#(B$ 0&,,$ 0'#$ ")"#($ %&6%&+',/"#($ [1h/5#$ '%,+&(0#$ ,'(0$ #'(#$6&(3#$J.-5&(*-&(5#$(&/"$&.p#($3.$<1#,,#($@H'#2#1+$KdZNU$m&-5#1$KddLU$>4#1,)($KddOU$S-,7)1+"$ g$ J)'6"+$ KddPA:$ n&/"$ (.%#1',/"#($ k1r*+#*#-0,'%.-&+')(#($ 2#*'(0#+$ ,'/"$ #'($J.-5&($'($#'(#%$51'+',/"#($D-#'/"6#7'/"+$0#,$S'6#(6#7'/"+#,B$0#%$m'(5#-$0#1$'((#1#($]#'2.(6$0#1$D#,+#'(#B$,)7'#$0#1$]#'2.(6oF#,+'65#'+$&($0#1$J.-5&(2&,',$@['#+#1'/"$KdZZU$>4#1,)($KddOA:$S'(#$7'/"+'6#$])--#$5)%%+$7#'/"#($_&6#($3.B$7#-/"#$0&,$J.-5&(6#2r.90#$ %#/"&(',/"$ -)/5#1($ @n&5&%.1&$ KdZWU$ =-&6.#$ g$ [#(-'(6#1$ KddNU$ >4#1,)($ KddOA:$[)%.(6B$>(+1.,')($.(0$4)1$&--#%$0'#$S'6#(-&,+$2'-0#($0#%(&/"$0'#$51'+',/"#($H<&((.(96#(B$ 0'#$ -#+3+-'/"$ 0.1/"$ ,)6#(&((+#$ !1'66#1B$7'#$ 3:\:$ S102#2#(B$ 1#&5+'4'#1+#$ H+t1.(6#($.(0$H/"7r/"#3)(#(B$u2#1,+#'-.(6B$#+/:B$ah2#151'+',/"b$.(0$&.,6#-t,+$7#10#($@J)'6"+$g$S-,7)1+"B$LWWWA:$$v%$0&,$5)(+1)--'#1#(0#$4.-5&(+#5+)(',/"#$H<&((.(6,*#-0$3.$1#5)(,+1.'#1#(B$7.10#($'($0'#,#1$Q12#'+$,8,+#%&+',/"$Dr(6#$&(&-8,'#1+B$,)7'#$,+&+',+',/"#$V#+")0#($"#1&(6#3)6#($3.1$k-r1.(6$0#1$\'-0.(6$4)($]'*+3)(#(B$H+t1.(6,9$.(0$k-.*+,8,+#%#(:$Q($0#($/&:$YW$5%$&.,#'(&(0#1-'#6#(0#($ >(,#-($ D1&($ =&(&1'&$ .(0$ !#(#1'*#$ +1#+#($ Dr(6#$ '($ ,+1.5+.1#--$61.(0,r+3-'/"$.(+#1,/"'#0-'/"#($H/"7r1%#($&.*:$Q.*$D1&($=&(&1'&$ ,'(0$0'#$Dr(6#$0#1$H/"'-0<"&,#$'(,6#,&%+$1&0'&-$.(0$5)(3#(+1',/"$.%$0'#$3#(+1&-#$!#R#0&$=&-0#1&$&(6#)109(#+:$ ['#$ H+1.5+.1$ 4)($ D1&($ =&(&1'&$ 7.10#$ 0.1/"$ #'(#$ *-&/"51.,+&-#$ V&6%&5&%%#1$6#<1r6+:$Q.*$!#(#1'*#$0#*'('#1#($"'(6#6#($3.%#',+$<&1&--#-$'(+1.0'#1+#$Dr(6#$,+1.5+.1#--#$Q/",#(B$0'#B$2#0'(6+$0.1/"$0'#$0)1+$ *)5.,,'#1+#$%&6%&+',/"#$Q5+'4'+r+B$%)1<")-)6',/"#$]h/5#($ 2'-0#+#(:$ ['#$ Q(3&"-B$ D1tp#$ .(0$ ]'/"+.(6$ 4)($ F-&(5#(5)--&<,#($ &($ !#(#1'*#$@.(0$ 0#($ &(0#1#($ 7#,+-'/"#($ k&(&1',/"#($ >(,#-(A$ ,/"#'(+$ 2#,+'%%+$ 4)($ 0#1$ _&6#$ .(0$Q.,6#<1r6+"#'+$4)($R#7#'-,$37#'$2#(&/"2&1+#($]'*+3)(#(B$7)2#'$0'#$0&37',/"#(-'#6#(90#($ \#1#'/"#$ 2#,)(0#1,$ '(,+&2'-$ ,'(0:$[&$ &2#1$ &.*$D1&($=&(&1'&$ 5#'(#$ 4#16-#'/"2&1#($]'*+3)(#($#15#((2&1B$.(0$0#(()/"$F-&(5#(5)--&<,#$(&/"6#7'#,#($,'(0B$%h,,#($7#'+#1#$;1)3#,,#$ 0#($ s.,&%%#("&-+$ 4#11'(6#1(:$ m'#$ '($ 0#1$ 4)1-'#6#(0#($ Q12#'+$ 4#10#.+-'/"+$

$$L$[&$%&6%&+',/"#$Dr(6#$0.1/"$.(+#1$u2#101./5$<1)<&6'#1#(0#B$*-h,,'65#'+,6#*h--+#$\1h/"#$0&1,+#--#(B$'(+1.0'#1#($,'#$-r(6,$#'(#1$]'/"+.(6$,#(51#/"+$ 3.1$ 61tp+#($ SE+#(,')(,1'/"+.(6$ .(0$ #1-&.2#($ ,)$ #'(#$ ;&-r),<&((.(6,&(&-8,#:$ F&--,$ R#0)/"$ 0#1$ %&6%&+',/"#$ [1./5$ ('/"+$&.,1#'/"+B$.%$(#.#$\1h/"#$3.$#13#.6#($.(0$<1r#E',+#(+#$+#5+)(',/"#$H+1.5+.1#($$.(0$H/"7r/"#3)(#($4)1"#11,/"#(B$+#(0'#1#($Dr(6#$.(0$D&(6,/"7r1%#$0&3.B$'($0'#,#$s)(#($0#,$6#1'(6#1#($m'0#1,+&(0#,$3.$'(+1.0'#1#(:$

Preface and Introduction

viii

7'10B$"&2#($4'#-%#"1$;1)3#,,#$0#,$-)5&-#($H<&((.(6,*#-0#,$.(0$0#1$-)5&-#($J.-5&(+#59+)('5$#'(#$7'/"+'6#$])--#$*h1$0'#$]'*+3)(#(#(+7'/5-.(6:$$['#$'('+'&-#($.(0$0#,+&2'-','#1#(0#($V#/"&(',%#($&($=&-0#1&4.-5&(#($.(0$]'*+4.-5&(#($7.10#($ 7#6#($ 0#1$ ,+1.5+.1#--#($ v(+#1,/"'#0-'/"5#'+#($ '%$ ]&"%#($ 0'#,#1$ [',,#1+&+')($'(,2#,)(0#1#$.(+#1,./"+:$['#$4)1-'#6#(0#$Q2"&(0-.(6$',+$0#%6#%r,,$6#6-'#0#1+$'($37#'$!#'-#U$ !#'-$ >$ 2#"&(0#-+$ F-&(5#(,+1.5+.1#($ .(0$ >%<-'5&+')(#($ &($ =&-0#1&4.-5&(#($ @&%$\#',<'#-$ D1&($ =&(&1'&AB$ '($ !#'-$ >>$ 7#10#($ S(+7'/5-.(6,6r(6#$ &($ ]'*+3)(#(4.-5&(#($&.,6#&12#'+#+B$,)7'#$&.*$1h/57'15#(0#$.(0$'(+#1&6'#1#(0#$;1)3#,,#$'%$H<#3'#--#($#'(6#96&(6#($@3:\:$!#(#1'*#B$_&$;&-%&A:$j#7#'-,$2'-0#($01#'$4#1t**#(+-'/".(6,1#'*#B$237:$2#1#'+,$4#1t**#(+-'/"+#$V&(.,51'<+#B$.(+#1,/"'#0-'/"#$Q,<#5+#$'($,#<&1&+#($k&<'+#-(:$$$\('*'%]<%.%-%#$%40)\)16'&$ QB$ [#-&(#8$ ;B$ [#(-'(6#1$ ];$ @LWWWA$ H<1#&0'(6$

J)-/&()#,:$Q(($]#4$S&1+"$;-&(#+$H/'$LZI$OMd9OYW:$\./"$ _$ 4)($ @KZLOA$ ;8,'5&-',/"#$ \#,/"1#'2.(6$ 0#1$ =&(&1'9

,/"#($>(,#-(:$kt('6-$Q5&0$m',,B$\#1-'(I$LWK<:$\1&4)$ !$ @KdOLA$ Q<)1+&/'w($ &-$ #,+.0')$ 6#)%)1*)-w6'/&$ 8$

6#)-w6'/)$0#$-&$/),+&$0#$-&$*),&$+#/+w('/&$0#-$4&--#$0#$-&$^1)+&4&:$\)-$]$H)/$S,<$e',+$n&+B$!)%)$_B$K9MW:$

\1&4)$!$@KdPLA$S-$/'1/)$0#$-&$_&,$=&`&0&,$8$,.$0#<#(0#(/'&:$\)-$]$H)/$S,<$e',+$n&+$D$PWB$dM9KWd:$

=&11&/#0)$ j=$ @KddNA$ !"#$ =&(&18$ >,-&(0,I$ Q($ #E&%<-#$ )*$,+1./+.1&-$/)(+1)-$)($+"#$61)7+"$)*$-&16#$)/#&('/9',-&(0$4)-/&()#,:$j$J)-/&()-$D#)+"#1%$]#,$PWI$LLO9LNK:$

=-&6.#$ [QB$ [#(-'(6#1$ ];$ @KddNA$ !"#$ 1)-#$ )*$ )-'4'(#$/.%.-&+#,$'($0#,+&2'-'3'(6$+"#$*-&(5,$)*$e&7&''&($4)-/&9()#,:$\.--$J)-/&()-$OPI$NLO9NMN:$

[#-&(#8$;B$[#(-'(6#1$]$;$ @KdddA$H+&2'--'3&+')($)*$4)-/&('/$*-&(5,$28$0'5#$'(+1.,')(I$&($#E&%<-#$*1)%$k'-&.#&:$\.--$J)-/&()-$PKI$MOP9MPL:$

['#+#1'/"$ je$ @KdZZA$ D1)7+"$ &(0$ <#1,',+#(/#$ )*$ e&7&''&($4)-/&('/$1'*+$3)(#,:$j$D#)<"8,$]#,$dMI$NLOZ9NLYW:$

[.**'#-0$ mQB$ H+'#-+R#,$ _B$ J&1#+$ j$ @KdZKA$ e.6#$ -&(0,-'0#$2-)/5,$ '($ +"#$61)7+"$)*$;'+)($0#$-&$F).1(&',#$_&$]#.(9')($&(0$k'-&.#&$J)-/&()$e&7&''$ j$J)-/$D#)+"#1%$]#,$KLI$KNY9KPW:$

S-,7)1+"$ [B$ J)'6"+$ \$ @KddPA$ S4&-.&+')($ )*$ 4)-/&()$ *-&(5$'(,+&2'-'+8$ +1'66#1#0$ 28$ 085#$ '(+1.,')(:$ >(I$ J)-/&()$ >(9,+&2'-'+8$ )($ +"#$ S&1+"$ &(0$ !#11#,+1'&-$ ;-&(#+,$ @e1,6:$mj$V/D.'1#B$Q;$j)(#,$.(0$j$n#.2#16A:$D#)-$H)/$)*$_)(0)($H<#/$;.2-$n)$KKWI$NO9OM:$

F1&(/',$;m$ @KddNA$ _&16#$4)-/&('/$0#21',$&4&-&(/"#,$ '($ +"#$/#(+1&-$ Q(0#,:$ >(I$ ;1)/##0'(6,$ )*$ >(+#1(&+')(&-$=)(*#19#(/#$ )($ J)-/&()$ >(,+&2'-'+8$ )($ +"#$ #&1+"$ &(0$ )+"#1$<-&(#+,:$D#)-$H)/$_0(:$

4)($ F1'+,/"$ ]B$ ]#',,$ m$ @KZPZA$ D#)-)6',/"#$ \#,/"1#'2.(6$0#1$>(,#-$!#(#1'*#:$m.1,+#1$.(0$=):$m'(+#1+".1I$NdN<:$

e)-/)%2$ ]!B$ H#&1-#$ ]=$ @KddKA$ _&16#$ -&(0,-'0#,$ *1)%$)/#&('/$4)-/&()#,:$V&1$D#)+#/"()-$KWI$Kd9ML:$

e.%2)-0+$Q4$ @KZKNA$J)8&6#,$ &.E$ 1f6')(,$#T.'()E'&-#,$0.$().4#&.$/)(+'(#(+$KYdd9KZWN:$[.*).1$#+$='#$;&1',$KI$K9LWW:$

eh1-'%&(($ VB$ _#0#,%&$ QB$ V&1+'$ j$ @KdddA$ =)(0'+')(,$*&4).1'(6$ /&+&,+1)<"'/$ -&(0,-'0#,$ )($ !#(#1'*#$ @/&(&18$>,-&(0,A:$!#11&$n)4&$KKI$KWP9KKK:$

0$>()5./"'$ !$ @KdZZA$ D'6&(+'/$ -&(0,-'0#,$ &(0$ 0#21',$ &4&9

-&(/"#,$ )($4)-/&()#,$ '($ j&<&(:$ >(I$;1)/##0'(6,$)*$ +"#$k&6),"'%&$>(+#1(&+')(&-$=)(*#1#(/#$)($J)-/&()#,:$n&+$>(,+$]#,$Q0%'($j<($NOP9NOd:$

>4#1,)($]V$@KddOA$=&($%&6%&9'(R#/+')($&(0$61).(07&+#1$*)1/#,$ /&.,#$ %&,,'4#$ -&(0,-'0#,$ )($ e&7&''&($ 4)-/&9()#,C$j$J)-/&()-$D#)+"#1%$]#,$PPI$LdO9MWZ:$

k1&,+#-$ HB$ H/"%'(/5#$ e9v$ @LWWKA$ =1.,+&-$ ,+1./+.1#$ )*$()1+"#1($ D1&($ =&(&1'&$ 0#0./#0$ *1)%$ &/+'4#$ ,#',%'/$+)%)61&<"8:$j$D#)"8,$]#,$KWPB$MdYY9MddY:$

_'<%&($;mB$V.--'(#&.E$[]$@KdZLA$!"#$KdZW$#1.<+')(&,$)*$V).(+$ ,+:$ e#-#(,B$ m&,"'(6+)(:$ D#)-$ H.14$ ;1)*$ ;&<$KLOWI$ZNN<<:$

_8#--$ =$ @KZOOA$ Q$ %&(.&-$ )*$ #-#%#(+&18$ 6#)-)68:$ O+"$ S0:$@j)"($V.11&8A$_)(0)(I$NdZ<:$

V&,,)($[DB$m&++,$Q\B$D##$Vj]B$v16#-#,$]B$V'+/"#--$n=B$_#$\&,$!;B$=&(&-,$V$@LWWLA$H-)<#$*&'-.1#,$)($+"#$*-&(5,$)*$+"#$7#,+#1($=&(&18$>,-&(0,:$S&1+"$H/':$]#4:$OYB$K9MO:$

V))1#$ jDB$ n)1%&15$ m]B$ e)-/)%2$ ]!$ @KddNA$ D'&(+$e&7&''&($-&(0,-'0#,:$Q(($]#4$S&1+"$;-&(#+$H/'$LLI$KKd9KNN:$$

n&5&%.1&$ k$ @KdZWA$ e)7$ 0)$ -)(6$ 1'*+$ 3)(#,$ 0#4#-)<$ '($e&7&''&($4)-/&()#,C$9$Q$<),,'2-#$1)-#$)*$+"'/5$)/#&('/$,#0'%#(+,:$J)-/&()-$H)/$j<($\.--$LOI$LOO9LPd:$

n&4&11)$ jVB$ =)#--)$ j$ @KdZdA$ [#<1#,,')($ )1'6'(&+#0$ 28$-&(0,-'0#$ <1)/#,,#,$ '($ !#(#1'*#:$ SHF$ V##+'(6$ )($ =&9(&1'&($J)-/&(',%$KOd9KOL:$

H'#2#1+$ _$ @KdZNA$ _&16#$ 4)-/&('/$ 0#21',$ &4&-&(/"#,I$/"&1&/+#1',+'/,$)*$,).1/#$&1#&,B$0#<),'+,B$&(0$&,,)/'&+#0$#1.<+')(,:$j$J)-/&()-$D#)+"#1%$]#,$LLI$KPM9KdY:$

H/"%'(/5#$ e9v$ @KddNA$ D#)-)6'/&-$ *'#-0$ 6.'0#$ )*$ D1&($=&(&1'&I$;&1+$>$&(0$>>:$;-.+)$;1#,,I$K9PN:$

m&-5#1$D;_$ @KddLA$=)"#1#(+$ '(+1.,')($/)%<-#E#,$ '($ -&16#$2&,&-+'/$4)-/&()#,$9$&$(#7$,+1./+.1&-$%)0#-:$j$J)-/&()-$D#)+"#1%$]#,$OWI$NK9ON$

4&($ m85$ 0#$ J1'#,$ \B$ F1&(/',$ ;m$ @KddYA$ =&+&,+1)<"'/$/)--&<,#$&+$,+1&+)4)-/&()#,$'(0./#0$28$61&0.&-$4)-/&()$,<1#&0'(6:$n&+.1#$MZYI$MZY9MdW:$

J)'6"+$ \B$ S-,7)1+"$ [$ @LWWWA$ >(,+&2'-'+8$ &(0$ /)--&<,#$ )*$"&3&10).,$ 6&,9<1#,,.1'3#0$ -&4&$ 0)%#,:$ D#)<"8,$ ]#,$_#++$LY:$

m&++,$ Q\B$ V&,,)($ [D$ @LWWKA$ n#7$ ,)(&1$ #4'0#(/#$ *)1$1#/#(+$/&+&,+1)<"'/$/)--&<,#,$)*$+"#$()1+"$*-&(5$)*$!#(#9

Part I. Chapter 1

1

!"#$%&'%()*+",)%-*",.%/,0$"1/*/$2%12%+"*34#"%-)#5"$/),%

%

%

!"#$%&'()(

%

6)#5"$/),%)-%+"*34#"%74#/784#2%-"9*$0%%

%

%

%

%

Part I. Chapter 1

2

*+',#%-+.( +/( 0#12&'#( $&'-$"&'3( /#41%56( #.( &7$&'-,&.%#1(5%423(%

:8)5"0%;<%="*$4#>%("*4,$/,%;<%:#)**%

?1$<%(9*.",)*)@/4%A%!4$#)*)@/4>%BCDE?;>%=/0+88)-0$#"004%FGH>%IJFJK%L/4*>%B4#5",2%

%

895%'#0%:%M8",@/,@%0$#40040%/,%59*$/G0$"@4%+"*34#"%N)*+",)40%O4#4%0/59*"$43%/,%0+"*43%

","*)@94% 4P74#/54,$0% "/5/,@% $)% #4+),0$#9+$% $84%54+8",/05Q0R% "00)+/"$43%O/$8% +"*34#"%

-)#5"$/),%",3%$84%+)##407),3/,@%S),40%)-%0$#9+$9#"*%O4".,400<%=4%4N"*9"$4%+8"#"+$4#/0G

$/+% 0$#9+$9#40% #409*$/,@% -#)5%3)5/,@% Q+8"514#% /,-*"$/),R>% 4N"+9"$/),% +)**"704% Q+8"514#%

34-*"$/),R%",3%+2+*/+%#409#@4,+4%Q/,-*"$/),%",3%34-*"$/),R>%",3%O4%","*204%$84%+),04T94,G

$/"*%-"9*$%7"$$4#,0%",3%$84/#%0$"$/0$/+"*%#4*"$/),08/7%$)%5)#78)*)@2%",3%@4)54$#2<%U)5/,@%

#409*$0% /,% #"3/"*% -#"+$9#40% ",3% 091)#3/,"$4% +),+4,$#/+% #4N4#04% -"9*$0% O8/+8% 7#)7"@"$4%

3/N4#@4,$*2%-#)5%$84%+8"514#%97O"#30%O/$8%/,+#4"0/,@%3/*"$/),<%:84%0$#9+$9#"*%3)54%0)%

7#)39+43%/0%+8"#"+$4#/043%12%0$4474,/,@%/,%$84%74#/784#2>%O84#4"0%$84%1#)"34,/,@%"74P%

0910/340<% !9#4% 4N"+9"$/),% +"9040% $84% +8"514#% #))-% $)% +)**"704% "*),@% "3V"+4,$% 14**G

08"743% #4N4#04% -"9*$0<% :84% 3/0$#/19$/),% )-% +),+4,$#/+% -"9*$0% /0% /,-*94,+43% 12% $84% /,/$/"*%

43/-/+4%5)#78)*)@2W%0$447%",3%/##4@9*"#%/,/$/"*%-*",.0%#409*$%/,%"%$/*$43%)#%+8")$/+%+"*34#"%

-*))#<%:84%$8/#3%04$%)-%4P74#/54,$0%-)+9043%),%$84%0$#9+$9#"*%/,$4#"+$/),%)-%+2+*/+%/,-*"$/),%

",3% 09104T94,$% 5)34#"$4% 34-*"$/),<% 6)**)O/,@% 3)5/,@>% +"*34#"% 0910/34,+4% 7#)39+40%

+),+4,$#/+% -"9*$0%$8"$%+8"#"+$4#/0$/+"**2%+#)00+9$%#"3/"*%+#"+.0%)-%$84%3)54<%:84%-*",.0%)-%

$84%43/-/+4%#4*"P>%#409*$/,@%/,%3/0+),$/,9)90%+/#+95-4#4,$/"*%-"9*$0%$8"$%)9$*/,4%"%0$#9+$9#"*%

,4$O)#.%)-%#"3/"*%",3%+),+4,$#/+%-"9*$0W%$84%*"$$4#%-)#5%*)+"**2%97*/-$43%",3%$/*$43%O43@40%

Q8"*-@#"14,0R%$8"$%@#"34%/,$)%8)#0$G",3G@#"14,%0$#9+$9#40<%:8/0%0974#/57)043%-"9*$%7"$$4#,%

"*0)% 4P$4,30% /,0/34% $84% +"*34#"<% =4% 09@@40$% $8"$%5"V)#% 7#4009#4% 34N/"$/),0% /,%5"@5"%

+8"514#Q0R%"#4%#4-*4+$43%/,%$84%-"9*$%"##",@454,$%3/004+$/,@%$84%N)*+",)%-*",.0%",3%5"2%

14%9043%"0%"%-/#0$G)#34#%/,3/+"$/),%)-%$84%7#)+40040%",3%54+8",/050%/,N)*N43%/,%+"*34#"%

-)#5"$/),<%

L42O)#30<%E9*$/G0$"@4%+"*34#"%N)*+",)40%G%M"*34#"%74#/784#2%-"9*$0%G%()*+",)%-#"+$9#40%G%6*",.%/,0$"1/*/$2%

(

;.%'+240%-+.(X"#@4>% 59*$/G0$"@4% Y"08G-*)O% +"*34#"0Y% "#4% $8)9@8$% $)% -)#5% 5"/,*2% 39#/,@% N)*95/,)90%

/@,/51#/$4%4#97$/),0%Q4<@<%Z5/$8%",3%["/*42%F\]KW%Z+85/,+.4%F\]\W%=/**/"50%",3%E+[/#G

,42%F\^\W%U#9/$$% ",3% Z7"#.0% F\KJW%_4O8"**% ",3%US9#/0/,%F\KKW%X/75",%F\\^R<%;"7/3%

34+)57#400/),%)-%"%08"**)O%5"@5"%+8"514#%39#/,@%*"#@4%4#97$/),0%+"9040%34-*"$/),%",3%

$84%+8"514#% #))-% 0910/340% /,$)% $84% YN)/3Y% $890% +#4"$43% QZ5/$8%",3%["/*42%F\]KW%U#9/$$%

",3%Z7"#.0%F\KJR<%&,%"33/$/),%$)%4P$4,0/N4%-/4*3%0$93/40%)-%+"*34#"%N)*+",)40%Q044%X/75",%

Part I. Chapter 1

3

F\\^>% ",3% #4-4#4,+40% $84#4/,R>% +"*34#"% -)#5"$/),% 8"0% 144,% 0$93/43% $84)#4$/+"**2% ",3%

4P74#/54,$"**2% Q=/004#% F\I^W% !#9+8"% F\]`W% L)59#)% 4$% "*<% F\KJW% L)59#)% F\K^W%B93G

59,300),%F\KKW%E"#$/%4$%"*<%F\\JW%[#",,42%F\\`W%B9359,300),%4$%"*<%F\\^W%D3),,4%4$%

"*<% F\\\W% ;)+84% 4$% "*<IaaaW% E"#$/% 4$% "*<% IaaaR<% M"*34#"% N)*+",)40% /**90$#"$4% 0$#9+$9#"*%

4*454,$0%)-%04N4#"*%$2740>%O/$8%"##",@454,$0%",3%T9",$/$/40%3474,3/,@%),>%-)#%4P"57*4>%

$84%7820/+"*%7#)74#$/40%)-%$84%+)9,$#2%#)+.0>%7#4G4P/0$/,@%$4+$),/+%0$#9+$9#40%)#%"%#4@/),"*%

0$#400% -/4*3>% $84%@4)54$#2%",3%32,"5/+0%)-% $84%5"@5"%+8"514#%",3% $84%N)*+",/+% *)"3<%

&,-*"$/),%)-%"%5"@5"%+8"514#%+"9040%N)*954$#/+%07#4"3/,@%",3%0O4**/,@>%+)51/,43%O/$8%

$84%4--4+$%)-%89,3#430%$)%$8)90",30%)-%/,$#90/),0>%3/0$#/19$43%5"/,*2%/,%#"3/"*%)#%+/#+95G

-4#4,$/"*% )#34#% QL)59#)% 4$% "*<% F\KJW% ="*.4#% F\\\R<% ?*0)>% #"3/"*% ",3% +/#+95-4#4,$/"*%

-#"+$9#40%34N4*)7%/,%0+"*43%4P74#/54,$0%12%/,-*"$/),%)-%",%","*)@94%#404#N)/#%Q4<@<%E"#$/%

4$%"*<%F\\JR>%O8/+8%+),$#"0$0%O/$8%$84%4P+*90/N4*2%+),+4,$#/+%0$#9+$9#40%)-%79#4%4N"+9"$/),%

+)**"704%QL)59#)%F\K^W%;)+84%4$%"*<%IaaaR<%M"*34#"%N)*+",)40%O/$8%04N4#"*%47/0)340%)-%

+8"514#% /,-*"$/),%",3%4N"+9"$/),%+)**"704%"#4%$890%*/.4*2%$)%7#)39+4%/,$4#04+$/,@%0$#9+G

$9#"*%020$450%QL)59#)%F\K^W%E"#$/%4$%"*<%F\\JR<%:84%/,-*"$/),%)-%"%+8"514#%"0%"%#409*$%)-%

7#4009#4%/,+#4"04%Q4<@<%394%$)%#47*4,/0854,$R%/0%34$4+$43%12%97*/-$%)-%$84%@#)9,3%09#-"+4>%

"++)57",/43%12%5"@5"%+8"514#%O"**%19#0$%",3%32.4%@#)O$8%QE+X4)3%",3%:"/$%F\\\R<%

:/*$%54"09#454,$0% ),% "+$/N4% N)*+",)40% 08)O% $8"$% $842%9,34#@)% #474"$43% /,-*"$/),% ",3%

34-*"$/),<%()*+",)%/,-*"$/),%/0%0*)O>%O84#4"0%34-*"$/),%/0%N4#2%#"7/3>%19$%$84%"5)9,$0%)-%

/,-*"$/),%",3%34-*"$/),%"#4%@4,4#"**2%N4#2%0/5/*"#%QZO",0),%F\KIR<%

E)#4)N4#>% +)57*4P% +"*34#"% 74#/784#2% 32.40% ",3% -"9*$0% "#4% +)55),% ",3% 09##)9,3%

+"*34#"% N)*+",)40% ),% 4"#$8% QZ5/$8% ",3% ["/*42% F\]KR% ",3% )$84#% 7*",4$0% Q:8)5"0% 4$% "*<%

F\\aR<%:84%-)#5"$/),%)-%$8/0%74#/784#"*%020$45>%8)O4N4#>%8"0%#4+4/N43%*/$$*4%"$$4,$/),%/,%

$84% */$4#"$9#4%",3% #45"/,0%7))#*2%9,34#0$))3<%Z/,+4% /,$#"+"*34#"%0$#9+$9#"*% #4*"$/),0%"#4%

,)#5"**2% 8/334,>% $84% 4P$#"+"*34#"% 74#/784#2% -"9*$% 020$45% 5"2% 84*7% $)% #4+),0$#9+$% $84%

4N)*9$/),%)-%09+8%+"*34#"0%/,%$84%-/4*3<%

:)% 14$$4#% 9,34#0$",3% 74#/784#"*% +"*34#"% -"9*$0% ",3% $84/#% #4*"$/),0% $)% 5"@5"% +8"514#%

32,"5/+0>%O4%4P74#/54,$"**2%0$93/43%$84%)N4#"**%+"*34#"%-#"+$9#4%020$45%-)#%$84%+"040%)-%

Q"R%79#4%3)5/,@>% Q1R%79#4%4N"+9"$/),%+)**"704%",3%Q+R% $84%+)51/,"$/),%)-%1)$8<%b4#4/,>%

O4%-)+90%),%$84%@4)54$#2%",3%7#)7"@"$/),%)-%$84%-#"+$9#40%7#)39+43%12%$8404%0+4,"#/)0%

",3% $84/#% #4*"$/),08/7% $)% +8"514#%347$8>% +8"514#% 0/S4>%5"$4#/"*%7#)74#$/40%",3%43/-/+4%

5)#78)*)@2<%=4% #4-4#% $)%,"$9#"*% 4P"57*40%O84#4% $84%"##",@454,$%)-% -"9*$0% ",3%32.40%

/,3/+"$40%$84%54+8",/05Q0R%-#)5%O8/+8%$8)04%7"$$4#,0%)#/@/,"$4<%

%

<7$&'-,&.%#1(5&%=4$(&,-*"$"1*4%#404#N)/#0%O4#4%+),0$#9+$43%12%"$$"+8/,@%$O)%4T9/N"*4,$G0/S43%5"$0%)-%N4#2%$8/,%

0$#4$+82%#9114#%"$%$84%)9$4#%#/50<%&,%$84%*)O4#%5"$>%O4%/,04#$43%",%/,*4$%",3%+),,4+$43%"%

7/74%020$45>%$8#)9@8%O8/+8%/,-*"$/),%",3%4N"+9"$/),%)-%"%1"**)),%O"0%"++)57*/0843<%?,%

Part I. Chapter 1

4

)9$-*)O%N"*N4%O"0% V)/,43% $)% $84%7/74<%:84%N)*954%)-%"/#cO"$4#%O/$8/,% $84%1"**)),G7/74%

020$45%O"0%84*3%+),0$",$% -)#%N"#/)90% /,/$/"*%@4)54$#/+%7"#"54$4#0<%:84%1"**)),Q0R%O4#4%

0/**G*/.4%/,%08"74%O/$8%#"3//%#",@/,@%-#)5%]%$)%FI%+5%",3%O4#4%/,-*"$43%97%$)%"%84/@8$%)-%

]%+5<%:)%$40$%$84%/,-*94,+4%)-%$84%08"74%)-%$84%#404#N)/#>%4P74#/54,$0%O4#4%"*0)%+"##/43%

)9$%90/,@%)N"*G08"743%1"**)),0<%

?%@*"00% $",.%O/$8% $84%3/54,0/),%)-%"77#)P/5"$4*2%F%5H%O"0%-/**43%$)%"%347$8%)-%04N4#"*%

$4,0% )-% +4,$/54$#40% O/$8% @#",9*"#% ","*)@94% 5"$4#/"*<% :84% 1"**)),% O"0% 7*"+43% /,% $84%

+4,$#4%)-%$84%1)P%",3%"%5)9,3%O"0%+),0$#9+$43%"1)N4>%0)%"0%$)%0/59*"$4%"%N)*+",/+%+),4%

Q6/@<%FR<%%

Chamber height(0.5-6 cm)

Chamber radius (6-12 cm)

Volume and pressureof the reservoir

Balloon

a

Chamber depth below summit (5-15 cm)

Slope angle

5 cm

Volcanic edifice

(sand or flour)

Base

%!"#$%&$!"#$%&'(%)*+,!-%*./$0!*1%!2%3(%*&4!5+-!-4-*%(+*'6+,,4!61+)2%7!83&!-,3$%!+)2,%9!63)%!1%'21*9!61+(:%&!7%$*1!:%,35!*1%!-/(('*!+)7!*1%!61+(:%&!-';%!<1%'21*9!5'7*1=>!?%%!*%#*!83&!7%*+',-!

%

&,%047"#"$4%04$G970>%O4%N"#/43%$84%08"74%",3%0/S4%)-%$84%#404#N)/#%",3%$84%+),4>%/,%)#34#%

$)%4N"*9"$4%$84%#4*4N",+4%)-%/,3/N/39"*%@4)54$#/+%7"#"54$4#0%-)#%$84%5)34*0<%E)#4%$8",%

Ha%3/--4#4,$%@4)54$#/40%34-/,43%12%$8404%7"#"54$4#0%O4#4%4P"5/,43<%

?,"*)@94% 5)34*0% O4#4% @4)54$#/+"**2% 0+"*43% $)% -/$% ,"$9#"*% )+4",G/0*",3% N)*+",)40% Q+-<%

Z+85/,+.4%F\^]W%d4%4$%"*<%F\\\R>%O84#4%#4@/),"*%$4+$),/+%/,-*94,+40%"#4%14*/4N43%$)%14%

05"**<%:84%@4,4#"*%04$G97%)-%$84%4P74#/54,$0%0/59*"$43%0/**G*/.4%08"**)O%5"@5"%+8"514#0%

0/$9"$43% "$% 347$80% 14$O44,% `% ",3% F`%.5% 14*)O% $84% 09#-"+4% )-% "% N)*+",/+% 43/-/+4<% :84%

@4)54$#/+% 0+"*/,@% -"+$)#% O"0% FaG`>% 0)% $8"$% F%+5% /,% $84% 4P74#/54,$% /0% "77#)P/5"$4*2%

4T9/N"*4,$% $)% F%.5% /,% ,"$9#4<% :84% @4)54$#/+% 0/5/*"#/$2% )-% $84% 5)34*0% /0% 1"043% ),% $84%

#"$/)0% )-% $84% 4P$4#,"*% -)#+40>% @#"N/$2% -)#+40>% /,$4#,"*% -#/+$/),% -)#+40% ",3% #40/0$",$% -)#+40%

"@"/,0$% -"/*9#4<% CP74#/54,$"*% 0+"*/,@% -)**)O43% b9114#$% QF\H^R>% Z",-)#3% QF\`\R% ",3%

L)59#)%4$%"*<%QF\KJR>%90/,@%$84%09@@40$43%#"$/)0%)-%4P$4#,"*%-)#+40%$)%@#"N/$2%-)#+4%",3%)-%

/,$4#,"*% -#/+$/),% $)% #40/0$",$% -)#+40<% :84% @4,4#"*/$2% ",3% #4*"$/),% )-% $84% 4P74#/54,$"**2%

34#/N43% -"9*$% 0/$40% O"0% 40$"1*/0843% 12% 90/,@% $O)% ","*)@94% 5"$4#/"*0>% 543/95G@#"/,43%

0",3% ",3%O84"$% -*)9#<% [)$8% ","*)@94%5"$4#/"*0%O4#4%54"09#43%54+8",/+"**2% /,% 3/#4+$%

084"#% $40$0<%U#2%543/95G@#"/,43% 0",3% /0% +8"#"+$4#/043%12% *)O%+)840/),%",3%)1420% $84%

E)8#GM)9*)51% -"/*9#4% +#/$4#/),% Q+-<% b9114#$% F\`FW% [24#*44% F\^KW% E",3*% F\KKR% O/$8%

0+"*43%2/4*3% 0$#4,@$8%",3% /,$4#,"*% -#/+$/),%",@*40% QφR% #40451*/,@% $8)04%)-%N)*+",/+% #)+.0%

Q4<@<%-)#%1"0"*$%φ%[eHaGJ`fR<%

Part I. Chapter 1

5

Z",3%8"0%144,%O/34*2%9043%"0%"%5)34**/,@%5"$4#/"*%Qb9114#$%F\H^>%F\`FW%Z",-)#3%F\`\W%

;"514#@%F\KFRW%/$0%54+8",/+"*%7#)74#$/40%"#4%O4**%.,)O,%Q044%M)11)*3%",3%M"0$#)%F\\\%

-)#%#4N/4OR<%=4%9043%0/4N43%T9"#$S%0",3%O/$8%"%54",%3/"54$4#%)-%`aa%g5%5/P43%O/$8%"%

091)#3/,"$4% "5)9,$% )-% +*"2% 5/,4#"*0>% "% 19*.% 34,0/$2% )-% F<`GF<^%@%+5GH% Q3474,3/,@% ),%

+),0)*/3"$/),R% ",3% "% +)4--/+/4,$% )-% /,$4#,"*% -#/+$/),% QgR% )-% g% Z% ea<]% Q/<4<% φ=ZeHFfR<% :84%

+)840/),%QMR%)-%0",3%O"0%+),$#)**43%12%$84%7)#4GO"$4#%7#4009#4>%",3%34$4#5/,43%/,%3/#4+$%

084"#%$40$0%",3%9,3#"/,43%$#/"P/"*%$40$0<%:84%,"$9#"*%+)840/),%/0%/,%$84%#",@4%)-%Fa`GFa^%!"%

Q4<@<% b)08/,)% 4$% "*<% F\^IW% B*/+.4,% 4$% "*<% F\KaR<% b/@84#% 0$",3"#30% )-% Fa^%!"% #47#404,$%

N"*940%)-%05"**%*"1)#"$)#2%0"57*40>%O84#4"0%Fa]%!"%"77#)"+840%$84%+)840/),%*)O4#43%12%

*"#@4G0+"*4%/,8)5)@4,4/$2%4--4+$0%QZ+89*$S%F\\]R<%?,%","*)@94%5"$4#/"*%O/$8%",%"N4#"@4%

54",%+)840/),%0+"*/,@%$)%+"<%`PFa]%!"%O"0%$84#4-)#4%+8)04,%$)%14%"77#)7#/"$4<%:84%7)#4G

O"$4#% 7#4009#4% /,% 0",3% O"0% "++)#3/,@*2% 84*3% "$% "% N"*94% 0)% $8"$% $84% +)840/),%O"0% "7G

7#)P/5"$4*2%`PFaF%!"%QMZeJaG`a%!"R<%D,+4%3/*"$43>%$84%+)840/),%)-%0",3%34+#4"040%",3%

"**)O0%-"9*$%#4"+$/N"$/),%QL#",$S%F\\FR<%C*"0$/+%0$#"/,>%8)O4N4#>%+",,)$%14%0$93/43%/,%0",3%

5)34*0%QM)11)*3%",3%M"0$#)%F\\\R<%

:84% 04+),3% ","*)@94% 5"$4#/"*% O"0% 3#2% -*)9#% Q@#"/,% 0/S4% FaaGIaa%g5R<% &$0% 54+8",/+"*%

7#)74#$/40% O4#4% -)9,3% $)% 14% +)57*454,$"#2% $)% 543/95G@#"/,43% 0",3% /,% 14/,@% 5)#4%

+)840/N4%QM6eH`%!"R%#4*"$/N4%$)%/$0%34,0/$2%Qha<`^%@%+5GHR<%U#2%-*)9#>%$84#4-)#4>%34-)#50%

*/$$*4%9,34#%/$0%)O,%O4/@8$%",3%)--4#0%$84%7)00/1/*/$2%$)%0$932%$84%@4)54$#2%",3%7#)7"@"G

$/),% )-% -"9*$0% /,% 34$"/*W% $4,0/),"*% 0$#4,@$8% O"0% ,)$% $)% 0+"*4<% :84% +)4--/+/4,$% )-% /,$4#,"*%

-#/+$/),%-)#%-*)9#%/0%g6ea<]`%Qφ=6eHHfR<%

C3@4%4--4+$0%O4#4%.47$%"$%"%5/,/595%12%90/,@%"%N4#2%1/@%@*"00%$",.%",3%"%8/@8*2%4*"0$/+%

",3% $8/,% 1"**)),% 5"$4#/"*>% O84#4% $84% -/,/$4% 0/S4% )-% $84% 1"**)),% "**)O43% +),$#)*% )-% /$0%

34-)#5"$/),<% D,% $84% )$84#% 8",3>% 8)O4N4#>% $)% 34-)#5% $84% 4*"0$/+% O"**0% )-% $84% 1"**)),%

39#/,@%/,-*"$/),>%/$0%/,$4#,"*%7#4009#4%,44343%$)%14%8/@8%#4*"$/N4%$)%$84%*)"3%Q/<4<%*/$8)0$"$/+%

7#4009#4R<%?0%"% #409*$>% $84%1"**)),0%4,$"/*% $84%34-)#5"$/),%)-% $84%#))->%,)$% $84%+),$#"#2<%

C#97$/),0%39#/,@%8/@8%5"@5"G+8"514#%7#4009#40%+)9*3%,)$%-)#5>%0)%$8"$%$84%O/34%#",@4%

)-%5)34**43%3)5/,@%3/0+90043%84#4%7)00/1*2%/,+*9340%0)54%0$#9+$9#"*%4,3%54514#0>%,)$%

)104#N43%/,%,"$9#4<%

=4%9043%$8#44%54$8)30%$)%)1$"/,%",3%+)57"#4%$8#44G3/54,0/),"*%3"$"%),%$84%)#/4,$"$/),%

",3%7#)7"@"$/),%)-%-"9*$0'%"R%:84%347$8%)-%$84%1"**)),%O"0%020$45"$/+"**2%+8",@43%O/$8/,%

"% 04$% )-%5)34*0% )-% $84% 0"54%5)#78)*)@2>% 1R%5)34*0%O4#4% 0"$9#"$43% /,%O"$4#% ",3% 04+G

$/),43%"-$4#%34-)#5"$/),>%",3%+R%"%04$%)-%4P74#/54,$0%O"0%74#-)#543%"@"/,0$%"%$#",07"#4,$%

@*"00%7",4<%

:84% 09#-"+4% 34-)#5"$/),% O"0% -/*543% ",3% 78)$)@#"7843% ",3% $84% *4,@$8>% 3/0$",+4% ",3%

3/07*"+454,$%)-%4"+8%-"9*$% $274%O"0%54"09#43%",3%#4+)#343%Q:"1*4%FR<%:84%7)0/$/),0%)-%

$84%)104#N43%+/#+95-4#4,$/"*%Q+),+4,$#/+R%-"9*$0%"#4%340+#/143%"0%"%-9,+$/),%)-%$84%N)*+",)%

74#/54$4#%",3%$84%$)$"*%3/0$",+40%-#)5%$84%+4,$#4<%%%

Part I. Chapter 1

6

E)34*%340+#/7$/),%

M8"514#%347$8%

&,/$/"*%0*)74%/,+*/,"$/),>%ae7*"$4"9%

Z$447,400%"-$4#%

3)5/,@%

;"3/"*%+#"+.0%

3/"54$4#

?7/+"*%@#"14,%

3/"54$4#

Z910/34,+4%"7/+"*%@#"14,%

M),+4,$#/+%74#/784#"*%

-"9*$%3/"54$4#%

M),+4,$#/+%74#/784#"*%-"9*$%*4,@$8

;/,@%-"9*$%3/"54$4#%

Z910/34,+4%#/,@%-"9*$% ;45"#.0%

% Q+5R% QfR% QfR% Q+5R% Q+5R% Q+5R% Q+5R% QfR% Q+5R% Q+5R% %

U)5/,@%",3%4N"+9"$/),%4P74#/54,$0%O/$8%$O)%+2+*40%)-%#409#@4,+4%",3%O/$83#"O"*%CP7FIi2.*F% `% a% IK% Ia% ^% a<`% II% Ia% FK% a<]% bZ%!E%CP7FIi2.*I% `% a% H]% I^% \% F% IK% \% FK% F<H% bZ%!E%CP7FIi2.*H% `% a% Ha% Ha% FF% F<`% IK% H% F\% I% !E%CP7FHi2.*F% `% Fa% Ha% IH% ]% a<H% IH% FI% FK% a<Hja<H% bZ%!E%CP7FHi2.*I% `% Fa% Ha% I]% K% F<J% IJ% K% F\% FbZja<H% !E%CP7FHi2.*H% `% Fa% H`% IK% Fa% F<`% IJ% ^% F\% I% !E%CP7FJi2.*F% `% Ia% H`GJa% Ia% ^% F<`% II% Fa% FK% a<K% !E%CP7FJi2.*I% `% Ia% Ja% IJ% FF% F<`% IJ% ]% F\% F<K% !E%CP7FJi2.*H% `% Ia% Ja% I`% +"<FI% F<`GI% IJ% H% F\<`% I<H% !E%CP7F`i2.*F% `% Ha% JJ% F\% K% F<I% Ia<`% ^% F]% a<H% bZ%!E%CP7F`i2.*I% `% Ha% J`% Ia% Fa% F<`% IF% ]% F^% a<H% !E%CP7F`i2.*H% `% Ha% JK% IH% FH% F<K% IH% `% F^% a<]% !E%CP7Ji2.*F% ^% Fa% Ha% II% ^% a<`% IJ% F`% F^% a<`% bZ%CP7Ji2.*I% ^% Fa% H`% IH% K% F% I`% K% FK% F% !E%CP7Ji2.*H% ^% Fa% Ja% I]% ,<3<% ,<3<% I^% `% Ia% F<I% !E%CP7`i2.*F% ^% a% Ia% Ia% `% a<`% II% F`% F]% a<H% bZ%CP7`i2.*I% ^% a% Ha% I]% ^% F% IJ% `% F^cF\% a<^% !E%CP7`i2.*H% ^% a% Ha% IK% \% I% I^% J% F^<`% I% !E%CP7F]i2.*F% \% a% I^% IF% ^% F<K% II<`% F\% FJ% a<]% 6/@<%^%CP7F]i2.*I% \% a% IK% I`% FI% F<`% I^% Fa% F]% F<K% !E%CP7F]i2.*H% \% a% IK% Ha% F`% F% I\% ]% Ia% I% !E%CP7F^i2.*F% \% `% IK% Ia<K% ]<`% F<]% II% F]% FJ<]% a<^% 6/@<%^%CP7FKi2.*F% \% Fa% Ha% F\<K% ]% I% IH% FJ% FJ<]% a<`% 6/@<%^%CP7F\i2.*F% \% F`% HJ% F\<`% ^<`% F<K% IF% Fa% FJ<K% a<]% 6/@<%^%CP7F\i2.*I% \% F`% H`% II% \% F<H% I`% ^% F`<`% a<\% !E%CP7F\i2.*H% \% F`% HH% IK% Fa% F% I\% ]% F^<H% F<H% !E%CP7Iai2.*F% \% Ia% H`% F\<`% ^% I<I% Ia<`% \% F`<H% a<]% 6/@<%^%CP7IFi2.*F% \% I`% H\% F\<H% ^<`% F<\% Ia<H% K<`% F`<]% a<^% 6/@<%^%CP7IIi2.*F% \% Ha% JJ% FK<`% K% I% Ia% ^% F]% a<]% 6/@<%^%CP7IIi2.*I% \% Ha% `a% I^% \% I<H% I\% \% IF% a<^% !E%CP7IIi2.*H% \% Ha% H^% Ha% FI% I<`% I\% ]% II% F<I% !E%CP7Ii2.*F% FF% Ha% Ja% HH% ^% ,<3<% HJ% K% F^% a<K% %CP7Ii2.*I% FF% Ha% J`% H`% ,<3<% ,<3<% HJ% K% IF% I<I% !E%CP7Ii2.*H% FF% Ha% `a% HJ% ,<3<% ,<3<% HJ% K% IH% I<`% !E%CP7Fi2.*F% FF<`% H`% Ja% Ha% ,<3<% ,<3<% FK% FI% F^% F<`% bZ%CP7Fi2.*I% FF<`% H`% ]a% H]% ,<3<% ,<3<% I\% `% IF% J% !E%CP7Fi2.*H% FF<`% H`% ]a% H]% ,<3<% ,<3<% HH% `% I`% J% !E%!9#4%4N"+9"$/),%4P74#/54,$0%k6l%CP7IH% `% a% ,<3<% ,<3<% ,<3<% ,<3<% IJ<H% ,<3<% F^<J% a<J% 6/@<%J%kZl%CP7IJ% `% a% ,<3<% ,<3<% ,<3<% ,<3<% II% ,<3<% F\% I% [X%k6l%CP7I^% ^% a% ,<3<% ,<3<% ,<3<% ,<3<% IH% ,<3<% F^<I% a<J% 6/@<%J%kZl%CP7IK% ^% a% ,<3<% ,<3<% ,<3<% ,<3<% II% ,<3<% F]<`% a<^% [X%k6l%CP7Ha% \% a% ,<3<% ,<3<% ,<3<% ,<3<% Ia<`% ,<3<% FJ% a<]% 6/@<%J%kZl%CP7HF% \% a% ,<3<% ,<3<% ,<3<% ,<3<% Ia% ,<3<% FJ% a<\% [X%kZl%CP7HH% FF% a% ,<3<% ,<3<% ,<3<% ,<3<% FK<`% ,<3<% FH% F% [X%k6l%CP7HJ% FF% a% ,<3<% ,<3<% ,<3<% ,<3<% F^<K% ,<3<% FH<^% a<^% 6/@<%J%k6l%CP7H]% FH% a% ,<3<% ,<3<% ,<3<% ,<3<% FJ<`% ,<3<% FI<`% a<^% 6/@<%J%kZl%CP7H^% FH% a% ,<3<% ,<3<% ,<3<% ,<3<% F`% ,<3<% FH<H% F<]ja<I% bZ%k6l%CP7HK% F`% a% ,<3<% ,<3<% ,<3<% ,<3<% FI% ,<3<% Fa% I% !%kZl%CP7Ja% F`% a% ,<3<% ,<3<% ,<3<% ,<3<% ,<3<% ,<3<% \<`% I% !%

%

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

Part I. Chapter 1

7

>&541%5(:84% #409*$0% "#4% 0955"#/043% "++)#3/,@% $)% $84% $8#44% 4,3G54514#% 54+8",/050% )-% 79#4%

3)5/,@%Q#404#N)/#%/,-*"$/),R>%79#4%4N"+9"$/),%+)**"704%Q#404#N)/#%34-*"$/),R>%",3%#4+9##/,@%

/,-*"$/),%",3%34-*"$/),<%6)#%4"+8%)-%$8)04%54+8",/050>%O4%+84+.43%$84%/,-*94,+4%)-%$84%

/,/$/"*%N)*+",)%5)#78)*)@2%",3%@#"N/$"$/),"*%-)#+40<%?33/$/),"**2>%$84%/,-*94,+4%)-%3/--4#G

4,$% +8"514#%347$80%O"0% $40$43% -)#% 4"+8%)-% $8404% 04$G970<% CN4#2%4P74#/54,$%O"0% #47#)G

39+43%",3%74#-)#543%-)#%1)$8%","*)@94%5"$4#/"*0<%

(

?4'&(2+,-.@(

?%7*"$4"9%09#-"+4%O"0%"##",@43% /,%047"#"$4%4P74#/54,$"*%04$G970%"$%`>%^>%\>%FF>%FH%",3%

F`%+5% "1)N4% $84% 1"**)),<%m7),% 1"**)),% /,-*"$/),>% $84% 09#-"+4% -#"+$9#43% -)#5/,@% #"3/"*%

+#"+.0% $8"$% 7#)7"@"$43% )9$O"#30% -#)5% "% +4,$#"*% 7)*2@),"*% 1*)+.% Q6/@<%IR<% :84% #"3/"*%

-#"+$9#40% 7#)7"@"$43% 74#74,3/+9*"#*2% $)% $84% *4"0$% 7#/,+/7"*% +)57#400/N4% 0$#400% H% ",3%

7"#"**4*% $)% $84%5"P/595%7#/,+/7"*%+)57#400/N4% 0$#400% F>%O/$8%3/07*"+454,$0%"77#)P/G

5"$4*2%,)#5"*%$)%$84%-#"+$9#4%09#-"+4%Q5)34G&%-#"+$9#40R<%&,3474,34,$%)-%$84%4P74#/54,$"*%

@4)54$#/40% ",3% ","*)@94% 5"$4#/"*>% +),+4,$#/+% #4N4#04% Q$8#90$R% -"9*$0% -)#543% 091G

74#74,3/+9*"#%$)%$84%)74,/,@%#"3/"*%+#"+.0>%#409*$/,@%/,%"%5)#78)*)@/+"*%Y0G08"743Y%-*",.%

34-)#5"$/),%Q6/@<%IR<%%

Inflation of a reservoir beneath a plateau

Inflation of a reservoir beneath a cone

Pure doming

16 cm

10 cm

Initial stage

10˚

16 cm

12 cm

Initial stage

R - Radial fault

A - Apical block

B - Balloon outline

AB R

AB

Rflattening

Surface deformation:

steepeningsteepeningtopo

model diameter

's'

%

!"#$%,$! N13*32&+$1-! 38! 73(')2!%#$%&'(%)*-! ')! 8,3/&! *+E%)! 8&3(! *1%!*3$!+)7! -E%*61!38! ')'*'+,! %#$%&'(%)*+,!63)7'*'3)->! Q)-%*! ,35%&! &'21*! 3/*,')%-!*1%!&%2'3)-!38!(3&$13,32'6+,!-*%%$%).')2!+)7!8,+**%)')2!<)3*!*3!-6+,%=!

%

%

:84%3/7%)-% $8404% +9#N43% +),+4,$#/+% -"9*$0% 34+#4"043% $)O"#30% $84%74#/784#2% ",3%O/$8/,%

/,3/N/39"*%04$G970%"0%"%-9,+$/),%)-%/,+#4"0/,@%+8"514#%347$8<%:84%#4*"$/N4%5)$/),%)-%$84%

-#"+$9#4% +)51/,43% 4P$4,0/),"*% ",3% 084"#% 3/07*"+454,$0>% 7#)7"@"$/,@% 97O"#30<% :84%

Part I. Chapter 1

8

97*/-$43% -*",.0% "*0)% 7#)39+43% "% -*"$$4,/,@% ",3% 09104T94,$% 7)*2@),"*% "7/+"*% @#"14,%

0$#9+$9#4% Q/<4<% 7#)$)G+"*34#"R% /,% "**% 3)5/,@% 4P74#/54,$0>% 0/5/*"#% $)% $8)04% 340+#/143% 12%

L)59#)%QF\K^R%",3%E"#$/%4$%"*<% QF\\JR<%:84%"7/+"*%@#"14,%O"0%+8/4-*2%*/5/$43%12%0$447>%

#)$"$/),"*% ,)#5"*% -"9*$0<% :84% 347#400/),% O/34,43% 12% 7)*2@),"*% 1*)+.0% $8"$% O4#4% 34G

$"+843% -#)5% $84% )N4#0$4474,43%O"**0<% Z)54% "7/+"*% @#"14,0%O4#4% 34-/,43% 12% ),*2% ),4%

$/*$43%",3c)#%3)O,O"#3%0*95743%",@9*"#%1*)+.<%

CP74#/54,$0%O/$8%34474#%1"**)),0% #409*$43% /,% *"#@4#%"#4"0%)-% Q"R% $9540+4,+4>% Q1R%"7/+"*%

@#"14,%",3%Q+R%#"3/"*%+#"+.0<%U4474#%0/$9"$43%#404#N)/#0%#409*$43%5)#4)N4#%/,%"%#439+43%

3)5"*%97*/-$%",3%"%#439+43%"7/+"*%@#"14,%0910/34,+4<%

6)#% +),4G08"743% 5)#78)*)@/40>% 3)5/,@% 7#)39+43% "% 5)#4% 84$4#)@4,4)90% #"3/"*% -"9*$%

7"$$4#,%+)57"#43%O/$8%$84%7*"$4"9G08"743%5)#78)*)@2<%:8/0%/0%5)0$%*/.4*2%"%-9,+$/),%)-%

$84%5)34*%+),0$#9+$/),>%3/--4#/,@%0*/@8$*2%-#)5%",%/34"**2%08"743%+),4<%

B#4"$4#% /,/$/"*% -*",.% /,+*/,"$/),% Q0$447,400R% )-% $84% +),4% #409*$43% /,% $84% 09#-"+4G7"#"**4*%

0$#400% 14/,@% $4,0/),"*% "$% $84% "74P% )-% $84% 43/-/+4% 19$% +)57#400/N4% /,% /$0% 74#/784#2% Q044%

6/@0<%K>%\R<%:84%*"$$4#%/,-*94,+43%$84%)#/4,$"$/),%)-%+),+4,$#/+%#4N4#04%-"9*$0%),%$84%-*",.0>%

O8/+8%14+"54%08"**)O4#%O/$8%/,+#4"0/,@%-*",.%/,+*/,"$/),%,4"#%$84%09#-"+4<%:84%#4@/),%)-%

"7/+"*% 4P$4,0/),% /,+#4"040% ",3% $84% 0910/3/,@% "#4"%O"0% *"#@4#>% +)57"#43%O/$8% 7*"$4"9G

08"743%4P74#/54,$0%Q6/@<%IR<%&,%3#2%0",3%4P74#/54,$0>%-*",.%)N4#0$4474,/,@%)-%$84%/,/$/"*%

0$447% +),40% QnIafR% 7#)39+43% @#"/,G-*)O% 7#)+40040% ",3% )++"0/),"**2% )9$O"#3G3/#4+$43%

0*/340<%

%

?4'&(&A#04#%-+.(0+11#$5&(

&,%79#4%4N"+9"$/),%4P74#/54,$0>%"%1"**)),%O"0% /,-*"$43%7#/)#% $)% /$0%457*"+454,$%"$% $84%

340/#43%347$8<%:84% #404#N)/#%O"0% $84,%4N"+9"$43>% 0/59*"$/,@%+8"514#%34-*"$/),%12>% -)#%

4P"57*4>% 5"@5"% O/$83#"O"*% -#)5% "% 5"@5"% +8"514#>% +"90/,@% $84% +8"514#% #))-% $)%

0910/34<% D,% 4N"+9"$/),>% 0*/@8$% 3)O,0"@@/,@% Qoa<`%+5R%O"0% $84% /,/$/"*% 09#-"+4% 4P7#40G

0/),>%-)**)O43%12%-"/*9#4%"*),@%,954#)90%3/0+#4$4%091G+/#+9*"#%+),+4,$#/+%-#"+$9#40%),%$84%

09#-"+4%Q6/@<%HR<%E)34**/,@%3/--4#4,$%84/@8$0%)-%$84%7*"$4"9%08)O43%$84%$8/#3%3/54,0/),%)-%

$8404% -"9*$0% $)% 14% 5)0$*2% )9$O"#3% 3/77/,@% Q/<4<% Y14**G08"743YW% 6/@<%HR>% +)##)1)#"$/,@%

7#4N/)90% 0$93/40% Q4<@<% E"#$/% 4$% "*<% F\\JW% ;)+84% 4$% "*<% IaaaR<% :8/0% 04$% )-% +9#N43% -"9*$0%

7#)7"@"$43%-#)5%$84%#404#N)/#%97O"#30>%O84#4%$84%-/#0$%9,34#@#)9,3%-"9*$0%O4#4%"##",@43%

091G8)#/S),$"**2% "1)N4% $84% +4,$#4% )-% $84% 1"**)),>% -)**)O43% 12% 0$4474#% 02,$84$/+% -"9*$0%

Q5"/,% #/,@% -"9*$0W% 6/@<%HR<%?$% $84% 09#-"+4>% $8404% +),+4,$#/+% -"9*$0%34-/,43%",%4,%4+84*),%

7"$$4#,>% -)#5/,@%"%+/#+9*"#%"##",@454,$%"#)9,3%"%+4,$#"*%+)**"704%1"0/,<%=43@4G08"743%

",3%+#40+4,$/+%1*)+.0%0*95743%",3%$/*$43%-#)5%$84%)9$4#%9,3/0$9#143%O"**%/,$)%$84%1"0/,%

"*),@% "% 04$% )-% /,$4#+),,4+$43% ",$/$84$/+% */0$#/+% -"9*$0<% 6"/*9#4% )-% 8",@/,@GO"**% 1*)+.0%

)++9##43>%+"90/,@%$84%+"*34#"%#/5%$)%7#)7"@"$4%)9$O"#30%Q6/@<%HR<%

Part I. Chapter 1

9

_)%#"3/"*%+#"+.0%34N4*)743%39#/,@%$84%79#4%4N"+9"$/),%+)**"704%4P74#/54,$0%Q+-<%E"#$/%4$%

"*<%F\\JR<%:84%+4,$#"*%1"0/,%0910/343%*"#@4*2%"0%"%7/0$),%19$%O"0%#474"$43*2%3/004+$43%$)%

+#40+4,$/+%14,+840%1)9,3%12%$O)%)#%$8#44%)9$O"#3G3/77/,@%+),+4,$#/+%-"9*$0%#4"+8/,@%$84%

09#-"+4%Q6/@<%HR<%:8/0%O"0%5)#4%+)55),%/,%4P74#/54,$0%O/$8%"%08"**)O%+8"514#%Q/<4<%`G

K%+5R<%%

%!"#$%-$!N/&%!%I+6/+*'3)!63,,+$-%!38!+)!+)+,32/%!(+2(+!61+(:%&!:%)%+*1!+)!')'*'+,!$,+*%+/!-/&8+6%>!N13*3.2&+$1-!38!8,3/&!%#$%&'(%)*-!+)7!-61%(+*'6!$&38',%-!8&3(!-%6*'3)%7!%#$%&'(%)*-!-135!*1%!-*&/6*/&+,!7%I%,3$.(%)*!38!+!-1+,,35!+)7!+!7%%$!(+2(+!61+(:%&>!?%$+&+*%!%#$%&'(%)*-!)%+&!+!2,+--!$+)%!+,,35%7!+--'2)(%)*!38!)/(:%&-9!')7'6+*')2!*1%!61&3)3,32'6+,!3&7%&!38!*1%!8+/,*-!

%

Z)54% 4P74#/54,$0% 34N4*)743% "% 3/0+#4$4% +/#+95-4#4,$/"*% S),4% )-% N4#$/+"*% $)% /,O"#3G

3/77/,@%,)#5"*% -"9*$0>%O/$8%"%$)$"*%3/"54$4#% *"#@4#% $8",%$84%0/59*"$43%5"@5"%+8"514#>%

19$% *"+./,@% "% 0/@,/-/+",$% 3/*"$/),<% ?0% 7)/,$43% )9$% 12% ;)+84% 4$% "*<% QIaaaR>% $8404% O4#4%

$#/@@4#43% 12% )9$O"#3G3/77/,@% #4N4#04% -"9*$0<% &,O"#3G$/*$43% O43@40% -)#543% $8"$% O4#4%

34-/,43%12%09+8%",$/$84$/+%74#/784#2%+#"+.0%",3%$84%)9$4#%#/,@%-"9*$Q0R%Q6/@0<%H>%JR<%%

:)% 4N"*9"$4% $84% /,-*94,+4% )-% $84% /,/$/"*% $)7)@#"782>% $84% 34-*"$/),% 4P74#/54,$0% O4#4%

74#-)#543%14,4"$8%+),40%O/$8%",%/,/$/"*%-*",.%0$447,400%)-%Fa>%F`>%Ia>%I`%",3%Haf<%=/$8%

*"#@4#%/,/$/"*%-*",.%/,+*/,"$/),>%$84%+4,$#"*%+)**"704%1"0/,%O"0%-#"+$9#43%/,%",%/,+#4"0/,@*2%

+8")$/+%5",,4#<%:84%7)0/$/),%)-%+),+4,$#/+%-#"+$9#40%O"0%/,-*94,+43%12%@#"N/$2%*)"3%",3%

@#"39"**2% 08/-$43% )9$O"#30% O/$8% /,+#4"0/,@% +),4% /,+*/,"$/),<% &,+#4"0/,@% $84% +8"514#%

347$8% +"9043% "% 020$45"$/+% 34+#4"04% )-% $84% ,4"#G09#-"+4% 3/"54$4#0% )-% $84% 4,+/#+*/,@%

+),+4,$#/+%-"9*$0%Q6/@<%JR<%%

Part I. Chapter 1

10

Peripheral circumferential faults (diameter)

Ring fault (diameter)

Subsidence at ring fault

Balloon (diameter)

5 7 9 11 13 15Chamber depth below surface (cm)

0

1

leng

th /

ballo

on d

iam

eter

1.5

0.5

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

%

%

B+,-.@(#.2(0+11#$5&(

CP74#/54,$0% O4#4% 340/@,43% $)% 0/59*"$4% 3)5/,@% ",3% 09104T94,$% +8"514#% 4N"+9"$/),>%

-)+90/,@%),%$84%/,$4#"+$/),%)-%$84%#409*$/,@%0$#9+$9#40<%U)5/,@%#47#)39+43%$84%$9540+4,$%

-"9*$%"##",@454,$>% /<4<% #"3/"*%+#"+.0%",3%091)#3/,"$4%+),+4,$#/+%#4N4#04%-"9*$0>% -)**)O43%

12% 4,+/#+*/,@% )#% 8)#0408)4G08"743% -"9*$0% O8/+8% 34-/,4% ",% "7/+"*% @#"14,% O/$8% "% 54",%

3/"54$4#%"77#)P/5"$4*2%8"*-%)-%$84%#404#N)/#%3/"54$4#%Q044%6/@<%^R<%

Z9104T94,$% 4N"+9"$/),% #409*$43% /,% "% +*)09#4%)-% $84% #"3/"*% +#"+.0>%"++)57",/43%12% $O)%

+),+4,$#/+% 3)5"/,0'% Q"R% "% 14**G08"743% -#"+$9#4% 020$45% -)#5/,@% $84%5"V)#% +"*34#"%1"0/,%

Q5"/,% #/,@% -"9*$RW% ",3% Q1R%74#/784#2%4,%4+84*),% -"9*$0%O/$8%3/N4#04%3/70<%:84%)9$4#5)0$%

+),+4,$#/+%74#/784#"*%-"9*$0%-)#543%)9$0/34%$84%4P$4,$%)-%$84%N/0/1*4%#"3/"*%3)5/,@%+#"+.0>%

O84#4"0%$84%/,,4#%+),+4,$#/+%+"*34#"%-"9*$0%+#)00+9$%$845%Q6/@0<%`>%]R<%:84%/,$4#"+$/),%)-%

#4N4#0"*% #4"+$/N"$43% #"3/"*% -#"+$9#40%",3%,4O*2% -)#543%+),+4,$#/+%+)**"704% -"9*$0%@4,4#G

"$43% "% 84$4#)@4,4)90%7)*2@),"*% /,$#"+"*34#"% 0$#9+$9#4% ",3%,),G+)84#4,$% +"*34#"% 0910/G

34,+4%/,%"**%+2+*/+%4P74#/54,$0<%

:84%5"P/595%+959*"$/N4%+"*34#"%0910/34,+4%O"0%"%+)51/,"$/),%)-%"7/+"*%@#"14,%-"9*$%

3/07*"+454,$% 7*90% #/,@G-"9*$% 0910/34,+4<% Z9#7#/0/,@*2>% /,% 7*"$4"9% 4P74#/54,$0% O/$8%

4T9/N"*4,$%N)*9540%)-%/,-*"$/),%",3%09104T94,$%34-*"$/),>%$84%#"$/)%)-%"7/+"*%0910/34,+4%

N4#090% +"*34#"% 0910/34,+4%O"0% "77#)P/5"$4*2% F% Q:"1*4%FR<% :84%3/"54$4#% )-% $84% +"*34#"%

#/,@G-"9*$%O"0%+"<%F<`%$/540%*"#@4#%$8",%$84%"7/+"*%@#"14,%3/"54$4#%-)#%08"**)O%+8"514#%

347$80% ",3% *"#@4*2% 9,"--4+$43%12% $84% +),4%@4)54$#2% Q6/@<%^R<%=/$8% /,+#4"0/,@%+8"514#%

347$8>%8)O4N4#>%$8/0%3/0+#47",+2%08#9,.<%%

Part I. Chapter 1

11

D,% 4N"+9"$/),>% 39#/,@% /,/$/"*% 0"@@/,@% )-% $84% 0$#9+$9#"*% 3)54>% 02,$84$/+% ",3% ",$/$84$/+%

-#"+$9#40%-)#543%O43@40%/,%$84%)9$4#5)0$%74#/784#2%Q6/@0<%`>%]R<%:8404%+),+4,$#/+%74#/78G

4#"*% -#"+$9#40% #))$43% "$% 347$80% ,4"#% $84% #404#N)/#Q0R% 19$% IG`%+5% 142),3% $84% 8)#/S),$"*%

4P$4,$% )-% $8404% Q6/@<%KR<% :84/#% 09#-"+4% 4P7#400/),% +"9043% $4##"+40% "0% O4**% "0% 8)#0$% ",3%

@#"14,%0$#9+$9#40>%IGJ%+5%/,%*4,@$8<%M),+4,$#/+%74#/784#"*%-"9*$0%O4#4%5)0$%+)55),%",3%

3/*"$/),%O"0% 0$#),@40$% ),% +),4G08"743% 43/-/+40<% :84% -)#5"$/),% )-% $8404% +),+4,$#/+% 74G

#/784#"*% -"9*$0>% $)@4$84#%O/$8% +#)00+9$$/,@% #"3/"*% -"9*$0% #4T9/#40% "% 0$#9+$9#"*% /,$4#7*"2% )-%

3)5/,@%",3%4N"+9"$/),%+)**"704<%

!!"#$%/$!N13*32&+$1-!+)7!-61%(+*'6!$&38',%-!38!%#$%&'(%)*-!-135')2!*1%!-*&/6*/&+,!7%I%,3$(%)*!83&!61+(:%&!')8,+*'3)!+)7!-/:-%V/%)*!%I+6/+*'3)!:%)%+*1!+!$,+*%+/!<8,3/&=>!W1%!)/(:%&-!')7'6+*%!*1%!61&3)3,32'6+,!3&7%&!38!*1%!8+/,*-!

%

Z/,+4%$9540+4,+4%/,-*94,+43%"%@#4"$4#%"#4"%"$%$84%09#-"+4%$8",%$84%14**G08"743%#/,@%-"9*$0>%

$8/0% 0$#9+$9#"*% /,+),@#9/$2% #409*$43% /,% @#"N/$"$/),"*% -*",.% #4*"P"$/),% 39#/,@% +8"514#%

4N"+9"$/),%",3%$84%-)#5"$/),%)-%+/#+95-4#4,$/"*%74#/784#"*%-#"+$9#40%),%$84%)9$4#%-*",.0%

)-%$84%43/-/+4<%%

CP74#/54,$0%O/$8%34474#%1"**)),0% #409*$43% /,% *"#@4#%"#4"0%)-% Q"R% $9540+4,+4>% Q1R%"7/+"*%

@#"14,%",3%Q+R%#"3/"*%+#"+.0<%U4474#%0/$9"$43%#404#N)/#0%#409*$43%5)#4)N4#%/,%"%#439+43%

3)5"*%97*/-$%",3%"%#439+43%"7/+"*%@#"14,%0910/34,+4<%

Part I. Chapter 1

12

6)#% +),4G08"743% 5)#78)*)@/40>% 3)5/,@% 7#)39+43% "% 5)#4% 84$4#)@4,4)90% #"3/"*% -"9*$%

7"$$4#,%+)57"#43%O/$8%$84%7*"$4"9G08"743%5)#78)*)@2<%:8/0%/0%5)0$%*/.4*2%"%-9,+$/),%)-%

$84%5)34*%+),0$#9+$/),>%3/--4#/,@%0*/@8$*2%-#)5%",%/34"**2%08"743%+),4<%

%

%!"#$%0$!N13*32&+$1-!+)7!-61%(+*'6!$&38',%-!38!%#$%&'(%)*-!<8,3/&=!5'*1!')'*'+,!63)%!(3&$13,3249!-135')2!*1%!-*&/6*/&+,! 7%I%,3$(%)*! 83&! 61+(:%&! ')8,+*'3)! +)7! -/:-%V/%)*! %I+6/+*'3)>! W1%! )/(:%&-! ')7'6+*%! *1%!61&3)3,32'6+,!3&7%&!38!*1%!8+/,*-!

%

U9#/,@% -9#$84#% +2+*40%)-%3)5/,@%",3%4N"+9"$/),%+)**"704>% $84%)9$4#5)0$%3)543% -*",.0%

#45"/,43% "0% 5)#78)*)@/+"*% 8/@80% Q6/@<%KR<% ["**)),% #409#@4,+4% /,% 0",3% 5)34*0% -)#543%

0977*454,$"#2%-"9*$0%$)%$84%-"9*$%7"$$4#,0%340+#/143%"1)N4%",3%/,+#454,$"**2%340$"1/*/043%

$84% 0$4474,43% ",3% -#"+$9#43% -*",.0>% O8/+8% -#4T94,$*2% +)**"7043% ",3% -)#543% )9$O"#3G

3/#4+$43% 0*/340<% Z9+8% 0*/3/,@% 04+$)#0%O4#4%1)9,3%",3% /,/$/"$43%12% #4N/N43% #"3/"*% +#"+.0%

",3%+),+4,$#/+%74#/784#"*%-"9*$0<%:84%)++9##4,+4%",3%0/S4%)-%*"$4#"*%-"/*9#40%/0%$8)9@8$%$)%

14% "% -9,+$/),% )-% $84% /,/$/"*% -*",.% /,+*/,"$/),>% $84% T9",$/$2% )-% #"3/"*% -#"+$9#40>% ",3% $84%

7)0/$/),%",3%347$8%)-%74#/784#"*%#4*"P"$/),%-"9*$0<%

%

C4,,#'3(#.2(2-50455-+.(?%N"#/4$2%)-%@4)54$#/+%5)34*0%)-%+"*34#"%-)#5"$/),%8"N4%144,%09@@40$43>%/,+*93/,@%$84%

7/0$),%+"*34#"% Q?,34#0),%F\H^W%=/**/"50%F\JFW%Z5/$8%",3%["/*42%F\]KW%X/75",%F\\^R>%

$84% -9,,4*G$274% +"*34#"% Q?#"5"./% F\KJW% d).)2"5"% ",3% D8."O"% F\K]R>% $84% $#"7G3))#%

Part I. Chapter 1

13

QZ$4N4,%",3%X/75",%F\^]R%",3%3)O,0"@%+"*34#"%Q="*.4#%F\KJR>%",3%$84%,),G+)84#4,$%)#%

+8")$/+G$274%+"*34#"%QZ+",3),4%F\\aW%[#",,42%",3%L).4*""#%F\\JW%E))#4%",3%L).4*""#%

F\\KR<%&,%)#34#%$)%+)57#484,3%09+8%+)57*4P%+"*34#"%0$#9+$9#40>%0/59*"$/),%/,%","*)@94%

4P74#/54,$0%O"0%457*)243%90/,@%$84%$O)%4,3G54514#%54+8",/050%)-%3)5/,@%QL)59#)%

F\K^W%E"#$/%4$%"*<%F\\JR%",3%4N"+9"$/),%+)**"704%Q;)+84%4$%"*<%IaaaR>%19$%"*0)%"%+)51/,"G

$/),%)-%1)$8%54+8",/050>%/<4<%$84%/,-*"$/),%",3%09104T94,$%34-*"$/),%)-%"%#404#N)/#<%

PC

R

B

RF

Initial flank steepness

0

10

20

0˚ 10˚ 20˚ 30˚

Concentric periphery faults

Radial fractures

Balloon

Ring fault

Apical graben

Dia

met

ers

(in c

m)

%

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

%

B+,-.@6%U9#/,@%Y3)54G08"743Y%97*/-$>%$4,0/*4%0$#400%/0%7#43)5/,",$%"$%$84%+4,$#4%)-%$84%

3)54>% +"90/,@%5"@5"% /,$#90/),% "*),@% ,)#5"*% -"9*$0>% 1"*",+43% 12% $84% )N4#7#4009#4% )-%

5"@5"%O/$8/,% $84%32.4<% :84%7#)7"@"$/),%)-%32.40% 0$)70% ",3% $842%+*)04%O84,%5"@5"%

7#4009#4%8"0%144,%#439+43% $)%"%N"*94%4T9"*% $)% $84%0$#400%"+#)00% $84%32.4%QE+X4)3%",3%

:"/$% F\\\R<% 6)**)O/,@% $84% 4P74#/54,$"*% )104#N"$/),0>% 32.40% "#4% $8)9@8$% $)% 7#)7"@"$4%

7#/5"#/*2% /,% "% #"3/"*% 5)34% 39#/,@% 3)5/,@% Q6/@<%\?R<% ?% 0$#9+$9#"*% 3)54% /,+#4"040% $84%

43/-/+4%N)*954%",3%#409*$0%/,%0$4474,/,@%)-%$84%N)*+",)%-*",.0%",3%"%+)57#400/N4%0$#400%

#4@/54%/,%$84%+"*34#"%74#/784#2<%CP$4,0/),%/0%0$#),@40$% /,%$84%"7/+"*%#4@/),>%#409*$/,@%/,%

0910/34,+4% )-% "% @#"14,<% :84% 4P74#/54,$0% 5"2% 7#)N/34% ",% "0040054,$% )-% 4"#*2% "7/+"*%

0910/34,+4% /,%,"$9#"*%+"*34#"0>% 09104T94,$*2%)N4#7#/,$43%12%),@)/,@%+"*34#"%4N)*9$/),%

Q+-<%:#)**%4$%"*<%IaaaR<%Z9+8%"7/+"*%@#"14,%0910/34,+4>%"++)57*/0843%12%0*957/,@%)-%*"#@4%

1*)+.0%/,$)%$84%4P7",3/,@%+4,$#4>%5"2%7#)39+4%7#4009#4%V9570%/,%$84%"00)+/"$43%08"**)O%

5"@5"% #404#N)/#% ",3% 7)00/1*2% $#/@@4#% *"#@4G0+"*4% "08G-*)O% 4#97$/),0% QB9359,300),%

F\\KR<%

<A#04#%-+.( 0+11#$5&6% ;439+$/),% )-% $84% 7#4009#4% /,0/34% $84% ","*)@94% 5"@5"% +8"514#%

+"9040% "%@#"N/$2G3#/N4,%3)O,O"#3%3/07*"+454,$%)-% $84%+8"514#% #))-% /,$)% $84% #404#N)/#%

Q6/@<%\[R<%E"V)#% #/,@% -"9*$0%34N4*)7% $8"$%"#4%)9$O"#3%3/77/,@%O/$8%"%+9#N43%)9$*/,4% Q+-<%

E"#$/%4$%"*<%F\\JW%;)+84%4$%"*<%IaaaR<%=/$8%34+#4"0/,@%347$8>%$84%/,-*94,+4%)-%5"P/595%

Part I. Chapter 1

14

7#/,+/7"*%0$#400%34+#4"040%0)%$8"$%$84%084"#%0$#400%),%$84%7)$4,$/"*%-"9*$%7*",4%/0%09--/+/4,$*2%

*"#@4%$)%@4,4#"$4%"%084"#%-#"+$9#4%"77#)"+8/,@%$8/0%7*",4>%*4"3/,@%$)%+9#N43%#/,@%-"9*$0<%&,%

04N4#"*% 4P74#/54,$0>% 0910/34,+4% O"0% 0*/@8$*2% 34*"243% -)**)O/,@% 1"**)),% 4N"+9"$/),>%

09@@40$/,@%$8"$% -"9*$0%5"2%#45"/,%"+$/N4%39#/,@%",3%-)**)O/,@%5"@5"%+8"514#%4N"+9"G

$/),% 9,$/*% $84/#% 4P7#400/),% #4"+840% $84% 09#-"+4>% /57*2/,@% "% $457)#"*% 8/"$90% O/$8/,% $84%

43/-/+4<%%

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

%

!+,9-.&2( 2+,-.@( #.2( &A#04#%-+.( 0+11#$5&6% &,/$/"*% #404#N)/#% /,-*"$/),% @4,4#"$40% #"3/"*%

+#"+.0%",3%091)#3/,"$4%+),+4,$#/+%#4N4#04%-"9*$0>%+"90/,@%-*",.%34-)#5"$/),%",3%",%"7/+"*%

0910/34,+4<% Z9104T94,$% 34-*"$/),% )-% $84% #404#N)/#% @4,4#"$40% +"*34#"% 0$#9+$9#40% $8"$%

)N4#7#/,$%$84%7#4N/)90*2%3)543%43/-/+4<%=84,%+8"514#%4N"+9"$/),%/0%/,/$/"$43>%$84%"#4"%

"1)N4%$84%+8"514#%0"@0>%#409*$/,@%/,%+*)09#4%)-%$84%#"3/"*%+#"+.0<%Z9104T94,$*2>%+"*34#"%

#/,@%-"9*$0%",3%74#/784#"*%+/#+95-4#4,$/"*%-#"+$9#40%-)#5%0/59*$",4)90*2<%:84%*)+"$/),%)-%

$84%74#/784#"*%-#"+$9#40%5"2%14%04N4#"*%./*)54$#40%"O"2%-#)5%"%+"*34#"%#/5<%?0%"%+),04G

T94,+4%)-%$84%/,$4#04+$/,@%#"3/"*%",3%+),+4,$#/+%-"9*$%020$450>%$84%+"*34#"%-*))#%-#"+$9#40%

04T94,$/"**2%",3%0910/340%/,%"%3/0V)/,$43%5",,4#%12%#4"+$/N"$/,@%#"3/"*%0$#9+$9#40%",3%"%

04$%)-%,4O*2% -)#543%14**G08"743% -"9*$0<% C#)0/),%",3% /,O"#3%0*957/,@%)-%54@"1*)+.0% /0%

+)55),>% *4"3/,@% $84% +"*34#"% #/5% $)% 7#)7"@"$4% )9$O"#30% QX/75",% F\\^W% ;)+84% 4$% "*<%

IaaaR<% :84% 0$#9+$9#"*% ,4$O)#.% )-% /,$#"+"*34#"% #"3/"*% ",3% +),+4,$#/+% -#"+$9#40% /0% "*0)%

7#404,$%),%$84%-*",.0%)-%$84%43/-/+4>%O84#4%$8404%-)#5%"0%"%#409*$%)-'%Q"R%-*",.%34-)#5"$/),%

",3% 0$4474,/,@W% Q1R% #"3/"*% -#"+$9#4% 7#)7"@"$/),% 39#/,@% 3)5/,@W% ",3% Q+R% +/#+95-4#4,$/"*%

-"9*$/,@% 7#)39+43% 12% -*",.% #4*"P"$/),% 97),% +8"514#% 4N"+9"$/),% Q6/@<%\R<% &,% $8/0>% $8#44%

+),+4,$#/+%-"9*$%3)5"/,0%"#4%3/0+#/5/,"$43%12%$84%7)0/$/),>%54+8",/05%",3%+8#),)*)@2>%

/<4<% $84% "7/+"*% @#"14,% -"9*$0>% $84% +/#+95-4#4,$/"*% 74#/784#"*% -"9*$0% ",3% $84% +"*34#"% #/,@%

Part I. Chapter 1

15

-"9*$0<%&,%+"*34#"%N)*+",)40%O/$8%04N4#"*%0$"@40%)-%3)5/,@%",3%4N"+9"$/),>%$84%4P$4,$%)-%

#"3/"*% -"9*$0% ",3% $84% 3/"54$4#% )-% +),+4,$#/+% -"9*$0% /0% $8)9@8$% $)%5/@#"$4% )9$O"#30%O/$8%

4"+8%"33/$/),"*%0$"@4<%&,%$8/0%+"04>%$84%,9514#%)-%-"9*$0%/,+#4"040%/,+#454,$"**2%Q:"1*4%FR>%

#439+/,@%$84%0$"1/*/$2%)-%$84%N)*+",)%-*",.0<%=84$84#%3)5/,@%7#4+4340%#404#N)/#%4N"+9"G

$/),>%)#%#409#@4,$%3)5/,@%09++4430%79#4%4N"+9"$/),%+)**"704>%8"0%,)%4--4+$%),%$84%@4,G

4#"*%0$#9+$9#"*%"##",@454,$<%

<//&0%(+/(-.-%-#1(&2-/-0&(@&+,&%'36%:84%0$"$4%)-%0$#400%O/$8/,%"%59*$/+2+*/+%+"*34#"%N)*+",)%

/0% 0$#),@*2%+),$#)**43%12% $84%5"@5"%+8"514#Q0R>%19$% /0%"*0)% /,-*94,+43%12%@#"N/$"$/),"*%

,4"#G09#-"+4% 0$#40040% 394% $)% 7#4G4P/0$/,@% $)7)@#"782<% :84% 4--4+$% )-% $)7)@#"782% /0%5)0$%

7#),)9,+43%-)#%$84%3/0$#/19$/),%",3%*)+"$/),%"0%O4**%"0%$84%)#/4,$"$/),%)-%$84%+),+4,$#/+%

-#"+$9#4%020$450<%:84%3/7G*/,4%+9#N"$9#4%)-%#4N4#04%3)5/,@%-"9*$0%4,8",+40%O/$8%0$4474#%

/,/$/"*%N)*+",)%-*",.0<%&,%$9#,>%/-%$84%5"@5"%+8"514#%4N"+9"$40%14,4"$8%"%0$447%+),4>%$84%

+),+4,$#/+% 74#/784#"*% -#"+$9#40% 8"N4% "% *400% 7#),)9,+43% $4,34,+2% $)% -)#5% )74,% -"9*$0<%

E)#4)N4#>% $84%+4,$#"*% +)**"704%1"0/,% -#"+$9#40% /,% "%5)#4%3/0)#@",/043%O"2% Q6/@<%]R<%6)#%

/##4@9*"#%43/-/+4%5)#78)*)@/40>%$84%+"*34#"%-*))#%/0%*/.4*2%$)%14%7/4+454"*>%4N4,%/,%79#4%

4N"+9"$/),%4P74#/54,$0>%0/,+4%-#"+$9#40%"##",@4%*400%9,/-)#5*2%+)57"#43%O/$8%02554$#/+%

N)*+",)G5)#78)*)@2%4P74#/54,$0%Q:"1*4%FR<%6)#%+),4%5)#78)*)@/40%,)$%3/#4+$*2%+4,$#43%

"1)N4%$84%+8"514#>%$84%7"$$4#,%)-%#"3/"*%-#"+$9#40%/0%9,/-)#5%),*2%,4"#%$84%+4,$#4<%?O"2%

-#)5%$84%+4,$#4>%$84%#"3/"*%-#"+$9#40%7#)7"@"$4%7"#"**4*%$)%$84%3/7%*/,4%)-%$84%0*)74<%M8"5G

14#% 4N"+9"$/),% 14,4"$8% "% 0*)74% 7#)39+40% +),+4,$#/+% -#"+$9#40% O/$8% ,),G9,/-)#5% -"9*$%

)--04$>%#409*$/,@%/,%"%$/*$43%+"*34#"%-*))#<%:84%7)0/$/),%)-%$84%+8"514#%14,4"$8%$84%09#-"+4%

/,-*94,+40% $84% @4)54$#/+% "##",@454,$% )-% $84% 09109#-"+4% 0$#9+$9#40>% +),-/#5/,@% $84% 45G

78"0/0%7*"+43%),%$84%#))-%"074+$%#"$/)%12%;)+84%4$%"*<%QIaaaR<%6)#%08"**)O%+8"514#0>%$84%

3/0$#/19$/),% )-% +),+4,$#/+% -#"+$9#40% #4-*4+$0% $84% +8"514#% @4)54$#2<% 6)#% *"#@4#% +8"514#%

347$80>%8)O4N4#>%$8/0%0$#9+$9#"*%5/##)#%14+)540%*400%7#),)9,+43<%

%

%

Part I. Chapter 1

16

%!"#$%6$!W1&%%.7'(%)-'3)+,!&%63)-*&/6*'3)!38!61+&+6*%&'-*'6!-*&/6*/&%-!83&(%7!7/&')2!39!5!$/&%!')8,+*'3)9!79!8!$/&%!7%8,+*'3)!+)7!99!!!(/,*'.-*+2%!')8,+*'3)!+)7!-/:-%V/%)*!7%8,+*'3)!

Part I. Chapter 1

17

D#%4'#1(&7#,$1&5(:84% ,4"#G09#-"+4% 0$#9+$9#"*% "##",@454,$0% $8"$% #409*$% -#)5% 5"@5"% +8"514#% /,-*"$/),>%

+8"514#% 4N"+9"$/),>% ",3% #474"$43% +8"514#% O/$83#"O"*% ",3% #47*4,/0854,$% 0$"@40>% "0%

044,%/,%4P74#/54,$0>%"#4%#4+)#343%"$%04N4#"*%"+$/N4%",3%4P$/,+$%N)*+",)40<%

E4,&50&.0&6%CP"57*40%)-%N)*+",/+%$9540+4,+4%"#4%7#)N/343%12%#4+4,$%@#)9,3%34-)#5"G

$/),%54"09#454,$0%"$>%-)#%4P"57*4>%X),@%("**42%M"*34#"%QZ/5),0%4$%"*<%IaaaR%",3%M"57/%

6*4@#4/>%&$"*2%Qm0"/%4$%"*<%IaaaR>%/**90$#"$/,@%"5)9,$0%)-%#409#@4,$%3)5/,@%)-%IGJ%+5%24"#GF>%

$84%*"$$4#%4P"57*4%O/$8%"%5"P/595%",,9"*%97*/-$%)-%+"<%Ja%+5%24"#GF%/,%$84%4"#*2%F\^a0<%

:84%#4+),0$#9+$/),%)-%*"#@4G0+"*4%3)54G08"743%97*/-$%/,39+43%12%+8"514#%/,-*"$/),%/,%$84%

?/S9%",3%E)$)V9.9%3/0$#/+$%)-%_=%p"7",%08)O43%+/#+9*"#%08"740%)-%IaG]a%.5%/,%3/"54G

$4#>%O/$8%"5)9,$0%)-%3)5"*%97*/-$%7#/)#% $)%+"*34#"%+)**"704%)-% $84%)#34#%)-%`aaGFaaa%5%

Q69V/$"%4$%"*<%F\^aW%L)59#)%4$%"*<%F\KJR<%&,%$84%:4#$/"#2%;95%&@,4)90%M)57*4P>%Z+)$*",3>%

3)5/,@%#409*$43%/,%"%$#454,3)90%1"0454,$%97*/-$%)-%"77#)P/5"$4*2%FaaaGF`aa%5%QC54G

*490%F\\^W%:#)**% 4$% "*<%IaaaR<%:8/0%O/34% #",@4%)-% #4+)#343% $9540+4,+4% #"$40% /,%,"$9#"*%

N)*+",)40% /0% O4**% #4+)#343% /,% )9#% 3)5/,@% 4P74#/54,$0>% O84#4% 5"P/595% 97*/-$% #"$40%

$#",0*"$4%$)%04N4#"*%Faa%5%/,%,"$9#4<%

:84%7"$$4#,0%)-%4#97$/N4%-/009#40%),%$84%B"*"7"@)0%/0*",3%N)*+",)40%/,+*934%#"3/"*%-/009#40%

",3% 3/.4% 0O"#50>% ",3% "#4% $8)9@8$% $)% 14% #4*"$43% $)% 3)54G08"743% 97*/-$% $#/@@4#43% 12%

5"@5"%+8"514#%/,-*"$/),%QE+[/#,42%",3%=/**/"50%F\]\W%Z/5./,%",3%b)O"#3%F\^aR<%D,%

$84%/0*",3%)-%64#,",3/,">%3)5/,@%+"9043%",,9*"#%32./,@%/,%$84%4P$4,0/),"*%"7/+"*%#4@/),%

+),$457)#",4)90%O/$8%#"3/"*%32.4%/,$#90/),%),%$84%-*",.0%)-%$84%N)*+",)%QM8"3O/+.%",3%

U/4$4#/+8% F\\`W% ;)O*",3% F\\]R<% :8/0% /0% /,% "@#4454,$% O/$8% $84% -#"+$9#4% "##",@454,$%

)104#N43% /,% )9#3)5/,@% 4P74#/54,$0<% :8/0% *"$4#"*% ",3% N4#$/+"*% 4P7",0/),% )-% $84% 43/-/+4%

+"9040%Y@4,4#"*%4P7",0/),%"**%"#)9,3%$84%N)*+",)Y%Q="*.4#%F\\\R>%79$$/,@%$84%+4,$#4%/,$)%

$4,0/),>% 09104T94,$*2% #4*/N43% 12% ,)#5"*% -"9*$% +"*34#"% +)**"704% QB9359,300),% 4$% "*<%

F\\^R<%

<A#04#%-+.( 0+11#$5&6% &,% $9#,>% 34-*"$/),% )-% $84% 5"@5"% +8"514#% +)97*43% O/$8% +"*34#"%

+)**"704%+"9043%+),+4,$#/+%-"9*$0%$)%-)#5%"$%U"#O/,%M"*34#">%?*145"#*4%&0*",3%QE+[/#,42%

",3%=/**/"50%F\]\R<%?,%"#+9"$4>% -*"$G$)7743%14,+8%"*),@% $84%0)9$84#,%O"**%34-/,40%$84%

+"*34#"%+)**"704%1"0/,>%/,3/+"$/,@%$8"$%$84%4,@9*-54,$%)-%$84%+"*34#"%$)).%7*"+4%12%"$%*4"0$%

$O)% +"*34#"% #/,@% -"9*$0% -)#5/,@% $O)% +#40+4,$% 7*"$4"90<% :8/0% +)57"#40% O4**% O/$8% $84%

14,+8G*/.4%+"*34#"%-*))#0%)104#N43%/,%)9#%79#4%4N"+9"$/),%04$G970<%

:84% /0*",30% )-% E/2".4V/5"% ",3% Z".9#"V/5">% p"7",>% "#4% 0$#"$)N)*+",)40% $8"$% 4#97$43%

8/0$)#/+"**2% "*),@% #"3/"*% -/009#40>% $8)9@8$% $)% 14% "00)+/"$43% O/$8% ",% 4P7",3/,@% 5"@5"%

+8"514#% QD34% F\`^W% ="*.4#% F\\\R<% _954#)90% 4"#$8T9".40% 8"N4% )++9##43% 14,4"$8%

E/2".4V/5"% 0/,+4%I]% p9,4%Iaaa>%O/$8%827)+4,$#40% /,/$/"**2%14,4"$8% $84% /0*",3>%5)N/,@%

O40$O"#3% Q9,791*/0843% 3"$"% )-% $84% ()*+",)% ;404"#+8% M4,$4#>% C"#$8T9".4% ;404"#+8%

&,0$/$9$4>% m,/N4#0/$2% )-% :).2)R<% Z/,+4% Fa% ?9@90$% Iaaa>% /,$4#5/$$4,$% 78#4"$/+% 4#97$/),0%

Part I. Chapter 1

18

8"N4% )++9##43% ),% $84% 0955/$>% -)**)O/,@% #))-% +)**"704% -)#5/,@% "% 05"**% +"*34#"%F<]%.5%

"+#)00%O/$8%"%-"9*$%3/07*"+454,$%)-%J`a%5<%:84%347#400/),%+),$/,943%0910/3/,@>%"++)5G

7",/43%12%4"#$8T9".4%0O"#50%",3% $/*$%+8",@40<%:84%"5)9,$%)-%5"$4#/"*%4#97$43%39#/,@%

$84% 78#4"$/+% 78"04% O"0% oa<aI%.5H% Q14-)#4% Fa% ?9@90$R>% +),$#"0$/,@% O/$8% "% 0910/34,+4%

N)*954% )-% a<J`%.5H% /,0/34% $84% ,4O*2% -)#543% +"*34#"<% :84% +"904% )-% $8/0% O"0% 5"@5"%

+8"514#%34-*"$/),%+"9043%12%3#"/,%1"+.%)-%5"@5"%$8"$%/,$#9343%*"$4#"**2>%/57*2/,@%$8"$%

$84%4#97$/),%O"0%/,39+43%12%$84%+)**"704%)-%$84%#))-%/,$)%",%4N"+9"$43%#404#N)/#%Q_"."3"%

",3%69V//%IaaaR<%:8/0%"*0)%09@@40$0%$8"$%$84%7#)+400%)-%+"*34#"%0910/34,+4%5"2%14%34*"243%

12% 04N4#"*%O44.0% -)**)O/,@% 4N"+9"$/),>%O8/+8% +)57"#40%O4**%O/$8% $84% Y$/54% @"7Y%)1G

04#N43% /,% 04N4#"*% )-% )9#% 4P74#/54,$0<%E)#4)N4#>% 39#/,@% 0910/34,+4%)-% $84%E/2".4V/5"%

+"*34#">% +),+4,$#/+% -"9*$0% -)#543% +#40+4,$/+% $4##"+40% 047"#"$/,@% $84% +"*34#"% 1"0/,>%

O84#4"0%/,O"#3G-"**/,@%+#40+4,$/+%54@"1*)+.0%O/34,43%$84%+"*34#"%#/5%",3%3/0@9/043%$84%

3/#4+$% #/,@% -"9*$% "##",@454,$<%U4-*"$/),% /,%)9#% 4P74#/54,$"*% +8"514#% +"9043% ",% /,/$/"*%

"7/+"*%0"@@/,@%",3%$/*$/,@%)-%$84%-*",.0>%9,$/*%"%34*"243%14,+8G*/.4%+)**"704%)-%$84%+"*34#"%

-*))#% )++9##43<% :/*$/,@% )-% $84% E/2".4V/5"% -*",.0% 3/07*"243% #4*"P"$/),W% 8)O4N4#>% $84%

-)#5"$/),% )-% 74#/784#"*% -#"+$9#40% ",3% 8)#0$% ",3% @#"14,% 0$#9+$9#40% /0>% "0% 24$>% ,)$% O4**%

+),0$#"/,43<%

F41%-=5%#@&(0#12&'#(#0%-A-%36%M"*34#"%#409#@4,+4%$8"$%+"904%97*/-$%)-%$84%+"*34#"%-*))#%8"0%

144,%#47)#$43%#474"$43*2>%",3%04N4#"*%0$#9+$9#"*%54+8",/050%/,+*93/,@%97*/-$%)-%047"#"$4%

1*)+.0>% $#"7G3))#% 97*/-$% )#% +)84#4,$% +"*34#"% -*))#% 97*/-$% 8"N4% 144,% 09@@40$43% /,% $84%

*/$4#"$9#4% QX/75",%F\\^R<%?%07"+4%7#)1*45%+",%"#/04%O84,%$84%#409#@4,$%1*)+.%/0%0$#9+G

$9#43%12>%-)#%4P"57*4>%)9$O"#3G3/77/,@%-"9*$0>%"0%#47)#$43%),%&0+8/"%+"*34#">%&$"*2%Q:/1"*3/%

",3%(4SS)*/% F\\KR<%D9#% 4P74#/54,$0% 08)O% $8"$% 14**G08"743%)9$O"#3G3/77/,@% -"9*$0% "#4%

7#),4% $)%14+)54% #4"+$/N"$43%),% #409#@4,+4>% 0)% $8"$% $84% +"*34#"%74#/784#2% /0% -)#+43% $)%

97*/-$>%",3%#"3/"*%",3%+),+4,$#/+%0$#9+$9#40%4P7",3%",3%3/*"$4%)9$O"#30<%Z/5/*"#%54+8"G

,/050% O4#4% 09@@40$43% 1"043% ),% 04/05/+% 3"$"% -#)5% ;"1"9*% M"*34#"% QE)#/% ",3% E+L44%

F\K^W%p),40%",3%Z$4O"#$%F\\^R<%

D,% B#",% M","#/"% QM","#2% ?#+8/74*"@)R>% +"*34#"% 74#/784#2% -"9*$0% ",3% 32.4G0O"#50%

09##)9,3%$84%59*$/G0$"@4%E/)+4,4%:4V43"%M"*34#"%",3%"#4%)#34#43%/,%#"3/"*%",3%+),+4,G

$#/+% "##",@454,$% "#)9,3% $84% 091"4#/"*% 08/4*3% N)*+",)% QZ+85/,+.4% F\]^>% F\]KR<% ?$% "%

3/0$",+4%)-%h^%.5%-#)5%$84%+"<%IaG.5GO/34%+4,$#"*%+"*34#">%8)#0$%",3%@#"14,%0$#9+$9#40%

"#4%1)9,3%12%#"3/"*%-"9*$0%",3%4,G4+84*),G*/.4%+),+4,$#/+%-"9*$0%O/$8%,)#5"*%",3%#4N4#04%

04,04<%:84%*"$$4#%"#4%@#)O$8%-"9*$0%$8"$%-)#543%39#/,@%59*$/+2+*/+%hIa%/@,/51#/$4%4#97G

$/),0% QZ+85/,+.4%F\\JR<%:84%74#/784#"*%+),+4,$#/+%",3% #"3/"*%,4$O)#.%)-%@#)O$8% -"9*$0%

",3%32.4%0O"#50%#4-*4+$0%59*$/G+2+*/+/$2%)-%$84%+"*34#"%$8"$%/0%+),0/0$4,$%O/$8%$84%/@,/5G

1#/$4%#4+)#3%",3%08430%*/@8$%),%54+8",/050%)-%Y3)5/,@%",3%+)**"704Y<%

D,%D*25790%E),0>%+"*34#"%74#/784#2% $4##"+40%"#4% *)+"$43%"$%"%3/0$",+4%)-%`aq%)-% $84%

N)*+",)r0% #"3/90% -#)5% $84% +"*34#"% +4,$#4% ",3% "#4% $8)9@8$% $)% 14% @4,4$/+"**2% #4*"$43% $)%

5"@5"% +8"514#% 79*0"$/),% ",3% $84% 34N4*)754,$% )-% $84% *"#@4% FaaG.5GO/34% +4,$#"*%

Part I. Chapter 1

19

+"*34#"%1"0/,%Q:8)5"0%4$%"*<%F\\aR<%D,%$84%43/-/+4%-*",.0>%$84%7)0/$/),%",3%4P7*/+/$,400%)-%

$84%74#/784#"*%$4##"+40%O"0%+),$#)**43%12%+8"514#%347$8%",3%/,/$/"*%5)#78)*)@2%$)%-)#5%

$8#90$%-"9*$0>%",3%@4,4$/+"**2%#40451*40%$84%+/#+95-4#4,$/"*%)9$4#%74#/784#2%14*$%7#)39+43%

/,%)9#%59*$/G0$"@4%4P74#/54,$0<%

%

!+.0145-+.(:84%"##",@454,$%",3%3/0$#/19$/),%)-%74#/784#"*%+"*34#"%-#"+$9#40%/0%*/,.43%$)%$84%54+8"G

,/05Q0R%12%O8/+8%+"*34#"0%-)#5<%:8404%54+8",/050%/,+*934%$84%-)**)O/,@'%

• = E"@5"% +8"514#% /,-*"$/),% #409*$0% /,% #"3/"*% -#"+$9#40% ",3% 32.4% /,V4+$/),>% ",3% ",%

4P7",0/),%)-%$84%-*",.0%Q3)5/,@W%6/@<%\?>%[R<%&,%$84%"7/+"*%#4@/),>%$8404%0$#9+$9#40%"#4%

+#)00+9$%12%+8/4-*2%+),+4,$#/+%)#%8)#0408)4G08"743%-"9*$0%-)#5/,@%"%7)*2@),"*%"7/+"*%

@#"14,% Q/<4<% 7#)$)G+"*34#"R<% &,O"#3% $/*$/,@% ",3% 0*957/,@% )-% ",@9*"#% 54@"1*)+.0% /0%

+)55),<%

• = !9#4% 4N"+9"$/),% +)**"704'% M9#N43% )9$O"#3G3/77/,@% +),+4,$#/+% -"9*$0% 4,+/#+*4% "%

+)**"7043%+"*34#"G1"0/,%/,+*93/,@%08"#7*2%34-/,43%#/,@%-"9*$0%Q6/@0<%\M>%UR<%?33/$/),"*%

+8"#"+$4#/0$/+0%"#4%/,O"#3G0*95743%+#40+4,$/+%54@"1*)+.0>%@#)O$8%-"9*$0%7*90%$84%"1G

04,+4%)-%O/3407#4"3%#"3/"*%0$#9+$9#40<%

• = E9*$/G0$"@4%+"*34#"%N)*+",)40%"#4%#4+)@,/043%12%"%,4$O)#.%)-%/,$4#04+$/,@%#"3/"*%",3%

+),+4,$#/+%0$#9+$9#40%Q32.40%",3%-"9*$0R%/,%$84%+4,$#"*%+"*34#"%1"0/,%",3%$84%+"*34#"r0%

74#/784#2% Q6/@<%\C>% 6R<% E)#4)N4#>% 74#/784#"*% #4*"P"$/),% 39#/,@% 4N"+9"$/),% -)#50%

+/#+95-4#4,$/"*%4,%4+84*),%-"9*$0%/,%,)#5"*%",3%#4N4#04%04,04%",3%8)#0$%",3%@#"14,%

0$#9+$9#40% /,G14$O44,<%:8404%5"2%14%7#404,$% 04N4#"*% ./*)54$#40% "O"2% -#)5% $84%+"*G

34#"%#/5%),%$84%N)*+",)%-*",.0%",3%+)9*3%7#)57$%5"V)#%-*",.%+)**"7040<%

:84% )++9##4,+4% )-% 74#/784#"*% +/#+95-4#4,$/"*% -"9*$0% +#)00+9$$/,@% ",3% +#)00+9$% 12% #"3/"*%

32.40%)#%-#"+$9#40%#4T9/#40%"$%*4"0$%),4%*"#@4%/,+/34,+4%)-%3)5/,@%)#%#409#@4,+4%",3%),4%

4N4,$%)-%4N"+9"$/),%+)**"704<%["043%),%$84%7#404,$%4P74#/54,$0>%"%74#/784#"*%+#)00+9$$/,@%

#"3/"*%",3%+/#+95-4#4,$/"*% -"9*$%020$45%09@@40$0% $8"$%+"*34#"%0910/34,+4%O"0%,4+400"#/*2%

,),G+)84#4,$%-)**)O/,@%"%3)5/,@%)#%#409#@4,+4%4N4,$<%:8/0%5"2%/**95/,"$4%$84%0$#9+$9#"*%

8/0$)#2%)-%+"*34#"0%$8"$%"#4%+)N4#43%12%0910$",$/"*%+"*34#"%/,-/**%",3c)#%O84#4%$84%/,$#"+"*G

34#"%04$$/,@%/0%)10+9#43%12%*"$4#%/,$#90/),0<%

%

80G.+H1&2@&,&.%56%:84%"9$8)#0% $8",.%b<Gm<%Z+85/,+.4%",3%E<%b)#$% -)#%3/0+900/),0%

",3%+#/$/+"*%#4"3/,@%)-%7#4N/)90%N4#0/),0%)-%$84%5",90+#/7$<%=4%"#4%@#"$4-9*%$)%;<%Z42-#/43%

-)#% #45"#.0%",3%_<%m#1",0./% -)#%"00/0$",+4%O/$8%4P74#/54,$"*%4T9/754,$<%=4%$8",.%!<%

X/75",%",3%p<%Z$/P%-)#%84*7-9*%+)554,$0>%",3%?<%B9359,300),%",3%D<%;)+84%-)#%0$/59G

*"$/,@% #4N/4O0<% :8",.0% @)% $)% (;MGC;&% Q:).2)R% -)#% )9$0$",3/,@% 7#404,$"$/),% )-%5"$4#/"*%

#4*"$43%$)%$84%#4+4,$%E/V".4V/5"%4#97$/),0%),%$84%=41<%6/,",+/"*%0977)#$%O"0%7#)N/343%

Part I. Chapter 1

20

12%$84%U49$0+84%6)#0+89,@0@454/,0+8"-$%Q@#",$0%Z+85%I`ac^^GF%",3%Z+85%I`ac^IGFR%$)%

b<Gm<%Z+85/,+.4%",3%"%@#",$%)-%$84%Z$93/4,0$/-$9,@%340%349$0+84,%()*.40%$)%(;:<%

(

>&/&'&.0&5(?,34#0),% CE% QF\H^R% M),4% 0844$0% ",3% #/,@% 32.40W% $84%

32,"5/+"*%4P7*","$/),<%[9**%()*+",)*%F'H`GJa%?#"5"./% Z% QF\KJR% 6)#5"$/),% )-% $84% ?/#"% +"*34#">%

0)9$84#,% L29089>% hII>aaa% 24"#0% "@)<% p% B4)7820%;40%K\'KJK`GK`aF%

[#",,42%Ep%QF\\`R%U)O,0"@%",3%4P$4,0/),%"$%+"*34#"0<%_4O%74#074+$/N40%),%+)**"704%@4)54$#/40%-#)5%/+4G54*$>%5/,/,@>%",3%N)*+",/+%0910/34,+4<%[9**%()*+"G,)*%`^'HaHGHFK%

[#",,42%Ep>%L).4*""#%!%QF\\JR%;84)5)#78/05%",3%0)-$G0$"$4% 34-)#5"$/),% )-% $9--0% /,39+43% 12% N)*+",)$4+G$),/+% -"9*$/,@%"$% "%7/4+454"*% +"*34#">%C,@*/08%X".4%U/0$#/+$<%[9**%B4)*%Z)+%?5%Fa]'`a^G`Ha%

[24#*44% p% QF\^KR% 6#/+$/),%)-% #)+.0<%!9#4%?77*%B4)7820%FF]']F`G]I]%

M8"3O/+.% ==>% U/4$4#/+8% pb% QF\\`R% E4+8",/+"*%5)34*/,@% )-% +/#+95-4#4,$/"*% ",3% #"3/"*% 32.4% /,$#9G0/),%),%B"*"7"@)0%N)*+",)40<%p%()*+",)*%B4)$84#5%;40%]]'H^G`I%

M)11)*3% !;>% M"0$#)% X% QF\\\R% 6*9/3% 7#4009#4% ",3%4--4+$/N4%0$#400% /,% 0",31)P%5)34*0<%:4+$),)7820/+0%HaF'FGF\%

U#9/$$% :b>% Z7"#.0% ;Zp% QF\KJR% D,% $84% -)#5"$/),% )-%+"*34#"0% 39#/,@% /@,/51#/$4% 4#97$/),0<% _"$9#4%HFa']^\G]KF%

C54*490%Mb% QF\\^R%B4)*)@2%)-%;95%",3% $84%"3V"+4,$%/0*",30<%E45%[#/$/08%B4)*%Z9#N%Z+)$*",3>%Z844$%]a%

69V/$"% d>% L"O"./$"% :>% ?#"/% :% QF\^aR% :4+$),)@4,40/0% /,%$84% -)#5"$/N4% 7#)+400% )-% $84%E)$)V9.9%B#44,%:9--%1430<%?00)+%B4)*%M)**"1)#%p"7",%F]'KFG\`%

B*/+.4,% b>% p",3"% ;p>% ()/@8$% [% QF\KaR% M"$"0$#)78/+%*",30*/34c% 341#/0% "N"*",+84% )-% E"2% FK>% F\Ka>%E)9,$%Z$<%b4*4,0%N)*+",)<%CDZ%:#",0%?5%B4)7820%m,/),%]F'FFH`%

B9359,300),%?%QF\KKR%6)#5"$/),%)-%+)**"704%+"*34#"0<%B4)*)@2%F]'KaKGKFa%

B9359,300),%?%QF\\KR%6)#5"$/),%",3%34N4*)754,$%)-%,)#5"*G-"9*$% +"*34#"0% ",3% $84% /,/$/"$/),% )-% *"#@4%4P7*)0/N4%4#97$/),0<%[9**%()*+",)*%]a'F]aGF^a%

B9359,300),%?>%E"#$/% p>% :9#),% C% QF\\^R% Z$#400% -/4*30%@4,4#"$/,@% #/,@% -"9*$0% /,% N)*+",)40<% B4)7820% ;40%X4$$%IJ'F``\GF`]I%

b)08/,)% L>% L)/34% b>% &,"5/% L>% &O"59#"% Z>% E/$09/% Z%QF\^IR% E4+8",/+"*% 7#)74#$/40% )-% p"7",404% :4#$/"#2%043/54,$"#2% #)+.0% 9,34#% 8/@8% +),-/,/,@% 7#4009#40<%B4)*%Z9#N%p"7",%IJJ'FGIaa%

b9114#$%E%QF\H^R%:84)#2%)-%0+"*4%5)34*0%"0%"77*/43%$)%$84%0$932%)-%@4)*)@/+%0$#9+$9#40<%B4)*%Z)+%?5%[9**%JK'FJ`\GF`Ia%

b9114#$%E%QF\`FR%E4+8",/+"*%1"0/0%-)#%+4#$"/,%-"5/*/"#%@4)*)@/+%0$#9+$9#40<%B4)*%Z)+%?5%[9**%]I'H``GH^I%

p),40%;b>%Z$4O"#$%;M%QF\\^R%?%54$8)3%-)#%34$4#5/,/,@%0/@,/-/+",$% 0$#9+$9#40% /,% "% +*)93% )-% 4"#$8T9".40<% p%B4)7820%;40%FaI'KIJ`GKI`J%

L)59#)%b%QF\K^R%CP74#/54,$0%),%+"9*3#),%-)#5"$/),'%"%7)*2@),"*% +"9*3#),% ",3% #/,@% -#"+$9#40<% p% ()*+",)*%B4)$84#5%;40%HF'FH\GFJ\%

%%

L)59#)% b>% 69V/$"% d>% L)3"5"% L% QF\KJR% _954#/+"*% ",3%4P74#/54,$"*% 5)34*0% ),% $84% -)#5"$/),% 54+8",/05% )-%+)**"704% 1"0/,0% 39#/,@% $84% B#44,% :9--% )#)@4,40/0% )-%p"7",<%[9**%()*+",)*%J^']J\G]]]%

L#",$S% ;=% QF\\FR% _)#5"*% -"9*$% @4)54$#2% ",3% -"9*$%#4"+$/N"$/),%/,%$4+$),/+%/,N4#0/),%4P74#/54,$0<%B4)*%Z)+%Z74+%!91*%`]'IF\GII\%

X/75",%!=%QF\\^R%Z910/34,+4%)-%"08G-*)O%+"*34#"0'%#4*"$/),%$)% +"*34#"% 0/S4% ",3% +8"514#% @4)54$#2<% [9**% ()*+",)*%`\'F\KGIFK%

E",3*%B%QF\KKR%E4+8",/+0%)-%$4+$),/+%-"9*$/,@W%5)34*0%",3%1"0/+%+),+47$0<%C*04N/4#>%?50$4#3"5%

E"#$/% p>% ?1*"2% Bp>% ;4308"O% X:>% Z7"#.0% ;Zp% QF\\JR% CP74#/G54,$"*%0$93/40%)-%+)**"704%+"*34#"0<%p%B4)*%Z)+%X),3),%F`F'\F\G\I\%

E"#$/% p>% 6)*+8% ?>% _4#/% ?>% E"+43),/)% B% QIaaaR% !#4009#4%4N)*9$/),% 39#/,@% 4P7*)0/N4% +"*34#"G-)#5/,@% 4#97$/),0<%C"#$8%!*",4$%Z+/%X4$$%F^`'I^`GIK^%

E+[/#,42%?;>%=/**/"50%b%QF\]\R%B4)*)@2%",3%74$#)*)@2%)-%$84%B"*"7"@)0%&0*",30<%B4)*%Z)+%?5%E45%FFK'FGF\^%

E+X4)3%!>%:"/$%Z%QF\\\R%:84%@#)O$8%)-%32.40%-#)5%5"@5"%+8"514#0<%p%()*+",)*%B4)$84#5%;40%\I'%IHFGIJ]%

E))#4% &>% L).4*""#% !% QF\\KR% :4+$),/+"**2% +),$#)**43%7/4+454"*% +"*34#"% +)**"704'% "% +"04% 0$932% )-%B*4,%M)4%N)*+",)>%Z+)$*",3<%B4)*%Z)+%?5%[9**%FFa'FJJKGFJ]]%

E)#/% p>% E+L44% MD% QF\K^R% D9$O"#3G3/77/,@% #/,@G-"9*$%0$#9+$9#4% "$% ;"1"9*% M"*34#"% "0% 08)O,% 12% 4"#$8T9".4%*)+"$/),0<%Z+/4,+4%IH`'F\HGF\^%

_"."3"% Z>% 69V//% :% QIaaaR% Z4T94,+4% ",3% /,$4#7#4$"$/),% )-%M"*34#"G6)#5/,@% CN4,$% "$% E/2".4V/5"% ()*+",)>% p"7",<%CDZ%:#",0%?5%B4)7820%m,/),%KF'FI`K%

_4O8"**% M>% US9#/0/,% U% QF\KKR% b/0$)#/+"*% 9,#40$% "$% *"#@4%+"*34#"0%)-%$84%O)#*3<%mZ%B4)*%Z9#N%[9**%FK``'FGFFaK%

D34% b% QF\`^R%E4+8",/+"*% ","*20/0% )-% $84% 32.4% 7"$$4#,% )-%$84% Z7",/08% !4".0% "#4">% M)*)#"3)<% B4)*% Z)+% ?5% [9**%]K'`]^G`^]%

D3),,4% 6>% E4,"#3% &>% E"00),,"$% Bp>% ;)*",3)% p!% QF\\\R%?1,)#5"*% #4N4#04% -"9*$/,@%"1)N4%"%347*4$/,@% #404#N)/#<%B4)*)@2%I^'FFFGFFJ%

!#9+8"% pp% QF\]`R% U4-)#5"$/),% )-% Z/*9#/",% 0"*$% /,% M"29@"%;)+.%Z"*$%M)57",2%E/,4>%E24#0>%_4O%d)#.<%CDZ%:#",0%?5%B4)7820%m,/),%J]'F]H%

;"514#@% b% QF\KFR% U4-)#5"$/),% 0$#9+$9#40% /,% $84)#2% ",3%4P74#/54,$0<%B4)*%Z)+%ZO434,>%FHF%77%

;)+84%D>%U#9/$$% :>%E4#*4%D% QIaaaR% CP74#/54,$"*% 0$932%)-%+"*34#"%-)#5"$/),<%p%B4)7820%;40%Fa`'H\`GJF]%

;)O*",3% ZL% QF\\]R% Z*)740>% *"N"% -*)O% N)*9540>% ",3% N4,$%3/0$#/19$/),0% ),% ()*+",)% 64#,",3/,)>% B"*"7"@)0% &0G*",30<%p%B4)7820%;40%FaF'IH]`^GIH]^I%

Z",-)#3% ?% QF\`\R% ?,"*2$/+"*% ",3% 4P74#/54,$"*% 0$932% )-%0/57*4%@4)*)@/+"*% 0$#9+$9#40<%B4)*%Z)+%?5%[9**%JI'F\G`I%

Z+",3),4%;%QF\\aR%M8")$/+%+)**"704%)-%+"*34#"0<%p%()*+",)*%B4)$84#5%;40%JI'IK`GHaI%

Z+85/,+.4% bGm% QF\]^R% M),4% 0844$% 0O"#5>% #409#@4,+4% )-%:4V43"%M"*34#">%",3%$84%4"#*2%@4)*)@/+%8/0$)#2%)-%B#",%M","#/"<%[9**%()*+",)*%HF'F`HGF]I%

%

Part I. Chapter 1

21

(Z+85/,+.4%bGm%QF\]KR%6"9*$/,@%N4#090%4#)0/),%",3%$84%

#4+),0$#9+$/),% )-% $84% 5/3GE/)+4,4% 08/4*3% N)*+",)%)-%B#",%M","#/"<%B4)*%E/$$%K'IHG`a%

Z+85/,+.4% bGm% QF\]\R% &@,/51#/$4% 04T94,+4% ),% B#",%M","#/"<%[9**%()*+",)*%HH'FF\\GFIF\%

Z+85/,+.4% bGm% QF\^]R% :84% @4)*)@2% )-% $84% M","#2%&0*",30<% &,'% L9,.4*%B% Q43R% C+)*)@2% ",3%1/)@4)@#"G782%)-%$84%M","#2%&0*",30<%p9,.>%b)**",3>%77%^]GFKJ

Z+85/,+.4%bGm% QF\\JR%B4)*)@/+"*% -/4*3%@9/34%)-%B#",%M","#/"<%!"#$%&%",3%&&<%!*9$)%!#400>%L/4*>%77%FG]J%

Z+89*$S%;?% QF\\]R%;4*"$/N4% 0+"*4% ",3% $84% 0$#4,@$8%",3%34-)#5"1/*/$2%)-%#)+.%5"0040<%p%Z$#9+$%B4)*%FK'FFH\GFFJ\%

Z/5./,% :>% b)O"#3% L?% QF\^aR% M"*34#"% +)**"704% /,% $84%B"*"7"@)0%&0*",30>%F\]K<%Z+/4,+4%F]\'JI\GJH^%

Z/5),0% E>% 6/"*.)% d>% ;/N4#"% X>% M8"7/,% C>% b4,0*42% Z>%;)04,%!?>% Z8"--4#% Z>%=411%6b>%X",@14/,% p% QIaaaR%?,"*20/0% )-% @4)34$/+% 54"09#454,$0% )-% +#90$"*% 34G-)#5"$/),% "$% X),@% ("**42% M"*34#"<% CDZ% :#",0% ?5%B4)7820%m,/),%KF'FHII%

Z5/$8%;>%["/*42%;%QF\]KR%;409#@4,$%+"9*3#),0<%B4)*%Z)+%?5%E45%FF]'KHGFaJ%

Z$4N4,%:?>%X/75",%!=%QF\^]R%M"*34#"0%)-%$84%Z",%p9",%N)*+",/+% -/4*3>% 0)9$8O40$4#,% M)*)#"3)<% mZ% B4)*%Z9#N%!#)-%!"7%\`K'FGH`%

ZO",0),% U?% QF\KIR% E"@5"% 0977*2% #"$4% "$% L/*"94"%N)*+",)%F\`IGF\^F<%Z+/4,+4%F^`'F]\GF^a%

:8)5"0% !p>% ZT92#40% Z=>% M"##% Eb% QF\\aR% 6*",.%$4+$),/+0% )-% E"#$/",% N)*+",)40<% p% B4)7820% ;40%\`'FJHJ`GFJH``%

%%

:/1"*3/%?>%(4SS)*/% X% QF\\KR% :84% 07"+4%7#)1*45%)-% +"*34#"%#409#@4,+4'% ",% 4P"57*4% -#)5% &0+8/"% &0*",3>% &$"*2<%B4)*%;9,30+8%K^'`HG]]%

:#)**% (;>% C54*490% Mb>% U),"*30),% Mb% QIaaaR% M"*34#"%-)#5"$/),% /,% $84% ;95% &@,4)90% M4,$#4>% Z+)$*",3<% [9**%()*+",)*%]I'HaFGHF^%

m0"/% Z>% Z",0)0$/% C>% X","#/% ;>% :40"9#)% E>% 6)#,"#)% B>%[4#"#3/,)%!>%X9,3@#4,%!%QIaaaR%U4-)#5"$/),%$/54%04#/40%","*20/0% ",3% 5)34*/,@% 09#-"+4% 34-)#5"$/),% )104#N43%O/$8% Z?;% /,$4#-4#)54$#2% "$% M"57/% 6*4@#4/+"*34#"<% CDZ%:#",0%?5%B4)7820%m,/),%KF'FHII%

="*.4#%B!X% QF\KJR%U)O,0"@% +"*34#"0>% #/,@% -"9*$0>% +"*34#"%0/S40>% ",3% /,+#454,$"*% +"*34#"% @#)O$8<% p%B4)7820%;40%K\'KJa^GKJF]%

="*.4#%B!X% QF\\\R%()*+",/+% #/-$% S),40% ",3% $84/#% /,$#90/),%0O"#50<%p%()*+",)*%B4)$84#5%;40%\J'IFGHJ%

=/**/"50% b% QF\JFR% M"*34#"0% ",3% $84/#% )#/@/,<% m,/N% M"*/-%[4#.4*42%!91*%B4)*%Z+/%I`'IH\GHJ]%

=/**/"50% b>% E+[/#,42% ?% QF\^\R% ()*+",)*)@2<% 6#445",>%M))74#%",3%M)<>%Z",%6#",+/0+)%

=/004#% C% QF\I^R%DP/3"$/),% 0910/34,+4% "$% [/0144>%?#/S),"<%C+),%B4)*%[9**%II'^]FG^\a%

d4% Z>% ;/85%;>%U",)14/$/"% p>% M","*40% p>%B"**"#$% p% QF\\\R% ?%+#90$"*% $#",04+$% $8#)9@8% $84% ,)#$84#,% ",3% ,)#$84"0$4#,%7"#$%)-% $84%N)*+",/+%43/-/+4%)-%B#",%M","#/"<% p%B4)32,%IK'HGI]%

d).)2"5"%&>%D8."O"%Z%QF\K]R%Z9109#-"+4%0$#9+$9#4%)-%?/#"%+"*34#"%",3%/$0%N/+/,/$2%/,%0)9$84#,%L29089>%p"7",<%p%()*+",)*%B4)$84#5%;40%Ha'I`HGIKI%

%

Part I. Chapter 2

22

!"#$%&'%()*+",)%-*",.%/,0$"1/*/$2%12%+"*34#"%-)#5"$/),%

%

%

!"#$%&'()(

%

62+*/+%+"*34#"%+)**"704%%

%

Part I. Chapter 2

23

!*+,-+( +#,.&'#( +/,,#$0&1( 2-0%/3( /'( $-&+&4&#,( 0560-.&3+&7(8-&,.(#3.(&9$&'-4&3%#,(&:-.&3+&%

%

("*4,$/,%8#)**9%8:)5"0%;<%="*$4#%",3%>",0?@*#/+:%A+:5/,+.4%

B1$<%(C*.",)*)D/4%E%!4$#)*)D/49%FGHIB;9%=/0+::)-0$#"004%J?K9%LMJMN%O/4*9%F4#5",2%

%

;60%'#+%<( I",2% 5C*$/+2+*4% +"*34#"% P)*+",)40% 3/07*"2% "% +)57*4Q% 4Q$#"+"*34#"% -"C*$%

020$45% D4,4$/+"**2% */,.43% $)% +"*34#"% 4P)*C$/),<%H,%F#",%6","#/"% R6","#2% &0*",30S9% $:4%

I/)+4,4%84T43"%+"*34#"%U"0%-/**43%12%/D,/51#/$40%",3%47/+*"0$/+%043/54,$0%",3%/,$#C343%

12% 024,/$40% ",3% "%5"T)#% +),4?0:44$% 0U"#59% )10+C#/,D% /,$#"+"*34#"% 0$#C+$C#"*% #4*"$/),0<%

GQ$#"+"*34#"%#"3/"*%",3%+/#+C5-4#4,$/"*%-"C*$0%",3%3/.40%"#4%U4**%4Q7)043<%=4%C043%-/4*3%

3"$"% ",3%4Q74#/54,$0% 0+"*43% $)% $:4% /0*",3%)-%F#",%6","#/"% $)%+*"#/-2% $:4%7))#*2%C,34#?

0$))3% 0$#C+$C#"*9% $457)#"*9% ",3% D4,4$/+% #4*"$/),0:/7% )-% 74#/7:4#"*% -"C*$0% $)% $:4% +4,$#"*%

+"*34#"<%8:4%4Q74#/54,$"*%04$?C7%+)57#/040%"%+),4%)-%543/C5?D#"/,43%0",3%/,%U:/+:%"%

#C114#% 1"**)),% U"0% #474"$43*2% /,-*"$43% ",3% 34-*"$43<% V"**)),% /,-*"$/),% #40C*$43% /,% C7?

3)5/,D%",3%"%3)5/,",$*2% #"3/"*% -"C*$%7"$$4#,9%U:4#4"0%1"**)),%34-*"$/),%+"C043%7/4+4?

54"*%+"*34#"%+)**"704%",3%"%+),+4,$#/+%74#/7:4#"*%-"C*$%"##",D454,$%),%$:4%43/-/+4%-*",.0<%

B% +)57*4Q% /,$4#7*"2% )-% #474"$43% /,-*"$/),% ",3% 34-*"$/),% +2+*40% )-% $:4% 4Q74#/54,$"*%

5"D5"%+:"514#%/0%-)C,3%$)%4Q7*"/,%$:4%74#/7:4#"*%-"C*$%020$45%)-%$:4%84T43"%+"*34#"%),%

F#",%6","#/"%",3%)--4#0%/,0/D:$%/,$)%$:4%0$#C+$C#4%)-%$:4%+"*34#"%-*))#%",3%$:4%54+:",/050%

"+$/,D%/,%5C*$/+2+*4%+"*34#"%P)*+",)40<%

O42U)#30'%5C*$/+2+*4%+"*34#"%P)*+",)409%","*)DC4%4Q74#/54,$09%84T43"%+"*34#"9%F#",%6","#/"<%

%

=3%'/.5+%-/3(6"*34#"0%7#)1"1*2%-)#5%12%34+)57#400/),%)-%"%0:"**)U?*4P4*%5"D5"%+:"514#9%-)**)U43%

12%#))-%+)**"704%/,$)%$:4%4P"+C"$/,D%#404#P)/#%RA5/$:%",3%V"/*429%JWXNY%Z#C/$$%",3%A7"#.09%

JWNMY% [/75",9% JWW\S<% Z/--4#4,$% 0$2*40% )-% D#"P/$"$/),"*% 0C10/34,+4% 0CDD40$43% /,+*C34%

7/0$),% +)**"7049% ,),+):4#4,$% R7/4+454"*S% +)**"7049% 3)U,0"D9% ",3% -C,,4*% +)**"704% R[/7?

5",9%JWW\S<%GQ74#/54,$"*%",3%$:4)#4$/+"*%0$C3/40%0:)U%$:"$%$:4%0$#C+$C#"*%4P)*C$/),%",3%

$:4%0C10/34,+4%54+:",/050%)-%",%/,3/P/3C"*%+"*34#"%3474,3%),%$:4%/,/$/"*%0$#C+$C#4%)-%$:4%

P)*+",)9%$:4%7#404,+4%",3])#%"104,+4%)-%#4D/),"*%$4+$),/+%/,-*C4,+49%$:4%0/^49%347$:9%",3%

0:"74%)-% $:4%C,34#*2/,D%5"D5"%+:"514#9%",3% $:4%4#C7$/P4%5"D,/$C34%",3% /,$4,0/$2%)-%

$:4%7#400C#4%P"#/"$/),%U/$:/,%$:4%5"D5"%+:"514#%RO)5C#)9%JWN\Y%FC35C,300),9%JWNNY%

I"#$/% 4$% "*<9% JWWM9% L___Y% ;)+:4% 4$% "*<9% L___Y% B+)+4**"% 4$% "*<9% L___Y%="*$4#% ",3% 8#)**9%

L__JS<%8U)%5"/,%+)**"704%54+:",/050%:"P4%144,%7#)7)043Y%7/4+454"*%+)**"704%",3%7/0?

$),% +2*/,34#% 0C10/34,+4% R[/75",9% JWW\S9% $:4% -)#54#% 14/,D% $:)CD:$% $)% 14% 5C+:% *400%

/57)#$",$%$:",%$:4%*"$$4#<%>4#4%U4%345),0$#"$4%$:"$%4Q$#"+"*34#"%0$#C+$C#"*%#4*"$/),0:/70%

Part I. Chapter 2

24

),%F#",%6","#/"% ",3% ","*)DC4%5)34*/,D% "#DC4% -)#% 7/4+454"*% 4P)*C$/),%)-%5C*$/+2+*/+%

+"*34#"0%$)%14%5)#4%+)55),%$:",%7#4P/)C0*2%$:)CD:$<%8:4%$274%)-%4P/34,+4%"00451*43%

)P4#+)540%$:4%+)55),%3/--/+C*$2%/,%3/0$/,DC/0:/,D%14$U44,%3/--4#4,$%0$#C+$C#"*%7#)+40040%

14+"C04%5",2% 2)C,D% +"*34#"0% "#4% -/**43% 12% $:/+.% /D,/51#/$4% 04`C4,+40% ",3])#% "#4% )1?

0+C#43%12%7)0$+"*34#"%/,$#C0/),0<%

H,% F#",% 6","#/"% R6","#2% &0*",30S9% "% 5"T)#% I/)+4,4% 5C*$/+2+*4% +"*34#"% /0% -/**43% U/$:%

/D,/51#/$40% ",3% 043/54,$09% 1C$% 3/07*"20% "% +)57*4Q% 4Q$#"+"*34#"% R74#/7:4#"*S% 0$#C+$C#"*%

020$45%)-%#"3/"*%",3%+),+4,$#/+%3/.40%",3%-"C*$0%RA+:5/,+.49%JW\XS<%8:/0%$274%)-%74#/7:?

4#"*% 0$#C+$C#4% /0% "% +)55),% 7:4,)54,),% /,% 5C*$/+2+*4% +"*34#"% 020$450% R4<D<9% ("#,409%

JWXKY% A5/$:% ",3% V"/*429% JWXNY%F"#34U4D% ",3%;"5/#4^9% JWN\Y%a4U:"**% ",3%Z^C#/0/,9%

JWNNY%>4,#2%",3%!#/+49%JWNWY%a"77/%4$%"*<9%JWWJS9%1C$%/$0%)#/D/,%",3%#4*"$/),0:/7%$)%$:4%

#/,D% -"C*$%",3% /,$#"+"*34#"%0$#C+$C#4% #45"/,%7))#*2%C,34#0$))3<% &,%)#34#% $)%4P"*C"$4%$:4%

0$#C+$C#"*%/57*/+"$/),0%)-%-"C*$%020$450%74#/7:4#"*%$)%+"*34#"09%U4%+)51/,4%-/4*3%4P/34,+4%

),% F#",% 6","#/"% U/$:% 0+"*43% ","*)DC4% 4Q74#/54,$0% 0/5C*"$/,D% "% 5C*$/+2+*4% +"*34#"%

P)*+",)<%B%+)57"#/0),%)-% $:4%-"C*$%",3%3/.4%3/0$#/1C$/),%)-%$:4%84T43"%+"*34#"%U/$:%$:4%

4Q74#/54,$"*% #40C*$0% :4*70% C0% $)% C,34#0$",3% $:4% )#/D/,% )-% $:4% 84T43"% +"*34#"% ",3% /$0%

74#/7:4#"*%-"C*$%0$#C+$C#4<%8:4%#40C*$0%"#4%"77*/+"1*4%$)%+"*34#"%74#/7:4#2%-"C*$%020$450%)-%

5C*$/+2+*4%+"*34#"0%4*04U:4#4<%

%

8-&,.(/60&':#%-/30(B% U4**?4Q7)043% )C$4#% +"*34#"% 5"#D/,% ),% F#",% 6","#/"% Rb/D<% JS% 047"#"$40% $:4%I/)+4,4%

1"0"*$/+%0:/4*3% *"P"0%)P4#*"/,%12% -4*0/+%4Q$#"+"*34#"% /D,/51#/$40% -#)5%/,$#"+"*34#"% /D,/5?

1#/$409%043/54,$09%",3%/,$#C0/P40%RA+:5/,+.4%",3%AU",0),9%JWXXY%A+:5/,+.49%JWX\S<%8:4%

+"*34#"%-)#543%"0%"%#40C*$%)-%5)#4%$:",%L_%$#"+:2$/+%$)%#:2)*/$/+%/D,/51#/$40%14$U44,%JM%

",3% JK<L% I"% RI)D",% F#)C7S% ",3% 5",2% $#"+:27:),)*/$/+% /D,/51#/$40% ",3% *"P"% -*)U0%

14$U44,%JK<L%",3%N<c%I"% Rb"$"D"%F#)C7S% RA+:5/,+.49%JW\XY%V)D""#3%",3%A+:5/,+.49%

JWWNS<%6)##4*"$/),%)-%/,$#"+"*34#"%/D,/51#/$40%U/$:%$:4%4Q$#"+"*34#"%/D,/51#/$4%0C++400/),%

0CDD40$0%"$%*4"0$%J%.5%0C10/34,+4%)-%$:4%+"*34#"%1"0/,%RA+:5/,+.49%JWX\S<%8:4%+"*34#"%-/**%

U"0%/,$#C343%12%024,/$40%",3%"%+),4?0:44$%0U"#5%)-%5)#4%$:",%c__%$#"+:2$/+%$)%7:),)*/?

$/+% 0:44$09% 457*"+43% 14$U44,% JL<K% ",3% \<K% I"9% #47#404,$/,D% *"$4% #40C#D4,+4% )-% $:4%

84T43"%+"*34#"%RA+:/#,/+.%4$%"*<9%JWWWS<%ZC4%$)%*"+.%)-%4Q7)043%+"*34#"%1"0454,$%",3%$:4%

)10+C#43% ,"$C#4% )-% $:4% /,$#"+"*34#"% 0$#C+$C#"*% #4*"$/),09% /,-)#5"$/),% ),% $:4% +"*34#"?

-)#5/,D% 54+:",/05R0S% /0% 140$% 7#404#P43% "$% $:4% +"*34#"% 5"#D/,% ",3% $:4% 4Q$#"+"*34#"%

74#/7:4#2%-"C*$%020$45<%

8:4% $)7)D#"7:/+% +"*34#"%5"#D/,%3/70% c_deN_d% /,U"#39%U:4#4"0% 0:/4*3%1"0"*$0% ",3% $:4%

/D,/51#/$4%0C++400/),%3/7%D4,$*2%$)U"#3%$:4%04"<%8C--0%",3%043/54,$0%$:"$%-/**%$:4%+"*34#"%

7/,+:%)C$%"D"/,0$%$:4%0$447%+"*34#"%5"#D/,<%B,%C704+$/),%34+#4"04%/,%$:4%3/7%)-%347)0/?

$/),"*%1433/,D% /,3/+"$40%7#)D#400/P4% -/**/,D%)-% $:4%+"*34#"<%B$%34474#% *4P4*0% $:4%+"*34#"%

Part I. Chapter 2

25

5"#D/,% /,+#4"0/,D*2% 0$4474,09% #4"+:/,D% P4#$/+"*% )#/4,$"$/),% /,% $:4% 3447*2% 3/004+$43%

4#)0/),"*% P"**42%)-% G*%;/0+)% /,% $:4%,)#$:U40$%)-% $:4% /0*",3<%>4#49%1C$%"$%"%:/D:4#% 0$#"$/?

D#"7:/+%*4P4*9%$:4%+"*34#"%5"#D/,%0:"**)U0%$)%",%/,U"#3%3/7%)-%),*2%M_dec_d9%0CDD40$/,D%

"% +C#P43% +"*34#"% 5"#D/,9% 7#)D#400/P4*2% 0:"**)U/,D% $)U"#3% $:4% -)#54#% *",3% 0C#-"+4<%

=:4$:4#% $:4% )104#P43% +"*34#"% 5"#D/,% #47#404,$0% ),*2% $:4% )C$4#% 4#)0/),"*% */5/$% )-% $:4%

+"*34#"%1"0/,%)#% /0% "+$C"**2% "% -"C*$% #45"/,0% 074+C*"$/P4<%>)U4P4#9% $:4% +C#P"$C#4%)-% $:4%

+),$"+$%5"2%0CDD40$%"%D#"3"$/),%-#)5%",%4#)0/),"*%5"#D/,%:/D:4#%C7%$:4%+),$"+$%$)%"%-"C*$%

)#/D/,%"$%347$:<%

%

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

%

A4P4#"*% D4,4#"$/),0% )-% #"3/"*% ",3% +),+4,$#/+% -"C*$0% )C$0/34% $:4% +"*34#"% 5"#D/,% +",% 14%

+)##4*"$43%$)%04P4#"*%47/0)340%)-%P)*+",/+%"+$/P/$2<%;"3/"*%3/.40%+)57#/04%7#4?/D,/51#/$4%

I/)+4,4%0:/4*3%1"0"*$09%4"#*2%I)D",%#:2)*/$409%",3%b"$"D"%"*."*/+%1"0"*$0%",3%7:),)*/$40<%

Part I. Chapter 2

26

;"3/"*%3/.40%",3% -"C*$0%)++C#% -#)5%$:4%+"*34#"%5"#D/,% $)% $:4% /0*",3%+)"0$%",3%+#)00+C$9%

",3%"#4%+#)00+C$%129%+),+4,$#/+%+"*34#"%#/5e7"#"**4*%-"C*$0<%8:4%+),+4,$#/+%-"C*$0%-)#5%"%

+)57*4Q%020$45%)-%*)+"*%:)#0$%",3%D#"14,%0$#C+$C#40%$)%J_%.5%)C$0/34%$:4%+"*34#"%5"#D/,%

Rb/D<%JS<%

b)#% 4Q"57*49% $:4%+),+4,$#/+%I),$"f"%643#)% -"C*$% ^),4% /,% $:4% 0)C$:U40$%)-% $:4% /0*",39%

gc%.5% -#)5% $:4%+"*34#"%5"#D/,9% 0:)U0%"% #4*"$/P4%3)U,$:#)U%)-% $:4%)C$4#% -*",.%)-% $:4%

/0*",39% 34-/,/,D% "% *"#D4% :)#0$% 14$U44,% $:4% -"C*$% ^),4% ",3% $:4% +"*34#"% #/5<% !"#$/+C*"#%

5"#.4#%/D,/51#/$409%0C+:%"0%/D,/51#/$4%B9%0:)U%0C10$",$/"*%$:/+.4,/,D%$)%$:4%U40$%)-%$:4%

-"C*$%RB%h%Lc%5S9%+)57"#43%$)%$:4%4"0$4#,9%5)#4%7#)Q/5"*%0/34%$)%$:4%+"*34#"9%U:4#4%B%/0%

iJ_%5%$:/+.%1C$%P4#$/+"**2%3/07*"+43%12%gL__%5<%A$#"$/D#"7:/+%C,/$0%14*)U%/D,/51#/$4%B9%

:)U4P4#9%0:)U%"%#4P4#04%$:/+.,400%#4*"$/),0:/7%),%4/$:4#%0/34%)-%$:4%-"C*$Y%4<D<9%/D,/51#/$4%

j%/0%gX_%5%$:/+.%),%$:4%4"0$4#,%0/349%1C$%gL_%5%$:/+.%),%$:4%U40$4#,%0/34%)-%$:4%-"C*$%

",3%3/07*"+43%12%),*2%gW_%5<%8:4%-"C*$%^),4%/0%0$#),D*2%1#4++/"$4%",3%-/**43%12%I)D",?

$274%1"0"*$9%#:2)*/$49%",3%$#"+:2$49%7*C0%b"$"D"%7:),)*/$4%-#"D54,$0%3#"DD43%/,$)%$:4%-"C*$<%

8:4% -"C*$%U"0% $:C0% "+$/P4% 3C#/,D% 04P4#"*% 4#C7$/P4% 47/0)340<% 8:/0% #474"$43% -"C*$% "+$/P/$2%

3/--4#0% -#)5% $:"$% )-% "% 0/57*4% D#)U$:% -"C*$9% ",3% /0% #4"*/0$/+"**2% ),*2% "++)57*/0:43% 12%

5C*$/7*4%#4"+$/P"$/),%)-%$:4%-"C*$%U/$:%)77)0/,D%04,040%)-%3/07*"+454,$<%

I",2%"33/$/),"*%4Q"57*40%)-%+)57*4Q9%+"*34#"%5"#D/,?7"#"**4*% -"C*$0%3/07*"+4% $:4%7)0$?

0:/4*3%/D,/51#/$4%0C++400/),%/,%$:4%0)C$:%)-%$:4%/0*",3<%&,%B#DC/,4DC/,%P"**429%gK?X%.5%

-#)5%$:4%+"*34#"%5"#D/,9%0C17"#"**4*%+),+4,$#/+%-"C*$0%34-/,4%:)#0$%",3%D#"14,%0$#C+$C#40%

)-%04P4#"*%:C,3#43%54$4#0%$)%L%.5%/,%U/3$:<%8:404%C7*/-$43%",3%0C10/343%1*)+.0%3/07*"+4%

$:4% *)U4#% C,/$0% )-% $:4% /D,/51#/$4% 0C++400/),% 1C$% *4"P4% C774#% C,/$0% /,+#4"0/,D*2% C,3/0?

$C#1439%$:C0%#47#404,$/,D%"%020$45%)-%#474"$43*2%#4"+$/P"$43%02,+"*34#"%-"C*$0<%

8:4% /,$4#7*"2%)-% #"3/"*%",3%+),+4,$#/+% -"C*$0% /0%U4**%7#404#P439%4<D<9% /,%!C4#$)%;/+)%4#)?

0/),"*% P"**429% U:4#4% "% *)+"*% +),+4,$#/+% D#"14,% /0% /,$4#04+$43% 12% "% #"3/"*% -"C*$% ^),49%

7#)3C+/,D%"%5)0"/+%)-%05"**4#%1*)+.0<%=/$:/,%$:4%D#"14,9%/D,/51#/$4%B%/0%hK_%5%$:/+.%

",3%0:)U0%/$0% -C**%04`C4,+4%)-%\%-*)U%C,/$0<%V42),3%$:4%D#"14,9%B%/0%iJ_%5%$:/+.%",3%

$:4%*)U4#%-*)U%C,/$0%"#4%5/00/,D<%8:4#49%"*),D%$:4%#"3/"*%-"C*$9%3/07*"+454,$%)-%/D,/51#/$4%

j%0:)U0%"%3)U,$:#)U%)-%gJc%5%$)%$:4%U40$<%8:4%)P4#*2/,D%1"0"*$%-*)U%8M%R$:"$%C,34#*/40%

BS%/0%gc%5%$:/+.%),%$:4%3)U,$:#)U,%0/349%1C$%#4"+:40%gJc%5%$:/+.,400%),%$:4%C7*/-$43%

4"0$4#,%0/34%)-%$:4%#"3/"*%-"C*$<%8:/0%/57*/40%04P4#"*%#4"+$/P"$/),0%)-%#"3/"*%",3%+),+4,$#/+%

-"C*$0% $)% "++C5C*"$4% *"P"% ",3% /D,/51#/$4%U/$:/,% *)+"*% D#"14,09% 0)54%)-%U:/+:%14+"54%

C7*/-$43% 1*)+.0% U/$:% 4Q$#454% $:/+.,40040% )-% /,3/P/3C"*% C,/$0<% GP/34,+4% -)#% 5C*$/7*4%

#4"+$/P"$/),% )-% ),+4?% -)#543% 02,+"*34#"% #"3/"*% ",3% +),+4,$#/+% -"C*$% ^),40% /0% $:4#4-)#4%

)P4#U:4*5/,D%/,%$:4%74#/7:4#2%)-%$:4%F#",%6","#/"%+"*34#"<%

%

Part I. Chapter 2

27

>9$&'-4&3%0(8:4% 4Q74#/54,$"*% 04$?C7% +),0/0$0% )-% "% 1"0454,$% ",3% +),4% )-% 543/C5?D#"/,43% 0",39%

14$U44,% U:/+:% "% *"$4Q% 1"**)),% U"0% 7*"+43<% 8:4% 1"**)),% U"0% +),,4+$43% U/$:% "% 7/74%

020$45% $)% ",% 4Q$4#,"*%U"$4#% #404#P)/#Y%U"$4#% /,7C$% 0/5C*"$43%5"D5"%+:"514#% /,-*"$/),%

",3%+"C043%$C540+4,+49%U:/*4%U"$4#%U/$:3#"U"*9%",3%0/5C*"$43%+:"514#%4P"+C"$/),9%*43%

$)% 0C10/34,+4% )-% $:4% +:"514#% #))-<% GQ74#/54,$0% )142% $:4% 7#/,+/7*4% )-% 0/5/*"#/$2% R044%

O)5C#)9%JWN\Y%;)+:4%4$%"*<9%L___S<%8:4%#"$/)0%)-%7:20/+"*%7"#"54$4#0%RjS%"#4%34$4#5/,43%

12% jk% l% jI)34*]% ja"$C#4<% 8:4% D4)54$#/+% 7#)7)#$/),0% )-% $:4% 5)34*% U4#4% 0+"*43% $)% F#",%

6","#/"% &0*",39% U:4#4% "% 0:"**)U% 4**/70)/3"*% 5"D5"% #404#P)/#% /0% 7)0$C*"$43% "$% Xe\% .5%

347$:%U/$:%"%3/"54$4#%)-%gJ\%.5%Rb#4C,3$%",3%A+:5/,+.49%JWWcY%m4%4$%"*<9%JWWWY%O#"0$4*%

",3% A+:5/,+.49% L__JS<%HC#% 0+"*/,D% -"+$)#%U"0% jk%l%J_?c9% 0)% $:"$% J% +5% /,% $:4%5)34*%

+)##407),30%$)%gJ%.5%/,%,"$C#4%R8"1*4%JS<%8:4%0*)74%)-%$:4%+),4%U"0%/,/$/"**2%J_d%U/$:%"%

-*"$$4,43%"74Q%",3%"%$)$"*%:4/D:$%)-%$:4%04$?C7%)-%JMeJX%+5<%

6#C0$"*%#)+.0%",3%0",3%"#4%6)C*)51%5"$4#/"*0%U/$:%"%0:4"#%0$#400%RτS%$:"$%3474,30%),%$:4%

5"$4#/"*n0%+):40/),%R0S9%$:4%,)#5"*%0$#400%Rσ,S9%",3%$:4%",D*4%)-%/,$4#,"*%-#/+$/),%RφS9%U/$:%%

τ=l% 0! o% σ,% $",% φ<% 8:4% D#",C*"#% 0",3% C043% :"3% "% 54",% D#"/,% 3/"54$4#% )-% K__% µ59% "%

34,0/$2%)-%ρI)34*%l%JK__%.D5?K9%",3%",%",D*4%)-%/,$4#,"*%-#/+$/),%)-%φI)34*%l%KKd9%74#5/$?

$/,D% 0/5C*"$/),%)-%1#/$$*4%14:"P/)#%)-%,"$C#"*% #)+.0% R>C114#$9%JWcJS9%U/$:%ρa"$C#4%l%L\__%

.D5?K9%%φa"$C#4%l%LcdeM_d%",3%Da"$C#49%I)34*%l%J_%50?L<%8:4%0$#400%#"$/)%RσkS%/0%34-/,43%12%$:4%

#"$/)0% )-% $:4% *4,D$:% RHkS9% $:4% D#"P/$2% "++4*4#"$/),% R/kS9% ",3% $:4% 34,0/$2% RρkS9% U/$:%%

φk%l%ρk/kHk% l% c% p% J_?X% !"<% a"$C#"*% #)+.0% +)P4#% "% #",D4% )-% +):40/P4% 0$#4,D$:% -#)5%

c%p%J_\% !"% $)% J_X% !"<% 8:4% *)U4#% +):40/),% #40451*40% 0$#4,D$:% P"*C40% ),% *"#D4#% 0+"*40%

",3])#%/,%-#"+$C#43%5"$4#/"*0%$:"$%+),$"/,%+):40/),?#43C+/,D%3/0+),$/,C/$/40%R044%;)+:4%4$%

"*<9% L___S<% b#)5% $:4% 0$#400% #"$/)%σk% $:"$% 4`C"*0%*k% -)**)U0%"% #4`C/#43%+):40/),% -)#% $:4%

","*)DC4% 5"$4#/"*% )-% *I)34*% l% *k% p% *a"$C#4% l% c% !"Y% "% 0$#400% "77#)Q/5"$/),% C0/,D% *)U%

+):40/P4%0",3%U"09%$:4#4-)#49%0C/$"1*4<%

6):40/),% /,% 0",3% 3474,30% ),% /$0% +)57"+$/),9% 0)% $:"$% 0$#40043% ",3% -"C*$43% 0",3% :"0% "%

*)U4#43% +):40/),9% "**)U/,D% -"C*$0% $)%14+)54% #4"+$/P"$43% RO#",$^9%JWWJS<% [/5/$"$/),0%)-%

$:4%04$?C79%:)U4P4#9%/,+*C34%$:4%$4,0/*4%0$#4,D$:%)-%$:4%D#",C*"#%5"$4#/"*9%$/5/,D9%D#"P/$2%

"++4*4#"$/),9%",3%$:4%0/^4%",3%0:"74%)-%$:4%+:)04,%*"$4Q%1"**)),<%8:4%*"$$4#%/0%+),0/34#43%

54#4*2% "0% ",% "77#)Q/5"$/),9% 14+"C04% $:4% 3/54,0/),0% )-% ,"$C#"*% #404#P)/#0% +)55),*2%

#45"/,%074+C*"$/P4<%I)#4)P4#9%",%/,-*"$43%*"$4Q%1"**)),%U/$:%.,)U,%0:"74%7#)3C+40%),%

4P"+C"$/),% "#$/-/+/"**2% #43C+43% -"C*$% 3/07*"+454,$% ,4"#% $:4% 1"**)),% 5451#",4<% 8:/0% /0%

14+"C04%-"C*$%7#)7"D"$/),%",3%0/,./,D%)-%#))-%1*)+.0%/,$)%$:4%#404#P)/#%/0%:/,34#43%12%$:4%

1"**)),%5451#",4<% &,%)C#%4Q74#/54,$09%1"**)),%/,-*"$/),%#"/043%$:4%0C55/$%12%JeL%+5%

",3% 0$4474,43% $:4% -*",.%12%gJ_d<% 8:/0% /,-*"$/),% #"$4%5"2% 0)54U:"$% )P4#40$/5"$4% $:4%

4--4+$0%)-%"%0/,D*4%,"$C#"*%/,-*"$/),%4P4,$<%>)U4P4#9%,"$C#"*%+"*34#"%P)*+",)40%U/$:%3)5"*%

C7*/-$% )-% J___% 5% ",3% 5)#4% "#4% .,)U,% RO)5C#)9% JWN\Y% 8#)**% 4$% "*<9% L___S<% 8:4% -"C*$%

Part I. Chapter 2

28

7"$$4#,% 7#)3C+43% 3/3% ,)$% 3474,3% ),% $:4% #"$4% )-% 3)5/,D9% ),*2% $:4% 3/07*"+454,$% ",3%

*4,D$:%)-%$:4%-"C*$0%3/P4#D43<%

%

>9$&'-4&3%#,('&05,%0(

ZC#/,D%1"**)),%/,-*"$/),9%)74,%#"3/"*%+#"+.0%-)#543%",3%7#)7"D"$43%3/P4#D4,$*2%-#)5%$:4%

+4,$4#%)C$U"#39%#4"+:/,D%"%*4,D$:%)-%gJL%+5%Rb/D<%LY%8"1*4%JS<%b#"+$C#/,D%34+#4"043%-#)5%

$:4%-#44%0C#-"+4%3)U,U"#39%"0%044,%/,%4Q74#/54,$0%,4Q$%$)%"%D*"00%7",4<%A/5C*$",4)C0*29%

$:4%0C55/$%#4D/),%4Q$4,343%*"$4#"**29%7#)3C+/,D%7)*2D),"*%+),+4,$#/+%+#"+.0%$:"$%*/5/$43%

",%"7/+"*%D#"14,<%8:4%-)#5"$/),%)-%$:4%"7/+"*%D#"14,%/,+*C343%/,U"#3%$/*$/,D%",3%0"DD/,D%

)-%JeK%+5%1*)+.0%U/$:%,)#5"*%-"C*$%0C10/34,+4%)-%"0%5C+:%"0%J%+5<%8:4%D#"14,%/,$4#/)#%

U"0%0$#),D*2%3/004+$43%12%#"3/"*%-"C*$0%RO)5C#)9%JWN\S<%B%05"**%04$%)-%#4P4#04%+),+4,$#/+%

R/,U"#3% 3/77/,DS% -"C*$0% -)#543% ),% $:4% -*",.0% )-% $:4% 3)549%U/$:% "% #4*"$/P4% C7*/-$% )-% $:4%

5"$4#/"*%+*)04#%$)%$:4%+4,$4#<%

AC104`C4,$*29% U4% 34-*"$43% $:4% 1"**)),9% +"C0/,D% 02,+:#),)C0% 0C#-"+4% 0"DD/,D% )-% $:4%

+4,$#"*% #4D/),% )-% $:4% 3)549% -)**)U43% 12% "% 0*/D:$*2% 34*"243% +"*34#"% +)**"704<%=/$:/,% "%

#"3/C0%)-%N% +59%"% 04$%)-%P4#$/+"*% $)% 0$447*2%)C$U"#3%3/77/,D% #/,D% -"C*$0% -)#5439%U/$:%"0%

5C+:% "0% _<X% +5% -"C*$% 3/07*"+454,$9% #40C*$/,D% /,% ,),+):4#4,$% +"*34#"?-*))#% 0C10/34,+4%

$:"$%U"0%+),$#)**43%12%/,$4#04+$/,D%7#44Q/0$/,D%#"3/"*%-"C*$0%",3%,4U*2%-)#543%+),+4,$#/+%

-"C*$0<%8:4%5)0$%0/D,/-/+",$%P4#$/+"*%3/07*"+454,$%U"0%"$%$:4%#/,D%-"C*$0<%B$%347$:9%+):4#?

4,+4% )-% $:4% 0C10/343% #))-% /,+#4"043% 3C4% $)% #43C+43% -"C*$% 3/07*"+454,$% +*)04#% $)% $:4%

1"**)),%5451#",49%7#4P4,$/,D%-"C*$%7#)7"D"$/),%/,$)%$:4%#404#P)/#<%HC$0/34%$:4%+"*34#"9%

$:4%-*",.0%$/*$43%/,U"#3%-)**)U43%12%-)#5"$/),%)-%"%+),+4,$#/+%-"C*$%7"$$4#,%07",,/,D%$:4%

4,$/#4%+4,$#"*%+"*34#"%1"0/,%/,%4,%4+:4*),%-"0:/),%U/$:%"%#"3/C0%)-%JL<ceJK%+5%Rb/D<%LS<%

8:404% -"C*$0% U4#4% P4#$/+"*% $)% )C$U"#3% 3/77/,D% ",3% /,$4#04+$43% $:4% 7#44Q/0$/,D% #"3/"*%

3)5/,D%0$#C+$C#40%),%$:4%-*",.0<%[)+"*%:)#0$%",3%D#"14,%0$#C+$C#40%U/$:%1*)+.0%)-%LeM%+5%

-)#543%14$U44,%+),+4,$#/+%4,%4+:4*),%-"C*$0%/,%$:4%74#/7:4#2%",3%"$%$:4%/,$4#04+$/),%)-%

+#)00+C$$/,D%#"3/"*%",3%+),+4,$#/+%-"C*$0%/,%1)$:%$:4%74#/7:4#2%",3%/,%$:4%+"*34#"<%

%

%*+,-&'()!'3%B35(+0!(31#5+%),!%&!3<$3(+B3)5,!=3(,4,!'(#)!*#)#(+#!

%

Part I. Chapter 2

29

bC#$:4#% +2+*40% )-% /,-*"$/),% ",3% 34-*"$/),% 7#)3C+43% ),*2% 0C1)#3/,"$4% ,4U% -#"+$C#40% 1C$%

3)5/,",$*2%#4C043%$:4%7#4?4Q/0$/,D%-"C*$0%/,%,)#5"*%",3%#4P4#04%04,04<%8:404%5C*$/+2+*/+%

4Q74#/54,$0%+"C043%"%U/34,/,D%)-%$:4%+4,$#"*%+"*34#"%1"0/,%12%/,U"#3%0*C570%-#)5%$:4%

0$447%#/,D%-"C*$%",3%/,+#4"043%$:4%#"3/C0%)-%#"3/"*%+#"+.0%),%#474"$43%3)5/,D<%>)#0$%",3%

D#"14,% 0$#C+$C#40% /,% $:4%74#/7:4#2%"*0)%14+"54% #4"+$/P"$43%",3% /,3/P/3C"*%1*)+.0%U4#4%

-#4`C4,$*2%C7*/-$43%3C#/,D%),4%0$"D4%)-%"%+2+*4% $)%14+)54%0C10/343%D#"14,0% /,%",)$:4#%

0$"D4%)-%$:4%0"54%+2+*4<%

B%+/#+C*"#%+)**"704%1"0/,%U/$:%),*2%+/#+C*"#%#/,D%-"C*$09%*"+./,D%#"3/"*%-"C*$0%R7/0$),%+2*/,?

34#S9%U"0%),*2%)104#P43%/,%0)54%7C#4%+:"514#%4P"+C"$/),%4Q74#/54,$09%/<4<9%U/$:)C$%",2%

7#4+)**"704%)#%7)0$+)**"704%$C540+4,+4%RI"#$/%4$%"*<9%JWWMY%;)+:4%4$%"*<9%L___S<%!4#/7:?

4#"*% :)#0$% ",3% D#"14,% 0$#C+$C#409% /,% $C#,9% U4#4% ,)$% 7#)3C+43% 3C#/,D% 7C#4% +:"514#%

4P"+C"$/),%#C,0<%

%

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

Part I. Chapter 2

30

?-0+500-/3(H,% F#",% 6","#/"9% #"3/"*% ",3% +),+4,$#/+% +"*34#"% 74#/7:4#2% -"C*$0% U4#4% "+$/P4% 3C#/,D%

5C*$/+2+*4% /D,/51#/$4% 4#C7$/),0% ",3% +)##407),3/,D% +"*34#"% 4P)*C$/),<% 8:4% +),+4,$#/+%

74#/7:4#2%-"C*$%^),4%/0%,)$%"%0/,D*4%0:"#7*2%34-/,43%+/#+C*"#%-"C*$Y%#"$:4#9%/$%-)#50%"%04$%)-%

0$447*2%3/77/,D%-"C*$%04D54,$0%/,+*C3/,D%:)#0$%",3%D#"14,%0$#C+$C#40%",3%*"#D4%+),+4,$#/+%

:)#0$%0$#C+$C#40%14$U44,%$:4%+),+4,$#/+%74#/7:4#2%^),4%",3%$:4%+"*34#"%5"#D/,%Rb/D<%JS<%

;4"+$/P"$/),% )-% #"3/"*% -"C*$09% 47/0)3/+% #"3/"*% 3/.4% 457*"+454,$9% ",3% #4"+$/P"$/),% )-%

+),+4,$#/+%:)#0$%",3%D#"14,%0$#C+$C#40%U"0%+)55),%",3%7#)3C+43%#474"$43%3/--4#4,$/"*%

C7*/-$% )#% 0C10/34,+4% )-% /,3/P/3C"*% 1*)+.0% "++)#3/,D% $)% $:4% *)+"*% 0$#400% 7"$$4#,<% b/4*3%

)104#P"$/),0% ),% F#",% 6","#/"% "#4% +),0/0$4,$% U/$:% )C#% 4Q74#/54,$"*% #40C*$09% ",3% $:4%

+)57"#/0),%)-% ,"$C#4% ",3% 4Q74#/54,$% 0$#),D*2% #40451*40% "% 04#/40%)-% 0$#C+$C#"*% -4"$C#40%

",3%7#)7)#$/),0%R8"1*4%JS<%

8:4%0/5/*"#/$/40%14$U44,%F#",%6","#/"%",3%$:4%0+"*43%4Q74#/54,$0%0CDD40$%$:"$%$:4%-*))#%

)-% $:4% 84T43"% +"*34#"% ",3% $:4% *)U4#% +"*34#"% /,-/**% "#4% +),$#)**43% 12% #"3/"*% -"C*$0% $:"$%

+#)00+C$9%",3%"#4%+#)00+C$%129%+),+4,$#/+%-"C*$0<%>)U4P4#9%$:42%"#4%,)U%*"#D4*2%+)P4#43%

12%2)C,D4#%347)0/$0%",3%)10+C#43%12%/,$#C0/P40<%8:4%/,-4#4,+4%)-%/,$#"+"*34#"%+#)00+C$?

$/,D% #"3/"*%",3%+),+4,$#/+% -#"+$C#40%),%F#",%6","#/"% /0%+),0/0$4,$%U/$:%)104#P"$/),0%12%

A+:/#,/+.%RJWWXS9%U:)%-)C,3%+#)00+C$$/,D%#"3/"*%",3%+),+4,$#/+%3/.40%)-%I)D",%"D4%/,%"%

3447*2%4#)343%P"**42%$:"$%+C$0%/,$)%$:4%/,$#"+"*34#"%0C++400/),<%8:4%4Q/0$4,+4%)-%+#)00+C$?

$/,D% #"3/"*% ",3%+),+4,$#/+% -"C*$0%",3%3/.40% /,% $:4%+"*34#"%74#/7:4#29% /,% $:4% /,$#"+"*34#"%

0C++400/),9% ",3% /,% $:4% 4Q74#/54,$09% 0$#),D*2% /57*/40% $:"$% 5C*$/+2+*4% +"*34#"09% 0C+:% "0%

84T43"% +"*34#"% ),% F#",% 6","#/"9% "#4% C,*/.4*2% $)% :"P4% C,34#D),4% 0/57*4% 7/0$),?$274%

+)**"704<%=4%0CDD40$%3/0+#4$4%1*)+.%0C10/34,+4% R/<4<9%7/4+454"*S% $)%14% $:4%5"T)#%0C10/?

34,+4%54+:",/05%/,%0C+:%*),D?%*/P43%+"*34#"%020$450<%6)51/,/,D%4Q74#/54,$"*%",3%-/4*3%

)104#P"$/),09%U4%/,-4#%$:"$%$:4%74#/7:4#2%)-%+"*34#"0%#4P4"*0%/57)#$",$%/,-)#5"$/),%),%$:4%

54+:",/050%)-%+"*34#"%-)#5"$/),%",3%$:4%0$#C+$C#4%)-%$:4%C,34#*2/,D%+"*34#"%-*))#<%

%

;+@3/A,&.B&4&3%01%=4%$:",.%V<%=4,0.)U0./%",3%I<%AC5/$"%-)#%:4*7%/,%$:4%-/4*39%a<%

@#1",0./% -)#% +))74#"$/),% /,% $:4% 4Q74#/54,$"*% 04$?C79% q<% A$/Q9% !<% [/75",9%;<% A42-#/439% [<%

A+:U"#^.)7-9%6<%A+:/#,/+.9%",3%A<%O#"0$4*% -)#%3/0+C00/),9%",3%H<%;)+:4%",3%",%",),2?

5)C0% #4-4#44% -)#% +),0$#C+$/P4% +#/$/+/05<%F#",$0% -#)5% $:4%A$C3/4,0$/-$C,D%340%Z4C$0+:4,%

()*.40% $)% 8#)**% ",3% -#)5% $:4% Z4C$0+:4% b)#0+:C,D0D454/,0+:"-$% $)% A+:5/,+.4% RA+:5?

Lc_]\L?J%",3%A+:5?Lc_]\\?JS%"#4%D#"$4-C**2%"+.,)U*43D43<%

%

Part I. Chapter 2

31

C&D&'&3+&0(

(B+)+4**"9% (<9% b<% 6/-4**/9% ",3% ;<% bC,/+/4**)<% L___9%

B,"*)DC4%5)34*0%)-%+)**"704%+"*34#"0%",3%#40C#D4,$%3)540'% q)C#,"*% )-% ()*+",)*)D2% ",3% F4)$:4#5"*%;404"#+:<%J_M9NJeWX<%%

V)D""#39%!<9%",3%><?@<%A+:5/,+.4<%JWWN9%6:#),)0$#"$/?D#"7:2% )-% F#",% 6","#/"9% /,% =4"P4#% !<!<G<9% 4$% "*<9%!#)+443/,D0%)-% $:4%H+4",%Z#/**/,D%!#)D#"59%A+/4,?$/-/+% #40C*$09% ()*C54% Jc\'% 6)**4D4% A$"$/),9% 84Q"09%H+4",%Z#/**/,D%!#)D#"59%7<%JL\eJM_<%%

Z#C/$$9%Z<><9%",3%;<A<q<%A7"#.0<%JWNM9%H,%$:4%-)#5"$/),%)-% +"*34#"0% 3C#/,D% /D,/51#/$4% 4#C7$/),0'% a"$C#4<%KJ_9X\WeXNJ<%%

b#4C,3$9%B<9% ",3%><?@<% A+:5/,+.4<%JWWc9%!4$#)D4,40/0%)-%#:2)*/$4?$#"+:2$4?1"0"*$%+)57)0/$4% /D,/51#/$4%!J9%F#",%6","#/"9%6","#2%&0*",30'%q)C#,"*%)-%F4)7:20/?+"*%;404"#+:<%J__9McceM\M<%%

F"#34U4D9% I<9% ",3% 6<b<% ;"5/#4^<% JWN\9% ["% !"+","%+"*34#"% ",3% B$","% &D,/51#/$4rB% 5"T)#% "0:% -*)U%",3% #40C#D4,$% +"*34#"% +)57*4Q% /,% $:4% B,340% )-%,)#$:4#,% 6:/*4'% VC**4$/,% )-% ()*+",)*)D2<% MW9cM\ecXX<%%

FC35C,300),9%B<%JWNN9%b)#5"$/),%)-%+)**"704%+"*34#"0'%F4)*)D2<%JX9N_NeNJ_<%%

>4,#29%6<9%",3%q<%!#/+4<%JWNW9%8:4%6:#/0$5"0%I)C,$"/,0%+"*34#"% +)57*4Q9% 8#",0?!4+)0% 84Q"0'% VC**4$/,% )-%()*+",)*)D2<%cL9W\eJJL<%%

>C114#$9%I<%JWcJ9%I4+:",/+"*%1"0/0%-)#%+4#$"/,%-"5/*/"#%D4)*)D/+% 0$#C+$C#40'%F4)*)D/+"*% A)+/4$2% )-%B54#/+"%VC**4$/,<%XL9KcceK\L<%%

O)5C#)9%><%JWN\9%GQ74#/54,$0%),%+"C*3#),%-)#5"$/),'%B%7)*2D),"*%+"C*3#),%",3%#/,D%-#"+$C#40'%q)C#,"*%)-%()*+",)*)D2% ",3% F4)$:4#5"*% ;404"#+:<% KJ9JKWeJMW<%%

O#",$^9% ;<=<% JWWJ9% a)#5"*% -"C*$% D4)54$#2% ",3% -"C*$%#4"+$/P"$/),% /,% $4+$),/+% /,P4#0/),% 4Q74#/54,$09% /,%;)14#$0%4$%"*<9%430<9%8:4%D4)54$#2%)-%,)#5"*%-"C*$0'%F4)*)D/+"*%A)+/4$2%s[),3),t%A74+/"*%!C1*/+"$/),%cX9%7<%LJWeLLW<%%

O#"0$4*9% A<9% ",3% ><?@<% A+:5/,+.4<% L__J9% 6#C0$"*%0$#C+$C#4% )-% ,)#$:4#,% F#",% 6","#/"% 343C+43% -#)5%"+$/P4%04/05/+% $)5)D#"7:2'% q)C#,"*%)-%()*+",)*)D2%",3%F4)$:4#5"*%;404"#+:%R/,%7#400S<%%

[/75",9% !<=<% JWW\9% AC10/34,+4% )-% "0:?-*)U% +"*34#"0'%;4*"$/),% $)% +"*34#"% 0/^4% ",3% +:"514#% D4)54$#2'%VC**4$/,%)-%()*+",)*)D2<%cW9JWNeLJN<%%

I"#$/9% q<9% F<q<% B1*"29% [<8<% ;430:"U9% ",3% ;<A<q<% A7"#.0<%JWWM9% GQ74#/54,$"*% 0$C3/40% )-% +)**"704% +"*34#"0'%F4)*)D/+"*%A)+/4$2%s[),3),t%q)C#,"*<%JcJ9WJWeWLW<%

%

I"#$/9% q<9% B<% b)*+:9% B<% a4#/9% ",3% F<% I"+43),/)<% L___9%!#400C#4% 4P)*C$/),% 3C#/,D% 4Q7*)0/P4% +"*34#"?-)#5/,D%4#C7$/),0'% G"#$:% ",3% !*",4$"#2% A+/4,+4% [4$$4#0<%J\c9L\ceLN\<%%

a"77/9% F<9% B<% ;4,^C**/9% ",3% !<% A",$/<% JWWJ9% GP/34,+4% )-%/,+#454,$"*% D#)U$:% /,% $:4% (C*0/,/",% +"*34#"0% R+4,$#"*%&$"*2S'% q)C#,"*% )-% ()*+",)*)D2% ",3% F4)$:4#5"*% ;4?04"#+:<%M\9JKeKJ<%%

a4U:"**9% 6<9% ",3% Z<% Z^C#/0/,<% JWNN9% >/0$)#/+"*% C,#40$% "$%*"#D4% +"*34#"0% )-% $:4% U)#*3'% @<A<% F4)*)D/+"*% AC#P42%VC**4$/,<%JNcc9JeJJ_N<%%

;)+:49% H<9% 8<% Z#C/$$9% ",3% H<% I4#*4<% L___9% GQ74#/54,$"*%0$C32% )-% +"*34#"% -)#5"$/),'% q)C#,"*% )-% F4)7:20/+"*%;404"#+:<%J_c9KWceMJX<%%

A+:/#,/+.9%6<%JWWX9%b)#5"$/),%)-%",%/,$#"+"*34#"%+),4%0:44$%3/.4% 0U"#5% R84T43"% +"*34#"9% F#",% 6","#/"S% s!:<Z<%$:40/0t'% O/4*9% 6:#/0$/",?% B*1#4+:$0?@,/P4#0/$u$% O/4*9% 7<%L_M<%%

A+:/#,/+.9% 6<9% !<% V)D""#39% ",3% ><?@<% A+:5/,+.4<% JWWW9%6),4%0:44$%-)#5"$/),%",3%/,$#C0/P4%D#)U$:%)-%",%)+4",%/0*",3r8:4%I/)+4,4%84T43"%+)57*4Q%),%F#",%6","#/"9%6","#2%&0*",30'%F4)*)D2<%L\9L_\eLJ_<%sBVA8;B68t%%

A+:5/,+.49%><?@<%JWX\9%6),4%0:44$% 0U"#59% #40C#D4,+4%)-%84T43"%+"*34#"9% ",3% $:4%4"#*2%D4)*)D/+%:/0$)#2%)-%F#",%6","#/"'%VC**4$/,%)-%()*+",)*)D2<%KJ9JcKeJXL<%%

A+:5/,+.49%><?@<%JW\X9%8:4%D4)*)D2%)-%$:4%6","#2%&0*",309%/,% OC,.4*9% F<9% 43<9% G+)*)D2% ",3% 1/)D4)D#"7:2% /,% $:4%6","#2% &0*",30'%8:4%>"DC49%a4$:4#*",309% qC,.%V<(<9%7<%X\eJNM<%%

A+:5/,+.49% ><?@<9% ",3% Z<B<% AU",0),<% JWXX9% G/,4% "*$4%6"*34#"%"C-%F#",%6","#/"'%a4C40%q":#1C+:%-v#%F4)*)D/4%C,3%!"*u),$)*)D/4<%c9LX_eLXW<%%

A5/$:9% ;<9% ",3% ;<% V"/*42<% JWXN9% ;40C#D4,$% +"C*3#),09% /,%A$C3/40% /,% P)*+",)*)D2'%B%545)/#% /,% :),)#% )-%>)U4*%=/**/"50'%F4)*)D/+"*%A)+/4$2%)-%B54#/+"%I45)/#%JJX9%7<%NKeJ_M<%%

8#)**9% (<;<9% 6<><% G54*4C09% ",3% 6<><% Z),"*30),<% L___9%6"*34#"%-)#5"$/),%/,%$:4%;C5%+4,$#"*%/D,4)C0%+)57*4Q9%A+)$*",3'%VC**4$/,%)-%()*+",)*)D2<%XL9K_JeKJ\<%%

("#,409% Z<% JWXK9% F4)*)D2% ",3% )#4% 347)0/$0% )-% $:4% A)C$:%A/*P4#$),%5/,/,D%"#4"9%A",%qC",%6)C,$29%6)*)#"3)'%@<A<%F4)*)D/+"*%AC#P42%!#)-400/),"*%!"74#%K\N?B9%7<%JecX<%%

="*$4#9% 8<;<9% ",3% (<;<% 8#)**<% L__J9% b)#5"$/),% )-% +"*34#"%74#/7:4#2% -"C*$09% ",% 4Q74#/54,$"*% 0$C32'% VC**4$/,% )-%()*+",)*)D2<%XK9JWJeL_K<%%

m49% A<9% ;<% ;/:59% q<% Z"f)14/$/"9% q<% 6","*409% ",3% q<% F"**"#$<%JWWW9% B% +#C0$"*% $#",04+$% $:#)CD:% $:4% ,)#$:4#,% ",3%,)#$:4"0$4#,% 7"#$% )-% $:4% P)*+",/+% 43/-/+4% )-% F#",% 6"?,"#/"'%q)C#,"*%)-%F4)32,"5/+0<%LN9KeLX<%

%

%

Part I. Chapter 3

32

!"#$%&'%()*+",)%-*",.%/,0$"1/*/$2%12%+"*34#"%-)#5"$/),%

%

%

!"#$%&'()(

%

6/##)#0%)-%07"**)8%5"95"%#404#:)/#0%

%

%

%

Part I. Chapter 3

33

!*++#$,&(-#+.&'#,(/(01''*',(*2(,"#++*3(0#40#('&,&'5*1',(%

;7)5"0%<=%>"*$4#%?@%("*4,$/,%;#)**?@A@%B"*.%C54*D,9E@%<"*-%F42-#/43?%%

?%GHI6C<@%J4K$=%)-%()*+",)*)92@%>/0+77)-0$#"004%?LE@%JL%M?MN%O/4*@%G4#5",2%%

A%J4K$=%)-%G4)*)92@%P,/:4#0/$2%)-%JD1*/,@%;#/,/$2%Q)**494@%JD1*/,%A@%&#4*",3%E%R&G!SFIHF;@%P,/:4#0/$2%)-%R"8"//@%ATAT%Q)##4"%<3@%R),)*D*D@%R&%UVNAA@%PFC%%

67,%'#-%8% J4$4#5/,/,9% 0/W4% ",3% 0$#D+$D#4% )-% "% 5"95"% #404#:)/#% /0% "% -D,3"54,$"*%

K#)1*45% /,% D,34#0$",3/,9% :)*+",)40=% C,"*)9D4% 4XK4#/54,$0% ),% $74% )#/9/,% )-% +)**"K04%

+"*34#"0%K#):/34%,48%/,0/97$0%/,$)%$74%-)#5"$/),%)-%+"*34#"%:)*+",)40=%Y"#94%+"*34#"0%"#4%

"00)+/"$43% 8/$7% *"#94% 5"95"% #404#:)/#0@% 874#4"0% $74% 3/"54$4#% )-% "% +"*34#"% 34+#4"040%

020$45"$/+"**2%8/$7%34K$7%)-%$74%5"95"%#404#:)/#=%>4%K#)K)04%",%45K/#/+"*%#4*"$/),07/K%

14$844,% $7404% -D,3"54,$"*%K"#"54$4#0%",3% /,-4#% #404#:)/#%3/"54$4#0% -)#%+"*34#"%:)*+"L

,)40@%0D+7%"0%/,%$74%Q","#2%&0*",30@%<"1"D*@%G"*"K"9)0%",3%-)#%I*25KD0%6),0%),%6"#0=%

O428)#30'%%5"95"%#404#:)/#%0/W4@%%+)**"K04%+"*34#"@%%:)*+",)%34-)#5"$/),@%%<"1"D*@%%Q","#2%&0*",30@%%G"*"K"9)0%

%

9:%'*.;-%1*:(6"95"%#404#:)/#0%-)#5%/,%$74%H"#$7Z0%+#D0$%874,%5)*$4,%#)+.%"++D5D*"$40%12%"%+)51/,"L

$/),% )-% 1D)2",+2L3#/:4,( 5"95"% 5):454,$@% -#/+$/),% ",3% +#20$"**/W"$/),% [6"#07% A\\\]=%

FD+7%#404#:)/#0%"#4%$74%5"^)#%0/$40%)-%5"95"%4:)*D$/),@%$74/#%32,"5/+%K#)+40040%+),$#)*%

$74% 54+7",/050% )-% :)*+",/+% 4#DK$/),0=% ;74% :)*D54% ",3% *)+"$/),% )-% 5"95"% $7"$% #40$0%

14,4"$7%"%:)*+",)% /0%D,.,)8,% -)#%5)0$% :)*+",/+% 020$450@% 0/,+4%4:"*D"$/,9% $74%3/54,L

0/),0%)-%5"95"% #404#:)/#0% /0%"%3/--/+D*$% $"0.=%G4)K720/+"*%54"0D#454,$0%"**)8% *)+"$/,9%

W),40%)-%4"#$7_D".40%",3%:4*)+/$2%+),$#"0$0%/,%$74%+#D0$@%-#4_D4,$*2%/,$4#K#4$43%"0%5/9#"$L

/,9%",3%K"#$/"**2%5)*$4,%5"$4#/"*@%"0%84**%"0%$74%34K$7%)-%#404#:)/#0%1"043%),%34-)#5"$/),%

0$D3/40=% <)1D0$% 3"$"% ),% $74% #404#:)/#% 0/W4% "#4% ),*2% ":"/*"1*4% -)#% "% 7",3-D*% )-% "+$/:4%

5"95"%020$450=%

()*D54%/,+#4"04%)-%"%07"**)8%5"95"%#404#:)/#%#40D*$0%/,%"%0$#D+$D#"*%3)54%[O)5D#)%4$%"*=%

?UNM]=%FD#-"+4%34-)#5"$/),%3"$"%"**)8%),*2%K))#%#40)*D$/),@%7)84:4#@%),%$74%"+$D"*%0/W4%

",3%07"K4%)-%$74%5"95"%#404#:)/#=%6)0$%0D+7%3"$"%"#4%84**%4XK*"/,43%12%"%K)/,$%3/*"$/),%

5)34*%[6)9/%0)D#+4]=%&,%$D#,@%:)*D54%34+#4"04%)-%"%07"**)8%#404#:)/#%+"D040%0D10/34,+4%

",3% +)**"K04% )-% $74% ):4#1D#34,% #))-`% $74% 0D#-"+4% 4XK#400/),% /0% "% +"*34#"@% 0$#D+$D#"**2%

34-/,43%12%)D$8"#3%3/KK/,9%#/,9%-"D*$0%[Y/K5",%?UUa`%>"*$4#%",3%;#)**%A\\?]=%C0%07)8,%

/,%B/9D#4%?@%0D+7%-"D*$0%"#4%#4:4#04%-"D*$0@%0)5487"$%05"**4#%/,%3/"54$4#%$7",%$74%0)D#+4%

#404#:)/#% [C,34#0),% ?UEa]=% C$% $74% 0D#-"+4@% /,8"#3L3/#4+$43% *",30*/340% K*D0% 07"**)8%

,)#5"*%-"D*$0%8/34,%$74%5)#K7)*)9/+"*%+"*34#"%1"0/,%[Y/K5",%?UNM]=%%

Part I. Chapter 3

34

Q"*34#"0%7":4%"%:"#/4$2%)-%0D#-"+4%94)54$#/40@%94,4#"**2%/,+#4"0/,9%/,%3/"54$4#%8/$7%$74%

0/W4%)-%$74%43/-/+4%",3%4#DK$/:4%:)*D540@%K#):/3/,9%/,-)#5"$/),%"1)D$%$74%3/"54$4#%)-%$74%

5"95"%#404#:)/#%[>))3%?UNM`%Y/K5",%?UUa]=%R4#4@%84%D04%0+"*43%","*)9D4%4XK4#/54,$0%

$)% -/,3% )D$% 7)8% "% +"*34#"% 3/"54$4#% #4*"$40% $)% $74% 3/"54$4#% )-% $74% D,34#*2/,9% 5"95"%

#404#:)/#%",3%$)%$74%34K$7%)-%$74%#404#:)/#(14*)8%$74%0D#-"+4=%

%

Caldera

Res

ervo

ir de

pth

Sand-flour mixture

b

a

Reservoir diameter

CRFCRF

Reverse faultCaldera

%

!"#$%&'()'!"#$%&'(")(**+,'-&'(./).0)"&*1$-&)0.-%&'(./)2('#)-$,3$"')'.)%&4%&)"#&%5$-)$6&"+&'(./7))

*+) 8-&(/&4$) .0) '#$) %&4%&) -$,$-6.(-) "&+,$,) -..0) ,+5,(91$/"$) (/'.) '#$) %&4%&) "#&%5$-7) 8(,3*&"$%$/') (,) .0) &)%&:(%+%) &*./4) "&*1$-&) -$6$-,$) 0&+*',) ;<=>?7) @#$) '.3.49-&3#(") "&*1$-&) ,(A$) (/"-$&,$,) 1+$) '.) (/2&-191(-$"'$1)*&/1,*(1$,7) ,) <-.,,) ,$"'(./) '#-.+4#) $:3$-(%$/'&**B)3-.1+"$1)"&*1$-&7)

%

%

!#+.&'#(2*'0#%1*:(&<$&'10&:%,(>4%0/5D*"$43% $74% -)#5"$/),%)-%"%+)**"K04%+"*34#"%12%K*"+/,9%",%)1*"$4%"/#L-/**43%#D114#%

1"**)),%/,$)%"%$",.%-/**43%12%"%5/X$D#4%)-%3#2%0",3%",3%-*)D#=%&,%04K"#"$4%4XK4#/54,$0@%84%

D043% $8)% 3/--4#4,$% 0",3S-*)D#%5/X$D#40% "0% ","*)9D4%5"$4#/"*0% $)% "KK#)X/5"$4% $74%8/34%

0K4+$#D5%)-%,"$D#"*%#)+.0=%;74%0",3L-*)D#%5/X$D#4%7"0%5"$4#/"*%K#)K4#$/40%0D+7%$7"$%?%+5%

/,%$74%4XK4#/54,$0%$#",0*"$40%$)%"1)D$%?%.5%/,%,"$D#4%[$74%0+"*/,9%K#)+43D#4%/0%9/:4,%/,%

;"1*4%?]=%%

I,%#404#:)/#%4:"+D"$/),@%$74%#))-%5"$4#/"*%"1):4%$74%#404#:)/#%0D10/343%/,$)%$74%:)/3%",3%

3/0K*"+454,$%)++D##43%"*),9%14**L07"K43%-"D*$0=%;74%:)/30%K#)K"9"$43%04_D4,$/"**2%$)%$74%

0D#-"+4@% #40D*$/,9% /,% $74% -)#5"$/),% )-% ,4"#L0D#-"+4% #/,9% -"D*$0=% >4% /,$4#K#4$% +)74#4,$%

0D10/34,+4%)-% $74% 0",3%0D#-"+4%"*),9% $7404% -"D*$0%"0%","*)9)D0% $)% $74% -)#5"$/),%)-%+)*L

*"K04%+"*34#"0=%C++)#3/,9*2@%$74%0D#-"+4%3/"54$4#%)-%$74%+)**"K04%+"*34#"%/0%34-/,43%74#4/,%

"0% $74% 3/"54$4#% )-% $74% )D$8"#3% 3/KK/,9) #/,9% -"D*$0% "*),9% 87/+7% $74% 5"/,% 0D10/34,+4%

)++D#07))

;74%1"**)),0%D043%7"3%$74%07"K4%)-%",%)1*"$4%#)$"$/),"*%4**/K0)/3%8/$7%"%74/97$L$)L8/3$7%

"0K4+$%#"$/)%)-%b\=AT=%C0K4+$%#"$/)0%)-%,"$D#"*%5"95"%#404#:)/#0@%"0%/,-4##43%-#)5%4#)343%

K*D$),0@%#",94%14$844,%\=T%",3%\=\T%[6"#07%A\\\]=%B/#0$@%84%D043%"%1"**)),%8/$7%"%9/:4,%

3/"54$4#@% :"#/43% /$0% 34K$7% ",3% 54"0D#43% $74% #40D*$/,9% +"*34#"% 3/"54$4#0=% ;74,@% 84%

Part I. Chapter 3

35

#4K4"$43% $7/0%04$%)-%4XK4#/54,$0%D0/,9%1"**)),0%8/$7%3/--4#4,$%3/"54$4#0=%;74%54"0D#43%

+"*34#"%3/"54$4#0%"#4%07)8,%/,%B/9=%A%"0%"% -D,+$/),%)-% #404#:)/#%34K$7%",3% $74%1"**)),%

3/"54$4#0=% &,+#4"0/,9% $74% 34K$7% ",3% 34+#4"0/,9% $74% 3/"54$4#% )-% $74% 1"**)),% #40D*$0% /,%

05"**4#%+"*34#"0=%B)#%:4#2%07"**)8%1"**)),0@%$74%+"*34#"%3/"54$4#%"KK#)"+740%$74%1"**)),%

3/"54$4#=%B)#%1"**)),%34K$7%05"**4#%$7",%7"*-%$74%1"**)),%3/"54$4#@%$74%3/"54$4#%)-%$74%

+"*34#"%34+#4"040% "KK#)X/5"$4*2% */,4"#*2%8/$7% $74%34K$7%)-% $74%1"**)),=%C**% $74%4XK4#/L

54,$"*%#40D*$0%+",%14%4XK*"/,43%12%"%_D"3#"$/+%4_D"$/),%)-%$74%-)#5%

22

2

42 CRR

R dk

Zk

Zd ++= @%% %

874#4%1=%/0%$74%#404#:)/#%3/"54$4#@)C=%/0%$74%#404#:)/#%34K$7@%1<))/0%$74%+"*34#"%3/"54$4#=%%

%

Sand: C=63Pa, j=35˚, r=1.3g/cm³

0

5

10

15

20

0 5 10 15 5 10 15

Res

ervo

ir de

pth,

ZR

[cm

]

Sand/flour-mix, C=480Pa, j=38˚, r=1.7g/cm³

Fie

ld o

f dow

nsa

ggin

g &

underg

round c

olla

pse

Fie

ld o

f dow

nsa

ggin

g &

underg

round c

olla

pse

Caldera diameter, dR [cm] Caldera diameter, dR [cm]

3

3

56

8

10

10

12

18

dR [cm] dR [cm]

15

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

%

;74%3/54,0/),*400%+)4--/+/4,$%F%340+#/140%$74%54+7",/+"*%147":/)#%)-%$74%5"$4#/"*%D043=%

F%/,+#4"040%8/$7%$74%5"$4#/"*0Z%-#/+$/),%+)4--/+/4,$%",3%34+#4"040%8/$7%+)740/),=%&,%","*L

)92% $)% ,"$D#"*% 020$450@% F% 2/4*30% "1)D$% ?=T% -)#% 5"$4#/"*0% 8/$7% 7/97% +)740/),% ",3% 7/97%

",9*4%)-% /,$4#,"*% -#/+$/),@%",3%cA=\% -)#% -#"+$D#43%#)+.0%8/$7% *)84#%+)740/),%",3% *)84#%

",9*4%)-%/,$4#,"*%-#/+$/),%[;"1*4%?]=%C**%4XK4#/54,$0%-/$%$7/0%#4*"$/),07/K%8/$7%"%+)##4*"$/),%

+)4--/+/4,$%;=?%)-%=c\=Ua=%;74%:"*D4%)-%F%14+)540%0/9,/-/+",$%-)#%#404#:)/#0%"$%9#4"$%34K$7%

[B/9=%A]=%

Part I. Chapter 3

36

<404#:)/#0% $7"$%"#4%0/$D"$43%"$%:4#2%9#4"$%34K$7%+)5K"#43%$)%$74/#%0/W4%[#))-%"0K4+$%#"$/)%

cA]% -)#543% /,% 5",2% 4XK4#/54,$0% ,)% +*4"#% +"*34#"% +)**"K04`% $74% #/,9% -"D*$0% 3/3% ,)$%

K#)K"9"$4% $)% $74% 0D#-"+4@% 0)% $7"$% 84% )104#:43% 54#4*2% "% 0*/97$% 0D#-"+4% -*4XD#4@% $4#543%

74#4/,%"0%$74%0($*1).0)1.2/,&44(/4=%%

%

.*,/&'(+)D:3$-(%$/'&*),"&*(/47)>.-)&00(/('B) ;N+55$-') ILKOP) !&/0.-1)ILQL?E) '#$) *$/4'#);IRISSESSS?)&/1)%&'$-(&*)5$#&6(.+-)%+,')5$),"&*$1)'.) /&'+-&*) 6&*+$,) ;N&/1(/) ILJJP)!"#+*'A)ILLJ?7)=$T+(-$1)&/&*.4+$)%&'$-(&*,) %+,') #$/"$) 5$) 2$&F$-)'#&/) -."FE) 5B) &) 0&"'.-) α===IS9Q7)@#$) ,&/1U0*.+-) %(:'+-$,) +,$1),#.2) &) *(/$&-) -$*&'(./) .0) ,#$&-),'-$,,) &/1) /.-%&*) ,'-$,,) 5B) '#$)

<.+*.%5)"-('$-(./).0)5-(''*$)0&(*+-$);0.-)−σ)V)ISQ)W&?7)X**)*$/4'#,)Y)2$-$),"&*$1)5B)'#$)0&"'.-)α=,)'#$)0-("'(./)".$00("($/') µ=Z) '&/ϕ) (,) (/6&-(&/'7) [B) +,(/4) =\) Z) \%.1$*G\/&'+-$E) ,"&*(/4) -&'(.,) .0) '#$) 3#B,("&*) 6&*+$,) \)2$-$).5'&(/$1);=YE)=4E)=ϕE)=ρE)="?);=."#$)$')&*7)]SSS?7)@#$),'-$,,)-&'(.)Q:IS9J)W&)(,)1$0(/$1)5B)=Y):)=4):)=ϕ7)@#$)+,$1),&/190*.+-)%(:)'#$-$0.-$),(%+*&'$,)#(4#)-."F)".#$,(./E)2#(*$)'#$)*.29".#$,(6$),&/1)&33-.:(%&'$,)*.2$-)/&'+-&*)6&*+$,7)I)"%)(/)$:3$-(%$/',)'#$-$0.-$)'-&/,*&'$,)'.)^I)F%)(/)/&'+-$7)!(/"$)&/)(/0*+$/"$)(/)6(,".,('B)(,) /$4*(4(5*$E) '(%$) ,"&*(/4) (,) /.') -$T+(-$17) X*,.E) '#$) $00$"') .0) $*&,'(") 0.-"$) (/) ,+"#) *&-4$) 1$0.-%&'(./,) (,)(/,(4/(0("&/');_.%+-.)$')&*7)ILM`?7)aY$/4'#)(,)YE)4-&6('B)&""7)4E)1$/,('B)ρE)&/4*$).0)(/'$-/&*)0-("'(./)ϕE)".#$,(./)<b7)

%

% =% 4( ρρρρ( ϕϕϕϕ==== !(

% [5]% [50LA]% [.9S5E]% [d]% [!"]%

<)+.% ?\E% U=N% Aa\\% ATLM\% ?\V%L%Te?\a%

F",3% ?\LA% U=N% ?a\\% ET% VE% L%

F",3SB*)D#% ?\LA% U=N% ?E\\% EN% L% MN\%

e5)34*Se,"$D#4% <Yf?\LT%fα% <9%f%? <)ρ%b%\=T <ϕ%b%? <Q%b%α%

!*0$#'1,*:(31%"(:#%;'#+(-#+.&'#,(

;)%$40$%874$74#%)D#%4XK4#/54,$"*%#40D*$0%+",%14%"KK*/43%$)%,"$D#"*%+"*34#"0%84%+)5K"#43%

.,)8,%#404#:)/#%0/W40%8/$7%K#43/+$/),0%5"34%12%)D#%4XK4#/54,$0=%;74%+"*34#"0%)-%G#",%

Q","#/"% [Q","#2% &0*",30]@% ",3%)-%<"1"D*% [!"KD"%g48%GD/,4"]% "#4% "5),9% $74% :4#2% -48%

+"*34#"%4X"5K*40%/,%$74%8)#*3%-)#%87/+7%$74%94)54$#2%)-%$74%D,34#*2/,9%5"95"%#404#:)/#%

/0%#4*"$/:4*2%84**%+),0$#"/,43=%F/,+4%5",2%,"$D#"*%+"*34#"0%",3%#404#:)/#0%"#4%4**/K$/+"**2%

07"K43%3D4% $)%4X$4#,"*% [$4+$),/+]% 0$#400% -/4*30%84%+),0/34#%4_D/:"*4,$%3/"54$4#0% /,% $7/0%

0$D32%["%3/"54$4#%4_D/:"*4,$%/0%$74%+)##40K),3/,9%3/"54$4#%)-%"%+/#+*4%8/$7%$74%0"54%"#4"%

"0%$74%/,/$/"*%4**/K04]=%

;74%;4^43"%+"*34#"%),%G#",%Q","#/"%[B/9=%E]%/0%"%*"#94%6/)+4,4%+4,$#"*%+"*34#"%[8/3$7%14L%

$844,%?N%.5%",3%A\%.5]%$7"$%-)#543%3D#/,9%4K/0)3/+%4XK*)0/:4%4#DK$/),0%)-%),4%)-%$74%

8)#*30%5)0$%:)*D5/,)D0%K2#)+*"0$/+%04_D4,+40%),%)+4",%/0*",30%[F+75/,+.4%?UaV`%;#)**%

4$%"*=%A\\A]=%G4)+745/+"*%3"$"%0D9940$%$7"$%$74%5"95"%#404#:)/#0%"00)+/"$43%8/$7%$7404%

4#DK$/),0%84#4%*)+"$43%"$%"%34K$7%)-%VLa%.5%[B#4D,3$%",3%F+75/,+.4%?UUT]=%C*0)%/,%$7/0%

*4:4*@%04/05/+%#4-*4+$/),%3"$"%#4:4"*%"%*4,0L07"K43%",)5"*2%)-%^D0$%):4#%A\%.5%3/"54$4#%

",3% V% .5% 74/97$@% /,$4#K#4$43% "0% $74% 0)*/3/-/43% K"#$0% )-% $74% 6/)+4,4% 5"95"% #404#:)/#%

[O#"0$4*%",3%F+75/,+.4%A\\A]=%;74%74/97$L$)L8/3$7%"0K4+$%#"$/)%/0%"++)#3/,9*2%\=E@%0/5/*"#%

Part I. Chapter 3

37

$)%$74%1"**)),%#)$"$/),"*%4**/K0)/3%07"K4%D043=%B)#%"%+"*34#"%8/$7%"%3/"54$4#%4_D/:"*4,$%

1<) f?U%.5% ",3% "% #404#:)/#% 34K$7% C=% fV=T% .5@% )D#% 4XK4#/54,$0% K#43/+$% "% #404#:)/#%

3/"54$4#%4_D/:"*4,$%1=)fA?%.5%[B/9=%E]@%+),0/0$4,$%8/$7%$74%0/W4%)-%$74%04/05/+%",)5"*2=%

;74%:)*D54%)-%$74%K*D$),/+%#404#:)/#%+)5K*4X%8/$7/,%G#",%Q","#/"%/0%74,+4%c?M\\%.5h=%

<"1"D*%Q"*34#"%/0%"%,40$43%+"*34#"%+)5K*4X%8/$7%",%):4#"**%8/3$7%)-%N%$)%?M%.5=%JD#/,9%

$74% *"$40$% 7/0$)#/+% +"*34#"L-)#5/,9% 4:4,$% ?M\\% 24"#0% "9)% 5)#4% $7",% ??%.5h% )-%5"95"%

84#4% 4#DK$43% [>"*.4#% 4$% "*=% ?UN?`% F"D,34#0% A\\?]=% ()*+",/+% "+$/:/$2% +),$/,D40% $)% $74%

K#404,$=% H#DK$/),0% 0/,+4% ?UUM% )++D#% "*),9% $74% +"*34#"%1)D,3/,9% #/,9L-"D*$0=% F4/05/+/$2%

):4#%$74%K"0$%E\%24"#0%34-/,40%",%4**/K$/+%T%$)%U%.5%$#45)#%"#4"%$7"$%-)#543%12%5/9#"$/,9%

5"95"% ",3% -"D*$/,9% [F"D,34#0% A\\?]=% i4*)8% bM%.5% 34K$7% $74% 04/05/+% 4:4,$0% *4004,@%

87/+7%7"0%144,%/,$4#K#4$43%"0%$74%,4"#12%$)K%)-%$74%5"95"%#404#:)/#%[6)#/%",3%6+O44%

?UNa]=% ID#% 4XK4#/54,$0% K#43/+$% "% #404#:)/#% 3/"54$4#% 4_D/:"*4,$% )-% N%.5% [B/9=% E]@% "*0)%

+),0/0$4,$%8/$7%$74%04/05/+"**2%/,-4##43%#404#:)/#=%

(

>1,-;,,1*:((>4%5)34**43%K/0$),L*/.4%+"*34#"%+)**"K04@%",3%/,$#)3D+43%"%5"$745"$/+"*%*/,."94%)-%$74%

$7#44%/,$4#+),,4+$/,9%K"#"54$4#0%+"*34#"%3/"54$4#@%#404#:)/#%34K$7%",3%#404#:)/#%3/"54L

$4#=% ;7/0% #4*"$/),07/K% +",% "*0)% 14% D043% $)% /,-4#% $74% K#404,+4% ",3% 0/W4% )-% $74% 5"95"%

#404#:)/#%-)#%)$74#%+"*34#"%:)*+",)40=%%

%

90$+1-#%1*:,(2*'(:#%;'#+(-#+.&'#,((

>4%,)8%3/0+D00%$74%/5K*/+"$/),0%)-%$74%4XK4#/54,$"*%#40D*$0%-)#%$74%Y"0%Q"j"3"0%1"0/,@%

;4,4#/-4% [Q","#2% &0*",30]=%;74%)#/9/,%)-% $7/0%4**/K$/+"*%34K#400/),%8/$7%"%3/"54$4#%)-%?\%

.5%",3%?V%.5%/0%341"$43=%&,%),4%72K)$740/0%/$%/0%"%,40$43%+)**"K04%+"*34#"%[6"#$/%4$%"*=%

?UUM]=% &,%",)$74#%72K)$740/0% $74%34K#400/),% -)#543%12%"%9/",$%,)#$7L3/#4+$43%*",30*/34%

/,$)%$74%04"`%$74%0)D$74#,%0+"#K%/0%$74%*",30*/34%74"38"**%[C#"j"%4$%"*=%?UNU`%Q"##"+43)%

?UUM`%>"$$0%",3%6"00),%A\\?]=%G4)+745/+"*%0$D3/40%#4:4"*43%$7"$%3D#/,9%$74%4:)*D$/),%

)-% $74%Y"0%Q"j"3"0%1"0/,@%"%05"**%5/9#"$/,9%#404#:)/#%8"0%*)+"$43%14$844,%E%",3%a%.5%

14,4"$7% $74% K#404,$% +"*34#"% -*))#% [C#"j"% 4$% "*=% ?UNU`%C1*"2% 4$% "*=% ?UUT]=% F4/05/+% 3"$"%

/,3/+"$4%"%05"**%#4+4,$%5"95"%#404#:)/#%8/$7%"%#45,",$%3/"54$4#%)-%M%.5%"$%M%.5%34K$7%

[i",3"%4$%"*=%?UN?]=%&-%Y"0%Q"j"3"0%/0%"%0/,9*4%+)**"K04%+"*34#"@%)D#%4XK4#/54,$0%#4_D/#4%"%

7D94% 5"95"% #404#:)/#%8/$7% "% 3/"54$4#% 4_D/:"*4,$% )-% ?M%.5% [B/9=%E]=% FD+7% "% #404#:)/#@%

7)84:4#@%/0%,4/$74#%4:/34,$%,)#%0DKK)#$43%12%",2%0$D3/40%)-%$74%0$#D+$D#4@%94)+7#),)*)92%

",3%0$#"$/9#"K72%[C,+)+74"%4$%"*=%?UUU]=%&-%Y"0%Q"j"3"0%/0%"%,40$43%+"*34#"%5"34%DK%12%E%

05"**4#% +)**"K04% +"*34#"0% 4"+7%8/$7%ba%.5% /,% 3/"54$4#% $7"$% -)#543% "$% 3/--4#4,$% $/540%

[6"#$/%4$%"*=%?UUM]@%)D#%4XK4#/54,$0%07)8%$74%,443%)-%"%[5/9#"$/,9]%#404#:)/#%8/$7%N=M%.5%

3/"54$4#% /,%M%.5%34K$7%k%"% 0/W4% $7"$% /0%"9"/,%,)$% 0DKK)#$43%12%94)K720/+"*%3"$"=%;7/0%

Part I. Chapter 3

38

0D9940$0%$7"$%$74%*"#94%0/W4%)-%$74%Y"0%Q"j"3"0%+"*34#"%5"2%,)$%14%"%KD#4%+)**"K04%+"*34#"%

",3%0D10$",$/"*%*",30*/340%84#4%/,:)*:43%/,%$74%1"0/,%-)#5"$/),=%

10 kmN

TaliliBay

SulphurCreek

Tavui Caldera

1 km

R a b a u l

Bla

nch

Bay

c.a.G r a n C a n a r i a 150˚E

10˚S

5˚S

Australia

Papua New Guinea

T3

RC

DR

eservoir

0

5

10

0

ZR

[km

]

Cohesion 107 Pa

5 10 15 20Caldera diameter, DCaldera [km]

GC

T1TR

GC - Gran CanariaRC - Rabaul CalderaT1 - Tenerife single collapseT2 - Tenerife three collapseTR - Tenerife recent reservoir

5 km

Te n e r i f e

Las Cañadas Caldera

Tejeda-caldera

Rabaulcaldera

b.

Canary Islands

NW-AFRICA

15˚W

26˚N

30˚N

%!"#$%&'0))<&*1$-&)$:&%3*$,7)X/&*.4+$)$:3$-(%$/',)'-&/,0$--$1)'.)F(*.%$'-$),"&*$)2('#)&33*("&'(./)'.)*+)c-&/)<&/&-(&);c<?E),+)@$/$-(0$);@>?E)&/1)1+)=&5&+*)<&*1$-&7)H/)%&3,E)1.''$1)"(-"*$,),#.2)&,,+%$1)".**&3,$)5&,(/).+'*(/$,7) @#$) 1(&%$'$-) .0) '#$) c-&/) <&/&-(&) %&4%&) -$,$-6.(-) 1=) (,) ^]I) F%7) @.) %&'"#) '#$) -$"$/') `) F%)-$,$-6.(-),(A$)'#&')(,)*."&'$1)"&7)`)F%)5$/$&'#)'#$)Y&,)<&d&1&,)5&,(/)./)@$/$-(0$E)&)-$,+*'(/4)"&*1$-&),#.+*1)5$)/.)*&-4$-)'#&/)K).-)`)F%)&"-.,,7)e.-$.6$-E)'#-$$)/$,'$1)M)F%92(1$)"&*1$-&,)-$T+(-$)&)-$,$-6.(-).0)&')*$&,')M)F%)(/)^`)F%)1$3'#);@>9K?7)X33&-$/'*B)&)#+4$)*&/1,*(1$)0.-%$1)3&-',).0)'#$)"&*1$-&)-(%E)%&F(/4)+3)0.-)'#(,)1$0("($/"B7)>.-)=&5&+*)<&*1$-&)'#$)-$,$-6.(-)(,)$**(3,.(1),#&3$1);J9IS7Q)F%?7)c$.%$'-(")-$*&'(./,)&-$),#.2/)0.-)'.+4#)"-+,'&*)-."F,E),.)'#&')'#$)%&4%&)"#&%5$-)1(&%$'$-,).0)c<E)@>)&/1)=<)&-$)%(/(%+%)6&*+$,7)H%&4$),.+-"$R)!3&"$5.-/$)H%&4(/4)=&1&-9<)&/1)\9[&/1)!B/'#$'(")X3$-'+-$)=&1&-);!H=9<G\9!X=?7)

%

Part I. Chapter 3

39

I*25KD0% 6),0% ),% $74% K*",4$% 6"#0@% $74% *"#940$% .,)8,% :)*+",)@% /0% "% 07/4*3% :)*+",)%

54"0D#/,9%cVA\%.5%/,%3/"54$4#%",3%"%74/97$%)-%cAT%.5=%&$% /0%"1)D$%?\\%$/540%*"#94#%

$7",% 6"D,"% Y)"% ),% H"#$7=% I*25KD0% 6),0% /0% *)+"$43% ,4"#% $74% 4_D"$)#% ),% $74% ;7"#0/0%

!*"$4"D@%1)#34#43%12%"% 0$44K%K4#/K74#"*%40+"#K54,$=%RD94%+4,$#"*%+#"$4#0% #40451*4% $74%

+"*34#"0%-)D,3%),%07/4*3%:)*+",)40%),%H"#$7=%;74%,40$43%+"*34#"%/,%$74%+4,$4#%/0%/,%$)$"*%

bU\% X% V\% .5%8/34@%5"34% )-%5D*$/K*4% ["$% *4"0$% V]% +/#+D*"#% +)**"K04% +#"$4#0% +#4"$43% 12%

3/--4#4,$% +)**"K04% 4:4,$0% [B/9=% M]=% Q/#+D*"#% -#"+$D#40% ",3% K)00/1*2% #/,9% 3/.40% 34-/,4% $74%

)*340$%",3% *"#940$%+)**"K04%+"*34#"%1"0/,@%87/+7%7"0%"%0$#D+$D#"*%3/"54$4#%4_D/:"*4,$%)-%

"1)D$%T\%.5`% $74%5)#K7)*)9/+"*%1"0/,%4#)343%",3%4,*"#943@%9/:/,9%,)8%"%3/"54$4#%)-%

VT%.5=% ;74% #404#:)/#% 34K$7% 8"0% 40$/5"$43% $)% 14% 07"**)84#% $7",% ?V%.5% [lD14#% ",3%

6)D9/,/0L6"#.%?UUA]=%ID#%4XK4#/54,$0%0D9940$%-)#%"%#404#:)/#%34K$7%)-%14$844,%?\%",3%

?V%.5%"%#404#:)/#%3/"54$4#%4_D/:"*4,$%)-%TA%.5%$)%TM%.5=%%

%

25 km

Min

MaxA=3500km²

A=2000km²

!"#$%&'2))f*B%3+,)e./,)<&*1$-&E)e&-,7)

e.,&(") .0) f*B%3+,) e./,) ;(/,$-'?) &/1) "*.,$) +3) .0)'#$) /$,'$1) ,+%%(') "&*1$-&) ".%3*$:7) @#$) *&-4$)"$/'-&*) "&*1$-&) 0*..-) (,) 1$0(/$1) 5B) -(/4) ,'-+"'+-$,);-(/4) 1(F$,) &/1G.-) -(/4) 0&+*',?E) 4(6(/4) &) ,(A$) .0) '#$),'-+"'+-&*) 5.+/1$1) "&*1$-&) 0*..-) .0) ^ILSS)F%g7)D-.,(./E)/.-%&*)0&+*'(/4)&/1),%&**$-)".**&3,$)$6$/',)2(1$/$1) '#$) "&*1$-&) 5&,(/) '.) hKQSS)F%g7) @#$)%&4%&) -$,$-6.(-)2&,) .0) &/) $T+(6&*$/') 1(&%$'$-) .0)Q`)F%) (0) *."&'$1) (/) IJ)F%) 1$3'#7) H%&4$) ,.+-"$R)i(F(/4).-5('$-)(%&4$,E)&6&(*&5*$)./*(/$7))

%

;74%5)#K7)*)9/+%+"*34#"%3/"54$4#0%)-%$74%1"0"*$/+%G"*"K"9)0%:)*+",/+%07/4*30%)-%&0"14*"%

",3% B4#,",3/,"% #",94% -#)5% E% $)% N% .5% 3/"54$4#=% ;74% +"*34#"% )-% B4#,",3/,"% :)*+",)%

+)**"K043%12%E\\%5%/,%?UVN%[F/5./,%",3%R)8"#3@%?Ua\]=%C%#4+4,$%0$D32%1"043%),%?UUAL

?UUN% &,$4#-4#)54$#/+% F2,$74$/+%CK4#$D#4%<"3"#%3"$"% [&,FC<]% 07)843% $7"$%"**%1D$%),4%)-%

$74%:)*+",)40%"#4%"+$/:4*2%/,-*"$/,9%3D4%$)%"++D5D*"$/),%)-%5"95"%/,%+4,$#"*%#404#:)/#0%

14,4"$7%$74%+"*34#"0%[C54*D,9%4$%"*=@%A\\\]=%&,$4#K#4$"$/),%)-%$74%&,FC<%3"$"%D0/,9%K)/,$%

[6)9/]% ",3% 0/**% 0)D#+40% 0D9940$% #404#:)/#0% "$% 34K$70% )-% A% .5@% E% .5@% ",3% T% .5% -)#% $74%

:)*+",)40% F/4##"%g49#"@%J"#8/,% ",3%Q4##)%CWD*@% #40K4+$/:4*2=% ;74% +"*34#"0% "#4% ,4"#*2%

+/#+D*"#@% 0D9940$/,9% $7"$% $74% 4X$4#,"*% 0$#400% -/4*3% 7"3% ),*2% */$$*4% /,-*D4,+4% 3D#/,9% $74%

-)#5"$/),%)-%$74%+"*34#"=%;74%5)#K7)*)9/+"*%3/"54$4#0%)-%$74%+"*34#"0%1=%)-%$7404%:)*+"L

,)40%"#4%N%.5@%T=T%.5@%",3%E=a%.5=%ID#%4XK4#/54,$"*% #40D*$0%K#43/+$%3/"54$4#0%)-%N=V%

.5@%V=M%.5@%",3%T=E%.5=%R)84:4#@%3D4%$)%4#)0/),%",3%,)#5"*% -"D*$%+"*34#"%8/34,/,9@%

$74%0$#D+$D#"*%3/"54$4#0%)-% $74%G"*"K"9)0%#/,9%-"D*$0%"#4%K#)1"1*2%0)5487"$%05"**4#=%&,%

Part I. Chapter 3

40

","*)92% $)% $7/0%3/*455"@%Y/K5",% [?UNM@%?UUa]% /,3/+"$43% -)#%+"*34#"0%)-%840$4#,%g)#$7%

C54#/+"% $74% 0$#D+$D#"*% +"*34#"% 3/"54$4#% [#4:4#04% -"D*$0]% $)% 14% "1)D$% M\% $)% N\m% )-% $74%

$)K)9#"K7/+%+"*34#"%8"**=%C*0)%4XK4#/54,$"*%3"$"%345),0$#"$43%$7"$%$74%#/,9%-"D*$%3/"54L

$4#% /0%bT\% $)% U\m% $74% )D$4#% 34K#400/),%3/"54$4#@% $74%3/0+#4K",+2% "D954,$0%8/$7% $74%

#404#:)/#%34K$7%[>"*$4#%",3%;#)**%A\\?@%C+)+4**"%4$%"*=%A\\?]=%B)#%$74%G"*"K"9)0%:)*+"L

,)40%$74%"++D#"$4%#4:4#04%-"D*$%K)0/$/),%/0%:"9D4@%1D$%84%+",%"KK#)X/5"$4%$74%0$#D+$D#"*%

+)**"K04%+"*34#"%3/"54$4#%12%D0/,9%ba\m%)-%$74%$)K)9#"K7/+%+"*34#"%4XK#400/),=%;74,@%

$74% #/,9% -"D*$%3/"54$4#0%"#4% 05"**4#@%14/,9%T=V%.5@%E=U%.5%",3%A=V%.5@% /,%0"54%)#34#=%

;74%/,-4##43%3/"54$4#0%-)#%$74%F/4##"%g49#"%#404#:)/#%/0%74,+4%V=A%.5@%$74%J"#8/,%#404#L

:)/#% /0% M=U% .5@% ",3%Q4##)% CWD*% M=E% .5=% C0% ",% /5K)#$",$% -"+$@%84% ,)8% .,)8% $7"$% $74%

#404#:)/#%)-%F/4##"%g49#"% /0%0/9,/-/+",$*2% *"#94#% $7",% $74%#404#:)/#0%)-%J"#8/,%",3%Q4##)%

CWD*`%"%#40D*$%$7"$%5"2%"--4+$%K4$#)*)9/+"*%",3%32,"5/+"*%0$D3/40@%"0%84**=%%

=101%#%1*:,?(B)#%+)5K*454,$%D,34#0$",3/,9%)-%$74%4XK4#/54,$0@%84%07)D*3%14%+),0+/)D0%

)-% $74% +4,$#"*% 0/5K*/-/+"$/),0% )-% $74% ","*)9D4% 5)34*0=% 64+7",/+"*% ",3% 94)54$#/+"*%

+),0$#"/,$0%"#4%D,":)/3"1*4%/,%",2%$2K40%)-%5)34*/,9@%$7D0%84%7":4%$)%5".4%"00D5K$/),0%

),%$74%5"$4#/"*0%147":/)#@%,49*4+$%$74%4*"0$/+/$2%)-%$74%+#D0$"*%#)+.0@%",3%D04%"%5451#",4L

*/5/$43%#404#:)/#=%;74%#404#:)/#%5451#",4%3/3%,)$%"**)8%$)%0/5D*"$4%"%9#"3D"*%$#",0/4,$%

-#)5%#404#:)/#%$)%+#D0$@%1D$%"**)80%K#4+/04%+),$#)*%),%$74%#404#:)/#%94)54$#/40=%%

;74% /,-*D4,+4% )-% 4X$4#,"*% 0$#400% -/4*30% 0D+7% "0% 3D4% $)% $74% $)K)9#"K72% )-% $74% :)*+",)%

[>"*$4#% ",3% ;#)**% A\\?]@% 3D4% $)% 5"95"$/+% D,34#K*"$/,9% [GD35D,300),% ?UUN]@% ",3%

#49/),"*%$4+$),/+%1"+.9#)D,3%0$#40040%[6))#4%",3%O).4*""#%?UUN]%8"0%,49*4+$43%/,%$7404%

4XK4#/54,$0=%B)#%5",2%:)*+",/+%+)5K*4X40%",3%)+4",%/0*",30%$7404%"00D5K$/),0%5"2%14%

^D0$/-/43%",3% $74%4XK4#/54,$0% $74#4-)#4%K#):/34%"% -/#0$L)#34#%40$/5"$4%),% $74% 0/W4%)-% $74%

D,34#*2/,9%5"95"%#404#:)/#0=%%

%

!*:-+;,1*:(6),/$)#/,9% 0D#-"+4% 34-)#5"$/),% "$% "+$/:4% +"*34#"0% D0/,9% 0"$4**/$4% 3"$"% [&,FC<@% G!F]%

K#):/340%",%40$/5"$4%),%$74%34K$7%)-%$74%5"95"$/+%0)D#+4%[+-=%C54*D,9%4$%"*=%A\\\]=%;74%

","*)9D4%4XK4#/54,$0%3/0+D0043%"1):4%K#):/34%"%54",0%$)%40$/5"$4%$74%3/"54$4#%)-%0D+7%

"%#404#:)/#=%;74%4--)#$*400%D04%)-%)D#%4XK4#/54,$"**2%34#/:43%94)54$#/+%#4*"$/),07/K%)-%"%

+"*34#"% 3/"54$4#@% /$0% "00)+/"$43% #404#:)/#% 3/"54$4#% 14,4"$7@% ",3% $74% #404#:)/#% 34K$7@%

K#):/340%,):4*%/,-)#5"$/),%"1)D$%$74%0$#D+$D#"*%4:)*D$/),%)-%"%:)*+",)=%;7/0%/,-)#5"$/),%

/0%+#D+/"*%-)#%$74%*),9L$4#5%-)#4+"0$/,9%)-%:)*+",/+%4#DK$/),%14+"D04%/$%K#):/340%"%7",3*4%

)-%$74%K#400D#4%/,+#4"04%/,%$74%#404#:)/#%"00)+/"$43%8/$7%5"95"%/,$#D0/),=%&$%+",%-D#$74#%

14% D043% $)% 40$/5"$4% "]% $74% 3/54,0/),% ",3% :"#/"1/*/$2% )-% #404#:)/#% 0/W40@% 1]% $)% K#):/34%

K#4*/5/,"#2%",3%+)5K"#"$/:4%/,-)#5"$/),%-)#%04/05/+%54"0D#454,$0@%+]%$)%)--4#%/5K)#$",$%

1)D,30% -)#% K4$#)*)9/+"*% 0$D3/40% ),%5"95"% +7"514#% 32,"5/05@% )#% 3]% "**)80% "00400/,9%

874$74#%"%1"0/,%8"0%-)#543%12%:4#$/+"*%)#%*"$4#"*%04+$)#%+)**"K04=%%

Part I. Chapter 3

41

6-@:*3+&.4&0&:%,?(;74%"D$7)#0%$7",.%I=%<)+74@%n=%G"#3,4#@%R=LP=%F+75/,+.4@%",3%;=%

R",0$44,% -)#% 3/0+D00/),% ",3% +#/$/+"*% +)554,$0% ),% 4"#*/4#% :4#0/),0% )-% $74% 5",D0+#/K$=%

B/,",+/"*%0DKK)#$%8"0%K#):/343%12%$74%J4D$0+74%B)#0+7D,909454/,0+7"-$%12%9#",$0%F+75%

AT\SaaL?SA% $)% R=LP=% F+75/,+.4% ",3% "% 9#",$% -#)5% $74% F$D3/4,0$/-$D,9% 340% 34D$0+74,%

()*.40%$)%(<;=%

(

A&2&'&:-&,(C1*"2@%G=B=@%n=%6"#$o@%",3%<=F=n=%FK"#.0@%;74%A."%0D1K*/,/",%

4#DK$/),%)-%6),$"j"%i*",+"@%;4,4#/-4@%[+**7)i.*"&/.*7E)QO@%EEALETT@%?UUT=%

C54*D,9@% B=@% F=% np,00),@% R=% l41.4#@% ",3% !=% F49"**@%>/340K#4"3%DK*/-$%",3%q$#"K3))#Z%-"D*$/,9%),%G"*rK"9)0%:)*+",)40%)104#:43%8/$7% #"3"#% /,$4#-4#)54$#2@%j&'+-$E)`SO@%UUELUUV@%A\\\=%

C,+)+74"@%H=@%6=n=%RD4#$"0@% n=6=%Q",$"9#4*@% n=%Q)4**)@% n=6=%Bs0$4#@% g=% C#,"D3@% ",3% H=% &1"##)*"@% H:)*D$/),% )-% $74%Q"j"3"0% 43/-/+4% ",3% /$0% /5K*/+"$/),0% -)#% $74% )#/9/,% )-%$74%Q"j"3"0% +"*34#"% [;4,4#/-4@%Q","#2% &0*",30]@% k7)i.*9"&/.*7)c$.'#$-%7)=$,7E)MM@%?aaL?UU@%?UUU=%

C,34#0),@%H=6=@%Q),4%0744$0%",3%#/,9%32.40`%$74%32,"5/+"*%4XK*","$/),@%[+**7)i.*"&/.*7E)I@%ETLM\@%?UEa=%

C#"j"@% (=@% B=% i"#14#/@% ",3% G=% B4##"#"@% ;74% +)5K*4X%:)*+",/05% )-% ;4/34L!/+)% (/4^)% [/,% FK",/07]@% (/) Y.,)i.*"&/$,) B) *&)<&*1$-&) 1$*) W&-T+$)j&"(./&*) 1$*) @$(1$);@$/$-(0$E) H,*&,) <&/&-(&,?@% 43/$43% 12% (=% C#"j"@% ",3% n=%Q)4**)@%KK=%?\?L?AV@%&QIgC@%6"3#/3@%?UNU=%

i",3"@% H=@% n=n=% J"j)14/$/"@% H=% FD#/j"+7@% ",3% n=% C,0)#94@%B4"$D#40% )-% +#D0$"*% 0$#D+$D#4%D,34#% $74%Q","#2% &0*",30@%D&-'#)W*&/$'7)!"(7)Y$''7E)QQ@%??LAM@%?UN?=%

Q"##"+43)@% n=Q=@% ;74% Q","#2% &0*",30'% ",% 4X"5K*4% )-%0$#D+$D#"*%+),$#)*%),%$74%9#)8$7%)-%*"#94%)+4",/+L/0*",3%:)*+",)40@% k7) i.*"&/.*7)c$.'#$-%7) =$,7E) JS@% AATLAM?@%?UUM=%

B#4D,3$@%C=@%",3%R=LP=%F+75/,+.4@%!4$#)94,40/0%)-%#72)*/$4L$#"+72$4L1"0"*$%+)5K)0/$4%/9,/51#/$4%!?@%G#",%Q","#/"@%Q","#2%&0*",30@%k7)c$.3#B,7)=$,7E)ISS@%MTTLMaM@%?UUT=%

GD35D,300),@%C=@%B)#5"$/),%",3%34:4*)K54,$%)-%,)#5"*L-"D*$%+"*34#"0%",3%$74%/,/$/"$/),%)-%*"#94%4XK*)0/:4%4#DKL$/),0@%[+**7)i.*"&/.*7E)JS@%?V\L?a\@%?UUN=%

R",3/,@%n=@%F$#4,9$7%",3%3D+$/*/$2@%/,%N&/15..F).0)W#B,("&*)<./,'&/',@%43/$43%12%F=!=n=%Q*"#+.@%G4)*=%F)+=%C5=@%AAELANU@%?UVV=%

RD114#$@% 6=O=@% ;74)#2% )-% 0+"*4% 5)34*0% "0% "KK*/43% $)% $74%0$D32%)-%94)*)9/+%0$#D+$D#40@%[+**7)c$.*7)!."7)X%7E)`M@%?MTUL?TA\@%?UEa=%

O)5D#)@% R=@% t=% BD^/$"@% ",3% O=% O)3"5"@% gD54#/+"*% ",3%4XK4#/54,$"*% 5)34*0% ),% $74% -)#5"$/),% 54+7",/05% )-%+)**"K04% 1"0/,0% 3D#/,9% $74% G#44,% ;D--% I#)94,40/0% )-%n"K",@%[+**7)i.*"&/.*7E)`O@%VMULVVV@%?UNM=%

O#"0$4*@% F=@% ",3% R=LP=% F+75/,+.4@% Q#D0$"*% 0$#D+$D#4% )-%,)#$74#,% G#",% Q","#/"% 343D+43% -#)5% "+$/:4% 04/05/+%$)5)9#"K72@%k7)c$.3#B,7)=$,7);(/)'#$)3-$,,?@%A\\A=%

Y/K5",@% !=>=@% ;74% #))$0% )-% "07% -*)8% +"*34#"0% /,% 840$4#,%g)#$7%C54#/+"'%8/,3)80%/,$)% $74%$)K0%)-%9#",/$/+%K*DL$),0@%k7)c$.3#B,7)=$,7E)ML@%NN\?LNNM?@%?UNM=%

Y/K5",@%!=>=@%FD10/34,+4%)-%"07L-*)8%+"*34#"0'%#4*"$/),%$)%+"*34#"% 0/W4% ",3% 5"95"L+7"514#% 94)54$#2@% [+**7)i.*"&/.*7E)QL@%?UNLA?N@%?UUa=%

6"#07@% i=J=@% 6"95"% Q7"514#0@% /,% D/"B"*.3l1(&) .0)i.*"&/.$,@% 43/$43% 12% R=% F/9D#300),@% KK=% ?U?LA\V@%C+"345/+%!#400@%F",%J/49)@%A\\\=%%

6"#$/@%n=@%n=%6/$^":/*"@%",3%(=%C#"j"@%F$#"$/9#"K72@%0$#D+$D#4%",3%94)+7#),)*)92%)-%$74%Y"0%Q"j"3"0%+"*34#"%[;4,4L#/-4@%Q","#2%&0*",30]@%c$.*7)e&47E)IKI@%a?TLaAa@%?UUM=

6))#4@% &=@% ",3% !=% O).4*""#@% ;4+$),/+"**2% +),$#)**43%K/4+454"*% +"*34#"% 0D10/34,+4'% "% +"04% 0$D32% -#)5% $74%G*4,% Q)4% :)*+",)@% F+)$*",3@% c$.*7) !."7) X%7) [+**7E)IIS@%?MMN@%?UUN=%

6)#/@% n=@% ",3% Q=% 6+O44@% ID$8"#3L3/KK/,9% #/,9% -"D*$%0$#D+$D#40% "$% <"1"D*% +"*34#"% "0% 07)8,%12% 4"#$7_D".4%*)+"$/),0@%!"($/"$E)]KQ@%?UEL?UT@%?UNa=%%

<)+74@%I=@%;=%J#D/$$@%",3%I=%64#*4@%HXK4#/54,$"*%0$D32%)-%+"*34#"% -)#5"$/),@% k7) c$.3#B,7) =$,7E) ISQ@% EUTLM?V@%A\\\=%

F",-)#3@%C=Y=@%C,"*2$/+"*%",3%4XK4#/54,$"*%0$D32%)-%0/5K*4%94)*)9/+% 0$#D+$D#40@%[+**7)c$.*7) !."7)X%7E)OS@% ?ULTA@%?UTU=%

F"D,34#0@% F=n=@% ;74% 07"**)8% K*D51/,9% 020$45% )-% <"1"D*%+"*34#"'%"%K"#$/"**2%/,$#D343%#/,9%-"D*$u%[+**7)i.*"&/.*7E)JK@%M\VLMA\@%A\\?=%

F+75/,+.4@%R=LP=@%;74%94)*)92%)-% $74%Q","#2% &0*",30@% /,%D".*.4B) &/1) [(.4$.4-&3#B) (/) '#$) <&/&-B) H,*&/1,@%43/$43%12%G=%OD,.4*@%KK=%VaL?NM@%;74%R"9D4@%g4$74#L*",30@%?UaV=%

F+7D*$W@% <=C=@% <4*"$/:4% 0+"*4% ",3% $74% 0$#4,9$7% ",3%34-)#5"1/*/$2% )-% #)+.% 5"0040@% k7) !'-+"'7) c$.*7E) IM@%??EUL??MU@%?UUV=%

F/5./,@% ;=@% ",3% O=C=% R)8"#3@% Q"*34#"% +)**"K04% /,% $74%G"*"K"9)0% &0*",30@% ?UVN@% !"($/"$E) IJL@% MAULMEa@%?Ua\=%

;#)**@% (=<=@% ;=<=% >"*$4#@% ",3% R=LP=% F+75/,+.4@% Q2+*/+%+"*34#"% +)**"K04'% !/0$),% )#% K/4+454"*% 0D10/34,+4u%B/4*3% ",3% 4XK4#/54,$"*% 4:/34,+4@% c$.*.4BE) KS@% ?ETL?EN@%A\\A=%

>"*$4#@% ;=<=@% ",3% (=<=% ;#)**@% B)#5"$/),% )-% +"*34#"%K4#/K74#2% -"D*$0'% ",% 4XK4#/54,$"*% 0$D32@% [+**7) i.*"&9/.*7E)JK@%?U?LA\E@%A\\?=%

>"$$0@% C=i=@% ",3% J=G=% 6"00),@% g48% 0),"#% 4:/34,+4% -)#%#4+4,$% +"$"0$#)K7/+% +)**"K040% )-% $74% ,)#$7% -*",.% )-%;4,4#/-4@% Q","#2% &0*",30@% [+**7) i.*"&/.*7E) JK@% NL?U@%A\\?=%

>"*.4#@%G=!=Y=@%<=B=%R45/,9@%;=n=%FK#)3@%",3%R=<=%>"*.4#@%Y"$40$%5"^)#%4#DK$/),0%)-%<"1"D*%:)*+",)@%c$.*7)!+-67)W&3+&)j$2)c+(/$&)e$%7E)IS@%?N?L?UE@%?UN?=%

>))3@% Q=C=@% Q"*34#"0'% C% !*",4$"#2% !4#0K4+$/:4@% k7)c$.3#B,7)=$,7E)ML@%NEU?LNM\V@%?UNM=%

lD14#@%6=;=@%",3%!=n=%6)D9/,/0L6"#.@%Q"*34#"%0D10/34,+4%",3% 5"95"% +7"514#% 34K$7% )-% $74% I*25KD0% 6),0%()*+",)@%6"#0@% k7)c$.3#B,7)=$,7E)LO@%?N@AUTL?N@E\a@%?UUA=%

Part II. Chapter 4

42

!"#$%&&'%()*+",)%-*",.%/,0$"1/*/$2%12%+"*34#"%-)#5"$/),%

%

%

!"#$%&'()(

%

64+7##4,$%-*",.%+)**"804%/,%94,)%%

%

%

%

Part II. Chapter 4

43

*+,%+-./('&01''&-%(2#-342+3+-.(#-3(5+60&-&(4%'10%1'#2((

'&6'.#-+7#%+6-(+-(8&-6/(9:;8&-&'+,&(<!#-#'=(>42#-34?(%

9:)5"0%6;%<"*$4#%",3%=",0>?*#/+:%@+:5/,+.4%%

A1$;%(7*.",)*)B/4%C%!4$#)*)B/4D%EFGHA6D%</0+::)-0$#"004%I>JD%KLILM%N/4*D%E4#5",2%%

%

@A4%'#0%B%<4%0$73/43%54+:",/050%)-%0$#7+$7#"*%340$"1/*/O"$/),%)-%)+4",% /0*",3%-*",.0%

12% +),0/34#/,B% $:4% */,."B4% 14$P44,% Q)*+",)% +),0$#7+$/),% ",3% Q)*+",)% 340$#7+$/),D%

4R458*/-/43%12%$:4%+)58)0/$4%94,)%0:/4*3%Q)*+",)%),%94,4#/-4%ST","#2%&0*",30U;%V7#/,B%

B#)P$:D% 94,4#/-4% 48/0)3/+"**2% 4R84#/4,+43% B/",$% *",30*/340D% B4,4$/+"**2% "00)+/"$43%P/$:%

#/-$/,B% ",3% 8#4-4#4,$/"**2% *)+"$43% 14$P44,% $P)% "#50% )-% "% $:#44>"#543% #/-$% 020$45;% 9:4%

3448*2% 4#)343% *"$4%H/)+4,4%94,)%5"00/-% "**)P0% /,0/B:$0% /,$)% $:4% #/-$/,B%8#)+40040D% $:4%

-"/*7#4%54+:",/050%",3%#4*"$43%0$#7+$7#40;%9:4%045/+/#+7*"#%B4)54$#2%)-%8"*4)>0+"#80%",3%

-#"+$7#4% 020$450D% 1#4++/"% 348)0/$0% ",3% $:4% *)+"*% 3/.4% 0P"#5% #4+),-/B7#"$/),0% 34*/,4"$4%

$P)% *",30*/34% 0+"#8% #4B/),0;% W)**)P/,B% ",% 4"#*/4#% +)**"804% )-% $:4% )*34#% !"#$ %&'()*+#$

,"-.(*&")% $)% $:4%,)#$:D% $:4% #)+.0% "#)7,3% $:4% 0+"#8%14+"54% -#"+$7#43% ",3% /,$#7343%12%

3/.40;%@710$",$/"*% *"Q"% /,-/**%",3%4,37#/,B%3/.4%458*"+454,$% /,+#4"043% $:4% *)"3%),% $:4%

P4".% 0+"#8%",3% -)#+43% $:4% -*",.% $)% +#448%"B"/,D% -/,"**2% #407*$/,B% /,% $:4%+)**"804%)-% $:4%

2)7,B4#%/(--&0(1+#$,"-.(*&");%G,+4%5)#4D%$:4%+:",B/,B%0$#400%-/4*3%+"7043%34-)#5"$/),%

)-%$:4%,4"#12%#)+.0D%"%-#"+$7#4%14*$%-)#543%"#)7,3%$:4%0+"#8%",3%3/.40%/,$#7343%/,$)%,4P%

S+),+4,$#/+U%3/#4+$/),0;%9:4%)7$*/,4D%0/O4%",3%3/#4+$/),%)-%$:4%04+),3%-"/*43%-*",.%)-%94,)%

Q4#2%57+:%#40451*40% $:4% -/#0$%+)**"804;%<4%07BB40$%0$#7+$7#"*%+*740%+),+4#,/,B%54+:">

,/050% )-% #4+7##4,$% Q)*+",)% -*",.% -"/*7#4D% Q4#/-2/,B% $:4% +),+48$% $:"$% Q)*+",)% -*",.0% $:"$%

:"Q4%-"/*43%"#4%8#),4%$)%+)**"804%"B"/,%P/$:%0/5/*"#%3/54,0/),0;%

N42P)#30'%W*",.%/,0$"1/*/$2D%3/.4%#4+),-/B7#"$/),D%#4+7##4,$%04+$)#%+)**"804D%T","#2%&0*",30D%Q)*+",)%08#4"3/,B%%

%

>-%'6310%+6-(()*+",/+%/0*",30%"#4%0$#7+$7#"**2%7,0$"1*4%",3%$:70%070+48$/1*4%$)%04"P"#3>3/#4+$43%5"00%

P"0$/,B;% 9:4% *"$4#"*% +)**"804% )-% :7B4% 04+$)#0% )-% "% Q)*+",)% +",% 12% :/B:*2% 340$#7+$/Q4D%

5",/-40$43%/,%341#/0%"Q"*",+:40D%Q)*+",/+%4R8*)0/),0%",3%$07,"5/0;%V408/$4%$:4%:"O"#3>

8)$4,$/"*%)-%Q)*+",)40D%$:4%0$#7+$7#"*%54+:",/050%#4*"$/,B%$:4%0/O4D%-#4X74,+2%",3%3/#4+>

$/),%)-%B/",$%*",30*/340%"#4%8))#*2%7,34#0$))3;%%

()*+",)40% "#4% 8#43/08)043% $)% 08#4"3% )7$P"#3% 374% $)% $:4/#% $)8)B#"8:/+% *)"3% ",3% $:4/#%

/,$#70/Q4%+)58*4R40%$:"$%$4,3%$)%34+)78*4%$:4%0$#400%-/4*3%SW/0.4%",3%Y"+.0),%IZ[K\%])#B/"%

IZZLU;%&,$#70/),0%-#4X74,$*2%-)#5%#/-$%O),40D%34-/,43%12%8"#"**4*%0P"#50%)-%S-4434#U%3/.40%

",3% $)8)B#"8:/+% #/3B40% )-% "*/B,43% Q4,$0D% P:/+:% "#4% 8#)5/,4,$% 0$#7+$7#"*% -4"$7#40% )-%

Part II. Chapter 4

44

)+4",>/0*",3% Q)*+",)40% S@$/**5",% IZM[\%<"*.4#% IZZKU;% 9:4% *"$4#"*% +)**"804%)-% Q)*+",/+%

43/-/+40%/0%+)55),*2%0$#7+$7#"**2%*/,.43%$)%$:)04%#/-$%O),40%S@/414#$%IZMLU;%%

9)% #4+),0$#7+$% $:4%Q)*+",)>$4+$),/+%8"*4)>0$#400% -/4*3%+),$#)**/,B% $:4%458*"+454,$%)-%"%

3/.4>0P"#5D% 34$"/*43% 0$73/40% )-% 3/.4% "##",B454,$0% "#4% #4X7/#43;% 9:4% 3/#4+$/),% )-% "%

8#)8"B"$/,B%3/.4%$28/+"**2%$4,30%$)%14%84#84,3/+7*"#%$)%$:4%5/,/575%8#/,+/8"*%+)58#40>

0/Q4%0$#400D%"**)P/,B%$)%0$732%$:4%8"*4)>0$#400%#4*"$/),0%P/$:/,%"%Q)*+",/+%43/-/+4%"$%$/54%)-%

3/.4%458*"+454,$%SA,34#0),%IZJ[U;%@$#7+$7#"*% -/4*3%3"$"%:"Q4%144,%7043%/,%$:4%8"0$%$)%

0$732%$:4%$4+$),/+%4Q)*7$/),%)-%$:4%T","#2%&0*",30%S@+:5/,+.4%IZ^M\%W_#"73%4$%"*;%IZM`\%

@$/**5",%IZM[\%]"##4#"%4$%"*;%IZMZ\%T"##"+43)%IZZLD%IZZ^\%H"#$a%4$%"*;%IZZ[\%H"#/,),/%

",3% E7357,300),% KbbbU;% @)54% #/-$% O),40% -)#543% 37#/,B% $:4% 4,$/#4% 4Q)*7$/),% )-% "%

Q)*+",/+% /0*",3D% 0)54% 4R$4,3/,B% )Q4#% `b%.5% -#)5% "% ,7+*470% SW/B;% IU;% 9:404% #/-$% O),40%

/,/$/"$43%5)0$%+)55),*2%37#/,B%$:4%0:/4*3>17/*3/,B%0$"B4%)-%",%/0*",3%",3%c),+4%40$"1>

*/0:43c%/58*2%$:4%*)+"$/),%)-%7,0$"1*4%Q)*+",)%04+$)#0;%G,%d"%!"*5"D%",%7,0$"1*4%-*",.%/0%

0/$43%,)#5"*%$)%"%5"e)#%,)#$:c0)7$:%#/-$%O),4%SV"2%4$%"*;%IZZZU;%W"/*7#40%)-%F*%=/4##)%",3%

94,4#/-4% )-$4,% 1/04+$% $:4% ",B*40% -)#543% 12% $P)% 0$#7+$7#"*% "R40% )-% 84#0/0$4,$% 3/./,BD%

P:4#4"0%5"B5"$/+%"+$/Q/$2%+),+4,$#"$43%"*),B%$:#44%0$#7+$7#"*%"R40D%-)#5/,B%5)#8:)*)B/>

+"*%#/3B40%",3%$#/",B7*"#%4*),B"$43%43/-/+40%Sf"Q"##)%",3%W"##7e/"%IZMZ\%T"##"+43)%IZZLD%

IZZ^U;% 9:4% +)**"804% )-% :7B4% Q)*+",/+% 04+$)#0% /,$)% $:4% 04"% 8#)37+43% "33/$/),"*% 04##"$4%

0:)#4*/,40%ST"##"+43)%IZZL\%N#"0$4*%4$%"*;%KbbIU;%%

=4#4D%P4%#48)#$%$:4%#407*$0%)-%34$"/*43%-/4*3%0$73/40D%-)+70/,B%),%$:4%*"$4%H/)+4,4%1"0"*$/+%

0:/4*3% )-% 94,)% S,)#$:P40$4#,% 94,4#/-4UD% P/$:% ",% "$$458$% $)% /,-4#% $:4% 8"*4)>0$#400% $:"$%

+),0$#"/,43%$:4%1#/$$*4%34-)#5"$/),%",3%04Q4#"*%3/.4%"##",B454,$0;%V448%4#)0/),%)-%$:4%

94,)%Q)*+",)%:"0%#4Q4"*43%"%#4*"$/),0:/8%14$P44,%3/.4%458*"+454,$%",3%5"e)#%04+$)#%

+)**"8040;%9:4%3"$"%","*20/0%)-%gMbb%54"07#43%3/.40%",3%-#"+$7#40%"**)P43%$)%40$/5"$4%"%

*)+"*%8"*4)>0$#400% -/4*3D%0/B,/-/+",$*2% /,-*74,+43%12%,4"#>07#-"+4%4--4+$0;%<4%340+#/14%$:4%

0710$",$/"*%/,$#70/Q4%"+$/Q/$2%-)+7043%),%$:4%94,)%#/-$%O),40D%",3%$:4%5)3/-/+"$/),%)-%3/.4%

$#"+40%*/,.43%$)%#4+7##4,$%+)**"8040%)-%Q)*+",)%04+$)#0;%%

9:4%"/5%)-%$:/0%0$732%/0%$)%14$$4#%7,34#0$",3%$:4%54+:",/050%)-%Q)*+",)%34-)#5"$/),%",3%

-*",.%340$"1/*/O"$/),D%04+$)#%+)**"804%",3%$:4%0$#7+$7#"*%"084+$0%"+$/,B%$)B4$:4#;%9:/0%0$732%

5"2%:4*8%$)%-)+70%343/+"$43%0$73/40%),%Q)*+",/+%43/-/+40%$:"$%"#4%/,>14$P44,%$P)%04+$)#%

+)**"804%4Q4,$0;%

%

C620#-6;%&0%6-+0(&D621%+6-(6,(8&-&'+,&(

94,4#/-4% /0% $:4%:/B:40$% /0*",3%)-% $:4%T","#/40% ",3%+4,$#"**2% *)+"$43% /,% $:4%A#+:/84*"B);%

9:4%)*340$% 071"4#/"*% #)+.0%)-%94,4#/-4%"#4% $:)04%)-% $:#44% 048"#"$4%1"0"*$/+%0:/4*3%Q)*+">

,)40% ),% $:4% +)#,4#0% )-% $:4% /0*",3D% +)58)043% 5"/,*2% )-% "*."*/% 1"0"*$0D% 1"0",/$4D% ",>

."#"5/$4% ",3% 5/,)#% 8:),)*/$4% ",3% $#"+:2$4D% 458*"+43% 14$P44,% IK% ",3% J;J%H"%

SA,+)+:4"% 4$% "*;% IZZb\% 9:/#*P"**% 4$% "*;% KbbbU;% 9:404% H/)+4,4% 04#/40% +#)8% )7$% "$% $:4%

Part II. Chapter 4

45

4#)343%Q)*+",/+%5"00/-0%6)X74%34*%T),34D%A,"B"%",3%94,)%SW/B;%IU;%H"/,*2%1"0"*$/+%",3%

8:),)*/$/+% 4#78$/),0% -)#543% $:4%:7B4%d"0%T"h"3"0%43/-/+4D% 0$"#$/,B%"#)7,3%J;`%H"%"B)%

SA,+)+:4"%4$%"*;%IZZb\%H"#$a%4$%"*;%IZZ[U;%9:4%Q)*+",)>$4+$),/+%4Q)*7$/),%)-%$:/0%8/Q)$"*%

43/-/+4%P"0%3)5/,"$43%12%#/-$/,BD%+),+4,$#"$43%/,%$:#44%#/-$%"#50%$:"$%3/Q4#B4%-#)5%$:4%d"0%

T"h"3"0%+4,$4#%$)%$:4%,)#$:4"0$D%$)%$:4%,)#$:P40$%",3%$)%$:4%0)7$:%SA,+)+:4"%4$%"*;%IZZb\%

T"##"+43)%IZZLU;%

15˚W

La Palma

Gomera

Tenerife

Gran Canaria

Fuerte

vent

ura

Lanzarote

Hierro

17˚W

100 km

28˚N

30˚N

Santa Cruz

N

10 km

Anaga

Roque delConde

Güimar

Orotava

Teno

Las Cañadas

Caldera

Canary Islands

AFRICA

28˚15'N

16˚45' W 16˚30' W

28˚30'N

Primary structural axes of Tenerife

Older / secondary structural axes

Landslide paleo-scarp

!"#$%&'!()!!"2(*&")$"3$*4+$/()(-5$6#1()7#$()7$#*-82*8-(1$(9+#$"3$-&3*$0")+#$:(3*+-$,;-(87$+*$(1<$=>?@A$/(--(2+7"$=>>BC<$D-+(1$7&#*-&E8*&")$"3$#8E.(-&)+$7+E-&#$(F(1()24+A$7+E-&#$ 31"G$()7$#18.H$7+H"#&*#$(3*+-$I-(#*+1$+*$(1<$:JKK=C<$ L)1(-'+7$ &)#+*$ #4"G&)'$ M+)+-&3+$ G&*4$ &)3+--+7$ #*-82*8-(1$ (9+#$ ()7$ #&*+#$ "3$ 1(*+-(1$ 3(&18-+#$ :(3*+-$N(F(--"$()7$,(--8O&($:=>?>CA$/(--(2+7"$:=>>PCA$()7$"G)$G"-QC<$R4(7+7$(-+(#$-+H-+#+)*$*4+$S&"2+)+$#4&+17$F"12()"+#$"3$D)('(A$T"U8+$7+1$/")7+A$()7$M+)"<$

Part II. Chapter 4

46

9:4% /,$4#,"*% 0$#7+$7#"*% 340/B,% )-% 94,4#/-4% P"0% 4"#*/4#% /,-4##43% -#)5% B#"Q/$2% 3"$"D% "*0)%

0:)P/,B%34,0/$2%O),40%/,%$#/"R/"*%B4)54$#2%SH+W"#*",4%",3%6/3*42%IZ^MU;%=)P4Q4#D%$:4%

4R/0$4,+4%)-%",%"+$/Q4%0)7$:4#,%#/-$%O),4%/0%X740$/),43%12%0)54%P)#.4#0%S+-;%H"#$/%4$%"*;%

IZZ^U;%9:4%5"/,%0$#7+$7#"*%"R/0%)-%94,4#/-4%37#/,B%/$0%!*/)+4,4%",3%!*4/0$)+4,4%4Q)*7$/),%

/0% $:4% 0)7$:P40$>,)#$:4"0$% #/3B4% ST)#3/**4#"% V)#0"*U% 14$P44,% $:4% d"0% T"h"3"0% Q)*+",)%

",3% $:4%A,"B"%5"00/-D%3)5/,"$43%12%1"0"*$/+% *"Q"0%",3%0+)#/"%+),40;%9:4%5"e)#%#/-$0%)-%

94,4#/-4% )Q4#*"8% P/$:% 0:)#$4#D% 04+),3"#2% 0$#7+$7#"*% "R40% SW/B;% IUD% 8#)1"1*2% 34-/,/,B%

048"#"$4% Q)*+",/+% +4,$4#0% Sf"Q"##)% ",3% W"##7e/"% IZMZ\%f"Q"##)% ",3%T)4**)% IZMZUD% 17$%

-*",.%+)**"8040%340$#)243%*"#B4%8"#$0%)-%07+:%+4,$4#0D% -)#5/,B%$:4%0+"#80%4;B;%)-%Ei/5"#%

",3% d"% G#)$"Q";% A$% *4"0$% 0/R% ,)#$:>3/#4+$43% -*",.% +)**"8040% :"Q4% 144,% 3)+754,$43%

SA,+)+:4"%4$%"*;%IZZb\%T",$"B#4*%4$%"*;%IZZZ\%=i#*/5",,%4$%"*;%IZZZ\%A1*"2%",3%=i#*/>

5",,% Kbbb\% <"$$0% ",3% H"00),% KbbIUD% B4,4#"$/,B% 0715"#/,4% *",30*/34% 348)0/$0% $:"$%

+)Q4#%04Q4#"*%$:)70",30%)-%0X7"#4>./*)54$4#0%,)#$:%)-%94,4#/-4%S94/34%E#)78%IZZ[\%<"$$0%

",3%H"00),%KbbIU;%9:4%5)0$%#4+4,$%B/",$% *",30*/34%-)#543%P:4,%$:4%7884#%8"#$%)-%$:4%

d"0%T"h"3"0%43/-/+4%-"/*43%gb;IM%H"%"B)%,)#$:%)-%$:4%8#404,$%0+"#8%)-%$:4%jd"0%T"h"3"0%

T"*34#"k% Sf"Q"##)% ",3%T)4**)% IZMZ\%A,+)+:4"% 4$% "*;% IZZb\%<"$$0% ",3%H"00),% KbbIUD%

/,$4#8#4$43%12%0)54%"7$:)#0%"0%5"/,*2%374%$)%Q4#$/+"*%+"*34#"%+)**"804%SH"#$a%4$%"*;%IZZ[U;%

A% B/",$% 4R8*)0/),% -)#543% P:4,% $:4% "+$/Q4% 5"B5"$/+l:23#)$:4#5"*% 020$45% )-% $:4% d"0%

T"h"3"0% Q)*+",)% P"0% 34+"8/$"$43D% *4"Q/,B% ",% 4R$#454*2% P/3408#4"3% 1*"0$% 348)0/$% ),%

94,4#/-4% S@+:5/,+.4% 4$% "*;% IZZZU;% 9:4% 5)#8:)*)B/+"*% d"0% T"h"3"0% 348#400/),% P"0%

07104X74,$*2%-/**43%12%$:4%94/34>!/+)%(/4e)%+)58*4R%$:"$%$)P4#0%J[IM%5%:/B:;%%

9:4% 48/0)340% )-% Q)*+",)% B#)P$:% P4#4% 84#/)3/+"**2% /,$4##78$43% 12% 7,0$"1*4% -*",.0% $:"$%

-"/*43%04"P"#30%c%"%8#)+400%$:"$%"--4+$43%"*#4"32%*"$4%H/)+4,4%8"*4)>94,4#/-4;%f754#)70%

3/.4% 0P"#50%",3% -#"+$7#4% 04$0% -)#5%0$#7+$7#"*%7,+),-)#5/$/40% /,% $:4%94,)%+)58*4R% $:"$%

8#404#Q4%"%+)58*4R%#4+)#3%)-%Q)*+",)%34-)#5"$/),;%A%8"*4)>0$#400%#4+),0$#7+$/),%)-%$:4%

H/)+4,4%5"00/-0%94,)%",3%A,"B"D%1"043%),%3/.40%",3%-"7*$%8*",40D%#4Q4"*43%4R$4,0/),"*%

$4+$),/+0%P/$:)7$%$#"+40%)-%5"e)#%+)58#400/),D%/,-4##/,B%$:#44%5"e)#%$4+$),/+%48/0)340%-)#%

94,4#/-4'% IU% "% 8#4>/,$#70/Q4% 3/8>0*/8% -"7*$% 4R$4,0/),% $#4,3/,B% fF>@<\% KU% ",% 4R$4,0/),%

$#4,3/,B%<f<>F@F%P/$:%)1*/X74%$)%0$#/.4>0*/8%-"7*$/,B\%",3%JU%"%0$#),B%*"$4l8)0$>/,$#70/Q4%

4R$4,0/),% $#4,3/,B% fF>@<% SH"#/,),/% ",3% E7357,300),% KbbbU;% d)+"*% /,-*74,+40% ),%

$:404%34-)#5"$/),"*%48/0)340%#4*"$43%$)%04+$)#%+)**"8040%P4#4D%:)P4Q4#D%,)$%+),0/34#43;%

9:4%)#/B/,%)-% $:4% #4)#/4,$"$/),%)-% $:4% 0$#400% -/4*3%8#/,+/8"*% "R40%P"0%,)$% 40$"1*/0:43\% /$%

5"2%/,+*734%/0*",3>0/O4%B#"Q/$"$/),"*%4--4+$0%374%$)%/0*",3%B#)P$:;%

%

8"&(4%'10%1'&(6,(8&-6((9:4%94,)%5"00/-%/,%f<>94,4#/-4%/0%0$#),B*2%4#)343D%P/$:%3448%04"P"#3>$#4,3/,B%+",2),0%

SE(--()2"#U;% 9:4% 5"R/575% 4*4Q"$/),% )-% #/3B40% 5)#4% $:",% IJbb% 5% "0*% "*$4#,"$40% P/$:%

`bb%5%3448%1"##",+)0D% -#4X74,$*2%P/$:%mKbb%5%:/B:%Q4#$/+"*% +*/--0% $:"$% "**)P%34$"/*43%

Part II. Chapter 4

47

0$#7+$7#"*%","*2040;%

f4B*4+$/,B%5/,)#%8)0$>H/)+4,4%Q)*+",/+%",3%043/54,$"#2%348)0/$0D%$:4%94,)%+)58)0/$4%

0:/4*3% /0% *"#B4*2% 7,34#*"/,% 12% ""% ",3% 8":)4:)4% 1"0"*$% *"Q"0% 4#78$43% 14$P44,% [;L% ",3%

`;b%H"D%14*),B/,B% $)% $:4% nG*3%]"0"*$/+%@4#/40o%)-%94,4#/-4% SA,+)+:4"%4$%"*;%IZZbU;%f4P%

B4)+:#),)*)B/+%3"$"%/,3/+"$4%"%Q4#2%#"8/3%:/0$)#2%)-%94,)%/,%H400/,/",%"B4D%-)#5/,B%$:4%

Q"0$%17*.%)-%$:4%5"00/-%/,%"%$/54%/,$4#Q"*%14$P44,%^;L>^;b%H"%S9:/#*P"**%4$%"*;%Kbbb\%Q;3;%

])B""#3%7,871*/0:43U;%%

9:4% 94,)% +)58)0/$4% 0:/4*3% S044% 9"1*4% IU% /0% :4#4% #4+),0$#7+$43% 70/,B% 7,+),-)#5/$2>

1)7,343% 0$#"$/B#"8:/+% 7,/$0;%A,% ",B7*"#% 7,+),-)#5/$2% 34-/,40% $P)% 071>04#/40% -)#% 94,)D%

$4#543%n*)P4#%04X74,+4o%",3%n7884#%04X74,+4o%12%A,+)+:4"%4$%"*;%SIZZbU;%<4%/34,$/-/43%

$P)% /##4B7*"#%7,+),-)#5/$/40%5"#.43%12% /,3/Q/37"*%8)*25/+$%341#/0%348)0/$0D% 048"#"$/,B%

$:#44%5"e)#%4Q)*7$/),"#2%0$"B40%)-%94,);%<4%:4#4%,"54%$:4%$:#44%04#/40%1"043%),%P4**>

4R8)043%*)+"*/$/40%!"#$%&'()*+#$,"-.(*&")$:!%,CD%/(--&0(1+#$,"-.(*&")$:/,C%",3%L1$V(1.(-$,"-.(*&")$:LV,C;%

%

Ma

7

6

El PalmarFormation

CarrizalesFormation

Los GigantesFormation

Construction Destruction Dike swarms Max. e [%] of dikes

ConcentricRadial

Mazca RiftTeno Bajo Rift

8337

41?19

ConcentricRadial

Mazca RiftTeno Bajo Rift

Mazca RiftTeno Bajo Rift

NE-SW?

Carrizales Collapse

Los Gigantes Collapse

2810

Unconformity-1

Unconformity-2

Time *+,-'!()!R*-82*8-(1$+F"18*&")$"3$M+)"<$M4+$*4-++$.(O"-$ #*('+#$ "3$ M+)"$ (-+$ 8)2")3"-.&*5WE"8)7+7<$ N"*+$ *4+$ 24()'&)'$ U8()*&*5$ "3$ 7&Q+#$E+3"-+A$ ()7$ (3*+-A$ ($ #+2*"-$ 2"11(H#+$ +F+)*<$ M4+$&)*-8#&F+$(2*&F&*5$(1")'$*4+$-&3*$0")+#$7+2-+(#+7A$G4&1+$ 2")2+)*-&2$ 7&Q+$ 7&-+2*&")#$ #+U8+)*&(115$&)2-+(#+7<$ M4+$ .(9&.8.$ +9*+)#&")(1$ #*-(&)$ +$XYZ$.+(#8-+7$E5$7&Q+#$G(#$2".H8*+7$3"-$=KK$.$H-"3&1+$8)&*#<$

%

9:4%!"#$%&'()*+#$,"-.(*&")%*"#B4*2%-)#50%$:4%3448*2%4#)343%+*/--%)-%d)0%E/B",$40%0)7$:%

)-% 94,)% ]"e)% /,% 0)7$:P40$4#,% 94,)% SW/B;% JU% 12% "% 04X74,+4% )-% 8#43)5/,",$*2% 1"0"*$/+D%

pI%5% $:/+.% *"Q"% -*)P0D% $:"$% "#4% -#4X74,$*2% +*"0$/+% ",3% 3/8% 78% $)% Lbq% $)% $:4% P40$4#,%

0:)#4*/,4;% 6433/0:% 0+)#/"% 348)0/$0% ",3% *)+"*% 7,+),-)#5/$/40% "#4% +)55),;% !:),)*/$40%

)++7#%/,%$:4%$)8%)-%$:4%-)#5"$/),%07+:%"0%$:4%78%$)%Mb%5%$:/+.%B*"002%8:),)*/$/+%"BB*7$/>

,"$4%P/$:%3/0+),$/,7)70%1"0"*$/+% 08"$$4#% *4,040D%"$%[bb%5%"0*%0)7$:4"0$%)-% $:4%Q/**"B4%)-%

H"O+";% H)0$% )-% $:4% d)0% E/B",$40% W)#5"$/),% /0% -)#543% 12% 0$448*2% /,+*/,43% 8":)4:)4%

-*)P0%",3%/0%+)Q4#43%7,+),-)#5"1*2%12%071>:)#/O),$"*%*"Q"0%)-%$:4%/(--&0(1+#$,"-.(*&");%

9:4%7,+),-)#5/$2%048"#"$/,B%$:404%$P)%-)#5"$/),0%#48#404,$0%$:4%$#"+4%)-%"%g^%H"%)*3%

*",30*/34D%",3% /0%5"#.43%12% $:4%8#404,+4%)-%"%8)*25/+$%1#4++/"%ST",$"B#4*%4$%"*;%IZZZU;%

9:4%*"Q"%-*)P0%)-%$:4%/(--&0(1+#$,"-.(*&")%"#4%5)0$*2%I>K%5%$:/+.%",3%"#4%+:"#"+$4#/0$/>

+"**2%#/+:%/,%-#40:%)*/Q/,4%",3%82#)R4,4D%-)#5/,B%8/+#/$/+%*"Q"%-*)P0%S4;B;%,4"#%$:4%Q/**"B4%

)-%d)0%T"##/O"*40U;%&,%"33/$/),D%$:4%T"##/O"*40%W)#5"$/),%+*4"#*2%3/--4#0%-#)5%$:4%7,34#*2>

Part II. Chapter 4

48

/,B% *"Q"0% /,% 0:)P/,B% -4P4#% 3/.40% ",3% 0+)#/"% +),40;% A% 04+),3% ",B7*"#% 7,+),-)#5/$2%

048"#"$40%$:4%T"##/O"*40%W)#5"$/),%-#)5%$:4%)Q4#*2/,B%L1$V(1.(-$,"-.(*&")$SW/B;%KU;%9:4%

F*%!"*5"#%W)#5"$/),%+),0/0$0%)-%B4,4#"**2%:)#/O),$"*%1"0"*$/+%",3%5/,)#%8:),)*/$/+%",3%

$#"+:2$/+%-*)P0;%9:4%4#)343%-)#5"$/),%/0%0$/**%m[bb%5%$:/+.%P/$:%",%"B4%"$%/$0%$)8%)-%g`;b%

H"%SA,+)+:4"%4$%"*;%IZZbU;%%

%"#$%&'!.)!V4"*"'-(H4#$"3$M+)"$8)2")3"-.&*&+#<$[)$*4+$1+3*A$#*++H15$#+(G(-7W7&HH&)'$!"#$%&'()*+#$,"-.(*&")$:!%,C$ &#$8)2")3"-.(E15$"F+-1(&)$E5$*4+$#8EW4"-&0")*(1$/(--&0(1+#$,"-.(*&")$:/,C<$DE"8*$\KK$.$+(#*G(-7A$($#+2")7$7+E-&*+$ "8*1&)+#$ *4+$/(--&0(1+#$ 2"11(H#+$ #2(-HA$ "F+-1(&)$E5$ *4+$ L1$ V(1.(-$ ,"-.(*&")$ :LV,C<$V4"*"$ &#$*(Q+)$3-".$/-80$7+$%&17($*"$*4+$)"-*4G+#*$:F&+G$&)#+*C<$

%

])$:% 7,+),-)#5/$/40% "#4% )Q4#*"/,% 12% 8)*25/+$% 341#/$40% 34-/,/,B% "1#78$% 0+"#80D% P:/+:%

4,+*)04%:)#040:)4>0:"843%"#4"0% 0/5/*"#% /,% 0/O4%",3%)84,% $)P"#30% $:4%ffF;%H)#4)Q4#D%

$:4%3/8%",3%0$#/.4%)-%$:4%7,+),-)#5/$/40%/0%B4,4#"**2%Q4#2%0/5/*"#;%<4%","*2O43%,754#)70%

-#"+$7#40%$:"$%+:"#"+$4#/O4%$:4%Q)*+",)%34-)#5"$/),%",3%$:4%*/,.43%-*",.%/,0$"1/*/$2;%V/.40%

458*"+43%-)**)P/,B%-*",.%-"/*7#4%/,$#7343%"*),B%,4P%3/#4+$/),0;%f"543%12%$:4%-)#5"$/),%

$:"$%-"/*43D%$:4%-/#0$%94,)%04+$)#%+)**"804%/0%+"**43%$:4%!"#$%&'()*+#$2"11(H#+D%$:4%04+),3%

+)**"804% /(--&0(1+#$ 2"11(H#+;% 9:4% "##",B454,$0% )-% 3/.40% ",3% -#"+$7#40% "#4% $4,$"$/Q4*2%

B#)7843%/,$)%8#4>%",3%8)0$+)**"804%0P"#50%S9"1*4%IU;%A,"*2O/,B%$:4%-#"+$7#40D%P4%3/0$/,>

B7/0:%14$P44,%-"7*$0%P/$:%"%54"07#"1*4%3/08*"+454,$%m`%+5D%",3%-#"+$7#40%P/$:%05"**4#%

3/08*"+454,$0;% H)0$% -#"+$7#40% /,% 94,)D% :)P4Q4#D% "#4% e)/,$% 04$0% P/$:)7$% )1Q/)70% 5/0>

5"$+:;%9:4%0$#7+$7#"*%"##",B454,$%)-%3/.40%",3%3/08*"+/,B%-#"+$7#40%P"0%0$73/43%/,%34$"/*%

"*),B%Z%8#)-/*40%SW/B;%J3U%",3%0$"$/0$/+"**2%","*2O43%/,%0$4#4)B#"8:/+%8#)e4+$/),0;%

%

E64(F+.#-%&4(0622#$4&(

9:4%P40$4#,%7,+),-)#5/$2%/0%5"#.43%12%$P)%-"+/40D%0$#),B*2%"*$4#43%0+)#/"l*"8/**/%348)0/$0%

",3%",%)Q4#*2/,B%:4$4#)*/$:)*)B/+"*%341#/$4D%1)$:%/,+*/,43%Jb>Lbq%$)%$:4%,)#$:>,)#$:4"0$%

Part II. Chapter 4

49

S4;B;% I% .5% 0)7$:%)-% d)0%T"##/O"*40U;% 9:4% 24**)P/0:>1#)P,% 0+)#/"l*"8/**/% 348)0/$% /0%78% $)%

I%5%$:/+.%",3%+),$"/,0%"1)7$%I`r%)-%5"/,*2%1"0"*$%+*"0$0%78%$)%Ib%+5;%9:4%"*$4#43%5"$#/R%

/0%#/+:%/,%82#)R4,4%SI`>K`rU%",3%)*/Q/,4%SIb>KbrUD%B*"002%"$%$:4%1"04%",3%Q4#2%:4$4#)B4>

,4)70% S+#20$"**/,4% l% Q40/+7*"#% l% B*"00U;% W#"B54,$"$/),% )-% +*"0$0% ",3% 5/,4#"*0D% ",3% $:4%

Q40/+7*"#/$2% ",3% :/B:% "5)7,$% )-% B*"00% S78% $)%g`brU% /,3/+"$4% 4R8*)0/Q4% 4#78$/),0% ",3%

Q4#2%#"8/3%+))*/,B;%9:4%)Q4#*2/,B%341#/$4%/0%L%$)%M%5%$:/+.%",3%3/80%$)P"#3%$:4%Q"**42%)-%

F*% !"*5"#% /,% $:4%,)#$:>,)#$:4"0$;% 9:4%)7$*/,4%)-% $:/0% 8)*25/+$% 341#/$4% 34-/,40% /,% 8"#$% "%

:)#040:)4>0:"843%"58:/$:4"$4#% SW/B;%JU;%T*"0$0% #4"+:%34+/54$4#0% /,%0/O4%",3%"#4%5)0$*2%

1"0"*$/+D%$:4%$4,%*"#B40$%+*"0$0%/,%"%Ib>5s%"#4"%#",B/,B%-#)5%b;IK%5%$)%b;JJ%5;%

%

2 km

N

Mazca Santiago del Teide

Teno Alto

Teno Bajo

LosCarrizales

Buenavista del Norte

A T L A N T I C O C E A N

A

C

B

E

F

H G

I

D

Teno

ba

c d

El Palmar

Scarp-1

Scarp-2

28˚18'N

28˚22'N

16˚52'W 16˚48'W 16˚52'W 16˚48'W

28˚18'N

28˚22'N

- 15- 20- 25- 30

Isolines of Teno dike density (in %)

< 2

- 7- 10

- 4

Teno Bajo Rift

Maz

ca R

ift

?

LL¶

?

EPFCF

LGF

Photolineaments

Dikes (measured in field)

Cliff of Los G

igantes

Los Gigantes

!"#$%&'!/)!S(H#$"3$M+)"$G&*4$+$"8*1&)+$"3$*4+$H(1+"W#2(-H#A$,$#8..(-&0&)'$7&Q+$"-&+)*(*&")#$(#$.+(#8-+7$&)$*4+$3&+17$ :#"1&7$1&)+#C$()7$#*87&+7$&)$(+-&(1$H4"*"'-(H4#$:7(#4+7$1&)+#CA$0$ &#"1&)+#$"3$7&Q+$7+)#&*5A$2(1281(*+7$3"-$($K<@$Q.$'-&7A$1$1"2(*&")#$"3$>$H-"3&1+#$:DW6C$#*87&+7$&)$7+*(&1<$$$

$

9:4% 7,34#*2/,B% d)0%E/B",$40% W)#5"$/),% *"Q"0% +*)04% $)% $:4% 7,+),-)#5/$2% "#4% -#"+$7#43;%

9:4% -#"+$7#40% 34+#4"04% /,% X7",$/$2% ",3%)--04$%P/$:% /,+#4"0/,B%3/0$",+4% -#)5% $:4%7,+),>

Part II. Chapter 4

50

-)#5/$2;% 9:4%)#/4,$"$/),%)-% $:4% -#"+$7#40% /0% 3/--704%+*)04% $)% $:4%1#4++/";% &,3484,34,$%)-%

3/08*"+454,$%#"$40D%$:4%3/#4+$/),%)-%$:4%-#"+$7#40%/0%5"/,*2%0+"#8>8"#"**4*%"$%"%3/0$",+4%)-%

`b%5%P40$%)-% $:4%7,+),-)#5/$2;%F"0$cP40$%3/#4+$43%-#"+$7#40%"#4%"*0)%+)55),D%3/88/,B%

^bq% $)%Zbq;% &,% +),$#"0$D% $:4%3/8%)-%P/3408#4"3% 0+"#8>8"#"**4*% -#"+$7#40% /0% B4,4#"**2% *400%

/,+*/,43%S`b>MbqUD%P/$:%3/8%*/,40%$)P"#3%",3%"P"2%-#)5%$:4%7,+),-)#5/$2;%@+"#8>8"#"**4*%

-"7*$0%:"Q4%5/,)#%3/8>0*/8%-"7*$%)--04$0%SpI%5U%",3%-)#5%02,$:4$/+%",3%",$/$:4$/+%-"7*$0%",3%

05"**%:)#0$%",3%B#"14,%0$#7+$7#40;%

9:/,%8/+#/$/+%*"Q"%-*)P0%"1)Q4%$:4%341#/$4%+),$"/,%78%$)%[b%5)3"*%r%5"-/+%8:4,)+#20$0D%

#48#404,$/,B%$:4%2)7,B4#%T"##/O"*40%W)#5"$/),%",3%#48*4,/0:54,$%)-%$:4%*",30*/34%0+"#8;%

9:4%7,+),-)#5/$2%S0+)#/"l*"8/**/%",3%341#/$4%348)0/$0UD%"0%P4**%"0%)Q4#*2/,B%1"0"*$%-*)P0%)-%

$:4%T"##/O"*40%W)#5"$/),D%"#4%1#/$$*4%34-)#543%12%"$% *4"0$%),4%2)7,B4#%Q)*+",)>$4+$),/+%

48/0)34%$:"$%8#)37+43%0:4"#%O),40%",3%0*/+.4,0/340%SW/B;%^U;%@4Q4#"*%+*"0$0%)-%$:4%341#/$4%

"#4%1#).4,%",3% 0:4"#%O),40%)-% $:4%)Q4#*2/,B%T"##/O"*40% *"Q"0% /,3/+"$4% 0:4"#% 04,04% n$)8%

$)P"#3%$:4%,)#$:4"0$o;%f)#5"*%-"7*$/,B%P"0%$:70%"++)58*/0:43%,4"#%$:/0%3/0+)#3",+4%"-$4#%

$:4% -)#5"$/),% )-% $:4% 0+"#8% ",3% "-$4#% 0710$",$/"*% #4*)"3/,BD% /,3/+"$/,B% "% -7#$:4#% 0$"B4%)-%

,)#$:4"0$c0)7$:P40$%4R$4,0/),D%P/$:%$:4%:",B/,B%P"**%14/,B%*)+"$43%"B"/,%),%$:4%,)#$:>

4"0$%0/34;%

%

!#''+7#2&4(0622#$4&((

9:4% 0+"#8>#48*4,/0:54,$% *"Q"0% ST"##/O"*40% W)#5"$/),U% 4,3% 7,+),-)#5"1*2% "$% "% 04+),3%

341#/$4%SW/B;%KU;%9:4%T"##/O"*40%341#/$4%#40451*40%$:4%d)0%E/B",$40%341#/$4D%14/,B%348)0>

/$43% /,% 04Q4#"*% 48/0)340% /,$)% "% 0+"#8;% 9:4% $:/+.,40040% )-% $:4% 1#4++/"% 7,/$% #4"+:% "1)7$%

J`%5%,4"#%H"O+"%",3%Kb%5%,4"#%@",$/"B)%34*%94/34;%T*"0$%0/O40%#4"+:%5)#4%$:",%I;`%5;%

]40/34% 1"0"*$/+% +*"0$0D% ,754#)70% +*"0$0% "#4% #/+:% /,% 5"-/+% 8:4,)+#20$0% SmJbr% G*t!RU%

0/5/*"#% $)% $:4%8/+#/$/+% -*)P0%)-% $:4%T"##/O"*40%W)#5"$/),;%9:4%3/"54$4#%)-% $:4%$4,%*"#B40$%

+*"0$0%),%"%Ibb>5s%"#4"%/0%"1)7$%b;L%5%),%"Q4#"B4;%A$%4*4Q"$/),0%)-%^bb>[bb%5%S,4R$%$)%

H"O+"UD%$:4%341#/$4%3/80%"1)7$%J`q%$)%,)#$:4"0$;%9:4%7,+),-)#5/$2%/0%$#"+4"1*4%-)#%5)#4%

$:",%[%.5D%4,+/#+*/,B%"%04+),3%:)#040:)4>0:"843%"58:/$:4"$4#%P/$:%",%4,+*)043%"#4"%)-%

g`b%.5s;%A$%34484#%*4Q4*0D%$:4%T"##/O"*40%341#/$4%/0%*"#B4*2%+),+)#3",$%$)%$:4%)*34#%),4%

",3%*)+"**2%:"0%4#)343%/,$)%/$;%9:4%:)#/O),$"*%3/0$",+4%14$P44,%$:4%1"040%)-%1)$:%7,+),>

-)#5/$/40% Q"#/40D% 17$% #4"+:40% 5)#4% $:",% I%.5% ,)#$:% )-% T"##/O"*40;% A0075/,B% "% 54",%

8"#"**4*% 3/8% )-% 1)$:% 7,+),-)#5/$/40% )-% J`q% 0*/B:$*2% -*"$$4,/,B% $)% $:4% ,)#$:4"0$D% ",3% "%

:)#/O),$"*%3/0$",+4%)-%I%.5D% $:4% $:/+.,400%)-% $:4%T"##/O"*40%W)#5"$/),%P)7*3%)#/B/,"**2%

:"Q4%4R+44343%g[bb%5;%%

T*)04% $)% $:4% 7,+),-)#5/$2% 14,4"$:% $:4% F*% !"*5"#% W)#5"$/),D% $:4%T"##/O"*40% W)#5"$/),%

*"Q"0%"#4%0$#),B*2%+#"0:43\%"17,3",$%05"**>0+"*4%-#"+$7#4>04$0%3/0#78$%$:4%)*34#%*"Q"0%",3%

3/.40;%A1)7$%`b%5%P40$%)-%$:4%7,+),-)#5/$2D%e)/,$%04$0%P/$:)7$%)1Q/)70%5/05"$+:%0:)P%

"Q4#"B4%e)/,$%08"+/,B%),%"%Ib%5%$#",04+$%)-%gb;bL%5%SW/B;%L"U;%u)7,B4#%3/.40%",3%0/**0%

Part II. Chapter 4

51

/,$#7343%4##"$/+"**2D%5"/,*2%8"#"**4*%$)%$:4%5"/,%-#"+$7#4%3/#4+$/),%07##)7,3/,B%$:4%0+"#8;%

@4Q4#"*% 3/.40% "#4% *"#B4*2% 7,>-#"+$7#43% "8"#$% -#)5%+))*/,B% e)/,$0D% $:70% 2)7,B4#% $:",% $:4%

5"/,% -#"+$7#4%4Q4,$% ",3%+*4"#*2% #4>7043% $:4% 0$#7+$7#"*% O),40%)-%P4".,40040;%H)#4% $:",%

Kbb%5%P40$% )-% $:4% 7,+),-)#5/$2D% -#"+$7#4% 08"+/,B% /,+#4"040% ",3% $:4% 0$#/.4% ",3% 3/8% "#>

#",B454,$%14+)540% *400% +:")$/+% SW/B;%L1U;%9:4%,7514#%)-% e)/,$0%34+#4"040% 0/B,/-/+",$*2%

",3%"Q4#"B4%e)/,$%08"+/,B%/0%"1)7$%b;J`%5;%@$448*2%^b%$)%Zbq%3/88/,B%-"7*$0%0:)P%B4,4#>

"**2%3/08*"+454,$0%)-%),*2%0)54%+4,$/54$4#0%",3%/,+*734%8)*/0:43%07#-"+40;%f)#5"*%-"7*$0%

+",% #"#4*2% 14% $#"+43% -)#% 5)#4% $:",% `b%5;% @)54% ,)#5"*% -"7*$0% 0:)P% )--04$0% )-% 04Q4#"*%

54$4#0D%34-/,/,B%:)#0$%",3%B#"14,%0$#7+$7#40%",3l)#%*"#B4%1*)+.0%S4;B;%4"0$%)-%d)0%T"##/O">

*40U% )-% )++"0/),"**2% mIbbb>5v% $:"$% 0*75843% $)% $:4% ,)#$:% ",3% 4"0$;% 9:4% 3/#4+$/),% )-%

4R$4,0/),%+"70/,B%$:/0%1#/$$*4%34-)#5"$/),%P"0%,)#$:4"0$>0)7$:P40$;%%

%

II

II

II

I

II

I

I I I I

Dikes

Fractured dike

1000

700

Los Carrizales

800

500

Mazca

Crashed rocksSmall-scale fractures

50 cm

50 cm

2 km

NMazca

A T L A N T I C O C E A N

II

IIIII

II

II

IIII

I

NE

NE

CF

LGF

EPF

a

b50 m

distance

200 m distance

Cumbre de Masca

%"#$%&'!2)!V4"*"'-(H4#$"3$3-(2*8-+$E+1*$)+(-$!"#$/(--&0(1+#A$+$(*$@K$.$7&#*()2+$()7$,$(*$JKK$.$7&#*()2+$3-".$*4+$ 8)2")3"-.&*5<$ M4+$ 3-(2*8-+$ #H(2&)'$ 7+2-+(#+#$ G&*4$ 7+2-+(#&)'$ 7&#*()2+$ *"$ *4+$ /(--&0(1+#$ 2"11(H#+$(.H4&*4+(*+-<$

%

8&-6('+,%(76-&4(

94,)%P"0%071e4+$43%$)%/,$4,04%#/-$/,B%14-)#4%",3%"-$4#%$:4%,)#$:4#,%04+$)#%-"/*43;%]4-)#4%

$:4% 43/-/+4% +)**"8043D% "$% *4"0$% $P)% #/-$>"#50% +),Q4#B43D% 34-/,/,B% ",% 4#78$/Q4% -)+70% +4,>

Part II. Chapter 4

52

$4#43%"1)7$%K%.5%,)#$:>,)#$:4"0$%)-%$:4%8#404,$%Q/**"B4%)-%H"O+"%SW/B;%J1U;%AP"2%-#)5%$:4%

#/-$% O),40D% 3/.40% 34+#4"04% /,% X7",$/$2% ",3% $4,3% $)% /,$4#04+$% ",3% +#)00+7$% 3/.40% )-% $:4%

"3e"+4,$%#/-$%O),4;%9:4%#/-$%O),40%34-/,4%$P)%0$#7+$7#"*%"R40D%0:)P/,B'%IU%"%B4,4#"*%,)#$:c

0)7$:% $#4,3% )-% 3/.40% 0)7$:% )-% H"O+"D% P/$:% 78% $)% ),4% $:/#3% )-% $:4% #)+.% Q)*754% 14/,B%

/,$#70/Q4D% ",3% KU% "% ,)#$:P40$c0)7$:4"0$% $#4,3% $)P"#3% 94,)%]"e);%A% Q"B74% $:/#3% 0)7$:>

P40$c,)#$:4"0$%3/.4% $#4,3% /0% *"#B4*2% +)Q4#43%",3l)#%8))#*2%34Q4*)843% SW/B;%J1D+U;%])$:%

+)**"8040%)-%$:4%,)#$:4#,%04+$)#%)-%94,)%P/843%)7$%$:4%,7+*470%)-%$:4%#/-$%020$45D%"0%P4**%

"0%*"#B4%8"#$0%)-%$:4%#/-$>"R40%SW/B;%JU;%%

9)%40$/5"$4%$:4%3/*"$/),%374%$)%3/.4%458*"+454,$%S044%H"#/,),/%KbbIUD%P4%54"07#43%$:4%

$:/+.,400%M%)-%"%3/.4D%$:4%"O/57$:%α=)-%$:4%+)587$43%3/*"$/),D%",3%$:4%0$#/.4%)-%$:4%3/.4%

βD% B/Q/,B% $:4% "10)*7$4% 3/*"$/),% ]% 12% )sin( βα −= TD ;% W)#% 40$/5"$/,B% $:4% 3/*"$/),% )-%

04Q4#"*%3/.40D% $:4%+757*"$/Q4%3/*"$/),%P"0%+)587$43%12%$:4%+:",B4%/,%*4,B$:%S L∂ U%)-%"%

8#)-/*4% 7,/$;% 9:/0% "**)P0% 4R$4,0/),"*% 0$#"/,% +)587$"$/),% LLe ∂= D% 4R8#40043% "0% "% 84#>

+4,$"B4% +:",B4% /,% *4,B$:;% A**% 54"07#43% )#/4,$"$/),0% P4#4% +)##4+$43% 12% $:4% 5"B,4$/+%

34+*/,"$/),% Q"*740D% 70/,B% $:4% EFGHAE% #)7$/,4% S?@E@U% 1"043% ),% $:4% +7##4,$% &,$4#,">

$/),"*%E4)5"B,4$/+%64-4#4,+4%W/4*3%S&E6WU;%

]4*)PD%P4%340+#/14%1)$:%5"/,%#/-$/,B%$#4,30%P/$:%",%"$$458$%$)%048"#"$4%"##",B454,$0%)-%

0$#7+$7#40%S3/.40D%-#"+$7#40U%$:"$%-)#543%374%$)%04+$)#%+)**"804%54+:",/05;%

G?(8"&(5#70#(*+,%(H6-&I%,)#$:c0)7$:% $#4,3/,B%3/.40%"#4%5)0$*2%1"0"*$/+%",3%-#4X74,$*2%

8/+#/$/+D%B4,4#"**2%b;^>b;M%5%$:/+.%",3%0:)P%Q4#2%+),0$",$%)#/4,$"$/),0D%4084+/"**2%/,%$:4%

0)7$:4#,% 04+$)#% S8#)-/*4%AU;% 9:4%3/.4%X7",$/$2% 0*/B:$*2% /,+#4"040%P/$:%348$:% /,% $:/0% 3/.4%

0P"#5%",3%$)P"#30%$:4%/,,4#%,)#$:c0)7$:%"R/0;%&,%Ibb%5%$#"Q4#040D%$:4%*"#B4%X7",$/$2%)-%

3/.40%/**70$#"$40%4R$4,0/),"*%0$#"/,%)-%5)#4%$:",%+wK`%rD%+)587$43%-)#%",%"#4"%0)7$:%)-%

H"O+"%SW/B;%J+U;%!#)-/*4%]%0:)P0%0*/B:$*2%3/Q4#B/,B%)#/4,$"$/),0%)-%3/.40%+*)04%$)%$:4%04"D%

:4#4% $#4,3/,B% 5)#4% ffF>@@<;% H)0$% 3/.40% ,4"#% $:4% 0:)#4*/,4% )-% ]"##",+)% 34% H"O+"%

SP40$4#,%8#)-/*4%]U%"#4%Q4#$/+"*%SW/B;%^UD%17$%0)54%SIL%3/.40U%3/8%$)P"#30%$:4%04"%P/$:%`b>

[bq;% @/B,/-/+",$% 8)0$>/,$#70/Q4% -#"+$7#/,B% /0% ,)$% )1Q/)70% /,% $:4% P40$4#,% 8"#$% )-% $:4% #/-$%

O),4;%!#)-/*40%]%",3%V%/,%$)$"*%S54",%3/.4%$:/+.,400%M^wb;[%5U%0:)P%"%:)#/O),$"*%4"0$c

P40$%4R$4,0/),%,)#5"*%$)%$:4%#/-$/,B%"R/0%)-% L∂ Β=%t% L∂ V%w%IK`%5;%9:404%8#)-/*40D%:)P>

4Q4#D%),*2% #40451*4% $:4%P40$4#,%8"#$%)-% $:4%,)#$:c0)7$:%H"O+"%#/-$;%9:70D%",%4R$4,0/),%

4R+443/,B%Kbb%5%/0%5)#4%*/.4*2%-)#%$:4%4,$/#4%H"O+"%#/-$%O),4;%

])$:%*",30*/34>#4*"$43%7,+),-)#5/$/40%"#4%"++)58",/43%12%",%/5543/"$4%+:",B4%/,%3/.4%

X7",$/$2% ",3%)#/4,$"$/),;% 9:4%3/.4%X7",$/$2% )-% $:4%H"O+"%6/-$%x),4%"1#78$*2%34+#4"040%

-#)5%"%5"R/575%+%)-%KM%r%/,%$:4%d)0%E/B",$40%W)#5"$/),%$)%"$%5)0$%J%r%P/$:/,%$:4%F*%

!"*5"#%W)#5"$/),% SW/B;%J+U;%9:4%/,$#70/Q4%"+$/Q/$2%)-% $:4%H"O+"%6/-$%x),4%/,$)%$:4%/,$4#>

543/"$4% T"##/O"*40% W)#5"$/),% /0% 3/--/+7*$% $)% 34$4#5/,4D% 0/,+4% $:/0% 04X74,+4% /0% *"#B4*2%

5/00/,B% 374% $)% *",30*/3/,B;% W)**)P/,B% $:4% T"##/O"*40% 04+$)#% +)**"804D% $P)% "33/$/),"*%

$#4,30%)-%3/.40%",3%-#"+$7#40%-)#543%+),+7##4,$*2%$)%$:4%5)34#"$4*2%),B)/,B%,)#$:c0)7$:%

Part II. Chapter 4

53

3/.4%/,$#70/),;%f4"#%$:4%T"##/O"*40%7,+),-)#5/$2D%),4%)-%$:404%,4P%$#4,30%/0%071>8"#"**4*%

$)%$:4%0+"#8%S!#)-/*40%T>WU;%!#)-/*4%T%+)58#/040%Zb%54"07#454,$0%)-%3/.40%SIMU%",3%-#"+>

$7#40% S[KUD%0:)P/,B%$#4,30%$)%fbI`q%",3%$)%fIIbq%SW/B;%`U;% &,%8#)-/*4%TD%$:4%H"O+"%#/-$%

"R/0% ,)% *),B4#% 8#4Q"/*0% /,% $:4% F*% !"*5"#% W)#5"$/),;% 9:4% 17*.% /,$#70/Q4% "+$/Q/$2% )-% $:4%

H"O+"%6/-$%x),4%P"0%$:70%4"#*/4#%$:",%$:4%T"##/O"*40%+)**"804;%%

9:4%,7514#%)-%-#"+$7#40%/,+#4"040%0/B,/-/+",$*2%$)P"#3%$:/0%7,+),-)#5/$2%/,%8#)-/*40%TD%VD%

FD%",3%W;%9:4%54",%-#"+$7#4%3/#4+$/),0%"#4%fIIbq%S8#)-/*4%TUD%fJbq%",3%fI[`q%S8#)-/*4%

VUD%fIJbq%S8#)-/*4%FU%",3%fI[bq%S8#)-/*4%WU;%!#)-/*4%V%P40$%)-%$:4%7,+),-)#5/$2%"*),B%$:4%

#)"3%+7$%14$P44,%nH"O+"o%",3%nV4B)**"3"%34%T:4#-4o%"*0)%0:)P0%"%B4,4#"*%,)#$:c0)7$:%

SfI[bqU%3/.4%"##",B454,$%)-% $:4%H"O+"%6/-$%x),4;% &,% $)$"*D% "% *)+"**2%1/5)3"*%"##",B4>

54,$% /0% 0:)P,% 12% $:4% 0$#7+$7#"*% 3"$"% ,4"#% $:4% 7,+),-)#5/$/40% S!#)-/*40% T>VD% W/B;% `UD%

5)#4)Q4#D%$:/,%0/**0%SpJb+5U%"#4%+)55),%"*),B%8#)-/*4%V%SW/B;%^U;%V74%$)%$:4%020$45"$/+%

Q"#/",+4% )-% -#"+$7#40% ,4"#% ",% 7,+),-)#5/$2D% $:4% 1#/$$*4% 34-)#5"$/),% /0% */.4*2% #4*"$43% $)%

04+$)#% -"/*7#4% #"$:4#% $:",% $)% #/-$/,B;% H"#/,),/% ",3% E7357,300),% SKbbbU% ","*2O43% $:4%

0"54%#)"3%+7$% S)7#%8#)-/*4%VU%",3%"*0)% -)7,3%"%B4,4#"*%,)#$:4"0$c0)7$:P40$%4R$4,0/),;%

H)#4)Q4#D% 3/.40% 2)7,B4#% $:",% $:4%5"e)#/$2% )-%H"O+"%6/-$% 3/.40% :"Q4%)#/4,$"$/),0% Q4#2%

57+:% #40451*/,B% $:)04%)-% $:4% -#"+$7#40% SW/B;%`U;%9:4%8)0$>T"##/O"*40%+)**"804%5"R/575%

:)#/O),$"*%4R$4,0/),"*%0$#"/,%54"07#43%12%+),+4,$#/+%3/.40%P"0%),*2%`%r%,4"#%H"O+";%%

9:4%,)#$:c0)7$:%3/.40%5"/,$"/,%$:4/#%Q4#$/+"*%3/8%"P"2%-#)5%$:4%5"/,%/,$#70/Q4%"R/0%)-%$:4%

H"O+"%#/-$%O),4D%17$%34+#4"04%/,%X7",$/$2%",3%+#)00+7$D%",3%"#4%+#)00+7$%12D%3/.40%)-%$:4%

"++)58",2/,B%,)#$:P40$c0)7$:4"0$%#/-$;%&,%$:4%d)0%E/B",$40%-)#5"$/),D%8#)-/*4%F%0755">

#/O40%$:4%3"$"%/,%$:4%3/0$"*%8"#$%)-%$P)%5"/,%#/-$%O),40%)-%94,)D%P/$:%/,$4#04+$/,B%$#4,30%)-%

$:4%S:4#4%5/,)#%34Q4*)843U%H"O+"%#/-$%",3%$:4%,)#$:P40$c0)7$:4"0$%3/#4+$43%3/.40;%%%

J?( 8&-6( K#L6( *+,%( H6-&'% 9:/0% ,)#$:P40$c0)7$:4"0$% $#4,3% 3/004+$0% $:4% 07++400/),% 12%

:7,3#430%)-%3/.40D%8#4075"1*2%e)/,$*2%#408),0/1*4%-)#% $:4%,)#$:P40$>4*),B"$43%5)#8:)>

*)B/+"*%0:"84%)-%94,);%9:4%1"0"*$/+%3/.40%"#4%B4,4#"**2%$:/,,4#%$:",%I%5D%P:4#4"0%5)#4%

4Q)*Q43% $#"+:2",340/$/+% $)% 8:),)*/$/+% 3/.40% S5)0$*2% )7$+#)88/,B% ,4"#% $:4% ,)#$:4#,%

0:)#4*/,4U% #4"+:% 5)#4% $:",% ^% 5D% 57*$/8*4% 3/.40% 5)#4% $:",% IK%5% /,% P/3$:;% 9:4% 3/.4%

3/#4+$/),% 3/3% ,)$% +:",B4% 0/B,/-/+",$*2% -)**)P/,B% $:4% d)0% E/B",$40% +)**"804;% =)P4Q4#D%

1#)"3%)7$+#)80%)-%$:4%94,)%]"e)%6/-$%x),4%"#4%*/5/$43%$)%,)#$:P40$4#,%94,)%A*$)%",3%$)%

$:4%"#4"%,)#$:%)-%$:4%Q/**"B4%d)0%T"##/O"*40;%9:42%:"Q4%0/,+4%14+"54%+)Q4#43%)#%)10+7#43%

12%2)7,B4#%Q)*+",/+%48/0)340;%])$:%7,+),-)#5/$/40% #407*$% /,% "% 07334,%3/0+),$/,7/$2%)-%

$:4%,)#$:P40$c0)7$:4"0$%3/.4%X7",$/$2;%&,$#70/),%P"0%+),$/,7/,BD%P/$:%8#),)7,+43%3/.4%

458*"+454,$%/,%$:4%T"##/O"*40%W)#5"$/),%SW/B;%[U;%%

W)**)P/,B%$:4%T"##/O"*40%+)**"804%",3%$:4%F*%!"*5"#%W)#5"$/),D%/,$#73/,B%3/.40%+#)00+7$%

$:4%8#4>+)**"804%3/.40%)-%$:4%94,)%]"e)%6/-$%x),4%"$%",%"+7$4%",B*4;%9:404%#4+),-/B7#43%

3/.40%5"2% /58*2% $:"$% $:4% 0$#7+$7#"*%"R/0% #)$"$43%0*/B:$*2% SIb>JbqU%"-$4#%04+$)#%+)**"804S0U%

SW/B;%[U;%!#)-/*4%W%0755"#/O40%$#4,30%)-%3/.40%)#/4,$43%B4,4#"**2%fIK`q;%W#)5%$:4%075%)-%

Part II. Chapter 4

54

Z^%3/.40D%[I%3/.40%P/$:%",%"Q4#"B4%Mwb;M%5%0:)P%"%,)#$:4"0$c0)7$:P40$%4R$4,0/),%)-%

"1)7$% L∂ w`[%5;%A,%4R$4,0/),"*%0$#"/,% -)#%KI%0+"#8>+/#+750+#/1/,B%3/.40% $:"$% /,$#7343%

$:4% T"##/O"*40% W)#5"$/),% )-% L∂ wK`%5% /,% 3/#4+$/),% FfF><@<% /0% +)587$43;% 9:4% F*%

!"*5"#%W)#5"$/),%/0%/,$#7343%12%),*2%"%05"**%,7514#%)-%,)#$:P40$c0)7$:4"0$%3/.40%)-%$:4%

94,)%]"e)%6/-$%x),4%S8#)-/*4%WU;%=4,+4D%$:4%"+$/Q/$2%)-%$:4%94,)%]"e)%6/-$%34+#4"043%/,%$:/0%

#4B/),D%P:4#4"0%$:4%"5)7,$%)-%+),+4,$#/+%3/.4%$#4,30%/,+#4"040%SW/B;%[U;%T),+4,$#/+%3/.40%

"#4% 0*/B:$*2% +7#Q43% ",3l)#% "##",B43% /,% ",% 4,>4+:4*),% -"0:/),% +*)04% $)% $:4% P4".4,43%

7,+),-)#5/$2;%9)P"#30% $:4%,)#$:4#,% 0:)#4*/,4D% $:4%X7",$/$2%)-%3/.40% $:"$%+/#+750+#/140%

$:4%0+"#8%)-% $:4%04+$)#>+)**"8040%34+#4"040% S+)58"#4%8#)-/*4%EUD%P:/*4%$:4%fIJbq%94,)%

]"e)%6/-$% $#4,3%8#4Q"/*0% S8#)-/*4%=U;%H)#4)Q4#D%3/.40%/,%$:4%*"#B4%Q"**42%)-%F*%!"*5"#%"#4%

"*0)%B4,4#"**2%)#/4,$43%+)58"#"1*4%$)%$:4%94,)%]"e)%6/-$%x),4D%07BB40$/,B%",%4R$4,0/),%

3/#4+$43%,)#$:4"0$c0)7$:P40$D%$:4#4%0$/**%4R/0$/,B%"-$4#%$:4%17*.%)-%$:4%F*%!"*5"#%W)#5"$/),%

:"3%144,%458*"+43;%

Profile D

Profile B

Profile A

Profile C

n=90D=18F=72

F > D

n=164D=63F=101

F > D

n=149D=117F=32

D > F

n=44D=33F=11

D > F

n=33max. dens.=18.97 (at 96/ 0)

n=11max. dens.=15.11 (at 90/ 0)

n=33; 36 classesl.p.: 8.00 Values, 24% of all

n=117max. dens.=12.67 (at 96/ 0)

n=18max. dens.=10.94 (at 90/ 0)

n=63max. dens.=11.84 (at 72/ 0)

n=63; 36 classesl.p.: 8.00 Values, 12% of all

n=18; 30 classesl.p: 4.00 Values, 22% of all

n=117; 36 classesl.p.: 24.00 Values, 20% of all

n=101max. dens.=8.12 (at 120/ 9)

n=72max. dens.=8.81 (at 13/ 9)

n=32max. dens.=9.96 (at 113/ 9)

n=101; 36 classesl.p.: 12.00 Values, 11% of all

n=72; 36 classesl.p.: 9.00 Values, 12% of all

n=32; 30 classesl.p.: 5.00 Values, 15% of all values

n=11; 30 classesl.p.: 3 Values, 27% of all values

Dike data plotted as polesto planes(Contouring 10 Bins)

Fracture data plotted as poles to planes(Contouring 10 Bins)

Rose diagram Bi-directional(l.p. - largest petal)

Rose diagram Bi-directional(l.p. - largest petal)

Dikes Fractures

N N N N

NNNN

N N N N

NNNN

!

Part II. Chapter 4

55

"#$%&'! 3! :*4&#$ H('+$ ()7$ H-+F&"8#$ H('+C_! R24.&7*^#$ H-"O+2*&")#A$ -"#+$ ()7$ 2")*"8-$ 7&('-(.#$ 3"-$ 7&Q+#$ ()7$3-(2*8-+#$ &)$>$H-"3&1+#$ *4-"8'4$M+)"$.(##&3$ &)7&2(*+7$(#$D$ W$ 6$ :#++$,&'<$\$7C<$)`$)8.E+-$"3$.+(#8-+.+)*#A$]`7&Q+#A$,`3(81*#$:G4&*+$2&-21+#C$()7$3-(2*8-+#$:E1(2Q$7"*#C<$$$

$

Profile G

Profile F

Profile E

Profile H

Profile I

n=54D=39F=15

D > F

n=36D=22F=14

D > F

n=41D=29F=12

D > F

n=129D=96F=33

D > F

n=84D=64F=20

D > F

n=96max. dens.=10.93 (at 30/ 0)

n=29max. dens.=12.72 (at 48/ 0)

n=39max. dens.=15.95 (at 24/ 0)

n=22max. dens.=11.04 (at 36/ 0)

n=15max. dens.=14.68 (at 18/ 0)

n=14max. dens.=14.74 (at 19/ 0)

n=12max. dens.=16.23 (at 78/ 0)

n=33max. dens.=11.97 (at 90/ 0)

n=64max. dens.=11.19 (at 30/ 0)

n=20max. dens.=12.69 (at 36/ 0)

n=39; 36 classesl.p.: 7 Values, 17% of all

n=32; 30 classesl.p.: 3 Values, 13% of all

n=29; 30 classesl.p: 5 Values, 17% of all

n=15; 30 classesl.p.: 4 Values, 26% of all

n=14; 30 classesl.p.: 3 Values, 21% of all

n=12; 30 classesl.p.: 3 Values, 25% of all

n=33; 36 classesl.p.: 4 Values, 12% of all values

n=96; 36 classesl.p.: 11 Values, 11% of all

n=64; 30 classesl.p.: 10 Values, 15% of all

n=20; 30 classesl.p.: 4 Values, 20% of all

N N

NN

N N N N

NN

N N

NNNN

NNNN

Dike data plotted as polesto planes(Contouring 10 Bins)

Fracture data plotted as poles to planes(Contouring 10 Bins)

Rose diagram Bi-directional(l.p. - largest petal)

Rose diagram Bi-directional(l.p. - largest petal)

Dikes Fractures

$$

%

Part II. Chapter 4

56

0.5 m

N S

0.3 m

W E

NW SE

0.5 m

0.5 m

NW SE

W E

3 m

a b

c

d

e fN S

LGF

CF

Maz

ca r

ift d

ikes

Scoria/lapili

Debrite

Multiple dike

Dike

Sill

CF picrites

123

4

DikeDike

Faults

Debrite

Slickensides

!!

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

Part II. Chapter 4

57

8"&(,'#0%1'&(A&2%<4?(

9:4% 08"+/,B% )-% -#"+$7#40% "*),B% /,3/Q/37"*% 8#)-/*40% /0% B4,4#"**2% /,:)5)B4,4)70;% H)0$%

8#)-/*40%#"3/"**2%"P"2%-#)5%*",30*/34%7,+),-)#5/$/40%0:)P%"%34+#4"04%/,%-#"+$7#4%X7",$/$2;%

A%+:"#"+$4#/0$/+%Ibb%5%$#"Q4#04%7,/$%)-%8#)-/*4%A%+)7*3%,)$%#4Q4"*%0/B,/-/+",$%-#"+$7#/,B;%&,%

+),$#"0$D% "% Ibb%5%7,/$% )-% 8#)-/*4%TD%VD%)#% 4"0$4#,%8#)-/*4%]%4R8)040%3/08*"+/,B% -#"+$7#4%

X7",$/$/40% #",B/,B% ),% "Q4#"B4% -#)5% Kb% S]U% $)% `b% STU% -#"+$7#40;% !#)-/*4>8"#"**4*% -#"+$7#40%

5"2%:"Q4%144,%7,34#40$/5"$43D%:)P4Q4#;%%

@/,+4%-#"+$7#/,B%P/$:/,%$:4%#/-$%O),40%/0%,4B*/B/1*4%"$%3/0$",+4%-#)5%$:4%0+"#80D%#/-$/,B%"0%"%

5"/,%+"704%-)#% -#"+$7#/,B%04450%7,*/.4*2%S8#)-/*4%A%",3%8#)-/*4%=U;%H)#4)Q4#D%-#"+$7#/,B!

/,+#4"040%P/$:% 34+#4"0/,B% 3/0$",+4% -#)5% $:4% 7,+),-)#5/$/40% ",3% $:70% #4-*4+$0% $:4% *"#B4%

0$#7+$7#"*% /,-*74,+4% )-% $:4% 7,0$"1*4% ,)#$:4#,% -*",.% )-% 94,);% &,% +*)04>78D% $:4% -#"+$7#4%

X7",$/$2%/,+#4"040%-#)5%P40$%$)P"#3%$:4%-/#0$%7,+),-)#5/$2%Sd)0%E/B",$40%+)**"804UD%$:4,%

0*/B:$*2%34+#4"040D%",3%0$#),B*2%/,+#4"040%"B"/,%$)P"#30%$:4%04+),3%7,+),-)#5/$2%-)#543%

12% $:4%T"##/O"*40% +)**"804;% &,% $:4% F*% !"*5"#% W)#5"$/),D% -#"+$7#4% 08"+/,B% /0% *"#B4% "B"/,;%

@)#$/,B%)7$%$:4%$#4,30%)-%$:4%#/-$%O),40D%$:4%)#/4,$"$/),%)-%$:4%-#"+$7#40%)-%!#)-/*40%]D%TD%VD%

FD% W% ",3%E% 0:)P% $P)%5"/,% $#4,30'% +),+4,$#/+% ",3%3/--704>#"3/"*% #4*"$/Q4% $)% $:4%7,+),>

-)#5/$2S>/40U;%9:/0%-#"+$7#4%14*$%P/$:%E&."7(1%)#/4,$"$/),0%#40451*40%$:)04%,),>#/-$>$#4,30%

)-%3/.40%,4"#%$:4%7,+),-)#5/$/40;%%

%

Teno Bajo Rift

SW NE

CD

CD

Carrizales

Collapse

El Palmar Formation

Carrizales Formation

Carrizales collapse New dike trends

1m 8

TBR C

R

CR

TBR

"#$%&'! 6)! V4"*"'-(H4$*(Q+)$ 3-".$ e!($ M(E(&E(^$*"$ *4+$ )"-*4G+#*$ :F&+G$&)#+-*CA$ #4"G&)'$/(--&0(1+#c$ ()7$ L1$V(1.(-$ ,"-.(*&")A$#+H(-(*+7$ E5$ /(--&0(1+#$7+E-&*+#$ :/]C<$ ]&Q+$#G(-.$ "3$ *4+$ M+)"$ f(O"$T&3*$ :MfTC$ &#$ 21+(-15$ 28*W"33$ (*$ *4+$ 8)2")3"-.&*5<$g"8)'+-$ 7&Q+#$ &)*-87+7$2")2+)*-&2(115$ :/C$ ()7A$*"$ ($ 1+##+-$ 7+'-++A$-(7&(115$ :TC$ &)*"$ *4+$ L1$V(1.(-$ ,"-.(*&")<$ M4+$7+E-&*+$ "3$ *4+$ "17+-$ !"#$%&'()*+#$ 2"11(H#+$ 2-"H#$"8*$h=$Q.$G+#*$"3$/]<$$

%

%

%

Part II. Chapter 4

58

M+40144+6-(()*+",)% 04+$)#% +)**"804% "00)+/"$43% P/$:% #/-$% O),4>1)7,343% -*",.0% /0% ),4% )-% $:4% 5)0$%

+)55),% 340$#7+$/Q4% 4Q4,$0% 37#/,B% $:4% 4Q)*7$/),% )-% Q)*+",/+% )+4",/+% /0*",30% S@/414#$%

IZMLU;%E/",$%*",30*/340%/,%$:4%T","#2%&0*",30%"#4%$:)7B:$%$)%14%$#/BB4#43%12%"++757*"$/Q4%

$4,0/),"*% 0$#40040D% P:/+:% /,+*734% *),B>*"0$/,B% 0$#40040% #407*$/,B% -#)5% $:4% 8#)B#400/Q4%

43/-/+4% B#)P$:l+),0$#7+$/),D% +757*"$/Q4% 0$#40040% 12% 3/.4% /,$#70/),0D% 8*70% 48:454#"*%

0$#40040%07+:%"0%*)+"*%04/05/+/$2%ST"##"+43)%IZZLU;%%

&,%94,)D%"%H/)+4,4%+)58)0/$4%0:/4*3%Q)*+",)%/,%,)#$:P40$4#,%94,4#/-4D%$:#44%07++400/Q4%

-)#5"$/),0%"#4%048"#"$43%12%*",30*/34%7,+),-)#5/$/40D%/,3/+"$/,B%48/0)3/+"**2%"*$4#,"$/,B%

+),0$#7+$/Q4%",3%340$#7+$/Q4%4Q)*7$/),"#2%0$"B40;%9:4%#"8/3/$2%)-% $:404%+),0$#7+$/Q4%",3%

340$#7+$/Q4%4Q4,$0%/0%#45"#."1*4D%/,+*73/,B%"$%*4"0$%$P)%B/",$%*",30*/340%",3%07104X74,$%

:7B4%0+"#%#48*4,/0:54,$0D%"**%8#)1"1*2%P/$:/,%*400%$:",%b;`%H"%S"B4%3"$"%)-%9:/#*P"**%4$%

"*;%Kbbb\%Q;3;%])B""#3D%7,871*/0:43%3"$"U;%9:4%,)#$:4#,%",3% 0)7$:4#,% #4B/),0%)-%94,)%

P4#4%7,34#%3/--4#4,$%4R$4,0/),"*%0$#400%-/4*30D%14/,B%4"0$cP40$%/,%0)7$:4#,%",3%,)#$:4"0$c

0)7$:P40$% /,% +4,$#"*% ",3% ,)#$:4#,% 94,);% 9:4#4% /0% ,)% 4Q/34,+4% -)#% #4B/),"*% $4+$),/+%

/,-*74,+40%$)%:"Q4%"--4+$43%$:4%4,$/#4%94,)%0:/4*3;%9:4%$4,0/),"*%0$#40040%"#4%+),0$#"/,43%

12% $P)% 5"/,% #/-$% O),40\% "% S5/,)#U% $:/#3% ,)#$:4"0$c0)7$:P40$% #/-$% O),4% 5"2% :"Q4% 144,%

"+$/Q4%"0%"%*)+"*%$4,0/),%+),04X74,+4%)-%$:4%+)58#400/),%/,37+43%12%3/*"$/),%)-%$:4%$P)%

5"/,% #/-$% O),40;% V/.4% 458*"+454,$% #"$40% "*),B% $:4% #/-$% O),40% 34+#4"043% P/$:% $/54D%

0:)P/,B%$:4%5"/,%$4,0/),"*%0$#400%$)%:"Q4%"+$43%8#/)#%$:4%#4+7##4,$%*"$4#"*%+)**"804;%%

9:4%40$"1*/0:54,$%",3%)#/4,$"$/),%)-%"%-#"+$7#43%14*$%-*",./,B%$:4%04+$)#%+)**"804>#4*"$43%

8"*4)>0+"#80% ),% 94,)% 0:)P0% ,)% 0$#7+$7#"*% #4*"$/),0:/8% $)% 8#4+43/,B% #/-$% O),4%8)0/$/),0%

",3%3/.4%3/#4+$/),0;%@7+:% -#"+$7#4%O),40%5"2%14% $:4%+)51/,43%#407*$%)-% *)+"*/O43% -"7*$%

O),40%P/$:%"% 04$%)-%"00)+/"$43%0:4"#% -#"+$7#40% -)#543%12%"%8#)B#400/Q4%+#448/,B%04+$)#D%

-)**)P43% 12% #"8/3% 34+)58#400/),% )-% /,/$/"**2% 7,34#*2/,B% 8"#$0% 37#/,B% 04+$)#% +)**"804;%

A*),B% $:4%8#)-/*40D% $:4%X7",$/$2%)-% -"7*$0%",3% -#"+$7#40%)88)043% $)% $:4%X7",$/$2%)-%3/.40%

Q"#/40%0$#),B*2%",3%$:70%"**)P0%34-/,/,B%$:4%0/$4%)-%5"R/575%1#/$$*4%34-)#5"$/),%S8#)-/*40%

TD% VU% $)% :"Q4% 144,% *)+"$43% 14$P44,% $:4% Q/**"B40% )-% H"O+"% ",3% d)0% T"##/O"*40;%=4#4D%

5)#4)Q4#D%,754#)70%$:/,%0/**0%/,$#7343%/,$)%$:4%T"##/O"*40%W)#5"$/),%14,4"$:%$:4%7,+),>

-)#5/$2%SW/B;%^U;%@)54%0/**0%"#4%0$#),B*2%-#"+$7#43D%)$:4#0%,)$D%/,3/+"$/,B%/,$#70/Q4%"+$/Q/$2%

8#/)#%",3%07104X74,$%$)%$:4%T"##/O"*40%+)**"804D%8)00/1*2%-7#$:4#%P4".4,/,B%)#%*71#/+"$/,B%

$:4%3_+)**454,$;%%%

9:4%T"##/O"*40%W)#5"$/),%*"Q"0D% /,%8"#$/+7*"#D%"#4%/,+#4"0/,B*2%-#"+$7#43%P/$:%34+#4"0/,B%

3/0$",+4% $)% $:4% 04+),3% 7,+),-)#5/$2;% 9:4% +),+4,$#/+% ",3% 071)#3/,"$4% #"3/"*% 0$#7+$7#"*%

020$450%34*/,4"$/,B%$:4%0+"#8%"#4%/,%8"#$%0/5/*"#%$)%+),-/B7#"$/),0%.,)P,%-#)5%0$#7+$7#"*%

3)5/,B;% &,% $:4% *",30*/34% +"04%)-% 94,)D% :)P4Q4#D% $:4% +),+4,$#/+% $#4,3%+*4"#*2%8#4Q"/*0;%

@7+:%"%:)#040:)4>0:"843%0$#7+$7#"*%8"$$4#,%)-%3/.40%",3%-#"+$7#40%8#)Q/340%"%+*74%$)%$:4%

:/334,% 7,0$"1*4% -*",.% ",3l)#% 8"*4)>0+"#8% *)+"$/),;% &,% ,)#$:4"0$4#,% ",3% ,)#$:P40$4#,%

Part II. Chapter 4

59

94,)D% $:4% d)0% E/B",$40% ",3% T"##/O"*40% 04+$)#% +)**"804% 0+"#80% "#4% *"#B4*2% +)Q4#43% )#%

4#)343%12%05"**4#%*",30*/340%",3%$:70%3/--/+7*$%$)%34-/,4;%=)P4Q4#D%0)54%)-%$:4%3/.4%",3%

-#"+$7#4% $#4,30% "#4% "88"#4,$*2% 045/>+),+4,$#/+D% 07BB40$/,B% $:4% +),$/,7"$/),% )-% $:4% )1>

0+7#43% 7,+),-)#5/$/40% $)% 14% *)+"$43% ,4"#12% SW/B0;% J% ",3% `U;% ]"043% ),% $:4% 0$#7+$7#"*%

8"$$4#,%"#)7,3% $:4%#/5%)-%",+/4,$%:4"3P"**0% /,%94,)D%P4%07BB40$% $:"$% /-%3/.40%",3%-#"+>

$7#40%),%Q)*+",)%-*",.0%3)%,)$%-/$%$:4%B4,4#"*%$4+$),/+%",3l)#%#/-$%O),4%8"$$4#,D%$:4%,4"#12%

0/$4%)-%",%",+/4,$%04+$)#%+)**"804%)#%+#448/,B%-*",.%0:)7*3%14%+),0/34#43;%

%

NNI

II

II

II

I

I

II

I I

I II

II I I I I I I I

I

I I II

II I

I I I

I

III

II

III

II

I

III

IIIIII

IIIIII

1 km

Ginostra

1 km

III

II

I

I I

II

I

Valle del Bove

a bStromboli

Sicily Sciara del Fuoco

Etna

I I I II

II

II

II

I

II I

II

II

II

II

II

II

I

I

I

II

II

I

II I I

II

II

I

II

I

III

I

II I I I

I

II

II I I I I I I

I

II

Main di

ke di

recti

on

%"#$%&'! 7)! +! S(H$ #4"G&)'$ *4+$ *-(2+#$ "3$ 7&Q+#$ +.H1(2+7$ ")$ *4+$ 8HH+-$ #"8*4+(#*+-)$ 31()Q$ "3$ L*)($ E+*G++)$=>i?$()7$=>>=$(#$&)3+--+7$3-".$7+3"-.(*&")$.+(#8-+.+)*#<$S"7&3&+7$(3*+-$,+--(-&$+*$(1<$:=>>=C$()7$S2%8&-+$+*$(1<$ :=>>iC<$,!M4+$R2&(-($7+1$,8"2"$7+H-+##&")$&#$-+1(*+7$*"$.81*&H1+$#+2*"-$2"11(H#+#$ :(3*+-$M&E(17&$JKK=C<$]&Q+$#G(-.#$"3$N+"#*-".E"1&$.(*+-&(1$")$E"*4$#&7+#$"3$*4+$R2&(-($&)7&2(*+$*4(*$0")+#$"3$G+(Q)+##$(1-+(75$7+F+1"H+7$78-&)'$*4(*$H+-&"7A$H-"E(E15$4+-(17&)'$*4+$2"11(H#+<$

$

W/0.4% ",3% Y"+.0),% SIZ[KU% 0:)P43% $:"$% $:4% )#/4,$"$/),% ",3% 4Q)*7$/),% )-% "% 3/.4% 0P"#5%

3484,30%78),%,4"#>07#-"+4%0$#400%-/4*30\%:4,+4%0$#400%-/4*3%+:",B40%374%$)%Q)*+",)%-*",.%

/,0$"1/*/$2%5"2%"3e70$% $:4/#%)#/4,$"$/),;%9:/0% #4*"$/),0:/8%:"0%144,%345),0$#"$43%-)#% $:4%

*"$4#"*%-"/*7#4%)-%("**4%34*%])Q4%),%F$,"%SH+E7/#4%4$%"*;%IZZbU%",3%@+/"#"%34*%W7)+)%),%

@$#)51)*/% S9/1"*3/% KbbIUD% /**70$#"$/,B%3/.4% #4>)#/4,$"$/),D%P/$:% $:4%)Q4#"**% 4*),B"$/),%)-%

$:4%0P"#5%"88#)R/5"$4*2%-)**)P/,B%$:4%#/5%)-% $:4%:4"3P"**% SW/B;%MU;%&,%94,)D%,4P%3/.4%

3/#4+$/),0%P4#4%40$"1*/0:43%+*)04%$)%$:4%7,+),-)#5/$/40D%/,3/+"$/,B%"%*)+"*%+:",B4%)-%$:4%

8"*4)>0$#400% -/4*3% "$% $:4% $/54%)-% 3/.4% 458*"+454,$;%64+7##4,$% 04+$)#% +)**"804% 4Q4,$0% "$%

@$#)51)*/% ()*+",)% $)).% 8*"+4% P:4,4Q4#% $:4% 0+"#8>#48*4,/0:/,B% 04X74,+4% #4"+:43% ",%

"*5)0$%0/5/*"#%:4/B:$%",3%Q)*754%S9/1"*3/%KbbIU;%&,%94,)D%$:4%)7$*/,4%)-%$:4%-/#0$%+)**"804%

*"#B4*2%4,+/#+*40%$:4%2)7,B4#%0+"#8%/,%8*",%Q/4P\%$:70%$:4%-/#0$%+)**"804%P"0%$:4%*"#B40$D%"%

0$#7+$7#"*%#4*"$/),0:/8%0/5/*"#%$)%$:"$%),%@$#)51)*/%S9/1"*3/%KbbIU;%<:4,%$:4%"++757*"$>

Part II. Chapter 4

60

/,B%5"00%)-%0+"#8>#48*4,/0:54,$0%#4"+:40%"%+#/$/+"*%$:#40:)*3D%$:4%43/-/+4%+)7*3%+)**"804%

0)*4*2% 7,34#% /$0% )P,% *)"3% S+-;% ()/B:$% ",3% F*0P)#$:% IZZ[U;% !#4075"1*2D% $:4% /,$4,04*2%

-#"+$7#43% O),4% 07##)7,3/,B% $:4% 8"*4)>0+"#8% /,% 94,)% 7,34#*/40% $:4% -)#54#% 3_+)**454,$%

"*0)% "$% 348$:D% ",3% 54+:",/+"**2% /,-*74,+43% $:4% 43/-/+4% 0$"1/*/$2% P:4,% #4*)"343% 12%

2)7,B4#%-)#5"$/),0;%A%0/5/*"#%O),4%)-%P4".,400%+)7*3%:"Q4%144,%/,Q)*Q43%/,%#4+7##4,$%

04+$)#% -"/*7#40% )-% @$#)51)*/;% 9:4% 045/>+),+4,$#/+% 3/.4% )#/4,$"$/),0% /,% 94,)% #4-*4+$% ",%

4R$4,0/),"*%0$#400%+*)04% $)%$:4%0+"#80D%5)0$%8#),)7,+43%"-$4#% /,-/**l#48*4,/0:54,$%)-% $:4%

348#400/),%SW/B;%ZU;%9:4%045/>+),+4,$#/+%3/.4%)#/4,$"$/),%/,3/+"$40%*"$4#"*%+#448/,B%)-%$:4%

#48*4,/0:/,B%04X74,+4;%9:4%5)0$%Q7*,4#"1*4%07#-"+4%-)#%$:/0%34$"+:54,$%/0%"007543%$)%14%

$:4% 340$"1/*/O43% ",3% -#"+$7#43% ,4/B:1)#:))3% )-% $:4% 4"#*/4#% 04+$)#% +)**"804% -))$P"**;%

H)#4)Q4#D% $:4% /,-*74,+4% )-% $:4% P4".% O),4% /,% 94,)% 5"2% :"Q4% 14+)54% "58*/-/43% 12%

"*$4#"$/),D%#407*$/,B%/,%"%#437+$/),%/,%+),-/,43%",3%7,+),-/,43%#)+.%0$#4,B$:D%+):40/),D%

-#/+$/),D% ",3% 7,/$%P4/B:$% S=i#*/5",,% 4$% "*;% IZZZ\%<"$$4#0% 4$% "*;% KbbbU;% 9:4% +),+4,$#/+%

3/#4+$/),%)-% 2)7,B4#%3/.40%5"2% $:70%P4**%14%"% #408),04%)-% #4+7##4,$% 04+$)#%+#448D%",3%

>),+4%40$"1*/0:43>%/,+#4"040%$:4%0$#400%"+$/,B%),%$:4%4,+/#+*43%-*",.;%

%

Volcano growth

Erosion

Destruction Sector collapse

Stress field change

Volcano growthrifting, flank creep

Growing loadSpreading

Rifting

SW NE

Sector collapse on décollement

Volcano growthrifting, flank creep

LGF

CF

EPF

%"#$%&'!8)!/521+$"3$ F"12()"$ 2")#*-82*&")$ ()7$7+#*-82*&")<$ M4+$ '-"G&)'$ 1"(7$"3$ *4+$F"12()"$2(8#+#$'-(F&*(W*&")(1$#H-+(7&)'A$+9H()#&")$()7$3"28#+#$-&3*&)'<$j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`$!%,A$/(--&0(1+#$,"-.(*&")$`$/,A$L1$V(1.(-$,"-.(*&")$`$LV,Z<$

Part II. Chapter 4

61

9:4%T"##/O"*40%+)**"804%0+"#8%P"0%#48*4,/0:43%12%*"Q"0%)-% $:4%F*%!"*5"#%W)#5"$/),%$:"$%

#4"+:43%"%$:/+.,400%)-%m[bb%5;%%A*$:)7B:%$:/0%#48*4,/0:54,$%P"0%Q)*75/,)70D%/$%3/3%,)$%

-"/*% /,% "% $:/#3%B/",$%ff<>3/#4+$43% -*",.%+)**"804;%G7#%3/.4%3"$"% /58*2% $:"$% $:4%:/B:40$%

4#78$/),%#"$40%)++7##43%8#/)#%$)%$:4%T"##/O"*40%+)**"804;%9:4%,)#$:P40$4#,%-*",.%)-%$:4%F*%

!"*5"#%W)#5"$/),%P"0%/,/$/"**2%+#448/,BD%",3%$:4,%/,$#70/Q4%"+$/Q/$2%S",3%"*0)%4#78$/),0yU%

*"#B4*2% 0$)8843;%T),+4/Q"1*2D% $:4% *)"3%P"0%,)$% 07--/+/4,$*2%:/B:% $)%+"704% -"/*7#4D%P:/*4%

/,$#70/),0%",3%"++)58",/43%8#4007#4%Q"#/",+40%+)7*3%,)%5)#4%*71#/+"$4%$:4%P4".%O),4%

14,4"$:;% 9:4% 071"4#/"*% 0$#7+$7#4%)-% $:4%94,)% 43/-/+4%P"0%:4,+4-)#$:%8#/,+/8"**2% 0$"1*4D%

$:4%0$"1/*/$2%14/,B%4,:",+43%12%"%34+#4"04%/,%4#78$/),%#"$40;%

=)P4Q4#D%$:4%340$#7+$/Q4%:/0$)#2%)-%"%Q)*+",/+%/0*",3%5"2%/,+*734%$:#44D%-)7#%S4;B;%@$#)5>

1)*/U%)#%8)00/1*2%5)#4%#4+7##4,$%04+$)#%-"/*7#40%"*),B%$:4%0"54%3/#4+$/),D%/-%:/B:%4#78$/),%

",3%/,$#70/),%#"$40%+),$/,74%SW/B;%ZU;%%

$$

!6-0214+6-(E4)54$#/+"**2% 0/5/*"#% B/",$% *",30*/340% $)).% 8*"+4% /,% $:4% ,)#$:4#,% 8"#$% )-% $:4%H/)+4,4%

94,)%0:/4*3%Q)*+",)%+)58*4R%),%94,4#/-4D%34-/,/,B%$:#44%7,+),-)#5/$2>1)7,343%-)#5">

$/),0%SdEWD%TWD%F!WU;%9P)%5"/,%#/-$%O),40%/,3/+"$4%B4,4#"**2%+),$458)#",4)70%4R$4,0/),%

14/,B% ,)#$:4"0$c0)7$:P40$% /,% ,)#$:4#,% ",3% 4"0$cP40$% /,% 0)7$:4#,%94,)D%5)0$% )-% $:)04%

3/.40%458*"+43%8#/)#%$)%$:4%T"##/O"*40%-*",.%-"/*7#4;%%

64+7##4,$% *",30*/34%5"00%$#",0-4#%+"7043%/,$4,04%-#"+$7#/,B%/,%$:4%,)#5"*%-"7*$%-))$P"**D%

0:)P,%"0%"%B/#3*4%)-%-#"+$7#40%$:"$%34*/,4"$40%$:4%*",30*/34%0+"#8;%@7104X74,$*2D%2)7,B4#%

*"Q"0%)-% $:4%#48*4,/0:54,$%8:"04%P4#4% *"#B4*2%8)0/$/),43%),%"%0$#7+$7#"**2%P4".%8*",4;%

9:4% Q)*+",)% 04+$)#% 0/$7"$43% ),% 07+:% "% 8)$4,$/"*% 3_+)**454,$% /0% 5)0$% 070+48$/1*4% $)%

14+)54%$:4%0/$4%)-% -7$7#4% -*",.%+)**"8040%)#% -*",.%+#448;%64+7##4,$%48/0)340%)-%Q)*+",)%

+),0$#7+$/),%",3%340$#7+$/),%"#4%40+)#$43%12%"%+:",B4%)-%$:4%3/#4+$/),%)-%3/.40%/,%94,)D%

#4)#B",/O/,B%-#)5%,"##)P%#/-$%O),40%$)%045/>+),+4,$#/+%3/.4%"##",B454,$0%4,+/#+*/,B%$:4%

8"*4)>0+"#80;%9:4%#4+7##4,$%Q)*+",)%*",30*/340%*"#B4*2%+:",B43%$:4%0$#7+$7#"*%+),-/B7#">

$/),%",3%$:70%$:4%07104X74,$%4Q)*7$/),%)-%$:4%Q)*+",);%%

%

%

@0N-6O2&3.&P&-%4I%<4% $:",.%!484%f"Q"##)% -)#%3/0+700/),0%",3% /,$#)37+/,B%70% /,$)%

$:4% B4)*)B/+"*% 5"B,/-/+4,+4% )-% 94,4#/-4;% 9:",.0% $)% A;% ]4*)70)Q% -)#% +)554,$0% ",3%

07BB40$/),0%/,%-/4*3;%9:/0%8"84#%14,4-/$43%-#)5%Q4#2%+),0$#7+$/Q4%#4Q/4P0%)-%d;%H"#/,),/D%

A;%E7357,300),% ",3%T;% @$/**5",;% 9:4%8"84#% /0% 8"#$% )-% $:4%!:;V;% $:40/0% )-% 96<;%9:/0%

8#)e4+$% P"0% 0788)#$43% 12% $:4% V47$0+:4% W)#0+:7,B0B454/,0+:"-$% SVWE% B#",$% @+:5%

K`bl[[>IUD% $:4%B#"37"$4%0+:))*%jV2,"5/+0%)-%E*)1"*%T2+*40k%SVWE%B#",$%@+:5%K`b>LZU%

",3%$:4%d",3%@+:*40P/B%=)*0$4/,;%

%

Part II. Chapter 4

62

*&,&'&-0&4(A1*"2%EYD%=i#*/5",,%H%SKbbbU%FQ)*7$/),%)-%,)#$:%-*",.%

)-%94,4#/-4%12%#4+7##4,$%B/",$%*",30*/34%8#)+40040;%Y%()*+",)*%E4)$:4#5%640%IbJ'%IJ`>I`Z;%

A,+)+:4"%FD%Wz0$4#%YHD%&1"##)*"%FD%T4,3#4#)%AD%T)4**)%YD%=4#,",%WD%T",$"B#4*%YHD%Y"5),3%T%SIZZbU%()*+",/+%4Q)*7$/),%)-% $:4% /0*",3%)-%94,4#/-4% ST","#2% &0*",30U%/,%$:4%*/B:$%)-%,4P%N>A#%3"$";%Y%()*+",)*%E4)$:4#5%640%LL'%KJI>KLZ;%

A,34#0),% FH% SIZJ[U% T),4% 0:44$0% ",3% #/,B% 32.40\% $:4%32,"5/+"*%4R8*","$/),;%]7**%()*+",)*%I'%J`>Lb;%

]"##4#"%YdD%E)54O%YAD%]4**/3)%W%SIZMZU%H"8"%B4)*{B/+)%34%F08"h"D%F;%I'K`bbb;%&EHFD%H"3#/3;%

])#B/"%A%SIZZLU%V2,"5/+%1"0/0%)-%Q)*+",/+%08#4"3/,B;%Y%E4)8:20%640%ZZ'%I[D[ZI>I[DMbL;%

T",$"B#4*% YHD% A#,"73% fGD% A,+)+:4"% FD% Wz0$4#% YHD%=74#$"0% HY% SIZZZU% 6484"$43% 341#/0% "Q"*",+:40% ),%94,4#/-4% ",3% B4,40/0% )-% d"0% T"h"3"0% +"*34#"% P"**%ST","#2%&0*",30U;%E4)*)B2%K['%[JZ>[LK;%

T"##"+43)%YT%SIZZLU%9:4%T","#2%&0*",30'%A,%4R"58*4%)-%0$#7+$7#"*% +),$#)*% ),% $:4% B#)P$:% )-% *"#B4% )+4",/+>/0*",3%Q)*+",)40;%Y%()*+",)*%E4)$:4#5%640%^b'%KK`>KLI;%

T"##"+43)% YT% SIZZ^U% H)#8:)*)B/+"*% ",3% 0$#7+$7#"*%4Q)*7$/),% )-% $:4% P40$4#,% T","#2% &0*",30'% :)$08)$%/,37+43% $:#44>"#543% #/-$0% )#% #4B/),"*% $4+$),/+%$#4,30y%Y%()*+",)*%E4)$:4#5%640%[K'%I`I>I^K;%

V"2%@YD%T"##"+43)% YTD%E7/**)7%=D%E#"Q40$)+.%!% SIZZZU%64+4,$% 0$#7+$7#"*% 4Q)*7$/),% )-% $:4% T751#4% (/4e"%Q)*+",)D% d"% !"*5"D% T","#2% &0*",30'% Q)*+",/+% #/-$%O),4%#4+),-/B7#"$/),%"0%"%8#4+7#0)#%$)%Q)*+",)%-*",.%/,0$"1/*/$2y%Y%()*+",)*%E4)$:4#5%640%ZL'%IJ`>I^[;%

W_#"73% ED% E/",,4#/,/% ED% T"58#43),% 6D% @$/**5",% TY%SIZM`U% E4)+:#),)*)B2% )-% 0)54% T","#/",% 32.4%0P"#50;%T),$#/17$/),%$)%$:4%Q)*+",)>$4+$),/+%4Q)*7>$/),% )-% $:4% "#+:/84*"B);% Y% ()*+",)*% E4)$:4#5% 640%K`'%KZ>`K;%

W4##"#/% dD% E"#37h)% (>=D% f4#/% H% SIZZIU% &% 3/++:/% 34**"%("**4% 34*% ])Q4D% F$,"'% 7,% 54$)3)% 84#% 0$/5"#4% *4%3/*"$"O/),/% 3/% 7,% "88"#"$)% Q7*+",/+);% H45% @)+%E4)*%&$%L['%LZ`>`bM;%

W/0.4%6@D%Y"+.0),%FV%SIZ[KU%G#/4,$"$/),%",3%B#)P$:%)-%="P"//",%Q)*+",/+%#/-$0'%$:4%4--4+$%)-%#4B/),"*%0$#7+>$7#4% ",3% B#"Q/$"$/),"*% 0$#400;% !#)+% 6% @)+% d),3),%JKZ'%KZZ>JKb;%

=i#*/5",,% HD% d4345"% AD% H"#$a% Y% SIZZZU% T),3/$/),0%-"Q)7#/,B% +"$"0$#)8:/+% *",30*/340% ),% 94,4#/-4% ST">,"#2%&0*",30U;%94##"%f)Q"%II'%Ib^>III;%

N#"0$4*% @D% @+:5/,+.4%=>?D% Y"+)10%TdD% 6/:5%6D% d"%]"0%9!D% A*/1_0% ]% SKbbIU% @715"#/,4% *",30*/340% "#)7,3%$:4%T","#2%&0*",30;%Y%E4)8:20%640%Ib^'%JZ[[>JZZ[;%

H"#/,),/% d]% SKbbIU% T#70$"*% 4R$4,0/),% -#)5% 4R8)043%0:44$% /,$#70/),0'% #4Q/4P% ",3% 54$:)3% 8#)8)0"*;% Y%()*+",)*%E4)$:4#5%640%Ib['%K[>L^;%

H"#/,),/%d]D%E7357,300),%A%SKbbbU%V2.40D%-"7*$0%",3%8"*"4)0$#40040% /,% $:4% 94,)% ",3% A,"B"% 5"00/-0% )-%94,4#/-4%ST","#2%&0*",30U;%Y%()*+",)*%E4)$:4#5%640%IbJ'%MJ>IbJ;%

H"#$a% YD% =i#*/5",,% HD% A1*"2% EYD% E7357,300),% A%SIZZ[U% (4#$/+"*% ",3% *"$4#"*% +)**"8040% ),% 94,4#/-4%ST","#2% &0*",30U% ",3% )$:4#% Q)*+",/+% )+4",% /0*",30;%E4)*)B2%K`'%M[Z>MMK;%

%

H+W"#*",4%VYD%6/3*42%<&%SIZ^MU%A,%/,$4#8#4$"$/),%)-%B#"Q/$2%3"$"%-)#%94,4#/-4D%T","#2%&0*",30;%F"#$:%!*",4$%@+/%d4$$%L'%LMI>LM^;%

H+E7/#4%<YD%!7**4,%AVD%@"7,34#0% @Y% SIZZbU%64+4,$%32.4>/,37+43%*"#B4>0+"*4%1*)+.%5)Q454,$%"$%H)7,$%F$,"%",3%8)$4,$/"*%0*)84%-"/*7#4;%f"$7#4%JLJ'%J`[>J`Z;%

H+E7/#4%<YD% @$4P"#$% &@D% @"7,34#0% @Y% SIZZ[U% &,$#">Q)*+",/+%#/-$/,B%"$%H)7,$%F$,"%/,% $:4%+),$4R$%)-%#4B/),"*% $4+$),>/+0;%A+$"%(7*+",)*%Z'%IL[>I`^;%

f"Q"##)% YHD% T)4**)% Y% SIZMZU% V48#400/),0% )#/B/,"$43% 12%*",30*/34% 8#)+40040% /,% 94,4#/-4;% F@W% H44$/,B% ),% T">,"#/",%()*+",/05%I`Z>I`K;%

f"Q"##)% YHD% W"##7e/"% &% SIZMZU% !*",%=/3#)*{B/+)% &,07*"#% 34%94,4#/-4;%x),/-/+"+/{,%:/3#)B4)*{Ba"D%"084+$)0%B4)*{B/>+)0% 4% :/3#)B4)*{B/+)0;% T"1/*3)% &,07*"#% 34% 94,4#/-4%IL`%88;%

6)3#aB74O>d)0"3"% Y% AD% H"#$/,4O>W#/"0% YD% ]70$/**)% H% AD%V4*B"3)% AD% =4#,",34O>!"+:4+)D% A% C% 34% *"% W74,$4%N#"700%Y%(%SKbbbU%9:4%:23#)$:4#5"**2%"*$4#"$43%",."#">5/$4%1"0"*$0%)-%!7,$"%!)2"$"%S94,4#/-4D%T","#2%&0*",30U;%Y%()*+",)*%E4)$:4#5%640%IbJ'%J^[>J[^;%

@+:5/,+.4% =>?% SIZ^MU% W"7*$/,B% Q4#070% 4#)0/),% ",3% $:4%#4+),0$#7+$/),% )-% $:4% 5/3>H/)+4,4% 0:/4*3% Q)*+",)% )-%E#",%T","#/";%E4)*%H/$$%M'%KJ>`b;%

@+:5/,+.4%=>?D%f"Q"##)%YHD%@75/$"%H%SIZZZU%A%B/",$%1*"0$%"00)+/"$43%P/$:% -*",.%+)**"804%)-% $:4%T"h"3"0%()*+",)%S94,4#/-4D%T","#2%&0*",30U%b;IM%H;2;%"B);%F?E%IbD%94##"%f)0$#"%>%Y%T),-%A10%L'%[`J;%

@/414#$% d% SIZMLU% d"#B4% Q)*+",/+% 341#/0% "Q"*",+:40'%+:"#"+$4#/0$/+0%)-% 0)7#+4%"#4"0D%348)0/$0%",3%"00)+/"$43%4#78$/),0;%Y%()*+",)*%E4)$:4#5%640%KK'%I^J>IZ[;%

@$/**5",%TY% SIZM[U%A%T","#2% &0*",30%32.4% 0P"#5'% /58*/+">$/),0%-)#%$:4%-)#5"$/),%)-%)+4",/+%/0*",30%12%4R$4,0/),"*%-/007#"*%Q)*+",/05;%&,'%="**0%=TD%W":#/B%<Y%S430UD%H"-/+%V2.4% @P"#50;%E4)*%A00)+%T","3"% @84+%!"8%JL'%KLJ>K``;%

94/34% E#)78% SIZZ[U% H)#8:)54$#/+% /,$4#8#4$"$/),% )-% $:4%,)#$:P40$% ",3% 0)7$:4"0$% 0*)840% )-% 94,4#/-4D% T","#2%&0*",30;%Y%E4)8:20%640%IbK'%LM[>LZM;%

9:/#*P"**% HWD% @/,B4#% ]@D% H"##/,4#% EW% SKbbbU% JZA#>LbA#%"B40% ",3% B4)+:45/0$#2% )-% $:4% 1"0"*$/+% 0:/4*3% 0$"B4% )-%94,4#/-4D% T","#2% &0*",30D% @8"/,;% Y% ()*+",)*% E4)$:4#5%640%IbJ'%KL[>KZ[;%

9/1"*3/% A% SKbbIU% H7*$/8*4% 04+$)#% +)**"8040% "$% @$#)51)*/%()*+",)D%&$"*2'%=)P%$:42%P)#.;%]7**%()*+",)*%^J'%IIK>IK`;%

()/B:$% ]D% F*0P)#$:% V% SIZZ[U% W"/*7#4% )-% Q)*+",)% 0*)840;%E4)$4+:,/X74%L['%I>JI;%

<"$$4#0% 6YD% x/514*5",% V6D% ])P5",% @VD% T#)P*42% YN%SKbbbU%6)+.%5"00%0$#4,B$:%"0040054,$%",3%0/B,/-/+",+4%$)% 43/-/+4% 0$"1/*/$2D% H)7,$% 6"/,/4#% ",3% H)7,$% =))3D%T"0+"34% 6",B4% Q)*+",)40;% !7#4% A88*% E4)8:20% I`['%Z`[>Z[^;%

<"$$0% A]D% H"00),% VE% SKbbIU% f4P% 0),"#% 4Q/34,+4% -)#%#4+4,$%+"$"0$#)8:/+%+)**"8040%)-%$:4%,)#$:%-*",.%)-%94,4>#/-4D%T","#2%&0*",30;%]7**%()*+",)*%^J'%M>IZ;%

<"*.4#%E!d% SIZZKU%T):4#4,$% /,$#70/),%+)58*4R40% /,% *"#B4%1"0"*$/+%Q)*+",)40%>%"%,4P%0$#7+$7#"*%5)34*;%Y%()*+",)*%E4)$:4#5%640%`b'%LI>`L;%

%

%

%

Part II. Chapter 5

63

!"#$%&&'%()*+",)%-*",.%/,0$"1/*/$2%",3%3/.4%/,$#50/),0%

%

%

!"#$%&'()(

%

6/-$%"#+7/$4+$5#4%/,%8)*+",)40%%

%

%

Part II. Chapter 5

64

*+,%(#'-"+%&-%.'&(+/(012-#/1&34(,'15(3+/62&('+,%((

%1(%'+#7+#2('+,%3(

%

9:6:%;"*$4#<%(:6:%9#)**<%=:%>4*)50)8%?%@:AB:%C+7D/,+.4%

EFGH=6<%I4J$:%)-%()*+",)*)K2<%;/0+77)-0$#"004%LAM<%IA%NLNO%P/4*<%E4#D",2%%

%

893%'#-%:( Q#44J/,K% -*",.0% )-% )+4",% /0*",3% 8)*+",)40% "#4% K4,4#"**2% $7)5K7$% $)% 14%

$#/KK4#43% ",3% "++)DJ",/43% 12% 3/.4% /,$#50/),% R/$7/,% "S/"*% #/-$% T),40:% 974% #4*"$/),07/J%

14$R44,%-*",.A+#44J/,K%",3%/,$#50/84%#/-$%-)#D"$/),%#4D"/,0%J))#*2%5,34#0$))3<%7)R484#:%

&,%=,"K"<%$74%,)#$74"0$4#,<%344J*2%4#)343%07/4*3%8)*+",)%)-%94,4#/-4%UQ","#2%&0*",30V<%R4%

/34,$/-/43%$7#44%0$"K40%)-%#/-$AD/K#"$/),:%=%0/,K*4%#/-$%T),4%3)D/,"$43%$74%4"#*2%K#)R$7%)-%

$74%43/-/+4:%W"$4#%-"5*$/,K%#405*$43%/,%+#44J%)-%$74%,)#$74#,%-*",.%",3%3/.4%#4)#/4,$"$/),:%=%

+5#843% 1/"S/"*% 3/.4A0R"#D<% *)+"$43% "#)5,3% $74% ,)#$74#,% +#44J/,K% 04+$)#<% 3484*)J43%

K#"35"**2<%",3%"%0$/**%2)5,K4#%$7/#3%#/-$A"#D%-)#D43%$)%$74%0)5$7:%=**%$7#44%"S40%,5+*4"$4%/,%

"%0)D4R7"$%3/--504%+4,$4#:%9)%14$$4#%5,34#0$",3%$74%D4+7",/0D0%)-%3/.4%/,$#50/),0%",3%

3/.4%#4+),-/K5#"$/),%R/$7%#40J4+$%$)%+#44J/,K%04+$)#0%)-%",%43/-/+4<%R4%+"##/43%)5$%J720/A

+"*%D)34*0%50/,K% #/3K40%)-% K4*"$/,% ",3%+)*)#43%R"$4#% /,X4+$43% -#)D%14*)R:%974%K4*"$/,%

#/3K4% R"0% J)0/$/),43% J"#$/"**2% ),% "% *51#/+"$43% 04+$)#% ",3% R"0% $750% "**)R43% $)% *)+"**2%

+#44J%354%$)%/$0%)R,%K#"8/$"$/),"*%*)"3:%&,X4+$/),%)-%$74%-*5/3%+"5043%-#"+$5#40%$)%J#)J"A

K"$4%/,%8"#/)50%3/#4+$/),0<%#4*"$/84%$)%ULV%$74%K4)D4$#/+%J)0/$/),%)-%$74%+#44J/,K%-*",.<%UYV%

$74% 43/-/+4% D)#J7)*)K2<% UMV% $74% +4,$4#% )-% /,X4+$/),% ",3% /$0% 4++4,$#/+/$2% #4*"$/84% $)% $74%

K4*"$/,% 43/-/+4:% ;4% 05KK40$% $7"$% $74% 0$#5+$5#4% )-% "% 0/,K*4% #/-$% 8)*+",)% U4:K:% =,"K"V% #4A

+),-/K5#40%$)%"%1/"S/"*%)#%$#/"S/"*%#/-$%R74,%),4%04+$)#%0$"#$0%$)%+#44J:%974%*)+"$/),%)-%-*",.%

-"/*5#4% /0<% $74#4-)#4<% 0/$5"$43% 14$R44,% $7404% /,$#50/84% "S40<% "0% 3/*"$/),% )-% $74% 1"0"*% 34A

$"+7D4,$%05#-"+4%/0%"$%"%D"S/D5D%/,A14$R44,:%

%

;/%'1<.-%+1/(I/.40%1#4"+7%D)0$% 8)*+",/+% 43/-/+40% ",3% -443% -/005#4A4#5J$/),0%R74,% #4"+7/,K% $74% 05#A

-"+4:%I/.40%+)DD),*2%K#)5J% /,% 0R"#D0% $7"$%+7"#"+$4#/T4% $74%D)#J7)*)K/+"*%",3%0$#5+A

$5#"*%48)*5$/),%)-%D",2%8)*+",)40:%974/#%-)#D"$/),%",3%+),-/K5#"$/),<%7)R484#<%/0%0$/**%"%

D"$$4#%)-%341"$4:%H"KD"$/+%3/.40%$7"$%+)DD),*2%/,$#534%"*),K%#/-$%T),40%3)D/,"$4%$74%

4,3)K4,/+%K#)R$7%)-%"%8)*+",):%G,*2%"%-#"+$/),%)-%$74%$)$"*%,5D14#%)-%3/.40%484#%#4"+740%

$74%05#-"+4%U+-:%E53D5,300),%4$%"*:%LZZZV:%974/#%+5D5*"$/84%[5",$/$2%/0%#4-*4+$43%/,%$74%

0/$40% )-% 4#5J$/),0<% $74% +),0/0$4,+2% )-% D"KD"$/+% "+$/8/$2% ",3% $74% D)#J7)*)K2% )-% $74%

8)*+",)40% )-% $74% Q","#2% =#+7/J4*"K)% UQ"##"+43)% LZZNV:% \),40% )-% 7/K7*2% +),+4,$#"$43%

Part II. Chapter 5

65

3/.40%D"2%+"504% *)+"*% 0510/34,+4% U;"*.4#%LZZYV%",3% -"+/*/$"$4%)#%484,% $#/KK4#%8)*+",)%

+)**"J04:%%

="&($'16'&33(1,('+,%+/64($&'3+3%&/-&(1'(,&&92&/&33>(

H",2%8)*+",)40%"#4%0$#5+$5#"**2%3)D/,"$43%12%#/-$%T),40<%R7/+7%D"2%+),$"/,%),4<%$R)<%

$7#44%)#%D)#4% 0$#5+$5#"*%"S40<%R7/+7%D"2%14%+5#843%)#% 0$#"/K7$<%J)00/1*2%+),$#)**43%12%

*)"3/,K]D)#J7)*)K/+"*%4--4+$0%U^/0.4%",3%_"+.0),%LZ`YV:%^/0.4%",3%_"+.0),%J#)J)043%$7"$%

"%#/3K4A*/.4%$)J)K#"J72%)-%$74%#/-$%T),40%/0%"%J#/,+/J"*%-"+$)#%/,%K4)D4$#/+"**2%)#K",/T/,K%

3/.4%/,$#50/),0:%9742%0/D5*"$43%$74%0$#400%-/4*3%)-%"%8)*+",/+%#/3K4%12%$#/",K5*"#%J#/0D"$/+%

#/3K40%)-%K4*"$/,<%/,$)%R7/+7%+)*)#43%R"$4#%R"0%/,X4+$43%$)%-)#D%-#"+$5#40%$7"$%J#)J"K"$43%

D"/,*2% *"$4#"**2% J"#"**4*% $)% $74% #/3K4% "S40% U"*),KA0$#/.4V:% ^/0.4% ",3% _"+.0),% ULZ`YV% 34A

0+#/143%$74%*)"3%)-%$74%#/3K4<%$)%+"504%7)#/T),$"*%4SJ",0/),%",3%84#$/+"*%0"KK/,K%,)#D"*%

$)% $74% #/3K4% 4*),K"$/),:% 97/0% /DJ*/43% $7"$% $74% $2J/+"*% $)J)K#"J72% )-% #/-$% T),40% ),+4%

40$"1*/0743%+"5040%),K)/,K%",3% -)+5043%3/.4% /,$#50/),%J"#"**4*% $)% $74%#/3K4%4*),K"$/),:%

64+"*+5*"$/),%)-%$7404%#405*$0%12%I/4$4#/+7%ULZOOV%05KK40$43%$7"$%"33/$/),"*%J#)+40040%"+$%

),%$74%D)#4%K4,$*4%0*)J40%)-%,"$5#"*%#/3K40%",3%+),$#)*%$74/#%"+#)00A0$#/.4%0*)J40:%=++)#3A

/,K%$)%I/4$4#/+7<%+),$/,543%344JA#4"+7/,K%-"5*$/,K%J#43)D/,",$%R/$7%#/-$/,K%J4#D/$0%3/.4%

/,$#50/),%",3%#/-$%J4#0/0$4,+4%/,%1"*",+4%R/$7%723#)0$"$/+%J507%354%$)%3/.4%4DJ*"+4D4,$:%

()*+",/+%#/-$%T),40%J#)1"1*2%7"84%"%+#/$/+"*%0*)J4%$)%R7/+7%"%#/3K4%R)5*3%48)*84%,"$5#"**2%

U^/"*.)% ",3% 651/,% LZZZV:% I#/84,% 12% /$0% K#"8/$2<% #/3K4A0J#4"3/,K% +)5*3% J#)35+4% 4S$4,A

0/),"*%0$#5+$5#40% /,%$74%05DD/$%#4K/),%",3%+)DJ#400/),%"$% /$0%1"04%U>)#K/"%4$%"*:%LZZYV:%

974%J#404,+4%)-%"%*)RA8/0+)0/$2%*"24#%R/$7/,%$74%0510$#"$5D%/0%#40J),0/1*4%-)#%-*)R%"R"2%

-#)D%$74%4S+400% *)"3%",3%+"5040%0J#4"3/,K%UH4#*4%",3%>)#K/"%LZZaV:%^)#%#/-$%T),40%$7"$%

-)#D% ,5+*4"$43% 0$#5+$5#"*% "S40<% J)#4% -*5/3% J#4005#40% ",3% 4"#$7[5".40% D"2% "++)DJ",2%

3/.4% /,$#50/),0% ",3% -"+/*/$"$4% -"5*$% 0*/J% )-% 75K4% b$74)#4$/+"*% 04+$)#0c% U&84#0),%LZZd<% F*0A

R)#$7% ",3% ()/K7$% LZZd<% LZZaV<% *4"3/,K% $)% *"$4#"*% 04+$)#% +)**"J040% /,14$R44,% $74% #/-$%

T),40:%C5+7%-"5*$/,K%"**)R0%-5$5#4%3/.40%$)%J#)J"K"$4%"*),K%$74%#/-$%"S/0:%C7"**)R%K#"8/$2%

0*/340%)#%,)#D"*%-*",.%-"5*$/,K<%/,%+),$#"0$<%3)%,)$%-"8)#%J4#0/0$4,$%#/-$/,K%UI/4$4#/+7%LZOOV:%%

C/,+4%344J%1"0"*%34$"+7D4,$%J*",40% ",3% *51#/+",$0% "#4%J#404,$% /##4K5*"#*2%14,4"$7% $74%

0*)J40% )-% "% 8)*+",/+% #/3K4<% $74% -"5*$% J*",40% R4% +),0/34#% "#4% *)+"**2% */D/$43% /,% R/3$7<%

#4*"$/84% $)% $74% *4,K$7% )-% $74% #/3K4:% ^)#%D)#J7)*)K/+"*% #/3K40%R74#4% *"$4#"*% +#44J% /,-*5A

4,+40%),*2%J"#$0%)-% $74%#/3K4%-*",.0<%R4%0$53/43%$74%0$#400%#4K/D4%",3%$750%$74%"##",K4A

D4,$%)-%J#)J"K"$/,K%3/.40%$7"$%3/--4#%-#)D%$74%3)D/,",$%D)#J7)*)K/+"*%",3%*),KA*"0$/,K%

"*),KA0$#/.4%3/#4+$/),:%;4% -)+50%),% #/-$%T),4% #4+),-/K5#"$/),0%R/$7% #40J4+$% $)%"%K#"8/$"A

$/),"**2%340$"1/*/T43% -*",.% $7"$% +#44J0%),%"%1"0"*%34$"+7D4,$% 05#-"+4:%;4%J#404,$% -/4*3%

48/34,+4% -)#% 8"#/)50% 4J/0)340% )-% #/-$/,K% ),% =,"K"% U94,4#/-4V<% +)D1/,43% R/$7% J720/+"*%

D)34*/,K<%$)%14$$4#%5,34#0$",3%$74%+)DJ*4S/$2%)-%3/./,K%",3%8)*+",)%*)"3/,K%/,%#4*"$/),%

$)%$74%+#44J/,K%)-%"%8)*+",)%-*",.:%

Part II. Chapter 5

66

?&1216+-#2(3&%%+/6(1,(8/#6#(@=&/&'+,&A(

I/.4% 0R"#D0% "#4% ,5D4#)50% ),% $74% Q","#2% &0*",30% UC$"53/K4*% ",3% C+7D/,+.4% LZON<%

^e#"53%4$%"*:%LZOd<%=,K5/$"%",3%@4#,",%LZOa<%C$/**D",%LZO`<%Q"##"+43)%LZZN<%H"#/,),/%

",3%E53D5,300),%YfffV:%6/-$%T),40%34-/,4%J4#0/0$4,$%0$#5+$5#"*% $#4,30%)-% /,$#50/84%",3%

4S$#50/84%"+$/8/$2<%"0%340+#/143%-)#%-/84%)-%$74%0484,%Q","#2%&0*",30:%94,4#/-4<%$74%*"#K40$%

UYfaf%.DgV%",3%7/K740$%UM`LO%D"0*V%/0*",3%)-%$74%Q","#/",%"#+7/J4*"K)<%/0%*)+"$43%+":%Mff%

.D%)--%$74%h)#$7R40$%=-#/+",%+)"0$:%97#44%)*3%07/4*3%8)*+",)40%"#4%0/$5"$43%/,%$74%$7#44%

+)#,4#0%)-%94,4#/-4%U=,"K"<%94,)<%6)[54%34*%Q),34V<%4"+7%#4J#404,$/,K%",%/,34J4,34,$%

43/-/+4%R/$7%/$0%)R,%8)*+",/+%7/0$)#2%U=,+)+74"%4$%"*:%LZZfV:%974%05104[54,$%48)*5$/),%)-%

94,4#/-4%R"0%0$#5+$5#"**2%",3%D)#J7)*)K/+"**2%+7"#"+$4#/T43%12%"%D"X)#%$7#44A"#D43%#/-$%

020$4D:%^#"+$5#40%",3%#/-$%T),40%),%94,4#/-4%"#4%K4,4#"**2%"##",K43%/,%02DD4$#/+"*%$#/J*4A

J"$$4#,0%R/$7% ",K*40% )-% +":% LYfi% /,14$R44,<% $7)5K7$% $)%14% $74% #405*$%)-% $74% *4"0$A4--)#$%

#40J),04%$)%84#$/+"*%5JR"#3%*)"3/,K%U+-:%W5),K)%4$%"*:%LZZL<%Q"##"+43)%LZZNV:%%

W"$4#"*%-"/*5#40%$)).%J*"+4%#4J4"$43*2%35#/,K%$74%051"4#/"*%48)*5$/),%)-%94,4#/-4j%"$%*4"0$%d%

*"#K4%*",30*/34%484,$0%R/J43%)--%*"#K4%J"#$0%)-%$74%/0*",3%R/$7/,%$74%*"0$%Y%H"<%K4,4#"**2%

*)+"$43% 14$R44,% $R)% 0$#5+$5#"*% "S40% )-% $74%D"X)#% $#/"S/"*% #/-$% 020$4D% ),% 94,4#/-4% UQ"#A

#"+43)% LZZNV:% &,% "33/$/),<% $7#44% 04+),3"#2% $#/"S/"*% #/-$% T),40% "#4% J#404,$% ),% 94,4#/-4<%

+7"#"+$4#/T43%12% $7)50",30%)-% 4SJ)043%3/.40% /,% $74%344J*2%4#)343%H/)+4,4%07/4*30%)-%

94,)%",3%=,"K"%U=134*AH),4D%4$%"*:%LZ`Y<%^e#"53%4$%"*:%LZOd<%=,+)+74"%4$%"*:%LZZf<%

;"*$4#% ",3% C+7D/,+.4%YffLV:% 974%1"0"*$0% )-% $74%H/)+4,4% 07/4*30%R4#4% $4#D43%+)**4+A

$/84*2% bG*3% >"0"*$/+% C4#/40c% U^k0$4#% 4$% "*:% LZaOV<% 4##),4)50*2% /DJ*2/,K% "% +)##4*"$/),%

14$R44,%$74%)*3%07/4*3%0$"K40%)-%94,4#/-4:%>4+"504%$74%07/4*30%)-%94,4#/-4%-)#D43%04J"A

#"$4*2<%R4%74#4%504% $74% $4#D%b=,"K"%C7/4*3c% 04#/40% Ub=CcV% -)#% $74%4"0$4#,D)0$%+)DJ*4S%

07/4*3%43/-/+4:%

974% -)#D"$/),%)-%=,"K"%14K",% /,% *"$4%H/)+4,4% "$% "1)5$% d:`%H"%",3%J#"+$/+"**2% $4#D/A

,"$43%/,%$74%!*/)+4,4%"$%"#)5,3%M:M%H"%U=,+)+74"%4$%"*:%LZZfV<%15$%PA=#%K4)+7#),)*)K2%

+)5*3%14%"D1/K5)50%354%$)%D)34#"$4%$)%0$#),K%"*$4#"$/),%)-%$74%#)+.0%U6)3#lK54TAW)0"3"%

4$% "*:% Yfff<% 97/#*R"**% 4$% "*:% YfffV:%h4R% 3"$"% 12% 97/#*R"**% 4$% "*:% UYfffV% 34-/,4% "% J)*2A

K4,4$/+%48)*5$/),%)-%$74%=,"K"%D"00/-<%R/$7%1"0",/$/+%"+$/8/$2%"#)5,3%O%H"<%"*."*/%1"0"*$%

"#)5,3%d:O%H"%",3<%"K"/,<%1"0",/$/+%"+$/8/$2%"$%+":%N:Y%H"%"K):%974%0$#"$/K#"J72%)-%=,"K"%

/0%1"043%),%$R)%UJ))#*2%34-/,43V%5,+),-)#D/$/40%UQ"##"+43)%LZ`dV<%3"$43%12%=,+)+74"%4$%

"*:% ULZZfV%"$%+":%N%",3%`%H"<%R7/+7%"**)R%$)%3/--4#4,$/"$4%5J%$)%$7#44%051A04#/40'%"V%974%

"#+5"$4%9"K",","%"#4"%#4-4#0%$)%"%T),4%+),0/34#43%$)%14%J"#$%)-%$74%bW)R4#%=,"K"%C7/4*3c%

UW=CV%",3%)5$+#)J0%/,%"%0$#5+$5#"*%R/,3)R<%+),+"84%$)%$74%h)#$7<%R/$7%"%#"3/50%)-%Lf%$)%

LN%.D%U=#"m"%4$%"*:%LZ`Z<%=,+)+74"%4$%"*:%LZZf<%6)3#lK54TAW)0"3"%4$%"*:%YfffV:%1V%974%

H/33*4%=C%-)#D43%12%1"0"*$/+%",3%J7),)*/$/+%#)+.0<%/,+*/,43%$)R"#30%$74%04"%",3%0$#),K*2%

4#)343:% +V% 974% BJJ4#% =C<% D)#J7)*)K/+"**2% 3/--4#4,$% -#)D% $74% )*34#% 5,/$0<% /0% D"34% )-%

Part II. Chapter 5

67

0517)#/T),$"**2% +"JJ/,K% 1"0"*$% -*)R0:%=**% $7404% 051A04#/40% "#4% $#"84#043%12%D",2%3/.40%

$7"$%-)#D%#/-$%T),40<%R/$7%3/84#04%+7"#"+$4#/0$/+0%",3%$#4,30:%

3160 3160

385375

2 km

SC

3160 3160

AnagaShield Series

Faults

River

Dike traces

A N A G A

Santa Cruz

Taganana

San Andrés

N

385375

3160 3160

12+3

3

Single

Curved

Triaxial

Canary Islands (rift zones)

100 kmAfric

a10 km

Tenerife

A T L A N T I C

O C E A NAnaga

Lower

Middle

Upper

32+3

1

Diffuse

nucleus

a

b

c

d

Rift migration

Creeping sector

!"#$%&'()!!

*)! "#$%&'#(! #)! &*+!,&-./! %0+%! 1(%2%!345!6+(+0')+78!!

'

+)! 9':;<')'+.! :%;!#)! &*+! 2+#<#2/! #)!1(%2%=! ,*#>'(2!&*0++! ,-?,+0'+,! #)!&*+! @'#$+(+A!B<'#$+(+! C1(%2%!9*'+<.! 9+0'+,D! %(.!:%E#0!)%-<&!&0%$+,8!!

!

!

!

!

!

,)! F'G+! &0%$+,! #)!1(%2%=! '($<-.'(2!.%&%! )0#:! 10%H%! +&!%<8! 3IJKJ7=! LM0%-.!+&! %<8! 3IJNO7=!P+0(Q(R.+S!B%$*+$#! %(.!T#.0U2-+S! "#,%.%!3IJJV78!!

!

!

-)! T')&! :'20%&'#(! '(!1(%2%8! 6*+! #<.!.'G+! ,>%0:! #)! &*+!6%2%(%(%! 0')&! S#(+!36TW7! '(&0-.+.! 5RX!#0! 545RX9X8! "%&+0!'(&0-,'Y+! %Z+,! %0+!$-0Y+.! %0#-(.! &*+!10$#! .+! 6%2%(%(%!35RX! &#! 45R9X78![%,+.! #(! $0#,,$-&R&'(2!0+<%&'#(,*';,!#)!&*+!.'G+,=!&*+!0')&!#)!4XR95! .'0+$&'#(!)#0:+.! .-0'(2! &*+!<%&+! ,&%2+! #)! &*+!$-0Y+.!0')&8!

Part II. Chapter 5

68

8/#6#('+,%(B1/&3(

I/.4%)#/4,$"$/),0%R4#4%0$53/43%50/,K%$74%LZZO%"4#/"*%J7)$)K#"J70%)-%=,"K"%UL'LO:fffV<%

",3% $74%K4)*)K/+"*%D"J0% U=#"m"%4$%"*:%LZ`ZV:%E4)D4$#/+%J"#"D4$4#0%)-%3/.40%",3% -"5*$0%

R4#4% D4"05#43% /,% $74% -/4*3:% 974% 7/K7% 34,0/$2% )-% $74% =,"K"% 3/.40% R"0% ,)$43% 12%

@4#,n,34TA!"+74+)%",3%6)3#lK54TAW)0"3"%ULZZaV<%R7)%+)DJ"#43%/$%$)%$74%+)74#4,$%3/.4%

+)DJ*4S40% ),% G"75% U;"*.4#% LZO`V:% =,% "00)#$D4,$% )-% 3/.4% 0R"#D0% -)#D43% ),%=,"K"%

Uh"8"##)% LZ`N<% ^e#"53% 4$% "*:% LZOd<% @4#,n,34TA!"+74+)% ",3% 6)3#lK54TAW)0"3"% LZZa<%

H"#/,),/% ",3% E53D5,300),% YfffV<% R/$7% $7#44% D"X)#% $#4,30% /,% 3/#4+$/),% hh;ACCF<%

hhFACC;%",3%FA;:%%

974%b=#+)%34%9"K",","c%/0%-)#D43%12%",."#"D/$40%",3%J)*2D/+$%1#4++/"0<%/,$#5343%12%",%

4"#*2% 34,04<% *"#K4*2% 1"0"*$/+% 3/.4% 0R"#D% U@4#,n,34TA!"+74+)% ",3% 6)3#lK54TAW)0"3"%

LZZaV<% ",3% "*."*/% K"11#)% ",3% 024,/$4% /,$#50/840% U6)3#lK54TAW)0"3"% ",3% H"#$/,4TA^#/"0%

LZZOV:%97404%4"#*2%3/.40%34-/,4%$74%-/#0$%0$"K4%)-%#/-$/,K<%-)#D/,K%$74%b9"K",","%#/-$%T),4c%

U96\V<% R/$7% 3/.40% +),0$/$5$/,K% D)#4% $7",% Ofo% )-% $74% 4,$/#4% #)+.% D"00<% 05KK40$/,K% "%

7)#/T),$"*%4S$4,0/),%)-%"$%*4"0$%L:d%.D%/,%$74%3/#4+$/),%hh;ACCF:%97/0%/,$#50/84%+)DJ*4S%

/0%"*0)%0$#),K*2%34-)#D43<%074"#43%",3%"*$4#43:%974%$#"+40%)-%$74%0$#"$"%"#4%5,+*4"#%354%$)%

074"#/,K%",3%04+),3"#2%D/,4#"*/T"$/),:%&,3/8/35"*%3/.40%"#4%$4#D43%12%*)+"*%K4)*)K/0$0%"0%

p3/[540% -",$"0D"p% UK7)0$%3/.40V% U^/K:%YV:%974%3/J%)-% $74%9"K",","%3/.40% /0% /,+),0/0$4,$j%

-"5*$0% ",3% -#"KD4,$"$/),% *)+"**2% 07)R% #)$"$/),"*% )--04$0% $7"$% 34-/,4% 1*)+.0%R/$7% 05#-"+4%

"#4"0%)-%D)#4%$7",%),4%.Dg<%#405*$/,K%/,%"%#",K4%)-%3/J%3/#4+$/),0%)-%$74%3/.40:%h4"#%$74%

,)#$74#,%07)#4*/,4<%3/.40%)-%$74%96\%3/J%D)0$*2%hL`fij%/,%5JJ4#%*484*0%UqMffD"0*V%$74%

3/J%*/,4%",3%$74%0$#/.4%*/,4%/0%/,+)74#4,$<%#",K/,K%hLOfi%r%afi%R/$7%3/J0%14$R44,%Zfi%

",3%Nfi:%h4"#%$74%07)#4*/,4<%R4%-)5,3%"%D4",%0$#/.4%3/#4+$/),%)-%$74%96\%"0%FhFA;C;%

U^/K:%LV<%0/D/*"#%$)%$74%#405*$0%)-%@4#,n,34TA!"+74+)%",3%6)3#lK54TAW)0"3"%ULZZaV:%%

h5D4#)50%-"5*$0%",3%-#"+$5#40%/,3/+"$4%"%K4,4#"*%4S$4,0/),"*%0$#400%#4K/D4%U04+),3%0$"K4V<%

3/004+$/,K%$74%D/33*4%=C%,4"#%$7/0%,)#$74#,%04+$)#%)-%=,"K":%974%"#4"%)-%-#"+$5#/,K%/0%D)0$%

J#),)5,+43% /,% $74%=#+)%34%9"K",","<%R74#4%D",2% -"5*$0%+5$% $74% /,$#50/),0%)-% $74% -/#0$%

0$"K4%U96\V<%R7/+7%$74D04*840%"#4%"*$4#43%12%04+),3"#2%D/,4#"*/T"$/),:%I4-)#D"$/),%)-%

$74% 04+),3% 0$"K4% K4,4#"$43% -"5*$% $#4,30% $7"$% +)DD),*2% )5$*/,4% "% +5#843% 04+$)#<% *"#K4#%

$7",%$74%=#+)%34%9"K",","%U^/K:%LV:%

s)5,K4#% 3/.4% /,$#50/),0% ",3% 3/--4#4,$/"$43% 3)D40%R4#4% 4DJ*"+43% 35#/,K% "% $7/#3% 0$"K4%

-)**)R/,K%"%J4#/)3%)-%4#)0/),%U=#"m"%4$%"*:%LZ`Z<%=,+)+74"%4$%"*:%LZZfV:%97404%!*/)+4,4%

/,$#50/),0% +),$"/,% K4,4#"**2% D)#4% 3/--4#4,$/"$43% 3/.40% U@4#,n,34TA!"+74+)% ",3%

6)3#lK54TAW)0"3"%LZZaVj%$#"+72$/+%",3%J7),)*/$/+%3)D40%/,$#5343%/,$)%$74%9"K",","%"#4"%

/,%$74%4"#*2%!*/)+4,4<%-)**)R43%12%*"$4%!*/)+4,4%/,$#50/84%"+$/8/$2%%UQ"##"+43)%LZ`dV:%974%

)#/4,$"$/),%)-%$7/0%2)5,K4#%#/-$%/0%0*/K7$*2%+5#843%-#)D%FA;%$)%FhFA;C;%$)%hFAC;%"#)5,3%

$74%4D1"2D4,$%)-%9"K",","%U^/K:%LV:%%

Part II. Chapter 5

69

>"043%),%$R)%#)"3%J#)-/*40<%H"#/,),/%",3%E53D5,300),%UYfffV%+)DJ/*43%"%7)#/T),$"*%

4S$4,0/),% )-% +":% Laf% D% -)#% 0)5$74#,% =,"K"% /,% hafi<% ",3% "% 7)#/T),$"*% 4S$4,0/),% $)%

hLNdi% 3/#4+$/),% )-% +":% LZf% D:% ;4% +),-/#D% $74/#% -/,3/,K0<% 15$% "$$#/15$4% $74% 3/#4+$/),%

hafi%$)%"%$7/#3%#/-$%"#D<%"R"2%-#)D%$74%9"K",","%"#4"<%#"$74#%$7",%"%#4K/),"*%$#4,3:%^)#%

$7/0%hh;ACCF%#/-$<%D"X)#% -"5*$/,K%12%3/.4%J#)J"K"$/),%R"0%,)$%34D),0$#"$43<%",3%7)#/A

T),$"*%4S$4,0/),%12%3/.4%/,$#50/),0%R"0%"1)5$%),4%)#34#%)-%D"K,/$534%K#4"$4#%$7",%$7"$%

354% $)% -"5*$/,K% UH"#/,),/% ",3%E53D5,300),% YfffV:% ^*)R% 3/#4+$/),% )-% $74%D"X)#/$2% )-%

$7404%3/.40%R"0%051A7)#/T),$"*<%"0%/,3/+"$43%12%840/+*4%4*),K"$/),%",3%/D1#/+"$/),:%%

1 m

Phono

litic

intru

sion

"ghost dikes"

b

ba

1 m

(

!"#$%&'.)!*!F'G+,!#)!&*+!#<.+,&!.'G+R,>%0:!#)!&*+!6%2%(%(%!0')&!S#(+!36TW7!>'&*!'(&0-,'Y+!Y#<-:+,!0+%$*'(2!;%0&'%<</! J\]8! 9&0#(2! ,*+%0'(2! %(.! )0%2:+(&%&'#(! <+%.,! &#! ,&0-$&-0+,! ,':'<%0! &#! &*#,+! #)! ;0#Z':%<! .+?0',!%Y%<%($*+! .+;#,'&,! %(.! &#! .'))-,+! :%02'(,! #)! C2*#,&! .'G+,D! 3,;%(',*! C.'^-+,! )%(&%,:%D78! +! 5(<%02+.! '(,+&!;#'(&,!-;!,&0#(2!,*+%0'(2!?/!,-?Y+0&'$%<!)%-<&,8!

!

=#6#/#/#(#'&#(C(%"&('11%3(1,(#(2#/<32+<&>(

6)3#lK54TAW)0"3"%4$%"*:%UYfffV%+),0/34#43%"%J)00/1*4%3)D/,",$%4S$4,0/),"*%-"5*$%)--07)#4%

$)%$74%h%$7"$%/,-*54,+43%$74%b48)*5$/),%)-%$74%J#/D/$/84%=,"K"%43/-/+4c:%FS$4,0/),%-"5*$0%

R/$7/,%$74%,)#$74#,%04+$)#%)-%=,"K"%"*0)%-)#D43%7)#0$%",3%K#"14,%0$#5+$5#40%"#)5,3%$74%

9"K",","%"#4"%",3%+5$%4"#*/4#%3/.40<%R74#4"0%2)5,K4#%3/.40%/,$#5343%/,$)%05+7%-"5*$0%U^/K:%

MV:%G*3% 3/.40% )-% $74% 96\% "#4% 0$#),K*2% 074"#43% ",3% $/*$43j% 2)5,K4#% 3/.40% )-% $74%D/33*4%

=,"K"%C7/4*3%C4#/40<%40J4+/"**2%R/$7/,%$74%9"K",","%4D1"2D4,$<%"#4%*400%-"5*$43<%",3%$74%

2)5,K40$%/,$#50/),0%"#4%*"#K4*2%/,$"+$:%

H",2% )-% $74% )*3% 3/.40% R4#4% 074"#43% -)**)R/,K% 0)*/3/-/+"$/),<% J#)35+/,K% 04+),3"#2%

-#"+$5#40% /,% $74%3/.4%",3%074"#/,K%,4"#% $74/#% U+7/**43V%D"#K/,"*% -"+/40:%C)D4%3/.40%R4#4%

J"#$/"**2%-)*343%12%J)0$A4DJ*"+4D4,$%35+$/*4%34-)#D"$/),%U^/K:%MV<%"0%"*0)%J)/,$43%)5$%12%

@4#,n,34TA!"+74+)% ",3% 6)3#lK54TAW)0"3"% ULZZaV:% ;4% )104#843% 7)0$% #)+.% 3#"K% -"5*$0%

Part II. Chapter 5

70

4004,$/"**2%R/$7/,% $74% +#44J/,K% ,)#$74#,% 04+$)#<% 15$% "*0)%Y% .D%"R"2% -#)D% $74%=#+)%34%

9"K",",":%H",2%-"5*$0%07)R43%0*/3/,K%J*",40%*)+"$43%R/$7/,%"%-4R%+4,$/D4$4#0%-#)D%$74%

+7/**43%D"#K/,% /,% $74%4,$/#4%7)0$% #)+.0<% 0)D4% /,+*53/,K% 0*/+.4,*/,40<% ",3% /,3/+"$4%D"#A

K/,"*%+))*/,K%-)**)R43%12%1#/$$*4%34-)#D"$/),%U^/K:%M1V:%%

C4+),3"#2% D/,4#"*/T"$/),% 14+)D40% /,+#4"0/,K*2% 3)D/,",$% $)R"#3% $74% 4D1"2D4,$% )-%

9"K",","<%",3%+)DD),*2%04"*0%-"5*$0%",3%-#"+$5#40:%C4+),3"#2%D/,4#"*/T"$/),%"*$4#43%$74%

#)+.0<% -)#D/,K%J"#"K4,40/0%)-%"D)#J7)50%C/GY%84/,0%",3%3/84#04%D/+"%D/,4#"*0<%"00)+/A

"$43% R/$7% 74D"$/$4<% D"K,4$/$4<% 0/34#/$4<% /*D4,/$4% ",3% +"*+/$4:% 6)3#lK54TAW)0"3"% 4$% "*:%

UYfffV%340+#/143%05+7%",%/,$4,04%0/*/+/-/+"$/),%",3%+7*)#/$/T"$/),%/,%!5,$"%!)2"$"<%R40$4#,%

9"K",","% "#4":% 974% D"/,% +"504% )-% "*$4#"$/),% R"0% 723#)$74#D"*<% "0% #484"*43% 12% $74%

"JJ4"#",+4%)-%$+<%.#('&+<% 05KK40$/,K%"% 0/K,/-/+",$% #)*4%)-%74"$43% 04"AR"$4#% U6)3#lK54TA

W)0"3"%4$%"*:%YfffV:%&,$4,0/$2%)-%-#"+$5#/,K%",3%"*$4#"$/),%/,+#4"040%/,%$74%)*34#%#)+.0:%%

Dik

e 1

(she

ared

)

Dike 3

Dike 3 (intruded fault)

Dik

e2

(sh

eare

d)

a

1 m

Dik

edrag folds

Brittle fau

lting

b

%

%!"#$%&'/)!*!B*#&#20%;*,!#)!&>#!,*+%0+.!.'G+,!3.'G+!I!',!_!:!&*'$G=!.'G+!_!',!O\!$:78!L%-<&,!)#0:!%!

<#$%<! *#0,&! ,&0-$&-0+=! %(.! .0%2! %(.! &'<&! #)! &*+!#<.+0!.'G+,8! `#-(2+0!.'G+!a! ',! +:;<%$+.! '(&#! &*+!

)%-<&8!+!F0%2!)#<.'(2!(+%0!%!&*'$G!3V!:7!;*#(#<'&'$!.'G+8!1&!%!.',&%($+!#)!_8O!:!&#!&*+!0'2*&=!(#0:%<!

)%-<&'(2!'(.'$%&+,!,'(',&0%<!,-?,'.+($+8!

%

I41#/0%"8"*",+74%34J)0/$0%",3%#434J)0/$43%1#4++/"0<%+7"#"+$4#/T/,K%+2+*/+%0*5DJ0%/,$)%"%

0+"#J<% "#4%K4,4#"**2% /,+*/,43% $)% $74%,)#$7%",3%+#)J%)5$% /,%J"#$/+5*"#%"$%7/K74#% *484*0% /,%

+*/--0<%"0%4:K:%,4"#%Q7/,)1#4%",3%6)[54%34%=,/D"0:%974%/,$4,0/$2%)-%074"#/,K%",3%"*$4#"A

$/),% )-% J)0$A96\% 3/.40% K#"35"**2% /,+#4"040% 14,4"$7% $7404% 1#4++/"0<% 05KK40$/,K% $7"$% $74%

"#4"%)-%9"K",","%D"2%#4J#404,$%"%344J%#))$%)-%"%+#44J/,K%-*",.:%974%340$"1/*/T43%-*",.%

"--4+$43%12%3e+)**4D4,$%-#)D%$74%#/3K4%-/,"**2%#405*$43%/,%J"#$/"*%#4D)8"*%)-%$74%)84#*2/,K%

D"$4#/"*% 12% *"$4#"*% -"/*5#4% ",3% 4#)0/),:% 974% +#44J/,K% -*",.%)-%P/*"54"%D"2%14% "% #4+4,$%

","*)K54%)-%05+7%"%0$#5+$5#"*%#4*"$/),%U@4#,n,34T%!"+74+)%",3%6)3#lK54T%W)0"3"%LZZaV:%

Part II. Chapter 5

71

D"E3+-#2(F1<&23((

!720/+"*%D)34*/,K%)-% +)DJ*4S%0$#5+$5#40%K#4"$*2% /DJ#)843% $74%5,34#0$",3/,K%)-% -)#D"A

$/),%",3%48)*5$/),%)-%,"$5#"*%8)*+",/+%+)DJ*4S40%U4:K:%P)D5#)%LZON<%H"#$/%"$%"*:%LZZN<%

;"*$4#%",3%9#)**%YffLV:%9)%"38",+4%$74%5,34#0$",3/,K%)-%J#)+40040%$7"$%+"504%#4+),-/K5A

#"$/),% -#)D% 0/,K*4% #/-$% $)% D5*$/"S/"*]$#/"S/"*% #/-$% T),40<% R4% +"##/43% )5$% K4*"$/,% ","*)K54%

4SJ4#/D4,$0:%C5+7%D)34*0%"#4%05/$"1*4%$)%0$532%*/[5/3A-/**43%+#"+.%J#)J"K"$/),%U^/0.4%",3%

_"+.0),% LZ`Y<% !)**"#3% 4$% "*:% LZOM<% H""*)4% LZO`<% P,/K7$% ",3% ;"*.4#% LZOO<% I/4$4#/+7%

LZOO<%H+E5/#4%",3%!5**4,%LZOZ<%W/0$4#%",3%P4##%LZZL<%^/"*.)%",3%651/,%LZZZV<%"0%$742%

J)#$#"2% $74% K4,4#"*% K4)D4$#/+% 8"*/3/$2% )-% $74% 723#)A+#"+.0% R/$7/,% $74% 7/K7*2% 4*"0$/+%

D"$4#/"*% "0% "% #4"0),"1*4% ","*)K54% $)% ,"$5#"*% 3/.40% ",3% 3/.4A0R"#D0:% 974% ","*)K54%

4SJ4#/D4,$0%"#4%,)$%0+"*43%$)%,"$5#"*%+),3/$/),0<%14+"504%$74%D)#J7)*)K2%/0%)84#0$44JA

4,43%",3%$74%!)/00),t0%#"$/)%/0%"1)5$%f:Nd%U)$74#%$7",%f:Yd%/,%,"$5#"*%020$4D0V:%9742%D"2<%

7)R484#<%74*J%$)%14$$4#%5,34#0$",3%$74%-)#D"$/),%)-%#/-$%T),40%/,%"%[5",$/$"$/84%R"2:%%

G7$&'+5&/%#2(3&%C.$(#/<($'1-&<.'&(!)R34#43%K4*"$/,%R"0%3/00)*843%/,%7)$%R"$4#%",3%-/**43%/,$)%0$"1*4%#/3K4A07"J43%D)5*30<%

R7/+7%"#4%J)0/$/),43%),%"%J#4J"#43%!(Q%1"04:%=%$7/,%*"24#%)-%0",3%K#"/,0%R"0%K*543%),%"%

L%Dg%!(Q%J*"$4<%4S+4J$% -)#%),4%7"*-A+/#+5*"#% 04KD4,$<% $)%+#4"$4%"% *"24#%)-%7/K7% -#/+$/),%

14$R44,%$74%K4*"$/,%",3%$74%!(QA1"04%/,%"%+),$#)**/,K%D",,4#%U^/K:%NV:%=-$4#%7"#34,/,K%)-%

$74%K4*"$/,A-/**43%D)5*30<%R4%#4D)843%$74%D)5*3%-#)D%$74%+))*43%K4*"$/,A#/3K4%),$)%$74%

-/,"*% J)0/$/),%),% $74%!(Q%J*"$4:%I4-/,43%12% $74%7"*-A+/#+5*"#% 0",3A-#44% 04KD4,$% U#"3/50%

ud%+DV<% "% 04+$)#% )-% $74% #/3K4%R"0% $#/KK4#43% $)% +#44J% $)%"%K#4"$4#%34K#44%),% $74%1"0"*%

074"#% J*",4% -#)D% $74% #/3K4% )5$R"#3:% =% 0)"JA1"043% *51#/+",$% -5#$74#% #435+40% $74% 1"0"*%

-#/+$/),%14$R44,%$74%1"0"*%!(Q%J*"$4%",3%$74%K4*"$/,%D)34*:%974%#/3K40%R4#4%Nf%+D%*),K%

R/$7%0*)J40%)-%Mfi<%Nfi<%dfi<%",3%afi%#40J4+$/84*2%",3%"%74/K7$%)-%LY%+D:%&,X4+$/),%)-%

+)*)#43%R"$4#%R"0% "++)DJ*/0743% $7#)5K7% 0D"**% 7)*40% 3#/**43% /,$)% $74%1"0"*% !(QAJ*"$4<%

50/,K%"%$7/,%,443*4%$7"$%R"0%+),,4+$43%$)%"%02#/,K4]J/J4%020$4D:%%

A A'

B B'

A A'

B B'

Gelatin ridge

Syringe

Needle

Colored water

Lubricant

Creeping sector

Sand

Direction of creep

PVC-plate

'

!"#$%&' 0)' 5Z;+0':+(&%<! ,+&R-;8! 6*+!+Z;+0':+(&,! .+,$0'?+.! *+0+! >+0+!0+;0#.-$+.! $%8! O\! &':+,!+%$*=!/'+<.'(2!,':'<%0! 0+,-<&,! '(! #Y+0! J\]! #)! +Z;+0'R:+(&,8! 6*+! &0%(,;%0+(&! 2+<%&'(! %(.! &*+!$#<#0+.! '(E+$&'#(! )<-'.! %<<#>+.! &#! )'<:=!;*#&#20%;*! %(.! ,&-./! ;0#;%2%&'(2!)0%$&-0+,!'(!&*0++!.':+(,'#(,8!

Part II. Chapter 5

72

G7$&'+5&/%#2('&3.2%3(

8:(&,%"++)#3",+4%R/$7%J#48/)50%0$53/40%)-%^/0.4%",3%_"+.0),%ULZ`YV<%/,X4+$/),%/,$)%"%#/3K4%

J#)35+43% -#"+$5#40% $7"$% J#)J"K"$43%3)D/,",$*2% "*),KA0$#/.4:% &,X4+$/),%,4"#% $74% 43K4%)-%

$74%#/3K4%+"5043%*400%"##",K43%-#"+$5#40<%3/84#K/,K%"R"2%-#)D%$74%#/3K4%U^/K:%d1V:%%

H:( &,X4+$/),%/,$)%$74%#/3K4%"$%K#4"$4#%3/0$",+4%UqN%+DV%-#)D%"%+#44J/,K%04+$)#%J#)35+43%

"*0)%K4,4#"**2%"*),KA0$#/./,K%-#"+$5#40%U^/K:%d+V:%^)#%Ofo%)-%05+7%4SJ4#/D4,$0<%$74%"*),KA

0$#/.4%-#"+$5#40%R4#4%*/,4"#<%",3%"1)5$%Ldo%#405*$43%/,%0/KD)/3"*%b3/.40c:%&,X4+$/),%+*)04#%

$)% $74% +#44J/,K% 04+$)#% UY% +D% 3/0$",+4V% R/$7% 0)D4% 4S+4,$#/+/$2% #405*$43% /,% /,+#4"0/,K*2%

0/KD)/3"**2% +5#843% -#"+$5#40% UddoV<% /:4:% $74% 0$#400% -/4*3% )-% $74% 4,$/#4% 43/-/+4% 14+"D4%

/,+#4"0/,K*2%/,-*54,+43%12%$74%+#44J/,K%04+$)#%U^/K:%d3V:%&,X4+$/),%+*)04#%$)%$74%+#44J/,K%

0$#400% -/4*3% J#)35+43% +5#843<% 04+$)#A$",K4,$/"*% -#"+$5#40% -)#% qOfo% )-% $74% 4SJ4#/D4,$0%

U^/K:%d4V:%%

13

2

b

h ALegend:

"Dikes"

Injection point

Creeping sector

Direction of creep

a

c

f

d

g

e

Creeping sector

Along strike axis

Acrossstrikeaxis

GELATIN RIDGE

High friction surface

Injection needle

%

!"#$%&' 1)! B*#&#20%;*,! %(.! ,G+&$*+,! 3;<%(!Y'+>7!#)!&*+!+Z;+0':+(&,8!!

*!B*#&#20%;*!#)!-(,&%?<+!,'&-%&'#(8!!

+!9&%?<+!,'&-%&'#(b!'(E+$&'#(!'(!<#$%<'&'+,!I=!_=!a8!!

,!c(E+$&'#(!'(!20+%&!.',&%($+!3de!$:7!)0#:!&*+!$0++;'(2!,+$&#08!!

-!c(E+$&'#(!'(!.',&%($+,!#)!_Re!$:!)0#:!&*+!$0++;'(2!,+$&#08!!

&!c(E+$&'#(!'(!.',&%($+,!#)!IR_!$:!)0#:!&*+!$0++;'(2!,+$&#08!!

23#! c(E+$&'#(! %?#Y+! &*+! '(&+0)%$+! ,&%?<+! A!-(,&%?<+!,+$&#08!!

4! c(E+$&'#(! .'0+$&</! %?#Y+! &*+! ,<'.'(2!,-0)%$+8!

!

&,X4+$/),%84#2%+*)04%$)%)#%3/#4+$*2%/,$)%$74%"#4"%"1)84%$74%1)5,3"#2%+#44J/,KA04+$)#%]%,),A

+#44J/,KA04+$)#% J#)35+43% D)0$*2% +)DJ*4S% /,/$/"*% D5*$/J*4% U#"3/"*V% -#"+$5#40<% R7/+7% -#4A

[54,$*2%J#)J"K"$43%),%+),$/,5)50%-*5/3%J#4005#4%/,$)%"%3)D/,",$%$",K4,$/"*%+),-/K5#"$/),%

/,% uNfo% )-% $74% 4SJ4#/D4,$0% U^/K:% d-V% )#% /,$)% "% $#/"S/"*% +),-/K5#"$/),% UdfoV% U^/K:% dKV:%

=1)5$%do%)-%$7404%4SJ4#/D4,$0%#405*$43%/,%"%1/"S/"*%"##",K4D4,$<%",3%+":%do%/,%0/,K*4%

Part II. Chapter 5

73

#/-$0:% &,X4+$/),% 3/#4+$*2% /,$)% $74% "#4"% "1)84% $74% 0*/3/,K% 05#-"+4% U/:4:% /,$)% $74% +#44J/,K%

04+$)#V%#405*$43%/,%uZfo%)-%$7404%4SJ4#/D4,$0%/,%-#"+$5#40%$7"$%R4#4%J#4J4,3/+5*"#%$)%$74%

0$#/.4% 3/#4+$/),% )-% $74% #/3K4% U"+#)00A0$#/.4V% U^/K:%d7V:% !4#+4,$"K40% ,)$% D4,$/),43% R4#4%

1"043%),%4##)#0%12%D/,)#%34-4+$0]/##4K5*"#/$/40%)-%$74%04$A5J<%)#%R4#4%"*$4#,"$/84%0/$5"$/),0%

$7"$%R4#4%,)$%#4J#)35+43:%

I+3-.33+1/(

H)0$%D"X)#%1"0"*$/+%8)*+",)40%48)*84%$7#)5K7%4#5J$/84%-/005#40%$7"$%"#4%"V%+),+4,$#"$43%/,%

34,04%3/.4%0R"#D0<%",3%1V%-)#D%$74%0$#5+$5#"*%",3%D)#J7)*)K/+"*%0.4*4$),%)-%"%8)*+",)%

/,% $74% -)#D% )-% #/-$% T),40:% I/.40% J#)J"K"$4<% +)DJ"#"1*4% $)% */[5/3A-/**43% +#"+.0<% /,% J#4A

4S/0$/,K% -#"+$5#40%",3])#%J4#J4,3/+5*"#% $)% $74% *4"0$%+)DJ#400/84%0$#400:%9)%14$$4#%5,34#A

0$",3% $74% -)#D"$/),% ",3% J#)J"K"$/),% )-% D"KD"A-/**43% +#"+.0<% J720/+"*% ",3% ,5D4#/+"*%

D)34*0% "**)R% /,0/K7$% /,$)% $74% +)DJ*4S/$2% )-% $74% D4+7",/0DU0V% /,8)*843:% 974% *484*% )-%

*"$4#"*%J#)J"K"$/),% /0%34-/,43%12% $74% *484*%)-%,45$#"*%15)2",+2<%R7/+7%*/40%"$%34J$70%)-%

$74%+7",K/,K%K#"3/4,$% /,%4S+400%D"KD"%J#4005#4% U651/,%",3%!)**"#3%LZO`<%62",%LZO`<%

^/"*.)%",3%651/,%LZZO<%W/0$4#%",3%P4##%LZZLV:%&-%$74%0$"$4%)-%0$#400%+7",K40<%J#)J"K"$/,K%

/,$#50/),0%D"2%+7",K4%$74/#%)#/4,$"$/),%R74,%4,$4#/,K%-#)D%),4%0$#400%-/4*3%/,$)%",)$74#:%

974%0$#5+$5#"*%"S/0%)-%"%#/-$%T),4%D"2%484,%D/K#"$4%*"$4#"**2<%"0%J#)J)043%-)#%0)D4%@"R"/A

/",%3/.4%0R"#D0%UCR",0),%4$%"*:%LZ`aV:%%

64K/),"*%$4+$),/0D%D"2%"*0)%/,-*54,+4%$74%-)#D"$/),%",3%)#/4,$"$/),%)-%$74%#/-$%T),40%)-%"%

8)*+",)%",3%/$0%0$"1/*/$2%U+-:%W"KD"2%4$%"*:%YfffV:%64K/),"*%4S$4,0/),"*%0$#400%"*/K,D4,$0%

),% 94,4#/-4% "#4% 0$/**% 341"$43% R/$7% $R)% 0+"$$4#43% "*/K,D4,$0% 2)5,K4#% $7",% $74% =,"K"%

D"00/-% $#4,3/,K%h;ACF%",3%hFAC;%R/$7%J4#J4,3/+5*"#%4S$4,0/),"*% 0$#40040% U65/T%4$%"*:%

YfffV<%#404D1*/,K%$74%0$#400%#4*"$/),0%/,%,)#$7R40$%94,4#/-4%U94,)V%/,%J"#$%UH"#/,),/%",3%

E53D5,300),%YfffV:%974%0$#5+$5#"*%#4+),-/K5#"$/),%340+#/143%74#4%-)#%=,"K"%+)5*3%7"84%

144,%"%05JJ*4D4,$"#2%*)+"*%-4"$5#4<%"33/,K%),%A%)#%05JJ)#$43%12%A%$74%#4K/),"*%0$#400:%=%

D"X)#%#4K/),"*%$4+$),/+%/,-*54,+4%/,%$74%Q","#2%&0*",30%/0%4*50/84<%7)R484#<%",3%7"0%24$%

$)% 14% 3)+5D4,$43% 5,4[5/8)+"**2% 0/,+4% $74% #/-$% +),-/K5#"$/),% ),% $74% R40$4#,% 8)*+",/+%

43/-/+40% 3)40% ,)$% /,3/+"$4% "% +),0/0$4,$% #4K/),"*% $4+$),/0D% U^/K:% L"V:% 974% K4)D4$#/+"*%

"##",K4D4,$% )-% $#/"S/"*% #/-$% T),40% /,% $74% Q","#2% &0*",30% /0% $750% $7)5K7$% ,)$% $)% -)**)R%

K4,4#"*% 0$#5+$5#"*% "*/K,D4,$0<%15$% #"$74#% -)#D%12%D"KD"A/,35+43%84#$/+"*% *)"3/,K% UQ"#A

#"+43)%LZZNV:%@)R484#<% 0/,+4% 0$#5+$5#40% #4*"$43% $)% $5D40+4,+4%",3%3)D/,K%)-%D"KD"%

+7"D14#0%J#)35+4%K4,4#"**2%-/005#"*%J"$$4#,0%/,%"%#"3/"*%",3%+),+4,$#/+%"##",K4D4,$%U4:K:%

=,34#0),%LZMa<%P)D5#)%LZON<%H"#$/%"$%"*:%LZZN<%;"*$4#%",3%9#)**%YffLV<%"%0$",3A"*),4%

#4"0),%)-%84#$/+"*%*)"3/,K%-)#%$74%/,/$/"$/),%)-%#/-$%T),40%044D0%3)51$-5*:%=,%)84#J#4005#A

/T43%07"**)R%D"KD"%+7"D14#<%D)#4)84#<%D"2%+"504%34$"+7D4,$%),%"%*)R%",K*4%1"0"*%

-"5*$%R7/*4%3/.4%0R"#D0%D"2%-)#D%UI4*",42%",3%I4,*/,K4#%LZZZV:%

Part II. Chapter 5

74

W"$4#"*%3/0J*"+4D4,$%+"5043%12%051A8)*+",/+%0$#"$"%7"0%144,%J#)J)043%-)#%$74%@"R"//",%

07/4*3% 8)*+",)40% Uh"."D5#"% LZOf<% &84#0),% LZZd<% F*0R)#$7% ",3% ()/K7$% LZZaV:% 974%

$7/+.,400% )-% $74% J#)J)043% R4".% *"24#% ),% @"R"//% /0% 84#2% 0D"**% ULoV% +)DJ"#43% $)% $74%

8)*+",)%74/K7$% U>)#K/"%LZZNV<%",3%"+$0%"0%"% *51#/+"$/),%J*",4%),%R7/+7%34-)#D"$/),%)-%

$74%8)*+",)%-*",.%/0%"++)DD)3"$43:%C$#"$)8)*+",)40%",3%#4*"$/84*2%0D"**%0$#"$)+),40%"*0)%

34-)#D%),%05+7%R4".%*"24#0<%"0%J#)J)043%-)#%H)5,$%F$,"%U&$"*2V%",3%H)D1"+7)%Uh/+"#"A

K5"V:% 974% 4"0$4#,% -*",.% )-% H)5,$% F$,"% +#44J0% ),% "% 1"0"*% 34$"+7D4,$% 05#-"+4<% R7/*4%

,5D4#)50% +),$4DJ)#",4)50*2% 3/.40% /,$#5343% -)#D/,K% $R)% 0$#5+$5#"*% "S40% "#)5,3% $74%

5JJ4#% 0+"#J% )-% $74% +),$/,5/,K% 05#-"+4% 34J#400/),% UH+E5/#4% 4$% "*:% LZZf<% >)#K/"% 4$% "*:%

LZZYV:%974%*"$4#"*%-"/*5#4%)-%H)D1"+7)%8)*+",)%#405*$43%-#)D%J#)K#400/84%723#)$74#D"*%

R4".4,/,K%)-% $74%+),4%",3%+),04[54,$% -*",.%0J#4"3/,K%U8",%;2.%34%(#/40%",3%^#",+/0%

LZZ`V:%()*+",)%34-)#D"$/),%0$"#$0%*),K%14-)#4%-"/*5#4<%",3%/0%/,3/+"$43%12%0$44J4,/,K%",3%

$7#50$/,K% )-% $74% *)R4#% -*",.% ",3% 12% ,)#D"*% -"5*$/,K% 7/K74#% 5J% U8",%;2.% 34%(#/40% ",3%

^#",+/0%LZZ`V:%%

CJ#4"3/,K%/,%=,"K"%R"0%J#4-4#4,$/"**2%$)%$74%,)#$7%",3%R4%J#)J)04%$74%+#44J/,KA3/#4+$/),%

$)%7"84%144,%/,-*54,+43%12%"V%7/K7%-*5/3%J#4005#40%5,34#%$74%,)#$74#,%0/34%)-%$74%=,"K"%

07/4*3<%",3%1V%J4#0/0$4,$% #/-$/,K%",3%15$$#400/,K<%",3%J#405D"1*4%12%+V% $74% $2J4%",3% $74%

#4K/),"*% 0*)J4%)-% $74%1"04D4,$%1430:% &,+#4"0/,K% -*5/3%+/#+5*"$/),%",3% -*5/3%J#4005#4%12%

074"#/,K% ",3% D"KD"% /,$#50/),% D"2% 7"84% -"+/*/$"$43% -*",.% +#44J/,K<% ",3% J#)8/343% "%

J#)K#400/84% 340$"1/*/T/,K% -4431"+.% )-% $74% #/-$A$2J4% 8)*+",):% ^)#% 05+7% "% 340$"1/*/T43% #/-$%

8)*+",)<%)5#%D)34*0%/,3/+"$4%$7"$%,4R%#/-$%"#D0%/,/$/"$4%12%D"KD"%/,X4+$/),%/,$)%"%$#",0/A

$/),"*%0$#400%-/4*3<%J"#$/"**2%+),$#)**43%12%"%+#44J/,K%-*",.%",3%J"#$/"**2%+),$#)**43%12%$74%

0$#400% -/4*3% )-% $74% 0$"1*4% 43/-/+4:% 97/0% 05#-"+4A+),$#)**43% 0$#5+$5#"*% #4+),-/K5#"$/),% /0%

05KK40$43% "0% ",% "*$4#,"$/84% )#% "33/$/),"*%D)34*% )-% $74% -)#D"$/),% )-% ,4R% 0$#5+$5#"*% #/-$%

"S40:%%

!1/-2.3+1/(

>"043%),%-/4*3%R)#.%",3%J720/+"*%D)34*/,K%R4%05KK40$%$7"$%$74%)#/4,$"$/),%)-%4S$4,0/),%

/,%"+#)00A0$#/.4%3/#4+$/),%)-%"%#/3K4A07"J43%43/-/+4%#4)#K",/T40%R74,%$74%-*",.%0$"1/*/$2%/0%

#435+43% )#% 1"0"*% -#/+$/),% )-% "% 8)*+",)% /0% /,7)D)K4,4)50<% *4"3/,K% $)% #4)#/4,$"$/),% )-%

/,$#53/,K%3/.40%",3%#/-$%T),40:%G5#%#405*$0%05KK40$%$7"$<%R/$7%),04$%)-%"%+#44J/,K%04+$)#<%",%

/,/$/"*%0/,K*4%#/-$%8)*+",)%U=,"K"V%D"2%#4+),-/K5#"$4%",3%J#)35+4%"V%D/K#"$/,K%#/-$0%",3%1V%

,4R%#/-$%T),40:%974%07"J4%)-%",%43/-/+4%",3%$74%J)0/$/),%)-%D"KD"%/,X4+$/),%#4*"$/84%$)%"%

+#44J/,K%04+$)#%*"#K4*2%/,-*54,+4%$74%-)#D"$/),%)-%#/-$%T),40%",3%$74%)#/4,$"$/),%)-%*"0$/,K%

3/.4%/,$#50/),0:%

(

Part II. Chapter 5

75

8-J/1K2&<6&5&/%34%G5#%R)#.%R"0%-/,",+/"**2%05JJ)#$43%12%$74%I45$0+74%^)#0+75,K0A

K4D4/,0+7"-$% UE#",$0% C+7D%Ydf]``AL% ",3% C+7D%Ydf]`YALV:% (69% "+.,)R*43K40% "% K#",$%

-#)D% $74% bC$53/4,0$/-$5,K% 340% 345$0+74,% ()*.40cj% =>% "+.,)R*43K40% 05JJ)#$% 12% $74%

b=*4S",34#%8),%@5D1)*3$c%-)5,3"$/),:%%

(

*&,&'&/-&3(=,34#0),<%F:H:%LZMa:%974%32,"D/+0%)-% $74% -)#D"$/),%)-%

+),4A0744$0<% #/,KA32.40<% ",3% +"5*3#),A0510/34,+40:%B0#$!T!9#$!5.'(?-02*!da'LYOALaM:%

=,K5/$"<% ^:% ?% @4#,",<% ^:% LZOa:% =% J#)J"K"$/,K% -#"+$5#4%D)34*%84#050%"%7)$A0J)$%)#/K/,%-)#%$74%Q","#2%&0*",30:%5%0&*!B<%(+&!9$'!"+&&%Y`'%LLALZ:%

=#"m"<%(:<%Q"##"+43)<%_:Q:<%^k0$4#<%_:H:%?%E"#+/"%Q"+7)<%W:%LZ`Z:% H"J"% E4)*)K/+)% 34% F0J"m"% F:% L'Ydfff:% c(,&8!f+#<8!@'(8!5,;%H%!3c6f57<%H"3#/3:%

=134*AH),4D<%H:=:<%;"$./,0<%h:I:%?%E"0$<%!:;:%LZ`Y:%!)$"00/5DA"#K),% "K40<% 8)*+",/+% 0$#"$/K#"J72<% ",3%K4)D"K,4$/+% J)*"#/$2% 7/0$)#2% )-% $74% Q","#2% &0*",30j%94,4#/-4<%W"%!"*D"%",3%@/4##):%1:!g!#)!9$'!Y`Y'%OfdAOYd:%

=,+)+74"<% F:<% ^k0$4#<% _:H:<% &1"##)*"<% F:<% Q4,3#4#)<% =:<%@4#,",<%^:<%Q",$"K#4*<%_:H:%?%_"D),3<%Q:%LZZf:%()*A+",/+% 48)*5$/),% )-% $74% /0*",3% )-% 94,4#/-4% UQ","#2%&0*",30V% /,% $74% */K7$% )-% ,4R% PA=#% 3"$":% g! h#<$%(#<!f+#&*+0:!T+,!NN'%YMLAYNZ:%

>)#K/"<%=:<%^4##"#/<%W:%?%!"0[5"#4<%E:%LZZY:%&DJ)#$",+4%)-%K#"8/$"$/),"*% 0J#4"3/,K% /,% $74% $4+$),/+% ",3% 8)*+",/+%48)*5$/),%)-%H)5,$%F$,":%4%&-0+!Md`'%YMLAYMd:%

>)#K/"<%=:%LZZN:%I2,"D/+%1"0/0%-)#%8)*+",/+%0J#4"3/,K:%g!f+#;*/,!T+,!ZZ'%L`<`ZLAL`<OfN:%

Q"##"+43)<% _:Q:% LZ`d:% F0$53/)% J"*4)D"K,4$/+)% 34% *"% /0*"%34% 94,4#/-4:% 9740/0<% i('Y8! j#:;<-&+(,+! .+! @%.0'.<%Yad%J:%

Q"##"+43)<%_:Q:%LZZN:%974%Q","#2%&0*",30j%",%4S"DJ*4%)-%0$#5+$5#"*% +),$#)*% ),% $74% K#)R$7% )-% *"#K4% )+4",/+A/0*",3%8)*+",)40:% g!h#<$%(#<!f+#&*+0:!T+,!af'%YYdAYNL:%%

I4*",42<% !:9:% ?% I4,*/,K4#<% 6:!:% LZZZ:% C$"1/*/T"$/),% )-%8)*+",/+% -*",.0% 12% 3/.4% /,$#50/),'% ",% 4S"DJ*4% -#)D%P/*"54":%[-<<!h#<$%(#<!aL'%MdaAMaY:%

I/4$4#/+7<%_:@:%LZOO:%E#)R$7%",3%J4#0/0$4,+4%)-%@"R"//",%8)*+",/+%#/-$%T),40:%g!f+#;*/,!T+,!ZM'%NYdOANY`f:%

F*0R)#$7<% I:% ?% ()/K7$<% >:% LZZd:% I/.4% /,$#50/),% "0% "%$#/KK4#% -)#% *"#K4% 4"#$7[5".40% ",3% $74% -"/*5#4% )-% 8)*A+",)%-*",.0:%g!f+#;*/,!T+,!Lff'%affdAafYN:%

F*0R)#$7<% I:% ?% ()/K7$<% >:% LZZa:% F8"*5"$/),% )-% 8)*+",)%-*",.% /,0$"1/*/$2% $#/KK4#43% 12% 32.4% /,$#50/),:% &,%;:_:%H+E5/#4<% =:!:% _),40% ?% _:% h4514#K% U430:V<% h#<$%(#!'(,&%?'<'&/! #(! &*+! 5%0&*! %(.!#&*+0! ;<%(+&,8!f+#<! 9#$!"#(.#(!LLf'%NdAdM:%

^e#"53<% E:<% E/",,4#/,/<% E:<% Q"DJ#43),<% 6:% ?% C$/**D",<%Q:_:% LZOd:% E4)+7#),)*)K2% )-% 0)D4% Q","#/",% 32.4%0R"#D0:% Q),$#/15$/),% $)% $74% 8)*+",)A$4+$),/+% 48)*5A$/),%)-%$74%"#+7/J4*"K):%g!h#<$%(#<!f+#&*+0:!T+,!Yd'%YZAdY:%%%

^/"*.)% s:=:<% ?% 651/,<% =:H:% LZZO:% 974#D)32,"D/+0% )-%*"$4#"*% 3/.4% J#)J"K"$/),'% &DJ*/+"$/),0% -)#% +#50$"*%"++#4$/),%"$%0*)R%0J#4"3/,K%D/3A)+4",%#/3K40:%g!f+#R;*/,!T+,!LfM'%YdfLAYdLN:%

^/"*.)%s:=:<%?%651/,<%=:H:%LZZZ:%;7"$%+),$#)*0%$74%"*),KA0$#/.4% 0*)J40% )-% 8)*+",/+% #/-$% T),40v% g! f+#;*/,! T+,!LfN'%Yf<ff`AYf<fYf:%

^/0.4<%6:C:%?%_"+.0),<%F:I:%LZ`Y:%G#/4,$"$/),%",3%K#)R$7%)-%@"R"//",%8)*+",/+%#/-$0'%$74%4--4+$%)-%#4K/),"*%0$#5+A$5#4% ",3% K#"8/$"$/),"*% 0$#40040:% B0#$! T! 9#$! "#(.#(!MYZ'%YZZAMYa:%

^k0$4#<% _:H:<% =#"m"<% (:<% >#",3*4<% _:W:<% h"8"##)<% _:H:<%=*),0)<% B:% ?% =J"#/+/)<% =:% LZaO:% E4)*)Kl"% 2% ()*+"A,)*)Kl"% 34% *"0% &0*"0% Q","#/"0'% 94,4#/-4:% c(,&! "-$%,!@%<<%.%=!j9cj<%H"3#/3<%YLO%J:%

E53D5,300),<% =:<% H"#/,),/<% W:>:% ?% H"#$/<% _:% LZZZ:%&,X4+$/),%",3%"##40$%)-%32.40'%/DJ*/+"$/),0%-)#%8)*+",/+%7"T"#30:%g!h#<$%(#<!f+#&*+0:!T+,!OO'%LALM:%

@4#,n,34TA!"+74+)<% =:% ?% 6)3#lK54TAW)0"3"<% _:=:% LZZa:%E4)*)Kl"%2%40$#5+$5#"%34*%=#+)%34%9"K",",":%T+Y!9#$!f+#<!5,;%H%!Z'%LaZALOM:%

&84#0),<%6:H:%LZZd:%Q",%D"KD"A/,X4+$/),%",3%K#)5,3R"A$4#% -)#+40% +"504% D"00/84% *",30*/340% ),% @"R"//",%8)*+",)40v%%g!h#<$%(#<!f+#&*+0:!T+,!aa'%YZdAMfO:%

P,/K7$<% H:I:% ?% ;"*.4#<% E:!:W:% LZOO:% H"KD"% -*)R%3/#4+$/),0% /,% 3/.40% )-% $74% P))*"5% Q)DJ*4S<% G"75<%34$4#D/,43% -#)D% D"K,4$/+% -"1#/+% 0$53/40:% CJ4+/"*%04+$/),%),%7)R%8)*+",)40%R)#.:%1:!f+#;*/,!i('#(%ZM'%NMfLANMLZ:%

P)D5#)<%@<%^5X/$"<%s:%?%P)3"D"<%P:%LZON:%h5D4#/+"*%",3%4SJ4#/D4,$"*%D)34*0%),%$74%-)#D"$/),%D4+7",/0D%)-%+)**"J04% 1"0/,0% 35#/,K% $74%E#44,%95--%G#)K4,40/0% )-%_"J",:%[-<<!h#<$%(#<!N`'%aNZAaaa:%

W"KD"2%=:H:^:<% 8",%;2.%34%(#/40<%>:<%P4#*4<%h:%?%!2*4<%I:H:%Yfff:%()*+",)%/,0$"1/*/$2%/,35+43%12%0$#/.4A0*/J%-"5*$/,K:%[-<<!h#<$%(#<!aY'%MMLAMNa:%

W/0$4#<%_:%6:%?%P4##<%6:Q:%LZZL:%^*5/3AD4+7",/+"*%D)34*0%)-%+#"+.% J#)J"K"$/),% ",3% $74/#% "JJ*/+"$/),% $)% D"KD"%$#",0J)#$%/,%32.40:%g!f+#;*/,!T+,!Za'%Lf<fNZALf<f``:%

W5),K)<%E:<% Q514**/0<% F:<%G1#/TT)<% ^:%?%!4$#"T5)*/<% C:H:%LZZL:%=%J720/+"*%D)34*%-)#%$74%)#/K/,%)-%8)*+",/0D%)-%$74% 92##74,/",% D"#K/,'% $74% +"04% )-% $74% h4"J)*/$",%"#4":%g!h#<$%(#<!f+#&*+0:!T+,!NO'%L`MALOd:%

H""*)4<% C:% LZO`:% 974% K4,4#"$/),% ",3% 07"J4% )-% -4434#%32.40% -#)D%D",$*4%0)5#+40:%j#(&0!@'(!B+&0#<!Za'%N`Add:%

H"#/,),/<% W:>:% ?% E53D5,300),<% =:% Yfff:% I2.40<% -"5*$0%",3%J"*"4)0$#40040% /,% $74%94,)%",3%=,"K"%D"00/-0%)-%94,4#/-4% UQ","#2% &0*",30V:% g! h#<$%(#<! f+#&*+0:! T+,!LfM'%OMALfM:%

H"#$/<%_:<%=1*"2<%E:_:<%64307"R<%W:9:%?%CJ"#.0<%6:C:%LZZN:%FSJ4#/D4,$"*% 0$53/40%)-%+)**"J04%+"*34#"0:% g!f+#<!9#$!"#(.#(!LdL'%ZLZAZYZ:%

H+E5/#4<% ;:_:% ?% !5**4,<% =:I:% LZOZ:% W)+"$/),% ",3%)#/4,$"$/),% )-% 4#5J$/84% -/005#40% ",3% -4434#A32.40% "$%H)5,$% F$,"j% /,-*54,+4% )-% K#"8/$"$/),"*% ",3% #4K/),"*%$4+$),/+%0$#400%#4K/D40:% g!h#<$%(#<!f+#&*+0:!T+,!MO'%MYdAMNN:%

%

%

Part II. Chapter 5

76

H+E5/#4<% ;:_:<% !5**4,<% =:I:% ?% C"5,34#0<% C:_:% LZZf:%64+4,$%32.4A/,35+43%*"#K4A0+"*4%1*)+.%D)84D4,$%"$%H)5,$%F$,"%",3%J)$4,$/"*%0*)J4%-"/*5#4:%4%&-0+!MNM'%Md`AMdZ:%

H4#*4<% G:% ?% >)#K/"<% =:% LZZa:% C+"*43% 4SJ4#/D4,$0% )-%8)*+",/+% 0J#4"3/,K:% g! f+#;*/,! T+,! LfL'% LM<OfdALM<OL`:%

h"."D5#"<%P:%LZOf:%;72%3)%*),K%#/-$%T),40%3484*)J%/,%@"R"//",% 8)*+",)40j% "% J)00/1*4% #)*4% )-% $7/+.% )+4A",/+% 043/D4,$0:% [-<<! h#<$%(#<! 9#$! g%;%(! Yd'% YddAYaZ:%

h"8"##)<%_:H:%LZ`N:%W"%40$#5+$5#"%K4)*wK/+"%34%94,4#/-4%2%05%/,-*54,+/"%4,%*"%7/3#)K4)*)Kl":%9':;!c(&!P'.0#<!6+00+(#,!Y#<$Q('$#,:%W",T"#)$4<%YfJ:%

!)**"#3<%I:I:<%I4*",42<%!:9:<%I5--/4*3<%;:=:<%F,3)<%F:9:%?% G."D5#"<% =:9:% LZOM:% C5#-"+4% 34-)#D"$/),% /,%8)*+",/+%#/-$%T),40:%6+$&#(#;*/,'$,%ZN'%dNLAdON:%

651/,<%=:H:%?%!)**"#3<%I:I:%LZO`:%G#/K/,0%)-%1*"34A*/.4%3/.40% /,% 8)*+",/+% #/-$% T),40:% &,% 6:;:% I4+.4#<% 9:W:%;#/K7$%?%!:@:%C$"5--4#%U430:Vj%h#<$%(',:!'(!P%>%''8!i9!f+#<!9-0Y'%LNNZALN`f:%

6)3#lK54TAW)0"3"<% _:=:% ?% H"#$/,4TA^#/"0<% _:% LZZO:%=,+/4,$% )S/34A% ",3% 05*J7/34AD/,4#"*/T"$/),% /,% $74%/0*",30% )-% 94,4#/-4% ",3% W"%E)D4#"% UQ","#2% =#+7/AJ4*"K)<%CJ"/,V:%@'(+0%<'-:!F+;#,'&%!"+&&+0!MM'%aMZAaNM:%%%

6)3#lK54TAW)0"3"<%_:=:<%H"#$/,4TA^#/"0<%_:<%>50$/**)<%H:=:<%I4*K"3)<%=:<%@4#,",34TA!"+74+)<%=:%?%34%*"%^54,$4%P#"500<% _:(:% Yfff:% 974% 723#)$74#D"**2% "*$4#"$43%",."#"D/$4% 1"0"*$0% )-% !5,$"% !)2"$"% U94,4#/-4<% Q"A,"#2% &0*",3078! g! h#<$%(#<! f+#&*+0:!T+,% LfM'% Ma`AM`a:%

62",<%H:!:%LZO`:%h45$#"*%15)2",+2%",3%$74%D4+7",/+"*%48)*5$/),%)-%D"KD"$/+%020$4D0:%&,%>:G:%H204,%U43:V<%@%2:%&'$!B0#$+,,+,8!f+#$*+:!9#$!i('Y+0,'&/!B%0G=!B%'%YdZAYOO:%

65/T<%Q:6:<%E"#+l"AQ"+7)<%W:<%=#"m"<%(:<%W5[54<%=:s:%?%^4*J4$)<%=:%Yfff:%C51D"#/,4%8)*+",/0D%05##)5,3/,K%94,4#/-4<% Q","#2% &0*",30'% /DJ*/+"$/),0% -)#% $4+$),/+%+),$#)*0<% ",3% )+4",/+% 07/4*3% -)#D/,K% J#)+40040:% g!h#<$%(#<!f+#&*+0:!T+,!LfM'%LfdALLZ:%

%

C$"53/K4*<% @:% ?% C+7D/,+.4<% @:AB:% LZON:% 974% !*/)+4,4%04"D)5,$%04#/40%)-%W"%!"*D"<%Q","#2%&0*",30:%_%E4)J720%640%OM'%LL<LZdALL<YLd:%

C$/**D",<% Q:_:% LZO`:% =% Q","#2% &0*",30% 32.4% 0R"#D'%/DJ*/+"$/),0% -)#% $74% -)#D"$/),% )-% )+4",/+% /0*",30% 12%4S$4,0/),"*% -/005#"*% 8)*+",/0D:% &,'% @:Q:% @"**0<% ?% ;:_:%^"7#/K% U430:Vj% @%)'$! F/G+! 9>%0:,8! f+#<! 1,,! j%(%.%<%CJ4+%!"J4#%MM:%

CR",0),<% I:=:<% I5--/4*3<% ;:=:% ?% ^/0.4<% 6:C:% LZ`a:%I/0J*"+4D4,$%)-%$74%0)5$7%-*",.%)-%P/*"54"%()*+",)j%$74%#405*$%)-%-)#+4-5*%/,$#50/),%)-%D"KD"%/,$)%$74%#/-$%T),40:%i9!f+#<!9-0Y!B0#)!B%;!ZaM'%MZJ:%

97/#*R"**<%H:^:<%C/,K4#<%>:C:%?%H"##/,4#<%E:^:%Yfff:%MZ=#%A%Nf=#%"K40%",3%K4)+74D/0$#2%)-%$74%1"0"*$/+%07/4*3%0$"K4%)-%94,4#/-4<%Q","#2%&0*",30<%CJ"/,:%g!h#<$%(#<!f+#&*+0:!T+,!LfM'%YN`AYZ`:%

8",%;2.%34%(#/40<% >:%?% ^#",+/0<% !:;:% LZZ`:%Q"$"0$#)J7/+%+)**"J04%"$%0$#"$)8)*+",)40%/,35+43%12%K#"35"*%8)*+",)%0J#4"3/,K:%4%&-0+!MO`'%MO`AMZf:%

;"*.4#<%E:!:W:%LZO`:%974%3/.4%+)DJ*4S%)-%P))*"5%()*+",)<%G"75j% /,$4#,"*% 0$#5+$5#4% )-% "% @"R"//",% #/-$% T),4:% &,%6:;:%I4+.4#<%9:W:%;#/K7$%?%!:@:%C$"5--4#%U430:Vj%h#<$%(R',:!'(!P%>%''8!i9!f+#<!9-0Y'%ZaLAZZM:%

;"*.4#<%E:!:W:%LZZY:%Q)74#4,$%/,$#50/),%+)DJ*4S40%/,%*"#K4%1"0"*$/+% 8)*+",)40j% "% ,4R% 0$#5+$5#"*%D)34*:% 5,,%/,! #(!:%2:%,!%(.!#&*+0! +%0&*! )<-'.,b! %!Y#<-:+! '(!%;;0+$'%R&'#(!#)!B0#)8!B+&+0!f8!P%00',8!k8!f8!j#Z!%(.!B8!58![%G+08!=D0$4#3"D<%h4$74#*",30<%F*048/4#%df'%NLAdN:%%

;"*$4#<% 9:6:% ?% 9#)**<% (:6:% YffL:% ^)#D"$/),% )-% +"*34#"%J4#/J74#2% -"5*$0'% ",% 4SJ4#/D4,$"*% 0$532:%[-<<! h#<$%(#<%U/,%J#400:V:%

;"*$4#<% 9:6:% ?% C+7D/,+.4<% @:AB:% YffY:% 6/-$/,K<% #4+5##4,$%*",30*/3/,K%",3%0$#5+$5#"*%#4)#K",/T"$/),%),%94,)<%h;A94,4#/-4<%Q","#2%&0*",30:%c(&!g!5%0&*!9$'!U051D:V:%

%

%

Part II. Chapter 6

77

!"#$%&&'%()*+",)%-*",.%/,0$"1/*/$2%",3%3/.4%/,$#50/),0%

%

%

!"#$%&'()(

(

6#447/,8%9%#/-$/,8%9%04+$)#%+)**"704%%

%

Part II. Chapter 6

78

!'&&$*+,(-('*.%*+,(-(/&0%1'(0122#$/&((%"&(/%'30%3'#2(.&&45#06(1+(10&#+(*/2#+4(7120#+1&/%%

:;)<"0%=>%?"*$4#@A%("*4,$/,%=>%:#)**@ABA%C",0DE*#/+;%F+;</,+.4@%

@%GHIJK=A%L47$>%)-%()*+",)*)82A%?/0+;;)-0$#>%@DMA%LDBN@NO%P/4*A%G4#<",2Q%B%L47$>%)-%G4)*)82A%E,/R4#0/$2%)-%L51*/,A%:#/,/$2%6)**484A%L51*/,%BA%&#4*",3Q%

(

85/%'#0%9%S"#84%)+4",%/0*",3%R)*+",)40%+)<7#/04%;/8;D7#)35+$/R4%#/-$%T),40%"*),8%U/$;%

5,0$"1*4%-*",.0%",3%0/$40%)-%04+$)#%+)**"704>%G#"R/$"$/),%/0%$;4%.42%#4"0),%)-%05+;%0$#"/,43%

R)*+",)%-*",.0Q%$;4%0/$4%",3%R"*54%)-%0$#5+$5#"*%/,0$"1/*/$2%/0%1/"043%12%U4".%V0510$#"$5<W%

*"24#0>% :;4% /,-*54,+4% )-% *51#/+"$43% ",3% $;4#4-)#4% *"$4#"**2% +#447/,8% -*",.0% -)#% #/-$D

</8#"$/),A% #/-$D34R4*)7<4,$A% ",3% "3X50$<4,$% )-% $;4% 4,$/#4% R)*+",/+% "#+;/$4+$5#4% U"0%

0$53/43% 12% ","*)8% 4Y74#/<4,$0>% ?4% /,X4+$43% +)*)#43% U"$4#% -#)<% 14*)U% /,$)% 84*"$/,4D

+),40% ",3% -)5,3% 020$4<"$/+% )#/4,$"$/),0% )-% ;23#)D-#"+$5#40% V3/.40W%7#)7"8"$/,8% $;#)58;%

$;4%ZR)*+",)[>%:;/0%"**)U0% /,-4##/,8%7"#"<4$4#0%)-%8#"R/$2D3#/R4,%+),4%34-)#<"$/),%",3%

#405*$/,8% 3/.4% 3/#4+$/),0% -)#% R"#/)50% 1"0"*% -#/+$/),% +),3/$/),0>%\2% R"#2/,8% $;4% 04$$/,8%)-%

1"0"*%-#/+$/),%",3%12%*51#/+"$/,8%*)+"*%04+$)#0A%U4%+;",843%$;4%0$#400%-/4*3%",3%<)34*43%

#"3/"*% 3/.4% 0U"#<0A% +)**/,4"#% #/-$% T),40% ",3% $;#44D"#<43% #/-$% 020$4<0>%I5#%3"$"% 058840$%

$;"$% $;4%<)0$% +)<<),%3/.4% 7"$$4#,0% ),% R)*+",/+% /0*",30%<"2% -)#<% /,% #407),04% $)% $;4%

1"0"*%+#447%+),3/$/),0>%I,*2%),4%+#447/,8%R)*+",)%-*",.%/0%05--/+/4,$%$)%<)3/-2%$;4%4,$/#4%

0$#5+$5#4A%;4#"*3/,8A%/,/$/"$/,8%)#%"3X50$/,8%#/-$%R)*+",/0<>%

I5#% 4Y74#/<4,$0% ;4*7% $)% /,-4#% $;4% 0$#5+$5#"*% +),3/$/),0% -)#% ,"$5#"*% 020$4<0A% "0%34<),D

0$#"$43%-)#%S"%!"*<"%VU40$4#,%6","#2%&0*",30W>%:;4%5,0$"1*4%",3%)5$U"#3%+#447/,8%0)5$;D

U40$4#,% 04+$)#% )-% S"% !"*<"% #405*$43% /,% 4004,$/"*% 3/.4% #4+),-/85#"$/),% -#)<% ",% /,/$/"**2%

#"3/"*% 0U"#<% $)%U4**% 34-/,43% #/-$% T),40>% :;/0% 0$532% /<7*/40% $;"$% 8#"R/$2D3#/R4,% R)*+",)%

34-)#<"$/),%",3% -*",.D+#447%+),$#)*% $;4%+),-/85#"$/),%",3%)#/4,$"$/),%)-% $;4%#/-$%T),40A%

"#4% $;50%02<7$)<"$/+%)-% $;4% /<74#<",4,+4%)-%3/.4%0U"#<0% /,%84,4#"*>%?;4,%"%+#/$/+"*%

*)"3%/0%#4"+;43A%$;4%3/0$#/15$/),%)-%"%U4".%0510$#"$5<%U/**%+),$#)*%$;4%R)*+",)%"#+;/$4+D

$5#4%/,%"%<"X)#%U"2>%

P42U)#30'%R)*+",)%34-)#<"$/),A%#/-$%T),40A%-*",.%+#447/,8A%3/.40A%04+$)#%+)**"704A%6","#2%&0*",30%

%

:+%'1430%*1+(L/.40%"#4%$;4%+)<<),%U/$,40040%)-%-#"+$5#4D$274%7"$;U"20%"0+4,3/,8%<"8<"0%7#)35+4%

",3% 504% U;4,% $;42% 7#)7"8"$4% $;#)58;% $;4% +#50$>% J)0$% R)*+",/+% 4#57$/),0% 0$"#$% "1)R4%

-4434#% 3/.40A% 15$% ),*2% "% 0<"**% -#"+$/),% )-% $;)04% 3/.40% 4R4#% #4"+;40% $;4% 05#-"+4% VG53D

<5,300),% 4$% "*>% @]]]W>% L#/R4,% 12% ;/8;% <"8<"$/+% 7#4005#4A% $;4% )#/4,$"$/),% )-% 05+;% "%

Part II. Chapter 6

79

!"#!$%$&'(%) *$%*$+,'--./) ,"$0&1".) 0$#),8*2% 3474,30% ),% $;4% *)+"*% 0$#400% 7"$$4#,>% L/.4%

)#/4,$"$/),%/0%505"**2%74#74,3/+5*"#%$)%$;4%</,/<5<%7#/,+/7"*%+)<7#400/R4%0$#400A%;4,+4%

/,3/+"$/R4%)-% $;4% 0$#400% -/4*3%U/$;/,%"%R)*+",)% VK,34#0),%@]M^W>% &-% "% $4<7)#"#/*2% 0$4"32%

0$#400%020$4<%3)</,"$40% /,%"%R)*+",/+%43/-/+4A%3/.40%<"2%8#)57%$)%-)#<%0U"#<0%",3%#/-$%

T),40% V_/0.4% ",3% `"+.0),%@]^BW>%K% R)*+",/+% +4,$4#% /0%34-/,43%12%,5+*4"$/,8% #/-$% T),40A%

-)#</,8% 0$#5+$5#"**2A%<)#7;)*)8/+"**2% ",3% 84,4$/+"**2% #4*"$43% "Y40>% =/-$% T),40% "#4% 1"0/D

+"**2%R4#$/+"*%0$#5+$5#40%-)#<43%12%;5,3#430%)#%$;)50",30%)-%7"#"**4*%3/.40A%U/$;%/,3/R/3D

5"*%3/.40%0;)U/,8%"% *"#84%R"#/",+4%)-%3/70% V?"*.4#%@]]]W>%L/.40%<"2%+),$#/15$4%$)%$;4%

4,3)84,)50%8#)U$;%)-%R)*+",/+%43/-/+40%12%57%$)%Mab%VK,,4,%4$%"*>%Baa@W>%%

:;4% 0$#5+$5#"*% "Y/0% )-% "% #/-$% T),4% /0% ,)$% ,4+400"#/*2% 0$"1*4% ",3% +",%</8#"$4% *"$4#"**2A% "0%

7#)7)043%-)#%0)<4%C"U"//",%3/.4%0U"#<0%VFU",0),%4$%"*>%@]^cW>%K0%"%3/.4%#4-*4+$0%$;4%

0$#400% -/4*3A% "% 0/8,/-/+",$% +;",84% )-% $;4% 0$#400% -/4*3% U/$;% $/<4% <"2% +;",84% $;4% #/-$/,8%

32,"</+0%",3%$;4%7)0/$/),%)-%",%4,$/#4%#/-$%T),4%)-%"%R)*+",)>%=/-$%T),40%-)#<%/,%7"#$/+5D

*"#%U/$;/,% *"#84#%R)*+",/+%43/-/+40A% /,3/+"$/R4%)-% $;4% /<7)#$",+4%)-%8#"R/$"$/),"*% 0$#40040%

V?"*.4#%@]O^A%@]]BW>%F/,+4% *"#84%R)*+",)40%34-)#<%5,34#% $;4/#%)U,%U4/8;$A% $;4%d540D

$/),%"#/040%;)U%$;4%R)*+",)%0$#400% -/4*3%",3%#/-$%3/#4+$/),0%3/R4#84%-#)<%4"+;%)$;4#>%?4%

;4#4% -)+50% ),% $;4% 32,"</+% /,$4#7*"2% )-% #/-$% -)#<"$/),A% R)*+",)% 34-)#<"$/),% ",3% /$0%

#407),04%354%$)%U4".%0510$#"$">%%

(

;120#+1(*+/%#5*2*%<(#+4('*.%*+,(

:;4%3)</,",$%0$#5+$5#"*%7;4,)<4,"%),%*"#84%R)*+",/+%43/-/+40%"#4%3/.4%0U"#<0%",3%$;4%

T),40%)-% 0$#5+$5#"*%U4".,400% *4"3/,8% $)% 04+$)#% +)**"704% 4R4,$0A% 47/0)3/+"**2% 340$#)2/,8%

$;4%-*",.0%)-%"%8#)U/,8%R)*+",)>%()*+",)%/,0$"1/*/$2%",3%#/-$/,8%$;50%"774"#%$)%14%84,4$/D

+"**2% #4*"$43% VF/414#$% @]ONW>% F4"<)5,$% 0$53/40% 0;)U% $;"$% $;4% 0/8,/-/+",+4% )-% #/-$/,8% /,D

+#4"040%-)#%*"#84#%R)*+",)40%V()8$%",3%F<))$%@]ONW>%%

00

1

2

3

4

5

6

Vol

cano

hei

gth

abov

e ba

se [k

m]

Rift zone length [km]50 100 150 200

Rift zones

No dominant rift zones

Hig

h rif

ting

and

sect

or

colla

pse

freq

uenc

yM

inor

vol

cano

de

form

atio

n

Vol

ume

100

101

104

103

102

[km³]

W-Canary Islands

La PalmaLiterature data

%

!"#$%&'())2',&)3#(.)-.(%&45)67+$7'58)$5) $) ,1(0&'#() #,) #0.$('0) 9#-0$(#)4.'%4&)$:#9.)&4.):$5.)6;+$7'58)$(/).5&'*$&./) 9#-1*.<) 2',&) 3#(.)0#**#(-;) .5&$:-'54) $(/) .-#(%$&.)#() 4'%4.") 9#-0$(#.5) 6*#/','./=)$,&.") >#%&) $(/) ?*##&) @ABCD)E'&04.--)FGG@8<))

%

Part II. Chapter 6

80

_/85#4%@%05<<"#/T40%<)#7;)*)8/+"*%3"$"%04$0%)-%04"<)5,$0%",3%R)*+",/+%/0*",30A%340+#/1D

/,8%$;4%+),0$/$5$/),%)-%#/-$%T),40%),%R)*+",)40%$"**4#%$;",%B>e%.<%V()8$%",3%F<))$%@]ONQ%

J/$+;4**%Baa@W>%%

:;4%<4",%#/-$%T),4%*4,8$;%+",%14%"77#)Y/<"$43%12%"%-5,+$/),%)-%$;4%-)#<%%

HRZ 8

3

10≤ A%% % % % % % % % % %

U;4#4%2Hf#/-$%T),4%*4,8$;A%",3%IfR)*+",)%;4/8;$%"1)R4%$;4%1"04%V_/8>%@W>%:;4%*4,8$;%)-%

#/-$% T),40% #"7/3*2% $;50% /,+#4"040% U/$;% /,+#4"0/,8% 43/-/+4% ;4/8;$% )R4#% M%.<% 9% 15$% $;4%

R5*,4#"1/*/$2%-)#%*",30*/340%"*0)%/,+#4"040%V+->%J/$+;4**%Baa@W>%%

:;4% *"#840$% R)*+",/+% 43/-/+40% ),% H"#$;A% R)*+",/+% )+4",% /0*",30A% "#4%<)0$% 050+47$/1*4% $)%

#/-$/,8%",3%0$#5+$5#"*%+)**"7040%)U/,8%$)%$;4/#%/<<4,04%U4/8;$>%:;4%U4**D0$53/43%43/-/+40%

)-%$;4%6","#2%&0*",30%",3%$;4%C"U"//",%6;"/,%0;)U%R"#/)50%$2740%)-%0$#5+$5#"*%+)**"704%

",3% #/-$% T),4% 020$4<0>%C/8;%<"8<"$/+% ",3%;23#)$;4#<"*%7#4005#40% "++)<7",2/,8%3/.4%

/,$#50/),0%"#4% $;)58;$% $)% -)#+4% $;4%R)*+",)40% $)%4Y7",3% *"$4#"**2%",3% $;50% $;4% -*",.0% $)%

+#447% 04"U"#3% VJ+G5/#4% 4$% "*>%@]]aQ% &R4#0),%@]]eQ%H*0U)#$;%",3%()/8;$%@]]eA%@]]cW>%

:;4% *)+"$/),% )-% *"$4#"*% +)**"7040% ",3% 04+$)#D0*/7% )-% R)*+",/+% -*",.0% "#4% $;50% -#4d54,$*2%

4,+*)043%12% $U)% #/-$% T),40% V4>8>% F/414#$% @]ONW>% _)#% /,$#50/R4% -*",.%750;%",3% 04+$)#D0*/7%

"*),8% *)U% /,+*/,43% 34$"+;<4,$% 05#-"+40A% $;4% 1"0"*% 0;4"#% #40/0$",+4% ",3% $;4% ",8*4% )-%

/,$4#,"*%-#/+$/),%<50$%14%R4#2%*)UA%0)%$;"$%U4".%0510$#"$"%+),0$/$5$4%*51#/+"$/),%7*",40%V+->%

&R4#0),%@]]eW>% &$% #4<"/,0%5,+*4"#A%;)U4R4#A%"$%U;"$%0$"84%)-%R)*+",)%4R)*5$/),%-)#+4-5*%

#/-$% T),40% "#4% /,/$/"$43% *4"3/,8% $)% 05+;% -*",.D750;A% ",3% ;)U% $;4% 32,"</+% #407),04% $)%

+;",840%/,%$;4%0$#400%7"$$4#,%4>8>%12%-*",.%+#447%<)3/-/40%"%8/R4,%#/-$%7"$$4#,>%%

\)$;A%3/.4%3/#4+$/),0%",3%R)*+",)%-*",.%/,0$"1/*/$2A%"#4%"%-5,+$/),%)-%"%R)*+",)40g%8#"R/$"D

$/),"*% *)"3>%G/R4,%$;"$% $;404%$U)%7#)+40040%"#4%*/,.43A%+;",8/,8%),4%)-% $;4%7"#"<4$4#0%

U)5*3% $;4,%"*$4#% $;4%R)*+",)%0$#400% -/4*3%9%",3%$;50%$;4%+),$#)**/,8%4,R/#),<4,$%)-% $;4%

)$;4#%7"#"<4$4#>%%

%

='#7*%<>4'*7&+(7120#+1(4&.1'?#%*1+(

J4+;",/0<0% -)#% R)*+",)% 34-)#<"$/),% "#4%<",/-)*3Q% $;4%<"/,% -)#+4% -)#% 34-)#<"$/),% /0A%

;)U4R4#A%8#"R/$2%/$04*-%"%-5,+$/),%)-%43/-/+4%;4/8;$%",3%<"00>%:;#44%$2740%)-%8#"R/$2D3#/R4,%

R)*+",)%3/0$)#$/),%"#4%0;)U,%/,%_/85#4%B>%_/0.4%",3%`"+.0),%V@]^BW%/**50$#"$43%$;4%/<7)#D

$",+4%)-%$;4%R)*+",)%*)"3%",3%0$#400%3/0$#/15$/),%-)#%$;4%-)#<"$/),%)-%#/-$%T),40%),%R)*+"D

,)40>%K++)#3/,8*2A%$;4%$)7)8#"7;2%)-%"%R)*+",)%3/#4+$0%$;4%3/.4%7"$;0A%U;/*4%#/-$/,8%",3%

43/-/+4%0;"74%"#4%84,4$/+"**2%*/,.43%/,%"%32,"</+%-4431"+.>%:;4%84*"$/,4%","*)8%<)34*0%

)-% _/0.4%",3% `"+.0),%14/,8%;/8;*2%4*"0$/+%",3%)R4#0$4474,43Q%L/4$4#/+;% V@]OOW% #4+"*+5D

*"$43%$;4%<)34*0%",3%-)5,3%$;"$%"%-5#$;4#%$274%)-%-*",.%34-)#<"$/),%/0%,4+400"#2%$)%"**)U%

74#0/0$4,$%3/.4%/,$#50/),0%"*),8%4Y/0$/,8%#/-$%T),40>%:;4%-*",.0%<50$%$;50%3/*"$4%*"$4#"**2%$)%

)R4#+)<4%"%7*5<1/,8%4--4+$>%I,%C"U"//A%$;4%7#404,+4%)-%U4".%0510$#"$"%V4>8>%34-)#<"1*4%

Part II. Chapter 6

81

)+4",% 043/<4,$0% ",3%7)00/1*2%)*/R/,4%+5<5*"$40W%7#)R/340%U/3407#4"3%7)$4,$/"*%3h+)*D

*4<4,$0% VL4*",42% 4$% "*>% @]]OQ% 6*"854% ",3% L4,*/,84#% @]]NQ% \)#8/"% 4$% "*>% BaaaW>% :;4%

0)5$;4#,%P/*"54"%-*",.%"774"#0%$)%0*/34%),%1"0"*%-"5*$0%$;50%)74,/,8%$;4%07"+4%-)#%V-4434#W%

3/.40%)-%$;4%P/*"54"%#/-$%020$4<%VL/4$4#/+;%@]OOW>%:;/#3A%$;4%7#404,+4%)-%"%*)U%0$#4,8$;%)#%

d5"0/DR/0+)50%*"24#%4004,$/"**2%3#/R40%$;4%0$#5+$5#"*%"##",84<4,$%)-%"%34-)#</,8%R)*+",)%

V\)#8/"% @]]NQ%J4#*4% ",3%\)#8/"% @]]cW>% F510$#"$40% 57),%U;/+;% R)*+",)40% "#4% 15/*$% "#4%

)-$4,%043/<4,$0%$#",0*"$/,8%"%*)"3/,8%0$#400%$)%)5$U"#3%;)#/T),$"*%3/07*"+4<4,$0%"#)5,3%

$;4% -*",.0% V\)#8/"% 4$% "*>% BaaaW>%()*+",/+% 07#4"3/,8% /0%14*/4R43% $)%+),$#)*% $;4% 0$#5+$5#"*%

4R)*5$/),%)-%<",2%R)*+",)40%V\)#8/"%4$%"*>%BaaaQ%R",?2.%34%(#/40%Baa@W>%%

%

Gravitational deformation

Rigid base

Elastic ridge

Rift / Flank interaction

FaultingRifting

Volcano spreading

Viscous layer

Granular cone

Dikes

C

B

A

''

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

%

E,34#0$",3/,8%)-% $;4%7#4+/04%/,-*54,+4%)-%U4".%0510$#"$5<%),%R)*+",)%0$"1/*/$2%",3%#/-$%

-)#<"$/),%i%#/-$%</8#"$/),%#4<"/,0A%;)U4R4#A%*"#84*2%7))#>%&$%/0%",%)74,%d540$/),%$)%U;"$%

348#44% 4Y7",0/),%<4+;",/0<0A% 05+;% "0% +#447/,8% ",3% *"$4#"*% 0*/3/,8%)-% ",%4Y/0$/,8%R)*D

+",/+%43/-/+4%+),$#)*%$;4%#/-$%84)<4$#2>%F/,+4%#/-$%T),40%-)#<%$;4%<)0$%7#)35+$/R4%-4434#%

020$4<0%)-%R)*+",)40A%+),$#)*%$;4%*"0$/,8%<"8<"$/+%4R)*5$/),A%",3%3/#4+$%7)$4,$/"*%-5$5#4%

<"8<"$/+%0/$40A%5,34#0$",3/,8%)-%#/-$%84,4#"$/),%/0%4004,$/"*>%

\"043%),%d5"*/$"$/R4%4Y74#/<4,$0A%)5#%0$532%+),+4#,0%$;4%/,/$/"$/),%)-%#/-$%T),40%",3%$;4%

32,"</+%-4431"+.%U/$;%-*",.%+#447/,8A%"%7#)+400%$;"$%+;",840%"%R)*+",)g0%/,$4#,"*%0$#400%

Part II. Chapter 6

82

-/4*3%"0%#4-*4+$43%/,%"3X50$43%3/.4%7"$$4#,0>%:;4%<)34*%15/*30%57),%4"#*/4#%0$53/40%),%#/-$%

T),4% 84)<4$#/40% V4>8>% _/0.4% ",3% `"+.0),%@]^BQ% FU",0),% 4$% "*>% @]^cQ%j"."<5#"%@]OaQ%

S/7<",%4$%"*>%@]OeQ%6"##"+43)%@]]NA%@]]cW>%%

%

@A$&'*?&+%#2($'10&43'&(?4%3/00)*R43%7)U34#43% 84*"$/,4% /,% cak6%U"$4#% 12% "% +),+4,$#"$/),%lB>e%U$>bA% -/**43%

/,$)% +),4D0;"743% <)5*30% ",3% $;4,% #4-#/84#"$43% -)#% @B% ;)5#0>% ?4% 5043% R"#/)50% /,/$/"*%

<)5*30% ",3% $;50% +),4D84)<4$#/40% $)% 0$532% $;4% -#"+$5#4% 84)<4$#/40A% /,3474,34,$*2% )-%

3/<4,0/),% ",3% <"00% 3/R4#0/$2>% :;4% 1"04% )-% $;4% +),4D0;"743% <)5*30% U4#4% 14$U44,%

ea%<<%",3%Maa%<<%/,%#"3/50A%U/$;%;4/8;$0%)-%ea%<<%$)%Baa%<<A%"<)5,$/,8%$)%"%-*",.%

0$447,400%)-%"1)5$%Ne%",3%MN%348#440A%#4074+$/R4*2>%:;4%;"#34,43%84*"$/,4DZR)*+",)40[%

U4#4%7*"+43%),$)%"%!(6D7*"$4>%:)%0/<5*"$4%/,$#53/,8%<"8<"A%U4%/,X4+$43%+)*)#43%U"$4#%

/,$)%$;4%+),40%",3%0$53/43%$;4%7#)7"8"$/),%",3%3/#4+$/),%)-%-*5/3D-/**43%-#"+$5#40>%%

:;4% 5,34#*2/,8% !(6% 05#-"+4% U"0% 7#47"#43% /,% 05+;% "% U"2% "0% $)% 0/<5*"$4% "% R"#/4$2% )-%

-#/+$/),"*% /,$4#-"+40% 14$U44,% $;4% 1"04% ",3% $;4% 84*"$/,4% +),40>% _/#0$A% U4% 0$53/43% +),4%

34-)#<"$/),%U/$;%"%;)<)84,4)50%1"0"*%-#/+$/),>%&,%"%04+),3%04$57A%U4%7*"+43%$;4%84*"D

$/,4% +),40%),$)%"%!(6D7*"$4% $;"$% +),$"/,43%"% *)UD-#/+$/),% 04+$)#>%:;404% $U)% 04$570%"#4%

+"$48)#/T43% /,$)%"%5&$:-.)5'&1$&'#(%",3%",%1(5&$:-.)5'&1$&'#(A% #4074+$/R4*2>% &,% $;4%0$"1*4%

0/$5"$/),% 4Y74#/<4,$0A% "% 0)"7D1"043% *51#/+",$% 8#4"043% $;4%4,$/#4%84*"$/,4D+),4%1"04A% 0)%

$;"$% $;4% 4,$/#4% /,$4#-"+4% +),4i8#)5,3% #47#404,$43% 0/</*"#% *)UD-#/+$/),% 05#-"+40>% &,% $;404%

4Y74#/<4,$0A% $;4% 8#"R/$"$/),"*% 0$#400% -/4*3%)-% $;4% +),4% +"5043%5,/-)#<% 07#4"3/,8%)-% $;4%

-*",.0A%$;4%+),4%07#4"3/,8%)5$U"#3%354%$)%/$0%*)"3%V_/8>%MW>%

%

A B C

S

IP

M

Ih

h

R

Axis of symmetry

IP

2

h2

R2

Initial cone Spreading - stable condition

IPh3

R3

Spreading - unstable condition

M M

Lubricant

3

%!"#$%&'.))J.#*.&";)#,) &4.)0#(.5<) ?'3.5)#,) &4.)0#(.5)Q.".):.&Q..()VG)**)$(/)WGG)**) '() "$/'15=)Q'&4)$),-$(M)5&..!(.55):.&Q..()CVX)$(/)WCX<)S1.)&#)%"$9'&;=)&4.)0#(.)5!".$/)#1&Q$"/=)!$"&'$--;)5-'/'(%)#()$):$5$-)-1:"'0$(&<)Y()&4.)1(5&$:-.)5'&1$&'#(=)#(-;)#(.),-$(M)'5)-1:"'0$&./<)

%

K0%"%+),04d54,+4%)-%$;/0%8#"R/$"$/),"*%34-)#<"$/),A%$;4%+),4%;4/8;$%U"0%#435+43%",3%$;4%

7*",4%74#/<4$4#% /,+#4"043>%\2%R"#2/,8% $;4% -#/+$/),"*%+),3/$/),0%"$% $;4%1"04A%U4%+50$)<D

/T43% $;4% -*",.% 34-)#<"$/),% ",3% #485*"$43% -*",.% +#447/,8% /,-*54,+40>% K++)#3/,8*2A% $;4%

0$#400% -/4*3% +;",843% ",3% $;4% 3/#4+$/),% )-% 7#)7"8"$/,8% 1*"34D*/.4% 3/.40% "3X50$43A% "0% 34D

0+#/143%/,%$;4%#405*$%04+$/),>%

Part II. Chapter 6

83

&,%$;4%5,0$"1*4%0/$5"$/),%4Y74#/<4,$0A%"%3/--4#4,$%!(6%7*"$4%U"0%0",3D#)58;4,43A%4Y+47$%

-)#% ),4% 04+$)#A% "**)U/,8% $;4%<)5,$43% +),4% $)%8*/34% *)+"**2>%?4%+),0/34#% $;/0%5,0$"1*4%

0/$5"$/),%"0%"%#)58;%","*)8%$)%"%R)*+",)%0$#400%-/4*3%/,-*54,+43%12%"%-*",.%$;"$%0*/340%),%"%

1"0"*% 34$"+;<4,$% 05#-"+4>% :;4% 0/T4% )-% $;/0% 3h+)**4<4,$% ",3% $;4% 0*/3/,8% 3/#4+$/),% U"0%

R"#/43% /,% 3/--4#4,$% 4Y74#/<4,$"*% 04$D570>% F<"**% ;)*40% U4#4% 3#/**43% /,$)% $;4% !(6D7*"$40%

$;#)58;%U;/+;%/,X4+$/),%)-%$;4%*/d5/3%V$;4%<"8<"W%U"0%"++)<7*/0;43%50/,8%"%$;/,%,443*4%

+),,4+$43%$)%"%02#/,84>%:;4%7#)7"8"$/),%",3%)#/4,$"$/),%)-%$;4%-#"+$5#40%U4#4%<4"05#43%

",3%#4+)#343%V_/8>%NW>%%

%!"#$%&'/))Z4#&#%"$!45)#,).7!."'*.(&5):.,#".)6$=)08)$(/)$,&.")'([.0&'#()6:=)/8<)+))Z-$()9'.Q)#,)5&$:-.)5'&1$&'#(=),#"*'(%) ,)) #() '([.0&'#() $) "$/'$-) /'M.) #"'.(&./) @FVX) $3'*1&4<) -)'P:-'\1.) 9'.Q) #,) 1(5&$:-.) 5'&1$&'#() Q'&4)'([.0&'#() '(&#) &4.) '(&.",$0.) 0"..!'(%](#(+0"..!'(%) 5.0&#") $(/) $) 5-'%4&) 5#1&4Q.5&Q$"/) .00.(&"'0'&;) #,) &4.)-1:"'0$&./):$5.<)0)'Z"#/10./),"$0&1".5)&#)5#1&4.$5&)6@WVX8)$(/)(#"&4Q.5&)6FAGX8<))

)

G4*"$/,4%/0%+;"#"+$4#/T43%12%*/,4"#%R/0+)4*"0$/+%14;"R/)#%"$%0<"**%34-)#<"$/),0%V=/+;"#30%

",3% J"#.% @]ccWA% U/$;% "% 0;4"#% <)35*50% G% 3474,3/,8% 0$#),8*2% ),% R4*)+/$2% V\)$% 4$% "*>%

@]]cW>% :;4% #;4)*)8/+"*% 14;"R/)#% )-% 84*"$/,4%U"0% 4Y"</,43% /,% +#447% $40$0A% /,3/+"$/,8% "%

0;)#$D$4#<%Z()/8$%1)32%34-)#<"$/),[%V4*"0$/+%14;"R/)#W%",3%ZJ"YU4**%1)32%-*)U[%-)#%*),8%

$/<4%35#"$/),%V=/+;"#30%",3%J"#.%@]ccW>%:;/0%<4",0%$;"$%$;4%0$#400D0$#"/,%+5#R4%9U;)04%

0*)74% /0%34-/,43%"0% $;4% Zm)5,8n0%<)35*50[9%3474,30%),% $;4% #"$4%)-% 0$#"/,A% #405*$/,8% /,%

1#/$$*4% 14;"R/)#% "$% ;/8;% 0$#"/,% #"$40A% U;/+;% U4% +),$#)**43% 12% $;4% /,X4+$/),% #"$40>% :;4%

0$#4,8$;%)-%84*"$/,4%3474,30%57),%$;4%+),+4,$#"$/),%",3%/,$#/,0/+%0$#4,8$;%)-%$;4%84*"$/,4%

5043%V;4#4'%1*))<%0$#4,8$;%@^a8W>%I$;4#%-"+$)#0%"--4+$/,8%$;4%#/8/3/$2%)-%84*"$/,4%/,+*534%

/$0%$4<74#"$5#4%",3%$;4%$;4#<"*%;/0$)#2A%U;/+;%U"0%;4*3%+),0$",$%$;#)58;)5$%"**%4Y74#/D

Part II. Chapter 6

84

<4,$0>%:;4%7;20/+"*%7"#"<4$4#0%)-%,"$5#"*%#)+.0%U4#4%,)$%$)%0+"*4%/,%)5#%84*"$/,4%4Y74#/D

<4,$0Q% $;4% #405*$0% "#4% +),0/34#43% $)% 14% d5"*/$"$/R4>% :)% $40$% $;4% /,-*54,+4% )-% R"#/)50%

84*"$/,4% 0$#4,8$;0A%U4% +;",843% $;4% +),+4,$#"$/),%)-% $;4%84*"$/,4%7)U34#% ",3% #474"$43%

$;4%4Y74#/<4,$0A%84,4#"**2%#47#)35+/,8%$;4%0"<4%"##",84<4,$0%)-%-#"+$5#40>%

:;4%0)*5$4%84*"$/,4%84*%;"0%"%!)/00),o0%#"$/)%)-%,4"#*2%a>eA%$;4%+),3/$/),%/,%84*"$/,4%$;50%

14/,8% "77#)Y/<"$4*2% ;23#)0$"$/+>% &-% -#"+$5#/,8% )++5#0A% $;4% -/,/$4% 2/4*3% 0$#4,8$;% /0% 4YD

+44343>% I,% /,X4+$/),A% R4#$/+"*% ;23#"5*/+% -#"+$5#40% -)#<% U;4,% $;4% /,X4+$/),% 7#4005#4% /0%

8#4"$4#%$;",%$;4%05<%)-%$;4%84*"$/,40%2/4*3%0$#4,8$;%",3%$;4%</,/<5<%+)<7#400/R4%0$#400%

$;"$%"+$0%/,%$;4%;)#/T),$"*%7*",4>%&,%7#)-/*4A%$;4%/,X4+$43%*/d5/3%+"5043%+#"+.0%",3%7#)7"D

8"$43%<"/,*2%*"$4#"**2%5,34#%*)U%/,X4+$/),%7#4005#4>% &-% $;4%*/d5/3%U"0%<)#4%R/0+)50A% $;4%

$;/+.,400%)-% $;4%+#"+.0% /,+#4"043>%_)#%;/8;% /,X4+$/),%7#4005#40A% $;4%R4#$/+"*%7#)7"8"$/),%

"Y/0%"<7*/-/43>%:;/0%<"2%14%+),0/34#43%","*)8)50%$)%R)*+",)40A%U;/+;%34-)#<%4*"0$/+"**2%

14-)#4% -#"+$5#/,8% )++5#0% ",3% 3/.40% 7#)7"8"$4>% :;/0% /0% /,% "++)#3",+4% U/$;% <"8<"$/+%

7#4005#4%$;"$%4Y+4430%$;4%$4,0/*4%0$#4,8$;%)-%$;4%R)*+",/+%#)+.%7*50%σMA%"+$/,8%/,%;)#/T),D

$"*%7*",4A%"0%#47)#$43%-#)<%C"U"//",%R)*+",)40%",3%,5<4#/+"*%<)34*0%V4>8>%!)**"#3%4$%"*>%

@]OMQ%&3"%@]]]W>%%

:)%3/</,/0;%0/34%4--4+$0%",3%7#4D4Y74#/<4,$"*%0$#"/,%)-% $;4%84*"$/,4%12A%4>8>%/,04#$/),%)-%

$;4%,443*4%-#)<%14*)UA%570/34%3)U,%$5#,/,8%)-%$;4%<)5*30%",3%0*/8;$*2%R"#2/,8%<"$4#/"*%

7#)74#$/40A%$;4%4Y74#/<4,$0%U4#4%4R"*5"$43%0$"$/0$/+"**2A%1"043%),%Baa%/,3/R/35"*%4Y74#/D

<4,$0>%:;4%*"#84%,5<14#%)-%4Y74#/<4,$0%"**)U43%4R"*5"$/),%)-%<4",%3/.4%3/#4+$/),0%-)#%

"%074+/-/+%84)<4$#/+"*%0/$5"$/),>%?4%3/3%,)$%0$532%$;4%34$"/*0%)-%<5*$/7*4%/,X4+$/),0%/,$)%"%

0)*4% 84*"$/,4% 43/-/+4A% 0/,+4% 84*"$/,4% #57$5#4% /0% ",% /##4R4#0/1*4% 7#)+400% ",3% $;4% 4"#*2%

-#"+$5#4% 7"$;0% "+$43% "0% -#44% 05#-"+40% ",3% 84,4#"**2% <)3/-/43% $;4% 0$#400% -/4*3>% K% -5#$;4#%

V1"+.8#)5,3W%$4+$),/+%/,-*54,+4A%05+;%"0%#48/),"*%0$#400A%U"0%"*0)%,)$%0/<5*"$43>%%

C23#)D-#"+$5#40%340+#/143% /,% $;/0% 0$532%0$",3% -)#% $;4% 0577)043%"##",84<4,$%)-%3/.40% /,%

,"$5#"*% 020$4<0A% 7#)7"8"$/,8% 74#74,3/+5*"#% $)% $;4% *4"0$% +)<7#400/R4% 0$#400>% _)#% 4Y74#/D

<4,$"*%340+#/7$/),0%U4%7#)X4+$% $;4%3/.4% $#4,30%),% /<"8/,43%+)<7"00%3/#4+$/),0% VjDFDHD

?W% ",3% 5043% 0$",3"#3% $))*0% )-% 0$"$/0$/+"*% "T/<5$;% ","*20/0% /,% 0$4#4)8#"7;/+% 7#)X4+$/),0%

VR/4U%_/85#4%NW>%:;4%4Y74#/<4,$0%U4#4%3/R/343%/,$)%8#)570A%34-/,43%12%$;4%*)+"*/$2%)-%$;4%

7)/,$0%)-% /,X4+$/),%14,4"$;% $;4%+),4A%",3% $;4% 0/T4%",3% $;4%4++4,$#/+/$2%)-% $;4%+#447/,8%

04+$)#>%%

%

@A$&'*?&+%#2('&/32%/B(C%#52&(/*%3#%*1+(

6),4D0;"743% 84*"$/,4% R)*+",)40%U/$;% ;)<)84,4)50% 1"0"*% 0;4"#% #40/0$",+4% "#4% +),0/3D

4#43%"0% $;4%0$"1*4%4,3D<4<14#%<)34*>%?4%/,X4+$43%$;4%*/d5/3%/,$)%$;4%+),40g% -*",.0%)#%

/,$)%$;4%"Y/0%)-%02<<4$#2%)-%$;4%+),4>%&-%/,X4+$43%/,$)%$;4%-*",.0%)-%$;4%+),4A%$;4%-#"+$5#40%

7#)7"8"$43%$)U"#30%$;4%,4"#40$%-#44%05#-"+4%)-%$;4%ZR)*+",)[A%/>4>%#"3/"**2%"U"2%-#)<%$;4%

+),4g0%+4,$4#%V_/8>%eW>%?;4,%/,X4+$43%R4#2%+*)04%VplB%+<W%$)%$;4%"Y/0%)-%02<<4$#2A%$;4%

Part II. Chapter 6

85

"T/<5$;% )-% $;4% -#"+$5#40% 044<43% $)%14% /,/$/"**2% "##",843% #",3)<*2>% :;404%)++"0/),"**2%

+),+4,$#/+%/,/$/"*%)#/4,$"$/),0%U4#4%<)0$%*/.4*2%354%$)%$;4%+4,$4#43%7*5<1/,8%4--4+$%)-%$;4%

+),4Q%),% -5#$;4#% /,X4+$/),%",3%)5$U"#3%3/#4+$43% -#"+$5#4%7#)7"8"$/),A% $;4%-#"+$5#40%"*0)%

+5#R43%/,$)%#"3/"*%7"$;0>%%

K%#"3/"*%-#"+$5#4%7"$$4#,%/0%7*"50/1*4%-)#%",%4*"0$/+%+),4%$;"$%/0%7*"+43%),%"%;)<)84,4)50%

1"04A%0/,+4%$;4%8#"R/$2D3#/R4,%34-)#<"$/),%+"5040%+/#+5<-4#4,$/"*%-*",.%4Y$4,0/),%"#)5,3%

$;4%+),4A%#405*$/,8%/,%"%+/#+5<-4#4,$/"*%</,/<5<%7#/,+/7"*%0$#400%3/#4+$/),%"**%"#)5,3%$;4%

43/-/+4>% :;4% 0)*4% /,-*54,+4% )-% $;4% +),4D*)"3% ),% +#"+.% 7#)7"8"$/),% /0% $;50% 84,4#"**2% /,%

"++)#3",+4%U/$;%$;4%-/,3/,80%-#)<%4Y74#/<4,$0%12%J+G5/#4%",3%!5**4,%V@]O]W>%

%

%!"#$%&' 1)) ?&$:-.) 5'&1$&'#(<) 2.-$&'#() #,) *.$() 4;/"#,"$0&1".) !"#!$%$&'#() /'".0&'#() &#) &4.) .00.(&"'0'&;) #,)'([.0&'#() !#'(&) 6*.$51"./) '() $3'*1&48<) ?'&1$&./) #() $) 1(',#"*) 51:5&"$&1*=) &4.) ,-$(M5) #,) &4.) %.-$&'(.+0#(.)/.,#"*):;)%"$9'&;+/"'9.().7&.(5'#(<)^.(&"$-)'([.0&'#():.(.$&4)&4.)$!.7)#,)$)".%1-$")0#(.)%.(."$&.5)"$(/#*-;)/'".0&./),"$0&1".5) 6!-1*:'(%).,,.0&8<) Y([.0&'#()'(&#)&4.)0#(.5) ,-$(M5)!"#/10.5) ,"$0&1".5)#"'.(&./)"$/'$-)$Q$;),"#*) &4.) ./','0.) 0.(&."<) _4.) #9."$--) /'M.) !$&&."()Q'&4) 9$"'#15) !#5'&'#(5) #,) '([.0&'#() '(&#) &4.) 0#(.) '5) &415)"$/'$-<)

)

@A$&'*?&+%#2('&/32%/B(D+/%#52&(/*%3#%*1+(

&,%"%04+),3%04$%)-%4Y74#/<4,$0A%U4%0$53/43%/,;)<)84,4)50%R)*+",)%07#4"3/,8%",3%$;4%

/,-*54,+4%)-%04+$)#D+#447%),%$;4%+),-/85#"$/),%)-%#/-$%T),40>%_)#%$;404%5,0$"1*4%0/$5"$/),%

4Y74#/<4,$0A%"%*"$4#"**2%07#4"3/,8%-*",.%)-%"%R)*+",/+%+),4%U"0%d5"*/$"$/R4*2%0/<5*"$43%12%

*51#/+"$/,8%7"#$0%)-%$;4%84*"$/,4D+),40g%1"04>%K0%0;)U,%/,%_/85#4%NA%U4%4,*"#843%$;4%1"0"*%

-#/+$/),% )-% $;4% !(6% 7*"$4% U/$;% -/,4D8#"/,43% 0",3A% "7"#$% -#)<% "% U4**D34-/,43% *51#/+"$43%

Part II. Chapter 6

86

04+$)#>% C"#34,43% 84*"$/,4% +),40% U4#4% 7*"+43% ),% $;/0% 1"04A% *)+"$43% 7"#$/"**2% ),% ;/8;D

-#/+$/),%05#-"+4%",3%7"#$/"**2%"1)R4%$;4%0*/774#2%3h+)**4<4,$%04+$)#>%:;4%#405*$/,8%0$#400%

-/4*3%d5"*/$"$/R4*2% /</$"$40% "%R)*+",)% $;"$%7"#$/"**2%34-)#<0%"1)R4%"%<4+;",/+"**2%U4".%

0510$#"$5<>%?4%#474"$43%$;404%4Y74#/<4,$0%",3%020$4<"$/+"**2%R"#/43%0/$4%",3%0/T4%)-%$;4%

5,0$"1*4%04+$)#%",3A%"8"/,A%$;4%7)/,$%)-%/,X4+$/),>%("#/)50%8#)570%)-%Z3/.4[%3/#4+$/),0%U4%

)104#R43%),%/,X4+$/),>%_/#0$A%U4%0$53/43%$;4%/<7)#$",+4%)-%$;4%-*",.D+#447%3/#4+$/),>%?4%

7*"+43%$;4%84*"$/,4D+),4%/,%05+;%"%U"2%$;"$%/$0%0)5$;4#,%-*",.%8*/340%0)5$;U"#3%V,)%HD?D

4++4,$#/+/$2W>%&,%)$;4#%U)#30A%$;4%,)#$;D0)5$;%"Y/0%-)#<0%$;4%"Y/0%)-%02<<4$#2%)-%/,$#5343%

3/.40%/,%7*",DR/4U>%_#"+$5#40%-)#<43%),%/,X4+$/),%$;"$%U4#4%0/</*"#*2%)#/4,$43%),%$;4%4"0$%

",3% ),%U40$% 7"#$% )-% $;4% R)*+",)% V_/8>% cKD@A% c\D@A% c6D@W>%C)U4R4#A% /-%U4% +;",843% $;4%

+#447% 3/#4+$/),% )-% $;4% 04+$)#% $)U"#30% 0*/8;$% 4++4,$#/+/$2A% 1"0/+"**2% 5,4R4,% -#"+$5#40%

-)#<43%),%$;4%U40$%",3%$;4%4"0$%0/340%)-%$;4%+),4%V4>8>%_/8>%cKDMQ%c6DMW>%&,%$;/0%+"04A%"%

*51#/+"$43%0)5$;4#,% 04+$)#% 0*/77/,8% $)% $;4%0)5$;U40$%4,-)#+43% $;4%7#/,+/7"*%",3% *),840$%

-#"+$5#40%$)%-)#<%/,$)%$;4%0)5$;4"0$4#,%04+$)#%)-%$;4%+),4>%J)#4)R4#A%$;4%*)+"$/),%)-%$;4%

/,X4+$/),%7)/,$% #4*"$/R4% $)% $;4%+),4%",3% /$0%5,0$"1*4%04+$)#% *"#84*2% /,-*54,+40% $;4%"1)R4%

#4*"$/),0'%%

#E( Y([.0&'#() '(&#) &4.) 5&$:-.) 5.0&#") )-% "% 7"#$*2% *51#/+"$43% +),4% +"5043% 0*/8;$*2% +5#R43%

-#"+$5#40A% 0$#/./,8% <"/,*2% $",84,$/"*% $)% $;4% 0)5$;U"#3% +#447/,8% 04+$)#% V_/8>% cKW>% :;4%

-#"+$5#40%U4#4% $;50%<"/,*2%)#/4,$"$43%4"0$9U40$>%?/$;%-5#$;4#%)5$U"#3%7#)7"8"$/),A% $;4%

-#"+$5#40%$5#,43%74#74,3/+5*"#% $)%$;4%+),40%74#/<4$4#>%:;/0%$4,34,+2%)-%#4+),-/85#"$/),%

/,$)%"%#"3/"*%3/#4+$/),%/,+#4"043%U/$;%3/0$",+4%$)%$;4%*51#/+"$43%7"#$%)-%$;4%R)*+",)%",3%

U/$;% /,+#4"0/,8%3/0$",+4% $)% $;4%R)*+",)%</37)/,$>%:;4%8#4"$4#% $;4%3/0$",+4%)-% /,X4+$/),%

-#)<%$;4%5,0$"1*4%04+$)#A%$;4%*"#84#%,5<14#%)-%#"3/"*%$#4,30%U4#4%)104#R43>%

5E( Y([.0&'#() '(&#) &4.) 0"..!'(%) 5.0&#"% )-% $;4% +),4% "*0)% 7#)35+43% -#"+$5#4% )#/4,$"$/),0%

0$#),8*2%"3X50$43%354%$)%$;4%0/T4%",3%3/#4+$/),%)-%04+$)#%+#447>%?;4,%$;4%5,0$"1*4%04+$)#%

U"0% +4,$4#43% U/$;% 0)5$;U"#3% 04+$)#D+#447% 3/#4+$/),A% 0*/8;$*2% +5#R43% -#"+$5#40% -)#<43%

,)#$;D0)5$;A%"0%U4**%"0% 04+$)#D$",84,$/"**2% V4"0$DU40$W>%:;404%3/.4%3/#4+$/),0%R"#/43%U/$;%

/,+#4"0/,8% +#447% /,-*54,+4'% U;4,% @ab% )-% $;4% +),4% +#4470% 0)5$;U"#3A% $;4% <"/,% 3/.4%

3/#4+$/),% /0% ,)#$;D0)5$;A% ),*2% /,-*54,+43% R4#2% +*)04% $)% $;4% 5,0$"1*4% -*",.>%?;4,%<)#4%

$;",%lBab%)-%$;4%+),4g0%1"04%U"0%),%"%U4".%0510$#"$5<A%$;#44%<"/,%"Y40%-)#<43'%),4%

/,$)%jDF%3/#4+$/),A%$U)%"Y40%U/$;%0$#),8%$",84,$/"*%/,-*54,+4A%+5#R/,8%"#)5,3%$;4%+#447D

/,8i,),D+#447/,8%/,$4#-"+4%V_/8>%c\W>%K**%<"/,%"Y40%U4#4%#40$#/+$43%$)%$;4%5,0$"1*4%0)5$;D

4#,%;"*-%;4</07;4#4>%:)%$;4%,)#$;%"%<)#4%3/--504%#"3/"*%$#4,3%-)#<43>%:;4%<"/,%3/#4+$/),%

)-% $;/0% 3/--504% 0U"#<% </8#"$40% U/$;% <)#4% 4++4,$#/+% +#447% 3/#4+$/),0% )-% $;4% 5,0$"1*4%

04+$)#>% F*/8;$% 4++4,$#/+/$2% )-% $;4%1"0"*% *51#/+",$% $)% $;4% 0)5$;U40$% #405*$43% /,% $;4%<"X)#%

0)5$;4"0$D,)#$;U40$%-#"+$5#4%3/#4+$/),%V/,%","*)82%4++4,$#/+/$2%$)%$;4%0)5$;4"0$%#405*$43%/,%

<"X)#%0)5$;U40$D,)#$;4"0$%-#"+$5#40W>%%

0E( Y([.0&'#()/'".0&-;)$:#9.)&4.)'(&.",$0.%)-%$;4%+#447/,8%04+$)#%+"5043%-#"+$5#40%/,%$;#44%

<"X)#%3/#4+$/),0%V_/8>%c6W>%:;/0%$#/"Y/"*%84)<4$#2%3474,30%),%$;4%4++4,$#/+/$2%)-%$;4%+),4%

Part II. Chapter 6

87

#4*"$/R4%$)%$;4%+#447/,8%04+$)#%",3%/,X4+$/),%7)/,$>%:U)%04+$)#D$",84,$/"*%3/#4+$/),0A%7*50%

"%$;/#3%$#4,3%/,$)%$;4%0$"1*4%+),4%34-/,4%$;404%$;#44%<"/,%$#4,30>%:;4%*)+"$/),%)-%$;4%$;/#3%

3/--504%$#4,3%/0%"%-5,+$/),%)-%$;4%)$;4#%$U)%$",84,$/"*%),40>%?;4,%"%+),4%/0%5,0$"1*4%4>8>%

/,%$;4%F?D%-*",.A%",3%/,X4+$/),%U"0%/,%$;4%5,0$"1*4i0$"1*4%/,$4#-"+4A%$;4%<"/,%$",84,$/"*%

$#4,3%/0%FHA%$;4%04+),3"#2%$",84,$/"*%#/-$%"Y/0%/0%7#)7"8"$/,8%$)%$;4%?A%",3%"%$;/#3%3/--504%

0U"#<%-)#<43%/,$)%$;4%0$"1*4%"#4"%$)%$;4%j?%$)%jH%V_/8>%c6DMW>%:;4%$U)%7#/,+/7"*%3/#4+D

$/),0% V?%",3%FHW%U4#4%$",84,$/"*% $)%$;4%/,$4#-"+4%0$"1*4%i%5,0$"1*4%+),4%1"04A%#4-*4+$/,8%

$;4%"77#)Y/<"$4%0/T4%)-%$;4%*51#/+"$43%04+$)#%14,4"$;>%%%

%

%!"#$%&'2))?1**$"'3./)$""$(%.*.(&)#,)4;/"#,"$0&1".5=)!"#!$%$&'(%)'()-#0$--;)/.5&$:'-'3./)./','0.5=)'()".-$&'#()&#) '([.0&'#()!#'(&)$(/).00.(&"'0'&;)#,) $)0"..!'(%)5.0&#")#()$)Q.$M) -$;.") 6-1:"'0$(&8=) ".-$&'9.-;<)+)) Y([.0&'#()'(&#)5&$:-.)5.0&#"=),))Y([.0&'#()'(&#)0"..!'(%)5.0&#"=)$(/)-))Y([.0&'#()0-#5.)&#)&4.)'(&.",$0.)5&$:-.)])1(5&$:-.)5.0&#"<)?&.".#!-#&5)'--15&"$&.)&4.)5&$&'5&'0)#"'.(&$&'#()#,),"$0&1".5`).$04)0'"0-.)'()!#-.)!-#&5)".,."5)&#)&4.)/'5&$-)-#0$-'&;)#,),"$0&1".=)*.$51"./)'()$3'*1&4)$(/)/'5&$(0.),"#*)&4.)!#'(&)#,)'([.0&'#(<)L".\1.(0;+$3'*1&4)6"#5.8)+/'$%"$*5)15'(%)!#-$")-'(.5=)5.0&#")5'3.)a)BX=)&4.)-.(%&4)#,).$04)"#5.)5.0&#")'5)!"#!#"&'#($-)&#)&4.),".\1.(0;)#,) #"'.(&$&'#() &4$&) -'.) Q'&4'() &4$&) 5.0&#"5<) _Q#) &;!.5) #,) b$9."$%.) /'".0&'#(5b) $".) ".!#"&./) :;) $) c!".,.""./)/'".0&'#(cD)$(/)$)9.0&#")*.$(<)

%

:;4%5,0$"1*4%4Y74#/<4,$0%#405*$43%*"#84*2%/,%R"#/"1*4%-#"+$5#4%)#/4,$"$/),0%#4*"$/R4%$)%$;4%

0$"1*4% 4Y74#/<4,$0>% ?4% #48"#3% $;4% $U)% $",84,$/"*% #/-$0% "0% "% ,),D+)**/,4"#% )#% 0$#),8*2%

+5#R43%#/-$%T),4>%K++)#3/,8*2A%04+$)#%+#447%/,-*54,+40%"%+)**/,4"#%#/-$%7"$$4#,%$)%34R4*)7%

/,$)%,),D% +)**/,4"#/$2>%:;4%<"/,%3/.4% Z"3X50$<4,$[%U"0%)104#R43%+*)04% $)% $;4%5,0$"1*4%

04+$)#>% :;4#4A% 3/.40% "#4% ,)% *),84#% #"3/"*% 15$% $",84,$/"*A% 4,+*)0/,8% ",% "#4"% 0)<4U;"$%

0<"**4#%$;",%$;4%*/</$0%)-%$;4%34$"+;<4,$%05#-"+4%14*)U>%

(

Part II. Chapter 6

88

F1G(?#+<('*.%(#A&/H((

\2%+)5,$/,8%$;4%-#"+$5#4%$#4,30A%U4%84$%"%#)58;%/34"%),%$;4%,5<14#%)-%#/-$%T),40%*/.4*2%$)%

34R4*)7>%K%+)**/,4"#% $#4,3%<4",0% $;"$% $;4% -#"+$5#4%7#)7"8"$43% -#)<% $;4% /,X4+$/),%7)/,$%

V$;4%4#57$/R4%+4,$4#W% /,$)% $U)%)77)0/$4%3/#4+$/),0A% #405*$/,8% /,% $;4% -)#<"$/),%)-%"%0/,8*4%

#/-$%T),4>%K%+)**/,4"#% $#4,3A%;)U4R4#A%<"2%34R4*)7%/,$)%"%,),D+)**/,4"#%)#%4R4,%$#/"Y/"*%

+),-/85#"$/),>%

'

A B

D

E

C

A B

C

120˚

V/2

V/ 360˚

AVB+BVC+CVA=0

BVC=V

CVA=V

AVB=V

20

60

in %of experiments

1 2 3 4 5 axis No.

Stable situation

n=40

Unstable - dike at interface

20

40

1 2 3 4 5 axis No.6

n=78

Unstable - dike in unstable sector

20

60

1 2 3 4 5 axis No.

n=37

Unstable - dike in stable sector

20

60

1 2 3 4 5 axis No.6

n=43

in %of experiments

in %of experiments

in %of experiments

'!"#$%&'3))K*#1(&)#,) "',&) 3#(.5)$5)$) ,1(0&'#()#,) &#&$-)(1*:.")#,) .7!."'*.(&5) d'()ef<)+)'?&$:-.).7!."'*.(&5)0$15./)#()5'(%-.)'([.0&'#()*$'(-;)&Q#)"$/'$-),"$0&1".5<),)'g(5&$:-.)5'&1$&'#()".51-&./)+Q4.()'([.0&./)'(&#)&4.)5&$:-.) 5.0&#"+) '() *$'(-;) F) #") C) .*."%.(&) /'".0&'#(5<) -)'Y([.0&'#() '(&#) &4.) '(&.",$0.) 5&$:-.]1(5&$:-.) 5.0&#")!"#/10./)'()$!!"#7'*$&.-;)UGe)6(aOB8)'()&"'$7'$-)"',&)3#(.5<)_4.)$(%-.):.&Q..(),"$0&1".)$3'*1&45)Q$5)*#".)&4$()@GGX<)0)'Y([.0&'#()'(&#)&4.)0"..!'(%)5.0&#")".51-&./)'()*#5&)#,)&4.)0$5.5)'()&Q#)/'9."%.(&-;)!"#!$%$&'(%)/'M.5<)Y()$8=):8)$(/)/8)&4.)$(%-.):.&Q..()&4.)&Q#)*$'()/'M.)/'".0&'#(5)Q$5)h)@WGX=)51%%.5&'(%)&4$&)'()($&1".)&4.5.)Q'--)".,-.0&)$)5'(%-.)#")01"9./)"',&)3#(.<)4))Y,)&Q#)"',&5)/.9.-#!)'(&#)$)(#(+0#--'(.$")&".(/=)$)&4'"/)"',&)$"*),#"*5)$5)$)".51-&)#,)&4.'")0#*!".55'#(<)i4.()$),-$(M)5&$"&5)&#)0"..!=)&4.)".51-&)Q'--):.)&4$&)&4.)(1*:.")#,)"',&)3#(.5)04$(%.<)

%

Part II. Chapter 6

89

:;4%"##",84<4,$%)-%$;4%4Y74#/<4,$"*%3/.40%U"0%"%-5,+$/),%)-%1"0"*%0;4"#%#40/0$",+4A%",3%

<)#4)R4#A%)-%$;4%/,X4+$/),%7)/,$>%&,%$;4%0$"1*4%0/$5"$/),A%$;4%#"3/"*%"T/<5$;%7#)35+43%$U)%

-#"+$5#4D3/#4+$/),0%/,%cab%)-% $;4%+"040A%7#)7"8"$/,8%+)**/,4"#*2%-#)<%$;4%/,X4+$/),%7)/,$%

/,$)%)77)0/$4%3/#4+$/),0%V_/8>%^KW>%:;4%5,0$"1*4%0/$5"$/),%#405*$43%"*0)%/,%cab%)-%$;4%+"040%

/,%$U)%-#"+$5#4%3/#4+$/),0%V+)**/,4"#WA%"*$;)58;%U/$;%0*/8;$%$#4,3%$)U"#30%,),D+)**/,4"#/$2%

V_/8>% ^\W>% ?;4,% /,X4+$43A% ;)U4R4#A% +*)04% $)A% )#% 3/#4+$*2% "1)R4A% $;4% /,$4#-"+4% 0$"1*4% i%

5,0$"1*4% 04+$)#A% $;#44% 3/#4+$/),0% 34R4*)743A% $U)% )-% $;4<% U4**% 7#),)5,+43% /,% +5#R43%

$",84,$0A% ",3% "% $;/#3% "#<% 3/#4+$43% /,$)% $;4% 0$"1*4% 7"#$% )-% $;4% R)*+",)% V_/8>% ^6W>% :;4%

$#",0/$/),%-#)<%+)**/,4"#/$2%$)U"#30%$U)%#/-$%T),40%V04+$)#%$",84,$/"*W%/0%+),$#)**43%12%$;4%

7#404,+4% ",3% 0/T4% )-% "% +#447/,8% 04+$)#>% :;/0% <4",0% $;"$% U4".% 0510$#"$5<% ",3% 0*)U%

3/07*"+4<4,$%"$%"%3h+)**4<4,$%+"5040%$;4%-)#<"$/),%)-%,),D+)**/,4"#%#/-$0>%

K%$;/#3%#/-$%"#<%34R4*)743%7#43)</,",$*2%U;4,%$;4%*/d5/3%U"0%/,X4+$43%/,%$;4%R/+/,/$2%)-%

$;4% /,$4#-"+4% 0$"1*4i5,0$"1*4%+),4>%:;/0A%<)#4)R4#A% #405*$43% /,%"%0$#),8% $",84,$/"*% V,),D

+)**/,4"#W% $#4,3>% K% $;/#3% "#<A% 34R4*)7/,8% 05104d54,$*2A% +",% 14% $;4% #407),04% )-% $;4%

3/*"$/),%"$%$;4%$",84,$/"*%#/-$0>%J+P4,T/4%",3%!"#.4#%V@]c^W%"77*/43%3/07*"+4<4,$%R4+$)#0%

$)%*/$;)07;4#4%$#/7*4%X5,+$/),0%9%"%<4$;)3%U4**%05/$"1*4%$)%R)*+",)$4+$),/+0'%U;4,%$;#44%

#/-$%T),40%/,%"%R)*+",/+%43/-/+4%"#4%"##",843%02<<4$#/+"**2A%,5+*4"$/,8%/,%"%+4,$#"*%7)/,$A%

/,3/R/35"*%"Y40%"#4%,),D+)**/,4"#>%:;4%",8*4%α% 047"#"$40% $;4% $;#44% 04+$)#0%KA%TA%^) V_/8>%

^HW>% :;404% 04+$)#0% 3/*"$4% U/$;% 3/07*"+4<4,$% R4+$)#0% (% $;"$% "#4% K>T)j)T>^)j)^>K)f%a>%

K++)#3/,8*2A% $;4% R4+$)#% )-% 04+$)#% \% /,% 3/#4+$/),% 6% /0% K>^)k)K>T)a)T>^% >% :;4% +)<<),%

84)<4$#2%)-%$;4%2)5,84#%6","#2%&0*",30%/0%"005<43%$)%;"R4%$;#44D"#<43%#/-$%020$4<0%U/$;%

",8*40%)-%α%q%@Bak%/,D14$U44,%V6"##"+43)%@]]NW>%:;4%R4*)+/$2%)-%3/*"$/),%"+#)00%"%#/-$%/0%

(A% 0)% $;"$% $;4% R4*)+/$2% 74#74,3/+5*"#% $)% ),4% 0/34% )-% $;4% #/-$% /0% >>a>]F>% :U)% )-% 05+;%

R4+$)#0%/,$4#"+$%),%cak%$)%$;4%04+$)#%/,D14$U44,Q%$;4%R4*)+/$2%#4*"$/R4%$)%$;4%-/Y43%,5+*450%

/0%>2a>]Wl>% :;/0%<"2% -)#+4%"% $;/#3% #/-$% T),4% $)%34R4*)7A%U;4,% $U)% V,),D+)**/,4"#W% #/-$D

"#<0%3)%4Y/0$>%K005</,8% $U)% #/-$% T),40% $)% +),R4#84%"$%@Bak%U/$;%;)#/T),$"*%4Y$4,0/),%

#"$40% ),% $;4% )#34#% )-% @aaa%<% 74#% @% </**/),% 24"#A% 8/R4,% 12% 5'(=α]F)a)>&4'"/]>2=) 0)% $;"$)

>&4'"/)a)5'(=α]F)6>]Wl8>%:;4%#405*$/,8%$;/#3%#/-$%3/*"$/),%#"$4%>&4'"/%/0%"0%-"0$%"0%$;4%/,/$/"*%),40>%

6),04d54,$*2A% "% $;/#3% "#<% /0% */.4*2% $)% 34R4*)7% 354% $)% *)+"*% $4,0/),% #405*$/,8% -#)<% $;4%

+)<7#400/),%/,35+43%12%3/*"$/),%)-%$;4%$U)%)$;4#%<"/,%V,),D+)**/,4"#W%#/-$%T),40>%_)#%$;4%

C"U"//",%R)*+",)40A%?"*.4#%V@]]BW%340+#/143%$;"$%$U)%+)**/,4"#%#/-$%T),40%<"2%14+)<4%

,),D+)**/,4"#A% U;4,% "02<<4$#/+% 8#)U$;% )++5#0% 4>8>% 354% $)% 15$$#400/,8% 4--4+$0>% L/.4%

/,X4+$/),%/,$)%05+;%,),D+)**/,4"#%#/-$%T),40%<"2%+"504%4Y$4,0/),%),%$;4%)77)0/$4%0/34%)-%

$;4%,5+*450%",3%-)#<%4Y$4,0/),"*%0$#400%",3%$;4%7)$4,$/"*%0/$4%)-%"%$;/#3%#/-$%"#<%V?"*.4#%

@]]BW>%

Part II. Chapter 6

90

:?$2*0#%*1+/(=/-$%T),40%)++5#%),%<)0$%)+4",/+%R)*+",/+%/0*",30%",3%"#4%+;"#"+$4#/T43%12%34,04%3/.4%

0U"#<0%",3%"%+),+4,$#"$/),%)-%4#57$/R4%+4,$4#0%V_/0.4%",3%`"+.0),%@]^BQ%?"*.4#%@]]BW>%

:;4% "++5<5*"$/,8% 3/.40% -)#<% +);4#4,$% /,$#50/),% +)<7*4Y40A% <"./,8% 57% $;4% 0$#5+$5#"*%

-#"<4U)#.%)-% *"#84%)+4",% /0*",3%R)*+",)40A%05+;%"0% $;)04%)-% $;4%C"U"//",%",3%6","#2%

K#+;/74*"8)0% V4>8>%?"*.4#% @]]BQ%6"##"+43)%@]]cW>%?"*.4#% V@]]BW% $4#<43% #/-$% T),40% "0%

14/,8% Z7)00/1*2% ",% /,R"#/",$% +)<7),4,$[% +),$#)**/,8% $;4% 4R)*5$/),% )-% )+4",/+% /0*",3%

R)*+",)40>%&,%$5#,A%0+"#70%)-%8/",$%*"$4#"*%+)**"7040%"#4%)-$4,%*)+"$43%14$U44,%$U)%3)</D

,",$% 0$#5+$5#"*%"Y40%)-%"% $#/"Y/"*% #/-$% 020$4<A%"0%U4**%3)+5<4,$43% -)#% $;4%6","#2% &0*",30%

V6"##"+43)% @]]cW>%I5#%<)34*0% 0;)U% ;)U% $;4% 3/#4+$/),0% )-% ;23#)-#"+$5#40% #4+),-/85#4%

354%$)%"%*"$4#"**2%+#447/,8%-*",.>%C4,+4A%+),$#"0$0%/,%1"0"*%-#/+$/),%V/>4>%-*",.%+#447W%<"2%

<)3/-2% $;4% 7#)7"8"$/),% 3/#4+$/),% )-% 3/.4% 0U"#<0A% 15$% /0% 05+;% "% <)34*% "77*/+"1*4% $)%

,"$5#"*%020$4<0%05+;%"0%$;4%6","#2%&0*",30r%M

25, 1

56 M

a

La Palma

Gomera

Tenerife

Gran Canaria

Fuer

teve

ntur

a

Lanzarote

Hierro100 km

28˚N

29˚N

30˚N

17˚W 15˚W 13˚W

NW-A

fricaCanary

Islands

20˚W

S1, 1

75 M

a

NW-Africa

Rift zone

Landslide and relateddeposits %

!"#$%&'5))^$($";)Y5-$(/5=)5&"10&1"$-)$7.5)$(/)-$(/5-'/.5)6$,&.")LR"$1/).&)$-<)@ABVD)^$""$0./#)@AACD)m"$5&.-).&)$-<)FGG@D)E$55#().&)$-<)FGGF8<))

%

I,% 4"+;% )-% $;4% 2)5,84#% VU40$4#,W%6","#2% &0*",30A% #/-$% T),40%5,34#*/4% $;4% "*/8,43% R4,$%

*)+"$/),0% ",3% 7"#"**4*% 3/.4% )#/4,$"$/),0% V_/8>% OW>% I,% :4,4#/-4A% S"% !"*<"% ",3% H*% C/4##)%

$;#44% #/-$% T),40% "#4% "##",843% /,% $#/"Y/"*% +),-/85#"$/),% V6"##"+43)% @]]NWA% 020$4<"$/+"**2%

;"R/,8%"%l@aa%$)%l@Nak%",8*4%/,D14$U44,>%

:;4%7#4R/)50%+),+47$%)-%$;4%84,40/0%)-%#485*"#%$#/"Y/"*%#/-$%84)<4$#2%),%$;4%6","#2%&0*",30%

/0% "3"7$43% -#)<% 7*"$4% $4+$),/+0A% U;4#4% $#/7*4% "#<43% X5,+$/),0% "#4% 14*/4R43% $)% -)#<% /,%

#407),04% $)%R4#$/+"*%57U"#3% *)"3/,8% VJ+_"#*",4%",3%=/3*42%@]cOQ%S5),8)%4$% "*>%@]]@Q%

6"##"+43)%@]]NA%@]]cW>%&,%$;/0%+),$4Y$A%#485*"#%$#/7*4D"#<43%-#"+$5#40%<"2%#405*$%-#)<%$;4%

*4"0$D4--)#$% -#"+$5#/,8% <4+;",/0<% )-% $;4% 1#/$$*4% +#50$% V6"##"+43)% @]]cW>% :;/0% *4"0$D4--)#$%

Part II. Chapter 6

91

<)34*%V_/8>%]W%/0%+),0/34#43%$)%4Y7*"/,%"W%$;4%"*/8,43%+),+4,$#"$/),%)-%4#57$/R4%0/$40%),%

:4,4#/-4A%H*%C/4##)%",3%S"%!"*<"A%1W%$;4%0$"1*4%0/$4%",3%3/#4+$/),%)-%#/-$%T),40A%",3%+W%$;4%

84,40/0%)-%R)*+",)%04+$)#%+)**"7040A%*)+"$43%/,D14$U44,%$U)%l@Bak%#/-$%T),40%V6"##"+43)%

@]]NA%@]]cW>%

Subsurface force

Least effort branching

120˚

Brittle plate

!"#$%&' 6<) n.$5&) .,,#"&) *#/.-D) !".9'#15) '/.$) #,)&4.) #"'%'() #,) &"'$7'$-) "',&) %.#*.&"'.5) #() &4.)^$($";)Y5-$(/5<)

C)U4R4#A%0$53/40%$;"$%-)+5043%),%/,-*"$/,8%3447%",3%0;"**)U%<"8<"%#404#R)/#0%7#)35+43%

4Y+*50/R4*2% #"3/"*% ",3% +),+4,$#/+% -#"+$5#4% 0U"#<0A% ,"##)U%)#% -)+5043% V$;#44W% #/-$% T),40%

;"R4%,)$%144,%)104#R43%VK,34#0),%@]M^Q%P)<5#)%@]ONQ%J"#$/%4$%"*>%@]]NQ%?"*$4#%",3%

:#)**%Baa@W>%%

=/-$% T),40% /,% $;4% 6","#2% &0*",30% "#4% #47#404,$43% "$% $;4% 05#-"+4% 12% 0$#/,80% )-% "*/8,43%

4#57$/),0%4</00/),%R4,$0%V6"##"+43)A%@]]cW>%j4"#%$;4%05#-"+4A%$;4%$)7)8#"7;/+%",3%0*)74D

*)"3/,8% 0$#400% /,-*54,+40% $;4% -/,"*% )#/4,$"$/),% )-% R4,$0%U/$;/,% $;4% #/-$% V6"##"+43)%@]]NA%

@]]cW>%\)$;A%$#/7*4%"#<43%#/-$0%",3%8/",$%*",30*/340%"#4%+*)04*2%"00)+/"$43%/,%$;4%6","#/40%

),% 0/,8*4% /0*",30% V6"##"+43)% @]]cW>% H*0U)#$;% ",3%()/8;$% V@]]cW% 340+#/143% 4Y$4,0/),"*%

0$#40040%/,%R)*+",/+%43/-/+40%$;"$%"#4%#4*"$43%$)%7;"040%)-%/,$4,04%4#57$/R4%"+$/R/$2>%:;404%

0$#40040%<"2%#4"+;%$;4%#57$5#4%$;#40;)*3%",3%$#/884#%<"00/R4%*",30*/340>%J)#4%$;",%eab%

)-% $;4% $)$"*% 051"4#/"*% R)*5<4%)-% $;4%U40$4#,%6","#2% &0*",30%+)**"7043% *"$4#"**2% /,$)% $;4%

04"%)#%U"0%4#)343%35#/,8%$;4%7"0$%</**/),%24"#0%V6"##"+43)%4$%"*>%@]]]"A1W>%:;4%"T/<5$;0%

)-% $;4%<"/,% #/-$%T),40% /,% $;4%U40$4#,%6","#2% &0*",30% V:4,4#/-4A%S"%!"*<"A%H*%C/4##)WA%"0%

U4**%"0% $;4%3/#4+$/),0%)-%8/",$% *",30*/340%"#4%+*4"#*2% #4*"$43% V_/8>%OW>%I5#%<)34*0% /<7*2%

$;"$% $;4% -)#<"$/),% )-% ,),D+)**/,4"#% ",3% $#/"Y/"*% #/-$0% <"2% 14% "% -5,+$/),% )-% 7#44Y/0$/,8%

R)*+",)%04+$)#%/,0$"1/*/$2%",3%-*",.%+#447>%?4%34<),0$#"$4%$;/0%#4*"$/),%-)#%S"%!"*<"A%$;4%

2)5,840$%",3%<)0$%"+$/R4%43/-/+4%)-%$;4%6","#2%&0*",30>%

(

I#(J#2?#B(K#53'*&+%&(/"*&24(7120#+1(

:;4%74"#D*/.4%)5$*/,4%)-%S"%!"*<"%/0%354%$)%",%)*3%+/#+5*"#%0;/4*3%/,%$;4%,)#$;%$)%U;/+;%/0%

U4*343% $;4%4*),8"$4%BeD.<D*),8%65<1#4%j54R"% i%65<1#4%(/4X"% #/-$%T),4% $)% $;4% 0)5$;%

V$;4%Z65<1#4%=/384[W>%:;4%#/-$%T),4%-)#<0%"%s@^aa<%;/8;%#/384%)-%0574#/<7)043%$47;#"%

",3% 07"$$4#% +),40% ",3% *"R"% -*)U0>% K1)5$% 0/Y%<"X)#% 4#57$/),0% )++5##43% /,% $;4% *"0$% eaa%

24"#0% "*),8% $;/0% #/384A% $;4% $U)% 2)5,840$% /,% @]N]% ",3% @]^@>% :;4% #/384% "*0)% 4Y$4,30%

04R4#"*%./*)<4$4#0%)--0;)#4%$)%$;4%0)5$;%)-%$;4%/0*",3%VE#84*40%4$%"*>%@]]]Q%F+;</,+.4%",3%

G#"-%BaaaW>%:U)%<"/,%84)*)8/+%5,/$0%"#4%34-/,43'%"W%"%!*/)+4,4%051<"#/,4%",3%7*5$),/+%

+)#4%-)#</,8%"%04"<)5,$%+)<7*4Y%4Y7)043%/,%$;4%U"**0%)-%$;4%Z6"*34#"%34%:"15#/4,$4[%

Part II. Chapter 6

92

V57% $)%@eaa%<%"0*WA%57*/-$43%12%)R4#%@%.<%",3% $/*$43% $)% $;4%0)5$;U40$A%",3%BW%051"4#/"*%

*"R"0% 0513/R/343% /,$)% $;#44% 05++400/R4% R)*+",)40% V:"15#/4,$4A%\4X4,"3)i65<1#4%(/4X"W%

$;"$%5,+),-)#<"1*2%+)R4#%$;4%04"<)5,$%VF$"53/84*%",3%F+;</,+.4%@]ONQ%6"##"+43)%4$%"*>%

@]]]"W>%:;4%:"15#/4,$4%0;/4*3%7#43"$40%$;4%8/",$%*",30*/340A%U;/*4%\4X4,"3)%",3%65<1#4%

(/4X"% 7)0$3"$4% $;4% +)**"704% V6"##"+43)% 4$% "*>%@]]]"W>%:;4%eD.<DU/34%4<1"2<4,$% Z6"*D

34#"%34%:"15#/4,$4[%/0%),4%)-%<",2%</0/,$4#7#4$43%Z+"*34#"0[%),%*"#84%R)*+",)40A%14/,8%

$;4% #405*$% )-% 340$#5+$/R4% Baa% .<t% *"$4#"*% *",30*/340% ",3% 4#)0/),% #"$;4#% $;",% "% +*"00/+"*%

VR4#$/+"*W%+)**"704%+"*34#"%VK,+)+;4"%4$%"*>%@]]NQ%6"##"+43)%4$%"*>%@]]]"Q%E#84*40%4$%"*>%

@]]]W>%K*0)%051<"#/,4%0$53/40%#4R4"*43%3/0$/,+$%*",30*/34%341#/0%-/4*30%"#)5,3%U40$4#,%S"%

!"*<"% VE#84*40% 4$% "*>% @]]]Q%J"00),% 4$% "*>% BaaBW>%:;4%+)**"704% 0+"#0% ",3%3447%4#)0/),%

*4R4*%7#404,$*2%"**)U%3447%/,0/8;$0%/,$)%$;4%1"04%/>4>%$;4%04"<)5,$%+)<7*4Y%5,34#,4"$;%

$;4%2)5,84#%+)R4#A%",3%-)#<%$;4%0$447%+*/--0%)-%$;4%6"*34#"%34%:"15#/4,$4%VK,+)+;4"%4$%

"*>%@]]NQ%6"##"+43)%4$%"*>%@]]]"W>%%

j)#$;4#,%S"%!"*<"%U"0%0$#5+$5#"**2%+),$#)**43%12%84,4#"**2%#"3/"*% -/005#40%VK,+)+;4"%4$%

"*>%@]]NWA% -)#</,8%"%3447D#4"+;/,8%#"3/"*%3/.4%0U"#<%-)#%"1)5$%@%J"%VL"2%4$%"*>%@]]]Q%

6"##"+43)%4$%"*>%Baa@Q%G5/**)5%4$%"*>%Baa@WA%"+$/R4%/,%$;4%R4#2%/,/$/"*%0$"84%)-%$;4%34R4*D

)7<4,$% )-% $;4%R)*+",)% V6"##"+43)%4$% "*>%@]]]"A1W>% F$"#$/,8%)-% "1)5$%a>O%J"% $;/0% #"3/"*%

+),-/85#"$/),%U"0% 0574#04343%12% $U)%,"##)U% #/-$% T),40A%),4% $)% $;4%U40$% VH*%:/<4%=/-$W%

U;/*4% $;4% ;/8;*2% 7#)35+$/R4% Z65<1#4D#/384[% 34R4*)743% $)% $;4% 0)5$;% VK,+)+;4"% 4$% "*>%

@]]NQ%6"##"+43)%4$%"*>%Baa@W>%:;4%5,0$"1*4%-*",.%4,+*)043%12%$;)04%#/-$0%+)**"7043%la>ec%

J"%"8)%$)%$;4%U40$%",3%0)5$;U40$%VG5/**)5%4$%"*>%Baa@W>%\"043%),%1)#4;)*4%",3%"84%3"$"A%

6"##"+43)%4$%"*>%V@]]]1W%/,$4#7#4$43%$;4%+),$"+$%14$U44,%$;4%<5+;%)*34#%04"<)5,$%04#/40%

",3%$;4%7)0$D+)**"704%\4X4,"3)%R)*+",)%Va>ee%J"W%"0%$;4%/,$4#-"+4%)-%$;4%+)**"704%1)5,3D

"#2>%F$#),8%0;4"#/,8%U"0%-)+5043%/,D14$U44,%$;)04%04#/40%VP>%=)"A%74#0>%+)<<5,>%Baa@WA%

/<7*2/,8% $;4%7#404,+4%)-%"%U4".%3h+)**4<4,$>% &,%)5#%84*"$/,4%4Y74#/<4,$0A%"%+#447/,8%

-*",.% )-% "% #"3/"*% +),4% +"5043% $U)%<"/,% 04+$)#D$",84,$/"*% -#"+$5#4% $#4,30>%I,4%)-% $;404%

4Y74#/<4,$"*%#/-$0%34R4*)743%<)#4%0$#),8*2%$;",%$;4%)$;4#A%U;4,%$;4%5,0$"1*4%04+$)#%U"0%

4++4,$#/+%4>8>% $)%$;4%0)5$;U40$>% &,%$;404%4Y74#/<4,$0A%;23#)D-#"+$5#40%7#)7"8"$43%$)%$;4%

U40$%",3%7#/,+/7"**2%$)%$;4%0)5$;>%&,%S"%!"*<"A%3/.4%3/#4+$/),0%$;50%#4-*4+$%$;4%7*"50/1*4%

#407),04% )-% 04+$)#% +#447% $)% $;4% 0)5$;U40$>% :;4% 3/.40% 8#)5743% $)% -)#<% "% 0<"**% V$)% $;4%

U40$W% ",3% "%<"X)#% $",84,$/"*% #/-$% V$)% $;4% 0)5$;WA% #47*"+/,8% ",% /,/$/"*% #"3/"*% 3/.4% 0U"#<Q%

R)*+",/+% 7#)35+$/R/$2%</8#"$43% $)% $;4% 0)5$;>% S"0$/,8%<"8<"$/+% "+$/R/$2% "$% $;4% 0)5$;% #/-$%

-)#<43% "% #/384A% 4Y$4,3/,8% 57% $)% Be%.<% 0)5$;% -#)<% $;4% 05<</$% )-% S"% !"*<"% V65<1#4%

=/384W>% I,+4% 40$"1*/0;43A% $;4% <)#7;)*)8/+"*% ;/8;% "074+$% #"$/)% +"5043% "% 0$4"32% #/-$/,8%

0$#400% -/4*3% ",3% -*",.% /,0$"1/*/$2% ,)#<"*% $)% $;4% #/-$% "Y/0% V6"##"+43)% 4$% "*>% @]]]1W>% L/.4%

"##",84<4,$0% ",3% "*/8,43% 0+)#/"% +),40% /,3/+"$4% $;4% u5"$4#,"#2% 7)0/$/),% )-% $;/0% #/-$A%

"*$;)58;%*"#84*2%340$#)243%12%*"$4#%U40$U"#3D3/#4+$43%*",30*/34%7#)+40040%V6"##"+43)%4$%

"*>%@]]]1Q%6"##"+43)%4$%"*>%Baa@W>%%

Part II. Chapter 6

93

\"043% ),% )5#% 4Y74#/<4,$0A%U4% /,-4#% $;"$% $;4% #/-$0%U4#4% /,/$/"$43% 35#/,8% 4"#*2% 0$"840% )-%

-*",.% /,0$"1/*/$2% 354% $)% 0)5$;U40$U"#3% 04+$)#% +#447>% :;4% 04d54,+4% "1)R4% $;4% $/*$43%

04"<)5,$%05++400/),%U"0%34$"+;43%/,%$;4%0)5$;U40$4#,%04+$)#>%&,%","*)82%$)%$;4%04+$)#D

$",84,$/"*% -#"+$5#4% 3/#4+$/),% /,% )5#% 84*"$/,4% +),4A% $;4% *"0$/,8% ",3% 3)</,",$% $",84,$/"*%

65<1#4%#/-$%T),40%-)#<43A%;/8;*2%"+$/R4%57%$)%$;4%7#404,$>%%

%

SantaCruz

500

1000

Secto

r cre

ep

Cu

mb

re Vieja R

idg

e

N

0 5 km0 Ma

1.4 MaTaburiente volcano

Radial structure

I I I I I I I I I I

II

II

II

II

0.4 Ma

II

I

II

I I I I II

II

I I I I II

I IIIII

Cumbre Nueva Series

Recurrent sector collapses+ erosion

Cumbre Vieja Series

I I I I I I I I I I

II

II

II

II

Main rift zone

Sector collapse (0.56 Ma)

Minor rifts

Cumbre Nueva Series

1.2 Ma

Creeping sectorCumbre Nueva Riftstart 0.6-0.83 Ma

El Time Rift(0.7-0.85 Ma)

La Palma 29

18˚W 16˚W

ATLANTIC OCEAN

AF

RIC

A

Sta

ble

co

nd

itio

nU

nst

able

co

nd

itio

n

Rif

t d

evel

op

men

t

Riftzone

Riftzone

%'

!"#$%&'(7))?&"10&1"$-).9#-1&'#()#,)n$)Z$-*$)6'(0-1/.)/$&$),"#*)K(0#04.$).&)$-<)@AACD)^$""$0./#).&)$-<)@AAA:D)J1'--#1).&)$-<)FGG@8<)?..)&.7&),#").7!-$($&'#(<)

(

(

(

Part II. Chapter 6

94

L*/03//*1+(G4*"$/,4D+),4%<)34*0% 0;)U%;)U%$;4%0$#400% -/4*3%",3%7#)7"8"$/,8%;23#)-#"+$5#40% #4+),D

-/85#"$4% $;4% /,$4#,"*% "#+;/$4+$5#4A% U;4,% 04+$)#% +#447% 3)</,"$40>% \2% /,X4+$/,8% +)*)#43%

U"$4#% /,$)% $;404% 84*"$/,4% +),40% U4% 0$53/43% $;4% -#"+$5#4% 7"$;0% ",3% -)5,3% "% 020$4<"$/+%

7"$$4#,%#4-*4+$/,8%04+$)#%+#447%+),3/$/),0>%F/,+4%$;4%+),40%"#4%1#",+;43%),%/,X4+$/),%12%

"W%#"3/"*%-#"+$5#4%$#4,30%U;4,%$;4%1"0"*%-#/+$/),%/0%;)<)84,4)50A%15$%-)#<%1W%3/0+#4$4%#/-$%

T),40%U;4,%"%+),40g%04+$)#%U"0%*)+"$43%),%"%1"0"*%*51#/+",$A%U4%+",%/,-4#%$;"$%R)*+",)40%

",3% $;4/#% /,$#50/R4% 0;44$0% -)**)U% 0/</*"#% <4+;",/0<0% 3474,3/,8% ),% $;4% *51#/+"$/,8%

7)$4,+2%)-%34$"+;/,8%04+$)#0%"1)R4%U4".%*"24#0>%%

:;4% ",+/4,$% #"3/"*% 43/-/+4% )-% S"% !"*<"% U"0% 5,0$"1*4% /,% $;4% 0)5$;U40$4#,% 7"#$A% 0/,+4%

5,34#*2/,8% 04"<)5,$% 04#/40% 3/7% $)U"#30% 0)5$;90)5$;U40$% VF$"53/84*% ",3% F+;</,+.4%

@]ONW>%:;4%/,$4#-"+4%)-%$;4%57*/-$43%04"<)5,$%+)<7*4Y%",3%$;4%5,+),-)#<"1*2%)R4#*2/,8%

04#/40% -)#<43%"%7)$4,$/"*%3h+)**4<4,$>%J"00),%4$%"*>% VBaaBW% /34,$/-/43%<5+;%)*34#%051D

<"#/,4% *",30*/34%347)0/$0A%14/,8%l@%J"%)*3%",3%3/#4+$43%"*0)%$)%$;4%0)5$;U40$Q%;4,+4%

$;4%8/",$%*",30*/34%a>ec%J"%"8)%14/,8%"%#4+5##4,$%+)**"704>%K*$;)58;%1)#4;)*40%3#/**43%/,%

$;4% 4<1"2<4,$% #4R4"*% $;4% U4".% +),$"+$% 14$U44,% $;4% F4"<)5,$% 04#/40% ",3% \4X4,"3)%

*"R"0%"$%04"%*4R4*%V6"##"+43)%4$%"*>%@]]]"WA%1#4++/"0%)-%<5+;%)*34#%*",30*/340%VJ"00),%4$%

"*>% BaaBW% <"2% ;"R4% -)#<43% -5#$;4#% 3447*2% 15#/43% U4".% <4+;",/+"*% 5,+),-)#</$/40%

/,+*/,43% $)% $;4% 0)5$;U40$>% K% 051<"#/,4% 4--4+$% )-% -*",.% +#447% #4<"/,0% 074+5*"$/R4>% :;4%

5,0$"1*4%0)5$;U40$4#,%S"%!"*<"%",3%"$$4,343%-*",.%+#447%7#)+400%",3%0$#400%-/4*3%+;",84%

#405*$43%/,%0$#5+$5#"*%#4+),-/85#"$/),%-)#</,8%$U)%$",84,$/"*%#/-$%T),40Q%),4%<"/,%#/-$%T),4%

$)%$;4%0)5$;%",3%"%</,)#%),4%$)%$;4%U40$>%:;4%04+$)#%+)**"704%)-%$;4%5,0$"1*4%-*",.%U"0%

3"$43%$)%la>ec%J"%VG5/**)5%4$%"*>%Baa@W>%&,3/R/35"*%3/.40%)-%$U)%04+$)#D$",84,$/"*%#/-$0%VH*%

:/<4%=/-$%",3%65<1#4%=/384W%U4#4%3"$43%$)%"1)5$%a>O%J"%V6"##"+43)%4$%"*>%Baa@WA%7#4D

3"$/,8% $;4%+)**"704>% &-% $;404%)++5##4,+40%9$",84,$/"*%#/-$%T),40%",3%04+$)#%+)**"7049%"#4%

84,4$/+"**2%#4*"$43A% $;4%5,0$"1*4%0)5$;U40$4#,%04+$)#%)-%S"%!"*<"%U"0%+#447/,8%*"$4#"**2%

-)#%"1)5$%Bea>aaa%24"#0%14-)#4%04+$)#%+)**"704%)++5##43>%:;4%*)+"$/),0%)-%$;4%$",84,$/"*%

#/-$%T),40%/,3/+"$4%$;4%4Y$4,$%)-%$;4%5,0$"1*4%0)5$;U40$U"#3%+#447/,8%-*",.>%%

I5#%<)34*0%",3%-/4*3%4R/34,+4%-)#%S"%!"*<"%/<7*2%$;"$%R)*+",)%04+$)#D+#447%<"2%84,4#D

"$4%#/-$%T),40>%:;4%0)5$;%#/-$%)-%S"%!"*<"%/0%$;4%R)*+",/+"**2%<)0$%"+$/R4%"#4"%/,%$;4%6","#D

/40A% -)#</,8% $;4% 0)5$;U"#3D4*),8"$43% 65<1#4% (/4X"% #/384>% :;4% d540$/),% /0A% U;4$;4#%

04+$)#D+#447%",3%#/-$%-)#<"$/),%/,-*54,+40%<"8<"%4#57$/),>%I,%$;4%C"U"//",%",3%6","#2%

&0*",30%$;4%<)0$%-)+5043A%*),840$%",3%0$#"/8;$40$%#/-$%T),40%"#4%$;)04%)-%$;4%0;/4*3%R)*+"D

,)40%/,%$;4/#%<)0$%7#)35+$/R4%0$"84%VF$4"#,0A%@]OeQ%L/4$4#/+;%@]OOW>%:;4%*"$4#%0$"840%)-%S"%

!"*<"% 0;)U% <",2% 0/</*"#/$/40% U/$;% $;4% 4"#*2% 0$"840% )-% 34R4*)7<4,$% )-% $;4% C"U"//",%

&0*",30%$;"$%"#4%7#404,$*2%/,%"%;/8;*2%7#)35+$/R4%X5R4,/*4%0$"84%V6"##"+43)%4$%"*>%@]]]"W>%

&,$4#"+$/,8%#/-$/,8%",3%*"$4#"*%+#447%/0%<)#4)R4#%#47)#$43%-#)<%P/*"54"A%C"U"//%VL/4$4#/+;%

@]OOW>%?4%U),34#%U;4$;4#%R4#2%7#)35+$/R4%#/-$%R)*+",/0<%/0%"%+),04d54,+4%)-%R)*+",)%

Part II. Chapter 6

95

/,0$"1/*/$2% ",3% 04+$)#% +#447>% !*5<1/,8% 4--4+$0% ",3% $;50% $;4% <"8<"% 0577*2% #"$40% <"2%

+;",84%12% -*",.% +#447% ",3%R)*+",)% 07#4"3/,8A% ",3%14+"<4%<)3/-/43% #"7/3*2%4>8>%12%"%

05334,%34+#4"04%)-%1"0"*%0;4"#%#40/0$",+4>%%

I,+4% 40$"1*/0;43A% 8#"R/$"$/),"*% 07#4"3/,8% )-% $;4% $)7)8#"7;/+% #/3840% V_/0.4% ",3% `"+.0),%

@]^BW% ",3%34,0/$2% /,+#4"04%,4"#% $;4%3/.4% +)<7*4Y% V?"*.4#%@]]BW% +),$#/15$4% $)% *"0$/,8%

"+$/R/$2% )-% #/-$% T),40>% :;4% +*)04% $4<7)#"*% ",3% 84,4$/+% #4*"$/),0;/7% 14$U44,% /,$#50/),0A%

8#)5,3% 34-)#<"$/),0A% <)34#"$4% $)% *"#84% 04/0</+/$2% ",3% 0*/3/,8% )-% $;4% 0)5$;% -*",.% )-%

P/*"54"% )R4#% $;/,% 3h+)**4<4,$% 7*",40% "#4% 3/0+50043% V4>8>% LR)#".% @]]NQ% =2",% @]OOQ%

L4*",42%4$%"*>%@]]MW>%:;4%1"0"*%P/*"54"% -"5*$% /0%"*<)0$%;)#/T),$"*%",3%#))$0%"$%347$;%"$%

$;4%1"04%)-%$;4%#/-$>%F*/3/,8%"*),8%$;/0%3h+)**4<4,$%7*",4%/0%*"#84*2%"04/0</+A%/,$4#7#4$43%$)%

14% ",% 4--4+$%)-% *"#84%6)5*)<1% 0$#400% +;",840%"*),8% $;4% -"5*$% T),4% V:/**/,8%",3%LR)#".%

@]]MQ%:#)/04%Baa@W>%:;4%0/$4%)-%34$"+;<4,$%U4**%-/$0%$;4%*)+"$/),%)-%U4".%<"$4#/"*0%+*)04%

$)% $;4% /,$4#-"+4% $)% $;4%)+4",%+#50$% "$% "%347$;%)-%l]%.<% V6*"854%",3%L4,*/,84#%@]]NQ%

L4*",42%4$%"*>%@]]OW>%:;/0%*51#/+"$/,8%/,$4#-"+4%4Y$4,30%*"$4#"**2%"*),8%",+40$#"*%*",30*/34%

341#/0%",3%74*"8/+%043/<4,$0%VJ))#4%4$%"*>%@]O]W>%:;4%04"U"#3D3/#4+$43%-*",.%<)$/),%/0%

/,$4#7#4$43% $)% 14% 3#/R4,% 12% $;4% R)*+",)% <"00% ",3% $;4% Z<"8<"% 750;[% VL4,*/,84#% ",3%

I.51)% @]]eQ% IU4,% 4$% "*>% @]]eQ% L4*",42% 4$% "*>% @]]OW>% I-% /,$4#40$% /0% $;4% "02<<4$#/+%

04/0</+/$2% "+#)00% $;4% P/*"54"% #/-$0A% 14/,8% -)+5043% "$% $;4% 04"0/34% ",3% 14/,8% 7#"+$/+"**2%

"104,$%,)#$;%)-%$;4%#/-$%V=2",%@]OOQ%:/**/,8%",3%LR)#".%@]]MW>%:;4)#4$/+"*%0$53/40%)-%3/.4%

7#4005#4A%;)U4R4#A%7#43/+$%"%02<<4$#/+%7"$$4#,%)-%6)5*)<1%0$#400%),%4/$;4#%0/34%)-% $;4%

#/-$%V=51/,%",3%!)**"#3%@]O^W>%:;/0%3/0+#47",+2%+)5*3%14%$;4%#405*$%)-%15$$#400/,8%1"##/4#%

VJ"5,"%S)"W%"$%$;4%,)#$;4#,%),0;)#4%0/34A%)#%",%4--4+$%)-%$;4%+),+"R4%+5#R"$5#4%)-%$;4%#/-$%

V=2",%@]OOQ%:#)/04%Baa@W>%K,%"*$4#,"$/R4%4Y7*","$/),%/0%*"$4#"*%0*/7%"*),8%$;4%*51#/+"$43%

1"04A% -)+50/,8% $;4%4Y$4,0/),"*% 0$#400%),% $;4% 04+$)#D$",84,$% #/-$0%",3% $;4% 0)5$;4#,% 04+$)#%

/$04*->%:;4%P/*"54"%#/-$%T),40%"*0)%#))$%"$%"%347$;%)-%l]%.<A%/>4>%$;4%#))$%/0%*)+"$43%/,%$;4%

0"<4% 347$;% $;",% $;4% *)+"*/T43% 34$"+;<4,$% 7*",4% V+->% \)#8/"% 4$% "*>% BaaaW>% I5#% <)34*%

058840$0%$;"$%$;4%#/-$%+),-/85#"$/),%/0%*/.4*2%$)%14%$;4%#405*$%)-%0*)U%-*",.%+#447%#"$;4#%$;",%

$;4%+"50"*%<4+;",/0<%)-% -*",.%/,0$"1/*/$2>%K++)#3/,8%$)%$;/0% /,$4#7#4$"$/),A% $;4%0)5$;4#,%

-*",.%)-%C"U"//% /0%"% #40$#/+$43%+#447/,8% -*",.%)-%"%8#"R/$"$/),"**2% 07#4"3/,8%R)*+",)% V+->%

R",%?2.%34%(#/40%4$%"*>%Baa@WQ%$;4%0/$40%)-%/,$#50/),0%"#4%/<7)043%$)%-)#<%#/-$%T),40%$;"$%

40$"1*/0;43% ",3% 750;% $;4% -*",.% -5#$;4#% 04"U"#30>% ?4".% 0510$#"$5<% ",3% 8#"R/$2D3#/R4,%

+#447%)-%R)*+",)%-*",.0%<"2%+),$#)*%,4"#D05#-"+4%#/-$/,8%)-%R)*+",/+%43/-/+40%",3%$;50%$;4%

0$#5+$5#"*% -#"<4U)#.% )-% R)*+",)40>% S"$4#% #/-$/,8% /0% "% #405*$% )-% 8#"R/$2D3#/R4,% R)*+",)%

34-)#<"$/),% ",3% /$0% 0/8,/-/+",+4A% *)+"$/),% ",3% 3/#4+$/),% /0% "% -5,+$/),% )-% 7"#$/"*% -*",.%

+#447>% :;4% 4R)*5$/),% -#)<% -*",.% +#447% $)% #/-$% T),4% -)#</,8% 3/.40% <"2% ;4,+4% 14% $;4%

+)<7),4,$0%)-%"%7)0/$/R4%-4431"+.%7"$$4#,>%

%

Part II. Chapter 6

96

C3??#'<(#+4(01+023/*1+/(?4% 340/8,43% 84*"$/,4% ","*)8% 4Y74#/<4,$0% $)% 0/<5*"$4% $;4% 0$#400% -/4*3% ",3% /,$#50/R4%

7"$$4#,0% )-% 5,0$"1*4% R)*+",/+% 43/-/+40>% :;4% ","*)8% R)*+",)40% U4#4% +),4D0;"743% ",3%

3/--4#4,$% +),3/$/),0% )-% 1"0"*% -#/+$/),% U4#4% 5043% /,% R"#/)50% 4Y74#/<4,$"*% 04$570>% ?4%

/,X4+$43% +)*)#43%U"$4#% -#)<%14*)U%",3% 0$53/43% $;4%)#/4,$"$/),%)-% -#"+$5#40% V3/.40W% $;"$%

7#)7"8"$43%$;#)58;%$;4%+),40>%%

F/$5"$43% ),% 5,/-)#<% 0510$#"$5<A% $;4% -*",.0% )-% $;4% 84*"$/,4D+),4% 34-)#<43% 12% 8#"R/$2D

3#/R4,% 4Y$4,0/),>% :;4% )#/4,$"$/),% )-% $;4% -#"+$5#40% U"0% 74#74,3/+5*"#% $)% $;4% </,/<5<%

7#/,+/7"*% +)<7#400/R4% 0$#400A% #405*$/,8% /,% "% [#"3/"*% 3/.4% 0U"#<[>% &,% "% -5#$;4#% 04$57A%U4%

#435+43% $;4%1"0"*% 0;4"#% #40/0$",+4% /,%),4% 04+$)#A% $)% 0/<5*"$4% $;4% 0$#400% -/4*3%+*)04% $)%"%

*)+"**2% +#447/,8% -*",.>% &,% $;404% 4Y74#/<4,$0A% $;4% 3/.4% "T/<5$;% 3/R4#843% *"#84*2% U;4,%

/,X4+$43% /,$)%"W% $;4%,),D+#447/,8%7"#$%)-% $;4%+),4A%1W% $;4%+#447/,8%04+$)#A%)#%+W% $;4%0$"D

1*4i5,0$"1*4% /,$4#-"+4>%6"04%"W%7#)35+43% #"3/"*% -#"+$5#40Q%+"04%1W%7#)35+43%<"/,*2% -#"+D

$5#40%$;"$%#4-*4+$%0$#),8%+/#+5<-4#4,$/"*%4Y7",0/),%)-%$;4%+#447/,8%04+$)#>%&,%+"04%+W%$;#44%

<"/,% -#"+$5#4% 3/#4+$/),0% -)#<43A% $U)% )-% U;/+;% U4#4% $",84,$/"*% $)% $;4% 0$"1*4i5,0$"1*4%

/,$4#-"+4%",3%"%$;/#3%3/--504%),4%7#)7"8"$43%/,$)%$;4%0$"1*4%7"#$%)-%$;4%+),4A%#4</,/0+4,$%

)-% $#/"Y/"*%#/-$%T),40%),%<",2%R)*+",)40>%:;4%0/8,/-/+",+4%",3%3/#4+$/),%)-%$;4%$;#44%#/-$%

T),40% R"#/43% 020$4<"$/+"**2%U/$;% 0/T4A% 4++4,$#/+/$2% ",3% +#447% 3/#4+$/),% )-% $;4% 5,0$"1*4%

04+$)#>%K0%0;)U,%/,%_/85#4%@@A%$;#44%<"/,%$2740%)-%#/-$%T),4%+),-/85#"$/),0%<"2%"++)#3D

/,8*2%34R4*)7% -#)<%",% /,/$/"**2% #"3/"*% R)*+",/+% +),4>% F*/8;$% 4++4,$#/+/$2%)-% $;4%+#447/,8%

04+$)#% -)+5040% 3/.4% /,$#50/),% "*),8% $U)% +5#R43% "Y40% $",84,$/"*% $)% $;4% 0$"1*4i5,0$"1*4%

/,$4#-"+4>% &,% +),$#"0$A% 0$#),8% 4++4,$#/+/$2% #405*$43% /,%),*2%),4%<"/,% $",84,$/"*% #/-$A% R4#2%

0/</*"#%$)%$;4%FD#/-$%)104#R43%),%S"%!"*<">%

%

Stable shield volcanoRadial dike swarm

A Unstable sectorFormation of 2 or 3 rift zones

tangential rifting(SW and SE - rifts)

B Unstable sector1 main rift zone

diffuse rifting

stro

ng r

iftin

g(S

- r

ift z

one)

D Unstable volcano 1 diffuse dike swarm

diffu

se r

iftin

g

C

Direction of main volcano growth(small arrow: minor intensity)

Direction of sector creep Inferred transition of stable edifice/creeping sector

Dikes(dark shading: strong rifting)

'

!"#$%&'(())_4.)!."5'5&.(0.)$(/)/'".0&'#()#,) &4"..)*$'() "',&)3#(.5)9$"'./)5;5&.*$&'0$--;) '()5'3.=).00.(&"'0'&;)$(/) 0"..!) /'".0&'#() #,) &4.) 1(5&$:-.) 5.0&#"<) +)) 2$/'$-) 9#-0$(#D) 5!".$/'(%) Q'&4) 4#*#%.(.#15) :$5$-) 54.$")".5'5&$(0.<),80))Y,)$)5.0&#")#,)$)"$/'$-)9#-0$(#)5&$"&5)&#)0"..!)-$&."$--;=)Q.)0$().7!.0&)#(.)#,)&4"..)!"'(0'!$-)5&"10&1"$-)0#(,'%1"$&'#(5<)^$5.)-))'--15&"$&.5)&4.)!"#[.0&./)5&"10&1"$-)/.9.-#!*.(&)#,)n$)Z$-*$<)

%

Part II. Chapter 6

97

?/$;% /,/$/"$/),% )-% "% +#447/,8% 04+$)#A% ",% /,/$/"*% #"3/"**2% 0$#5+$5#43% R)*+",)% /0% */.4*2% $)%

#4+),-/85#"$4% ",3% 7#)35+4% #/-$% T),40% +)<7)043% )-% $U)% )#% $;#44% "Y40>% \"043% ),% $;4%

4Y74#/<4,$"*% #405*$0A% U4% 7#)7)04% $;"$% $;4% -)#<"$/),% ",3% +),-/85#"$/),% )-% $#/"Y/"*% #/-$%

T),40% <"2% 14% "% #407),04% $)% ,4"#D05#-"+4% R)*+",)D34-)#<"$/),% 05+;% "0% R)*+",)D-*",.%

+#447%#"$;4#%$;",%"%0/<7*4%-5,+$/),%)-%R4#$/+"*%57U"#3%*)"3/,8%"0%+)<<),*2%"005<43%-)#%

R)*+",/+%#/-$0%),%)+4",%/0*",30>%

%

806+1G2&4,&?&+%/B( :;4% "5$;)#0% $;",.% G>% K*R"#"3)% ",3% :>% C",0$44,% -)#% +#/$/+"*%

+)<<4,$0%),%4"#*/4#%R4#0/),0%)-%$;4%<",50+#/7$%",3%j>%J/$+;4**%-)#%3/0+500/),>%_/,",+/"*%

0577)#$% U"0% 7#)R/343% 12% $;4% L45$0+;4% _)#0+;5,8084<4/,0+;"-$% $)% C>DE>% F+;</,+.4%

VF+;<%Beai^^D@ABWA% "% 8#",$% -#)<% $;4% F$53/4,0$/-$5,8%340% 345$0+;4,%()*.40% $)%(=:% ",3%

$#"R4*%0577)#$%12%$;4%:#/,/$2%6)**484%L51*/,> %

M&.&'&+0&/(%K,34#0),A% H>J>A% 6),4% 0;44$0% ",3% #/,8% 32.40Q% $;4%

32,"</+"*% 4Y7*","$/),A% T1--<) >#-0$(#-<=) @A% MeDNaA%@]M^>%

K,+)+;4"A%H>A%_>%C4#,",A%K>%6",3#4#)A%`>J>%6",$"8#4*A%`>J>%_50$4#A% H>% &1"##)*"A% ",3% `>% 6)4**)A% 6),0$#5+$/R4% ",3%340$#5+$/R4% 47/0)340% /,% $;4% 15/*3/,8% )-% "% 2)5,8% )+4D",/+% /0*",3A% S"%!"*<"A%6","#2% &0*",30A%",3%84,40/0%)-%$;4% +"*34#"% 34% :"15#/4,$4A% N<) >#-0$(#-<) J.#&4."*<)2.5<=)UGA%BNMDBcBA%@]]N>%

K,,4,A% 6>A% `>D_>% Sh,"$A% ",3% K>% !#)R)0$A% :;4% *),8D$4#<%8#)U$;% )-% R)*+",/+% 43/-/+40'% ,5<4#/+"*% <)34**/,8% )-%$;4% #)*4% )-% 32.4% /,$#50/),% ",3% *"R"% -*)U% 4<7*"+4D<4,$0A% N<) >#-0$(#-<) J.#&4."*<) 2.5<=) @GVA% BcMDBO]A%Baa@>%

\)#8/"A% K>A% L2,"</+% 1"0/0% )-% R)*+",/+% 07#4"3/,8A% N<)J.#!4;5<)2.5<=)AAA%@^A^]@D@^AOaNA%@]]N>%

\)#8/"A% K>A% !>% L4*",42A% ",3% =>!>% L4,*/,84#A% F7#4"3/,8%()*+",)40A%K((<)2.9<)o$"&4)Z-$(.&<)?0'<=)FBA%eM]De^aA%Baaa>%

\)$A% K>A% =>L>% G#))$A% ",3% ?>G>J>% K8$4#)-A% j),D*/,4"#%4*"0$/+/$2% ",3% #57$5#4% )-% 84*"$/,4% 84*0A% /,) J1*5) $(/)5&$:'-'5."5) ,#") &4.) ,##/) '(/15&";) BA% 43/$43% 12% G>I>%!;/**/70A% !>K>%?/**/"<0A% ",3%L>`>%?43*)+.A% Y2n)Z".55=)P7,#"/A%@@^D@BcA%@]]c>%

6"##"+43)A% `>% 6>A% :;4% 6","#2% &0*",30Q% ",% 4Y"<7*4% )-%0$#5+$5#"*% +),$#)*% ),% $;4% 8#)U$;% )-% *"#84% )+4",/+D/0*",3% R)*+",)40A% N<) >#-0$(#-<) J.#&4."*<) 2.5<=) UGA%BBeDBN@A%@]]N>%

6"##"+43)A% `>%6>A%K% 0/<7*4%<)34*% -)#% $;4%84,40/0%)-% *"#84%8#"R/$"$/),"*% *",30*/34% ;"T"#30% /,% $;4% 6","#2% &0*",30A%/,%>#-0$(#) '(5&$:'-'&;)#()&4.)o$"&4)$(/)#&4.")!-$(.&5A%43/$43%12%?>%`>%J+G5/#4A%K>%!>%`),40A%",3%`>%j4514#8A%J.#-<)?#0<)n#(/#(<A%@@G=%@BeD@MeA%@]]c>%

6"##"+43)A% `>6>A% F>% L"2A% C>% G5/**)5A% ",3% _>`>!>% :)##"3)A%G/",$% u5"$4#,"#2% *",30*/340% /,% $;4% 4R)*5$/),% )-% S"%!"*<"% ",3% H*% C/4##)A% 6","#2% &0*",30<A% N<) >#-0$(#-<)J.#&4."*<)2.5<=)ACA%@c]D@]aA%@]]]">%%

6"##"+43)A% `>6>A% F>% L"2A% C>% G5/**)5A% ",3%G#"R40$)+.A% !>A%:;4% *"$4#% 0$"840% )-% $;4% R)*+",/+% ",3% 0$#5+$5#"*% 4R)*5D$/),%)-%S"%!"*<">A%6","#2%&0*",30'%:;4%65<1#4%j54R"%8/",$% +)**"704% ",3% $;4% 65<1#4% (/4X"% R)*+",)A% J.#-<)?#0<)K*<)T1--<=)@@@A%^eeD^cOA%@]]]1>%

6"##"+43)A% `>6>A% =>% \"3/)*"A% ",3% C>% G5/**)5A% j)#$4% 34% S"%!"*<"A% E$!$) J.#-p%'0#) q$0'#($-) /.) o5!$r$)6EKJqK8A%C)X"0%@aOMD&D@aOM%&(A%Baa@>%%

6*"854A% L>K>A% ",3% =>!>% L4,*/,84#A% =)*4% )-% )*/R/,4% +5<5D*"$40%/,%340$"1/*/T/,8%$;4%-*",.0%)-%C"U"//",%R)*+",)40A%T1--<)>#-0$(#-<=)VUA%NBeDNMNA%@]]N>%

L"2A% F>`>A% `>6>% 6"##"+43)A% C>% G5/**)5A% ",3% !>% G#"R40$)+.A%=4+4,$% 0$#5+$5#"*% 4R)*5$/),% )-% $;4% 65<1#4% (/4X"% R)*D+",)A% S"% !"*<"A% 6","#2% &0*",30'% R)*+",/+% #/-$% T),4%#4+),-/85#"$/),%"0%"%7#4+5#0)#%$)%R)*+",)%-*",.%/,0$"1/*D/$2r%N<)>#-0$(#-<)J.#&4."*<)2.5<=)ACA%@MeD@c^A%@]]]>%

L4*",42A%!>:>A%K>%J/.*/50A%:>%K#,"3)$$/#A%K>:>%I."<5#"A%",3%J>P>% F".")A% J)$/),% )-% P/*"54"% R)*+",)% 35#/,8% 050D$"/,43% 4#57$/),% -#)<% $;4% !55% I)% ",3% P57"/",";"%R4,$0A% @]OMD@]]@A% N<) J.#!4;5<) 2.5<=) ABA% @^AOa@D@^AOBaA%@]]M>%

L4*",42A% !>:>A% =>!>% L4,*/,84#A% J>% S/0)U0./A% K>% J/.*/50A%!>G>%I.51)A%K>:>%I."<5#"A% ",3%J>P>% F".)A%()*+",/+%07#4"3/,8% "$% P/*"54"A% @]^cD@]]cA% N<) J.#!4;5<) 2.5<=)@GWA%@OAaaMD@OaBMA%@]]O>%

L4,*/,84#A% =>!>A% ",3% !>% I.51)A% F$#5+$5#4% )-% $;4% <)1/*4%0)5$;% -*",.% )-% P/*"54"% ()*+",)A% C"U"//A% N<) J.#!4;5<)2.5<=)@GGA%BNAN]]DBNAea^A%@]]e>%

L/4$4#/+;A% `>C>A% G#)U$;% ",3% 74#0/0$4,+4% )-% C"U"//",%R)*+",/+% #/-$% T),40A% N<) J.#!4;5<) 2.5<A% ]MA% NBeODNB^aA%@]OO>%

LR)#".A% `>`>A% K,% 4"#$;d5".4% +2+*4% "*),8% $;4% 0)5$;% -*",.%)-%P/*"54"%()*+",)A%C"U"//A% N<)J.#!4;5<)2.5<=)AAA% ]eMMD]eN@A%@]]N>%

H*0U)#$;A%L>A%",3%\>%()/8;$A%L/.4%/,$#50/),%"0%"%$#/884#%-)#%*"#84% 4"#$;d5".40% ",3% $;4% -"/*5#4% )-% R)*+",)% -*",.0A% N<)J.#!4;5<)2.5<=)@GGA%caaeDcaBNA%@]]e>%

H*0U)#$;A% L>A% ",3% \>% ()/8;$A% HR"*5"$/),% )-% R)*+",)% -*",.%/,0$"1/*/$2% $#/884#43% 12% 32.4% /,$#50/),A% /,% >#-0$(#)'(5&$:'-'&;)#()&4.)o$"&4)$(/)#&4.")!-$(.&5A%43/$43%12%?>%`>% J+G5/#4A% K>% !>% `),40A% ",3% `>% j4514#8A% J.#-<) ?#0<)n/(<=)@@GA%NeDeMA%@]]c>%

_h#"53A% G>A% G>% G/",,4#/,/A% =>% 6"<7#43),A% ",3% 6>`>%F$/**<",A% G4)+;#),)*)82% )-% 0)<4% 6","#/",% 32.4%0U"#<0>%6),$#/15$/),%$)%$;4%R)*+",)D$4+$),/+%4R)*5$/),%)-%$;4%"#+;/74*"8)A%N<)>#-0$(#-<)J.#&4."*<)2.5<=)FVA%B]DeBA%@]Oe>%

Part II. Chapter 6

98

_/0.4A%=>F>A%",3%H>%L>% `"+.0),A%I#/4,$"$/),%",3%8#)U$;%)-%C"U"//",%R)*+",/+%#/-$0A%Z"#0<)2<)?#0<)n#(/#(=)?."<)K=)WFAA%B]]DMBcA%@]^B>%

G53<5,300),A%K>A%J"#/,),/A%S>\>A%",3%J"#$/A%`>A%&,X4+$/),%",3%"##40$%)-%32.40'%/<7*/+"$/),0%-)#%R)*+",/+%;"T"#30A%N<)>#-0$(#-<)J.#&4."*<)2.5<=)BBA%@D@MA%@]]]>%

G5/**)5A% C>A% 6"##"+43)A% `>6>A% ",3% L5,+",A% =>K>A% PDK#A%NaK#DM]K#% "840% ",3% <"8,4$)0$#"$/8#"7;2% )-% \#5,;40%",3%J"$52"<"% *"R"% 04d54,+40% -#)<%S"%!"*<"% &0*",3A%N<)>#-0$(#-<)J.#&4."*<)2.5<=)@GUA%@^eD@]NA%Baa@>%

&3"A%m>A%H--4+$%)-% $;4%+#50$"*%0$#400%),%$;4%8#)U$;%)-%3/.40'%6),3/$/),0% )-% /,$#50/),% ",3% 4Y$#50/),% )-% <"8<"A% N<)J.#!4;5<)2.5<=)@GCA%@^AO]^D@^A]a]A%@]]]>%

&R4#0),A% =>J>A% 6",% <"8<"D/,X4+$/),% ",3% 8#)5,3U"$4#%-)#+40% +"504% <"00/R4% *",30*/340% ),% C"U"//",% R)*+"D,)40r% N<) >#-0$(#-<) J.#&4."*<) 2.5<=) UUA% B]eDMaOA%@]]e>%

P)<5#)A% CA% _5X/$"A% m>A% ",3% P>% P)3"<"A% j5<4#/+"*% ",3%4Y74#/<4,$"*%<)34*0%),% $;4% -)#<"$/),%<4+;",/0<%)-%+)**"704% 1"0/,0% 35#/,8% $;4% G#44,% :5--% I#)84,40/0% )-%`"7",A%T1--<)>#-0$(#-<)COA%cN]DcccA%@]ON>%

P#"0$4*A%F>A%C>DE>%F+;</,+.4A%6>S>%`"+)10A%=>%=/;<A%:>!>%S"%\"0A% \>% K*/1h0A% F51<"#/,4% *",30*/340% "#)5,3% $;4% 6"D,"#2%&0*",30>%N<)J.#!4;5<)2.5<=)@GUA%M]^^DM]]^A%Baa@>%

S/7<",A% !>% ?>A% =>% m>% S)+.U))3A% =>% :>% I."<5#"A% L>K>%FU",0),A% ",3%P>%J>%m"<"0;/$"A%G#)5,3%34-)#<"$/),%"00)+/"$43% U/$;% $;4% @]^e% J"8,/$534D^>B% 4"#$;d5".4%",3% #405*$/,8% +;",840% /,% "+$/R/$2% )-% P/*"54"% R)*+",)A%C"U"//A%g<?<)J.#-<)?1"9<)Z"#,<)Z$!<=)@FOUA%@DNeA%@]Oe>

S5),8)A%G>A%H>%6514**/0A%_>%I1#/TT)A%",3%F>J>%!4$#"TT5)*/A%K% 7;20/+"*% <)34*% -)#% $;4% )#/8/,% )-% R)*+",/0<% )-% $;4%:2##;4,/",%<"#8/,'%$;4%+"04%)-%$;4%j4"7)*/$",%"#4"A%N<)>#-0$(#-<)J.#&4."*<)2.5<=)CBA%@^MD@OeA%@]]@>%

J"#$/A%`>A%G>`>%K1*"2A%S>:>%=430;"UA%F>%F7"#.0A%HY74#/<4,$"*%0$53/40% )-% +)**"704% +"*34#"0A% N<) J.#-<) ?#0<) n#(/#(=)@V@A%]@]D]B]A%@]]N>%

J"00),A% L>G>A% K>\>% ?"$$0Q% J>`>=>% G44A% =>%E#84*40A%j>6>%J/$+;4**A%:>!>%S4%\"0A%",3%J>%6","*0A%F*)74%-"/*5#40%),%$;4% -*",.0% )-% $;4% U40$4#,% 6","#2% &0*",30A% o$"&4) ?0'<)2.9<)VOA%@DMeA%BaaB%

J+_"#*",4A% L>`>A% ",3% ?>&>% =/3*42A% K,% /,$4#7#4$"$/),% )-%8#"R/$2%3"$"%-)#%:4,4#/-4A%6","#2%&0*",30>%o$"&4)Z-$(.&<)?0'<)n.&&<=)CA%NO@DNOcA%@]cO>%

J+G5/#4A%?>% `>A% ",3%K>%L>% !5**4,A% S)+"$/),% ",3%)#/4,$"D$/),% )-% 4#57$/R4% -/005#40% ",3% -4434#D32.40% "$% J)5,$%H$,"Q% /,-*54,+4% )-% 8#"R/$"$/),"*% ",3% #48/),"*% $4+$),/+%0$#400% #48/<40A% N<) >#-0$(#-<)J.#&4."*<)2.5<=)WBA% MBeDMNNA%@]O]>%

J+G5/#4A% ?>`>A% K>L>% !5**4,A% ",3% F>`>% F"5,34#0A% =4+4,$%32.4D/,35+43% *"#84D0+"*4% 1*)+.% <)R4<4,$% "$% J)5,$%H$,"% ",3% 7)$4,$/"*% 0*)74% -"/*5#4A% q$&1".=) WCW=% Me^DMe]A%@]]a>%

J+P4,T/4A%L>!>A%",3%=>S>%!"#.4#A%:;4%j)#$;%!"+/-/+%"0%",%4Y"<7*4%)-%$4+$),/+0%),%"%07;4#4A%q$&1".=)F@UA%@B^cD@BOaA%@]c^>%%

J4#*4A%I>A%",3%K>%\)#8/"A%F+"*43%4Y74#/<4,$0%)-%R)*+",/+%07#4"3/,8A% `>% G4)7;20>% =40>A% @a@A% @MAOaeD@MAO@^A%@]]c>%

J/$+;4**A%j>6>A%:#",0/$/),%-#)<%+/#+5*"#%$)%0$4**"$4%-)#<0%)-%051<"#/,4% R)*+",)40A% N<) J.#!4;5<) 2.5<=) @GUA% @]O^DBaaMA%Baa@>%

J))#4A% `>G>A% L>K>% 6*"854A% =>:>% C)*+)<1A% !>?>% S/7<",A%?>=>%j)#<"#.A%",3%J>H>%:)##40",A%!#)3/8/)50%051<"D#/,4% *",30*/340% ),% $;4% C"U"//",% =/384A% N<) J.#!4;5<)2.5<=)ACA%@^ANceD@^ANONA%@]O]>%

j"."<5#"A% P>A% ?;2% 3)% *),8% #/-$% T),40% 34R4*)7% /,%C"U"//",% R)*+",)40Q% "%7)00/1*4% #)*4%)-% $;/+.%)+4",/+%043/<4,$0A%T1--<)J.#-<)?#0<)N!(<=)FVA%BeeDBc]A%@]Oa>%

IU4,A% F>A% !>% F48"**A% `>% _#42<54**4#A% K>% J/.*/50A% ",3% =>%L4,*/,84#A% ="7/3% 34-)#<"$/),% )-% $;4% 0)5$;% -*",.% )-%P/*"54"% R)*+",)A% C"U"//A% ?0'.(0.=) FUOA% @MBOD@MMBA%@]]e>%

!)**"#3A% L>% L>A% !>:>% L4*",42A% ?>K>% L5--/4*3A% H>:>% H,3)A%K>:>%I."<5#"A%",3%:>%L4*",42A%F5#-"+4%34-)#<"$/),%/,%R)*+",/+% #/-$% T),40A% /,% !#)+40040% )-% +),$/,4,$"*% #/-$/,8A%43/$43%12%!>%J)#8",%",3%\>%C>%\".4#A%H*04R/4#A%]NA%eN@DeONA%@]OM>%

=/+;"#30A%=>%`#>A%",3%=>%J"#.A%G4*"$/,%<)34*0%-)#%7;)$)4*"0D$/+%","*20/0%)-%8#"R/$2%0$#5+$5#40A%o7!<)E.04<=)UA%MaDMOA%@]cc>%

=51/,A%K>J>A%",3%L>%L>%!)**"#3A%I#/8/,0%)-%1*"34D*/.4%3/.40%/,% R)*+",/+% #/-$% T),40A% '()>#-0$('5*) '()I$Q$''A% 43/$43%12%=>%?>%L4+.4#A%:>%S>%?#/8;$A%",3%!>%C>%F$"5--4#A%E>%F>%J.#-<)?1"9<)Z"#,<)Z$!<=)@WVGA%@NN]D@N^aA%@]O^>%

=2",A%J>!>A%:;4%<4+;",/+0%",3%$;#44D3/<4,0/),"*%/,$4#,"*%0$#5+$5#4%)-%"+$/R4%<"8<"$/+%020$4<0'%P/*"54"%()*+",)A%C"U"//A%N<)J.#!4;5<)2.5<=)AWA%NB@MDNBNOA%@]OO>%

F+;</,+.4A% C>DEA% ",3% G>% G#"-A% LH6IFiIJHv% &&A% 6#5/04%j)>%NMA%E.&.#")2.!#"&5=)q#<)FGGG+@A%E,/R>%C"<15#8A%77>@D]]A%Baaa>%

F/414#$A%S>A%S"#84%R)*+",/+%341#/0%"R"*",+;40'%+;"#"+$4#/0$/+0%)-% 0)5#+4% "#4"0A% 347)0/$0% ",3% "00)+/"$43% 4#57$/),0A% N<)>#-0$(#-<)J.#&4."*<)2.5<=)FFA%@cMD@]^A%@]ON>%

F$"53/84*A% C>A% ",3% C>DE>% F+;</,+.4A% :;4% !*/)+4,4%04"<)5,$% 04#/40% )-% S"% !"*<"A% 6","#2% &0*",30A% N<) J.#+!4;5<)2.5<=)BAA%@@A@]eD@@AB@eA%@]ON>%

F$4"#,0A%C>:>A%J.#-#%;)#,)&4.)?&$&.)#,)I$Q$'')VB,3%43/$/),W>%!"+/-/+%\)).0A%!"*)%K*$)A%6"*/-)#,/"A%@]Oe>%

FU",0),A% L>K>A% ?>K>% L5--/4*3A% ",3% =>F>% _/0.4A% L/07*"+4D<4,$%)-% $;4% 0)5$;% -*",.%)-%P/*"54"%()*+",)Q% $;4% #405*$%)-%-)#+4-5*%/,$#50/),%)-%<"8<"%/,$)%$;4%#/-$%T),40A%g<?<)J.#-<)?1"9<)Z"#,<)Z$!<=)AUWA%M]77A%@]^c>%

:/**/,8A%=>&>A%",3%`>`>%LR)#".A%K,"$)<2%)-%"%1"0"*$/+%R)*+",)A%q$&1".=)WUWA%@BeD@MMA%@]]M>%

:#)/04A%6>A%F$#400%+;",840%"00)+/"$43%U/$;%R)*+",/+%0)5#+40'%+),0$#"/,$0%),%P/*"54"% #/-$%32,"</+0A% N<)>#-0$(#-<)J.#+&4."*<)2.5<=)@GAA%@]@DBaMA%Baa@>%

E#84*40A%=>A%L>G>%J"00),A%J>%6","*0A%K>\>%?"$$0A%",3%:>%S4%\"0A%=4+5##4,$%*"#84D0+"*4%*",30*/3/,8%),%$;4%U40$%-*",.%)-% S"% !"*<"A% 6","#2% &0*",30A% N<) J.#!4;5<) 2.5<=) @GCA%BeAMM@DBeAMNOA%@]]]%

()8$A% !>=>A% ",3% j>6>% F<))$A% :;4% G4/0;"% G52)$0'% J5*$/D14"<% 1"$;2<4$#2% ",3% <)#7;)<4$#/+% /,$4#7#4$"$/),A% N<)J.#!4;5<)2.5<=)BAA%@@AaOeD@@A@a^A%@]ON>%

R",?2.% 34% (#/40A% \>A% F>% F4*->A% !>?>% _#",+/0A% ",3% S>%P40T$;4*2/A% K% 8#"R/$"$/),"*% 07#4"3/,8% )#/8/,% -)#% $;4%F)+)<7"% 341#/0% "R"*",+;4A% N<) >#-0$(#-<) J.#&4."*<)2.5>A%@aeA%BBeDBN^A%Baa@>%

?"*.4#A% G>!>S>A% :;4% 3/.4% +)<7*4Y% )-% P))*"5% ()*+",)A%I";5Q% /,$4#,"*% 0$#5+$5#4% )-% "% C"U"//",% #/-$% T),4A% /,%>#-0$('5*) '() I$Q$''A% 43/$43% 12% =>?>% L4+.4#A% :>S>%?#/8;$% ",3% !>C>% F$"5--4#A% g<?<) J.#-<) ?1"9<=) ]c@D]]MA%@]O^>%

?"*.4#A% G>!>S>A% 6);4#4,$% /,$#50/),% +)<7*4Y40% /,% *"#84%1"0"*$/+% R)*+",)40Q% "% ,4U% 0$#5+$5#"*% <)34*A% /,% o55$;5)#()*$%*$5)$(/)#&4.").$"&4) ,-1'/5D)$)9#-1*.)'()$!!".+0'$&'#()#,)Z"#,<)Z.&.")J<)I$""'5A%43/$43%12%P>G>%6)Y%",3%!>H>%\".4#A%o-5.9'."=)VGA%N@DeNA%@]]B>%

?"*.4#A% G>!>S>A% ()*+",/+% #/-$% T),40% ",3% $;4/#% /,$#50/),%0U"#<0A%N<)>#-0$(#-<)J.#&4."*<)2.5<=)ACA%B@DMNA%@]]]>%

?"*$4#A%:>=>A%",3%(>=>%:#)**A%_)#<"$/),%)-%+"*34#"%74#/7;4#2%-"5*$0A%",%4Y74#/<4,$"*%0$532A%T1--<)>#-0$(#-<=)UWA%@]@DBaMA%Baa@>%

Appendix

99

!"#$%&%#'%('"#)&*+,)*"#-(

(./0)%&(12!"#$%&&"'(")*+",-./0*-12"345"678889":&)*1"+2;<)=0&0>)<0%*"%?"-@-&0-"-)&+2$)"

A%&-)*%2;B"!"#$% &'()*(+,-.)*%./% ,01%231'-+()%41.506*-+(7%8)-.)%CDE"DFCG4DFCH"

%./0)%&(12!"#$%&&"'(!")*+",-./0*-12"345"6788D9"(0?<")$-.0<2-<I$2"0*"A%&-)*%2;E" ?$%/"

;0*J&2" $0?<" <%" <$0)K0)&" $0?<;B"9.:',0% -),1')(,-.)(7% ;6<1% +.)/1'1)+1% =>?@AB$% #.:,0%2/'-+($%5%C%

"./0)%&( 12!" #$%&&" '(" )*+" ,-./0*-12" 345" 6788D9" L%+2&0*J" A%&-)*%" ;<$I-<I$2;E" <.2"

I;)J2"%?"J2&)<0*!"?&%I$!")*+";)*+");"<%%&;"<%"0/M$%A2"I*+2$;<)*+0*J"%?"A%&-)*%"+2?%$/)<0%*B"D.'<*0.5%.)% EF1G% ,1+0)-H:1*% -)% ()(7.I%3.;17-)IJ%49K%L.,*M;(3N%

(./0)%&(12!"#$%&&"'B(B"6788D9":&)*1"-$22M0*J!";2-<%$"-%&&)M;2")*+"?%$/)<0%*"%?"A%&-)*0-"

$0?<">%*2;B"!"#$%&'()*(+,-.)*%./%,01%231'-+()%41.506*-+(7%8)-.)%C7E"D7NN"("

Appendix

100

#.2"?%&&%O0*J")=;<$)-<";I//)$0>2;")"M$2;2*<)<0%*")<"<.2")**I)&"-%*?2$2*-2"%?"<.2"P/2$0-)*"Q2%M.@;0-)&"5*0%*"6?)&&"/22<0*J9"0*"R2>2/=2$"7888!",)*":$)*-0;-%!"5,P"

MI=&0;.2+"0*"ST,!"#$)*;B"P/B"Q2%M.@;B"5*0%*"CDE"DFCG4DFCH"

(30/#4(5%-)/+*0*6/)*"#("$(!7'0*'(!/08%&/(9"0'/#"%-(

"#("U)&<2$!"'("#$%&&!"345",-./0*-12"

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

"

Appendix

101

#.0;")=;<$)-<"J%2;"%A2$"<.2"/)0*"M%0*<;"%?")"M$2;2*<)<0%*")<"<.2"XI)+$2**0)&"-%*?2$2*-2"":%I$<."Z*<2$*)<0%*)&"R@12"Y%*?2$2*-2"6ZRY^9"0*"_I*2"788D!"RI$=)*!",%I<."P?$0-)"

MI=&0;.2+"0*"ZRY^"788D!"Z*E"U)<12@;"L"62+9!":%I$<."0*<2$*)<0%*)&"+@12"-%*?2$2*-2!",%I<."P?$0-)!"MC"

(2*$)(/&':*)%'),&%(*#(;"0'/#"%-<($&"=(-*#>0%(&*$)()"()&*/?*/0(&*$)-(

"#("U)&<2$!"'("#$%&&!"345",-./0*-12"

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`$%-B(B,%-Ba%*+%*!" DNH79B" a0XI0+4?0&&2+" -$)-1" M$%M)J)<0%*" 0*<%" <.2" $0+J2" 6$249M$%+I-2+" )&%*J";<$012";-<1*%6<.2";<)=&2";0<I)<0%*9B"U2"<.2*"2*&)$J2+"<.2"=);)&"?$0-<0%*"%?"<.2"J2&)<0*"$0+J2"=@"?0K0*J";)*+"%*<%" <.2"=);)&"`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

Appendix

102

P*"0*<2$*)<0%*)&"O%$1;.%M"?%-I;0*J"%*"bW2O"<2-.*0XI2;"0*")*)&%J"/%+2&0*Jc"O);".2&+")<"<.2"Q2%:%$;-.I*J;d2*<$I/"6Q:d9"`%<;+)/"0*"T1<%=2$!"788D"

(@"8%0*#>(;"0'/#"(-)&,'),&%-<():%(,-/>%("$(>%0/)*#A($0",&A(/#8(-/#8(/-(

)""0-()"(*=B&";%(,#8%&-)/#8*#>("$(;"0'/#"(8%$"&=/)*"#(#B(B"U)&<2$!"'B(B"#$%&&"e"3B45B",-./0*-12"

"#.2" J2*2$)&" ;.)M2" )*+" +2<)0&2+" /%$M.%&%J@" %?" A%&-)*%2;" -%//%*&@" $2?&2-<" <.20$" ;<$I-<I$)&"-%*?0JI$)<0%*" )*+" <.20$" M$2-2+0*J" 2M0;%+2;" %?" -%*;<$I-<0%*" )*+" +2;<$I-<0%*B" `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f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

Appendix

103

AGU 2001 fall meeting: EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 82(47): 1299 (

30/#4('&%%B*#>A(-%')"&('"00/B-%(/#8():%($"&=/)*"#("$(;"0'/#*'(&*$)(6"#%-(

"#B(B"U)&<2$!"'B(B"#$%&&"

(#.2" ;<$I-<I$)&" ;12&2<%*" %?" %-2)*" 0;&)*+" A%&-)*%2;" 0;" -%//%*&@" ?%$/2+" =@" $0?<" >%*2;" <.)<" )$2"/)$12+" =@" )=I*+)*<" +012" 0*<$I;0%*;" )*+" ;0<2;" %?" A%&-)*0-" 2$IM<0%*;B" :02&+" +)<)" %*" #2*2$0?2!" a)"`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c$)+0)&" +012" ;O)$/cB" Z*" )" ?I$<.2$" ;2<IM!" O2" $2+I-2+" <.2" =);)&" ;.2)$"$2;0;<)*-2" 0*" %*2" ;2-<%$!" <%" ;0/I&)<2" <.2" ;<$2;;" ?02&+" -&%;2" <%" )" &%-)&&@" -$22M0*J" ?&)*1B" Z*" <.2;2"2KM2$0/2*<;!" <.2" +012" )>0/I<." +0A2$J2+" &)$J2&@" 0?" 0*[2-<2+" 0*<%" )9" <.2" *%*4-$22M0*J" M)$<" %?" <.2"-%*2!"=9"<.2"-$22M0*J";2-<%$!"%$"-9"<.2";<)=&2gI*;<)=&2"0*<2$?)-2B"Y);2")9"M$%+I-2+"$)+0)&"?$)-<I$2;]"-);2" =9" M$%+I-2+" /)0*&@" ?$)-<I$2;" <.)<" $2?&2-<" ;<$%*J" -0$-I/?2$2*<0)&" 2KM)*;0%*" %?" <.2" -$22M0*J";2-<%$B" Z*" -);2" -9" <.$22" /)0*" ?$)-<I$2" +0$2-<0%*;" ?%$/2+!" <O%" %?" O.0-." O2$2" <)*J2*<0)&" <%" <.2";<)=&2gI*;<)=&2" 0*<2$?)-2" )*+" )" <.0$+" +0??I;2" %*2" M$%M)J)<2+" 0*<%" <.2" ;<)=&2" M)$<" %?" <.2" -%*2!"$2/0*0;-2*<"%?"<$0)K0)&"$0?<">%*2;"%*"/)*@"*)<I$)&"A%&-)*%2;"62BJB"S&"302$$%!"#2*2$0?29B"#.2";0J*0?04-)*-2")*+"+0$2-<0%*"%?"<.2"<.$22"$0?<">%*2;"A)$02+";@;<2/)<0-)&&@"O0<.";0>2!"2--2*<$0-0<@")*+"-$22M"+0$2-<0%*"%?" <.2"I*;<)=&2" ;2-<%$B" ,&0J.<"2--2*<$0-0<@"%?" <.2"-$22M0*J" ;2-<%$" ?%-I;2+"+012" 0*<$I;0%*")&%*J"<O%"-I$A2+")K0;"<.)<"O2$2"<)*J2*<0)&"<%"<.2";<)=&2gI*;<)=&2"0*<2$?)-2]")"$2&)<0%*;.0M"-%/M)4$)=&2"<%"W"P*)J)!"#2*2$0?2B"Z*"-%*<$);<!";<$%*J"2--2*<$0-0<@"$2;I&<2+"0*"%*2"/)0*"<)*J2*<0)&"$0?<!"A2$@";0/0&)$"<%"<.2",4$0?<"%=;2$A2+"%*"a)"`)&/)B"f);2+"%*"<.2"2KM2$0/2*<)&"$2;I&<;!"O2"M$%M%;2"<.)<"<.2"?%$/)<0%*")*+"-%*?0JI$)<0%*"%?"<$0)K0)&"$0?<">%*2;"/)@"=2")"$2;M%*;2"<%"*2)$4;I$?)-2"A%&-)*%4+2?%$/)<0%*";I-.");"A%&-)*%4;M$2)+0*J"%$"?&)*1"-$22M0*J" $)<.2$" <.)*" )" ;0/M&2" ?I*-<0%*" %?" A2$<0-)&" IMO)$+" &%)+0*J" );" -%//%*&@" );;I/2+" ?%$"A%&-)*0-"$0?<;"%*"%-2)*"0;&)*+;B"

Appendix

104

Acknowledgements ":0$;<&@!" /@" M$%?%I*+" <.)*1;" J%" <%" /@" ;IM2$A0;%$!" `$%?B" 3)*;45&$0-." ,-./0*-12B" 32"2*J)J2+"/2" 0*"<.2"?0$;<"M&)-2!"10*+&@"0*<$%+I-2+"/2"0*<%"<.2"?02&+"%?"Q$)*"Y)*)$0)")*+"#2*2$0?2!")*+"J)A2"I*<02+";<0/I&)<0*J"+0;-I;;0%*;!";IJJ2;<0%*;!")*+"BBB"-$0<0XI2B"W2K<"%*"/@" &0;<"%?" <.)*1;")$2" <.2"-%&&2)JI2;"%?" <.2"+2M)$</2*<" )<"QSTLP(!" Z" )MM$2-0)<2+")*+"&)$J2&@" =2*2?0<2+" ?$%/" &%<;" %?" +0;-I;;0%*;" O0<." <.2/!" 2;M2-0)&&@" L)<<.0);" 3%$<!" #.%$"3)*;<22*!"()&?",2@?$02+!"P&2K)*+2$"f2&%I;%A!"`)I&"AB+B"f%%J)$+!"Y)$;<2*",-.0$*0-1")*+"`2<2$" ,)-.;B" Z"M$%?0<2+" ?$%/"*I/2$%I;" +0;-I;;0%*;"%*" A)$0%I;"%--);0%*;"O0<."`2<2" a0M4/)*!" :)&1" P/2&I*J!" _%.*" ,<0K!" ()/" U20*=2$J2$!" P10$)" #)1)+)!" P*+$2);" h&iJ2&!" _I)*"Y)$&%;"Y)$$)-2+%!"R%IJ"L);;%*!"')&2$0%"P-%-2&&)")*+"R[%$+[2"Q$I[0-B",M2-0)&"<.)*1;"J%"<%"')&"#$%&&"?%$"2KM2$0/2*<)&"-%4O%$10*J")*+"-%*[%0*<&@"?02&+"O%$1"%*"<.2"Y)*)$@"Z;&)*+;!")*+"?%$"<.2"<2-.*0-)&"+0;-I;;0%*;"O2".)+"%*"`&)@)"+2&"Y.0XI);B"T*"#2*2$0?2"Z"<.)*1"_BLB"W)A)$$%"6)-<I)&&@"`2M29"?%$";.%O0*J"/2"<.2"0;&)*+")*+";.)$0*J".0;".)//%-1"O0<."bL02<4;-.@"<.2"-)<cB"`2M2"@"L2$-2+2;!"/I-.);"J$)-0);"M%$"AI2;<$)".%;M0<)&0+)+j"#.)*1;"J%"<%"<.2"/0*2$;")*+"J2%&%J0;<;"%?"Z#S(!"M)$<0-I&)$&@"(0-)$+%"f)&-2&&;")*+"_I)*"Y%2&&%B"T*"Q$)*"Y)*)$0)" Z")-1*%O&2+J2".2&M"=@"f2)<2"U2*;1%O;10!"h01%")*+"Q)=$02&&)!"L)*%&0*"ak%*!"_%;k" S;-I=)$" e" .0;" ?)/0&@!" ,2l%$" `)&/2$%" )*+" <.%;2" M&2*<@" 10&&2$4=22;" ?%$" )&&%O0*J"=@M);;B"L@"-%&&2)JI2;"0*"<.2"Q$)+I)<2",-.%%&")*+");;%-0)<2;")$2"<.)*12+"?%$"+0;-I;;0%*;!"/)*I;-$0M<" M$%%?$2)+0*J!" +)<)" -%*A2$;0%*;" )*+" &%<;" %?" -%??22" =$2)1;!" *)/2&@" ()&?",-./0+<!" fI++@" h$);<2&!" a%<.)$" ,-.O)$>1%M?!" W0-%" 5$=)*;10!" L0-.)2&" P=$)<0;!" '%&12$"h)$M2*!" f)$=)$)" #20-.2$<!" ,<2?)*" 5$M0!" P&2K)*+2$" ,-.0/)*;10!" PK2&" L%.$!" _2**@" h)*4+0)*%!"f$0<<)"a0;;0*)!"(0-.)$+"32)<.!"_m$J"Q2&+/)-.2$!",I;)**2":$2<>+%$?!"W0-%&2",<$%*-01")*+"P*J2&01)" ,-./0+<B"L@" -$2+0<;" J%" <%" ,)*+$)"O02" +);" f%&&O2$1" ?%$" =20*J"/@" %??0-2"/)<2!" )*+" ;.)$0*J" <%*;" %?" -.%-%&)<2;B" ,M2-0)&" <.)*1;" J%" <%" f2)<$0-2" Y)0&&2)I" ?%$" )*@";IMM%$<!"M)<02*-2!"?I*")*+")&;%"?%$"$%%/";.)$0*JB"`Y4/)*"P&2K)*+2$"32I;2$"A2$@"/I-.".2&M2+"/2"<%"?0*J2$"M&2*<@"%?"-%/MI<2$"=IJ;B"RI$0*J"<.2";)/M&2"M$2M)$)<0%*"Z"=2*2?0<2+"?$%/" .2&M" =@" <$)0*22;" ,);-.)" ,<)I=)-.!" S&12" 3)*2*1)/M!" ,A2*" h$20*!" L)$&02;" S*J2&4/)**!"5<2"#.I$%O")*+"h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bR@*)/0-;"%?"Q&%=)&"Y@-&2;c" " 6R:Q" ,-./" 7\84^N9" )*+" ?%$" <.2" ?%&&%O0*J" <0/2" ?$%/" <.2" R:Q" J$)*<;" 6,-./"7\8gHH4D")*+",-./"7\8gHH479"<%"3B45B",-./0*-12B""#.0;"O%$1"O%I&+".)A2"=22*"M%%$2$"O0<.%I<"<.2"-%*<$0=I<0%*"%?"2)-."%?"<.2/B""

Appendix

105

!,&&*',0,=(9*)/%("

""

W)/2E" #.%/);"Z*J%"()?)2&"U)&<2$"R)<2"%?"f0$<.E" _I*2"78!"DNH7",2KE" L)&2"W)<0%*)&0<@E" Q2$/)*""8\g7887" R0;MI<)<0%*" "DDg7888"" R2M<B"%?"'%&-)*%&%J@")*+"`2<$%&%J@!"QSTLP("(2;2)$-."Y2*<2$"0*"h02&"8^gDNNN" `.R" n" ,<0M2*+!" Q$)+I)<2" ;-.%%&" bR@*)/0-;" %?" Q&%=)&" Y@-&2;c" )<" Y.$0;<0)*4P&=$2-.<;45*0A2$;0<@"h02&"DNNN"" R0M&%/)"<.2;0;"6L,4&2A2&9!"R2M<B"%?"Q2%&%J@"4",<$I-<I$2")*+"#2-<%*0-;"" Q$%IM!"P&=2$<4aI+O0J;"5*0A2$;0<@":$20=I$J"0B"f$;JB"DNNC"" #$)0*22"0*"2*J0*22$0*J"J2%M.@;0-;")<"b#2$$)<2-c!"320<2$;.20/"DNNH"" Z*<2$*;.0M")<",TS,#!"R2M<B"%?"Q2%M.@;0-;!"3Z!"5,P""DNN^"4"DNNN" ,<I+02;"0*"Q2%&%J@!"R2M<B"%?"Q2%&%J@!"5*0A2$;0<@":$20=I$J""DNNF"4"DNN^" ,<I+02;"0*"L0*2$)&%J@!"R2M<B"%?"L0*2$)&%J@!"5*0A2$;0<@":$20=I$J""DNCF"4"DNNF" 30J.";-.%%&"0*"h%*;<)*>")*+"o=2$&0*J2*!"P4&2A2&"DNHN"4"DNCF" `$0/)$@";-.%%&"Z*;2&"(20-.2*)I"

"