01 synergy
TRANSCRIPT
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 1/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 1
Synergy of Form and Structure
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 2/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 2
Synergy - pragmatic example
N O S y n e r g y
S y n e r g y
10 boards, I = 10 (12x13/12) I = 1010 boards glued, I = 12x103/12 I = 1000
Strength is defined by Section modulus S = I/c:
1 board, S = 1/o.5 S = 2
10 boards, S = 10/0.5 S = 2010 boards, glued, S =1000/5 S = 200
Note:
The same amount of material is 100 times stiffer
and 10 times stronger when glued to resist shear
to engage fibers in tension and compression.
Synergy is a system, greater than the sum of its parts.Comparing wood beams of 1”x12” boards.
Stiffness is defined by the moment of inertia I:
1 board, I = 12x13/12 I = 1
Design Synergy follows
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 3/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 3
h t t p : /
/ e n . w
i k i p e d i a . o
r g / w i k i / F i l e : M a
c h u_
P i c c h u_ e
a r l y_
m o r n i n g . J
P G
Machu Picchu - Inca Empire - Peru - 1450
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 4/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 4
Wa sruue
OSTIA ANTICA - PORT CITY OF ANCIENT ROME
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 6/62Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 6
Villa Hadrian
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 8/62Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 8
Palazzo Farnese Caparola - defensive pentagon plan
Villa Lante Vignola - integration with landscape
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 9/62Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 9
San Gimignano
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 11/62Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 11
Alhambra
GranadaSpain(1248-1354)
composition
composition composition compositiontexture
Space definition
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 12/62Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 12
Post and beam s t ruc t u res
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 13/62Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 13
Karnak temple
C. 1300 BC
The Hypostyle Hall features Bell Capital columns
Luxor temple
1400-1300 BC
Bud Capital columns
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 15/62Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 15
Parthenon (447 BC – Doric)
Acropolis Athens
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 17/62Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 17
Citadel MicenaeCorbelled arch and dome
(1350-1225 BC; for-runner of true arch)
Location Citadel plan Corbelled dome section plan
Lions gate Corbelled “arch” corbelled dome (tomb of Agamemnon)
Corbelled arch True arch
48’
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 18/62Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 18
T r u e
a r c h
Ponte Fabricio Rome62 BC
Romans pioneered the use ofarches for bridges, buildings, and
aqueducts.
Ponte S. Angelo Rome
110 AD
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 20/62Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 20
Basilica of Constantine
Forum Romanum Rome
308-312 AD
V a u l t ( e x t r
u d e d
a r c
h )
76’
P th R
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 21/62Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 21
Pantheon Rome120 BC (Hadrian)
D
o m e
( r o t a t e d
a r c h )
143’
longest span for17 centuries !
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 22/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 22
© oogle
D f i l
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 23/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 23
Dome vs. funicular
GGS computer study
Dotted funicular line
Solid dome line
Dome without ballast
rings would be subject
to tensile stress
Ballast rings
reduce tensile stress
Ballast rings
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 25/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 25
Hagia Sophia Istanbul
Rebuilt 532-537 after the first church burned
Lateral thrust of 33 m dome resisted by:
• Half-domes east and west
• Buttress piers north and south
Byzantine church associated with one of thegreatest creative ages of over thousand years
Converted to mosque 1453 by Sultan Mehmet
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 26/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 26
Gothic cathedral Chartres
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 27/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 27
Coalbrookdale bridge by Darby (first iron bridge, 1777-79)
30 m
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 28/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 28
Contemporary structuresContemporary structures
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 29/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 29
Suspension bridges
Suspender form = global moment
C h
a i n l i n k b r i d g e B u d a p
e s t ( 1 8 4 9 )
Golden Gatebridgecable bridge (1934)
R o p e b r i d g e
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 31/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 31
Horizontal – bending resistant
Steel joists, beams, and girders
IIT building Chicago Architect: Mies Van der Rohe
• Stiffeners resist web buckling
• Joists suspended from girders
reduce volume and express structure
L b P l T i
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 32/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 32
125’ 6’
Labor Palace TurinEngineer: Nervi
The labor palace consists of 16 units, 125’x125’.
Radial steel girder cantilever from concrete pillars.Modular design allowed fast construction, erecting
units on the site as others were done in the shop.
Brackets
join girdersto pillars
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 33/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 33
Vierendeel f ra m e
UC Davis sports center Architect: Perkins & Will
Engineer: Riesemberg
Two-way Vierendeel frame of
16”x16” steel tubing
Hor izont a l Bend ing Res is t ant
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 34/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 34
Kimbell Museum, Fort Worth Architect: Louis Kahn
Engineer: Kommendant
Photos: Michael Bodycomb
© 1977 Kimbell Art Museum, reproduced with permission
Cyl ind r ic a l she l l
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 35/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 35
Axia l r es is t an tCentre Pompidou Paris
Architect: Piano and RodgersEngineer: Ove Arup
The Centre Pompidou features six exhibit levels 60x166 m.
The column-free space is flanked by a mechanical service
zone at rear and a circulation zone in front.
Steel trusses span between outrigger Gerberettes
(French diminutive ofGerber , inventor of the Gerber beam
(continuous beam with joints at inflection points to prevent
failure at uneven settlements). Bracing resist lateral loads
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 36/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 36
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 37/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 37
CDG Metro Station 2 Paris Architect/Engineer: Paul Andrew
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 38/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 38
SPACE TRUSSSpace trusses span 2-ways.
Thus are only effective for
equal spans both ways.
At unequal spans:
The longer span would only
carry a fraction of the load.
Javits Center New York Architect: I M Pei
Engineer: Weidlinger
I n t e
r i o r v i e w
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 40/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 40
Airport Terminal Stuttgart Architect: Von Gerkan MarcEngineer: Weidleplan
The terminal roof features 12 tree structures
of 24 m square that rise from a stem of four
bundled steel pipes to branch out from 4 to12, to 48 supports of the steel lattice roof.
Linear skylights separate the units.
TREE STRUCTURE
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 41/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 41
Airport Terminal Stansted Architect: Norman Foster
Engineer: Ove Arup
A single level makes public activities clear
Departing passengers arrive at south-east wing
and proceed to the departing lounge.
Arriving passengers proceed inversely.
24 trees, 36x36 m, support steel lattice roofs
Mechanical system in trees keep the roof clear
Four steel strands secure each panel to a tree
Exposition Hall Turin
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 42/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 42
Exposition Hall TurinEngineer: Pierre Luigi Nervi
The 85/112 m concrete vault consists of prefab
Ferro-cement units, joined by site-cast concrete
A Ferro-cement unitB Site-cast concrete rib
C Skylight
Ach Vt Dme
CNIT Exhibit Hall Paris
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 43/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 43
CNIT Exhibit Hall Paris Architect: Camelot Maily and Zehrfuss
Engineer: Nicholas Esquillan
Based on an equilateral triangular plan the CNIT
(National Center of Industry and Technology)
features the longest span shell of 225 m (735’).
The RC vault consist of double-skin ribs 8 m wide
on top. Glass walls enclose the sides.
Bus Station Chur Switzerland
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 44/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 44
Bus Station Chur Switzerland Architect: Richard Brosi / Robert Obrist
Engineer: Toscano / Ove Arup (Peter Rice)
Inclined 16” steel arches span a 164’ platform.Radial strands resist lateral thrust and buckling.
Exhibit Hall Leipzig
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 45/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 45
Exhibit Hall Leipzig Architect: Von Gerkan Marc
Engineer: Ian Ritchy
Features:
• Point-supported glass vault
suspended from trussed arches
• Automatic daylight shading
P o i n
t - s u p p o r t e d g
l a s s w i t h s i l i c o n j o i n t s
Olympic stadium Athens
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 46/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 46
Olympic stadium Athens Architect/Engineer: Santiago Calatrava
Length section
Deformation simulation
Cross section
Support arch
Suspenders
Tension chord
Rafters
Olympic Dome Rome
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 47/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 47
y p Architect: Marcello Piacentini
Engineer: Pierre Luigi Nervi
• 48 pylons resist gravity and lateral load• 144 ferro-cement ribs resist buckling
and improve acoustics
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 49/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 49
Architect: Thomas Herzog
Engineer: Schlaich Bergermann
Suspended steel bands of 3x40 cm (1.2x16 inch) support
prefab wood panels, filled with gravel to resist wind uplift.
In width direction the roof is slightly convex for drainage;
which also provides a pleasing interior space.
Sp
Sruue
Olympic Stadium Munich
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 50/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 50
y p Architect: Guenter Behnisch
Engineer: Leonhardt und Andrae
The roof consists of seven saddle-shape
cable nets of 75 cm (2.5’) meshes
Anticlastic curvature provides stability:
• Concave cables support gravity
• Convex cables resist wind uplift
• Cable nets supported by masts• Ring cable
• Flying buttresses support ring & cable net
• Neoprene cylinders support Plexiglas
Skating Rink Munich
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 51/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 51
g Architect: Ackermann
Engineer: Schlaich / Bergermann
A prismatic steel truss arch of 100 m span, rising
from concrete piers, support anticlastic cable nets
A translucent PVC membrane is attached to wood
slats that rest on the cable net
(244/25.4 = 9.6”)
(267/25.4 = 10.5”)
Stadium Roof Oldenburg Germany
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 52/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 52
Architect: Kulla Herr und Partners
Engineer: Schlaich Bergermann
The roof consists of 14 anticlastic PVC fabric
panels suspended from cable trusses
San Diego
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 53/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 53
FcSruue
Concrete pylons support cables and
membrane
Guy cables support flying buttresses
Ridge cables supported by flying
buttresses
Fabric spans ridge to valley cables
Valley cables resist wind uplift
g
Convention Center Architect: Arthur Erickson
Engineer: Horst Berger
STAYED STRUCTURES Renault Center
Swindon UK
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 54/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 54
Imos factory Newport UKArchitect: Richard Rogers
Engineer: Anthony Hunt
Swindon UK Architect: Foster
• Modules are
suspended from
mast by 4 rods
• Inner rods
resist buckling
• Link beams join
modules
• Guys stabilize
edge modules
McCormick Exhibit Hall Chicago
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 55/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 55
g Architect/Engineer: SOM
To span railroad trucks underneath.
The truss roof is suspended from
stay cables on concrete pylons.
C d h ll
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 56/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 56
Curved shear walls
City Hall Toronto
Architect: Viljo Revel
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 57/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 57
Cant i lever
Pirelli Tower Milan
Architect: PontiEngineer: Nervi
First Interstate Bank Los Angeles AMP Tower
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 58/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 58
Architect: I M Pei
Engineer: CBM
Framed tube exterior
combined with braced core
Melbourne Architect: SOM
Engineer: SOM
Framed tube tower,
flanked by L-shaped
low-rise wing
FameTSruue
Sears Tower Chicago
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 59/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 59
Architect/Engineer: SOM
The Sears tower is a bundled tube.
Bundled tubes have interior walls totransfer shear from tension side to
compression side to minimize
shear lag
u
eT
sruue
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 60/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 60
raced Frame
Hotel Artes Barcelona Architect/Engineer: SOM
Features:
• Exposed steel 5’ from skin
for fire protection
• Belt trusses reduce lateral drift
t e r
8/12/2019 01 Synergy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 61/62
Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 61
Vee
C o m
m e r z b a n
k
F r a n k
f u r t
A r c h i t e c t : N o r m a
n F o s t
E n g i n e e r : O v e A r u p