01 solid state physics 02 [compatibility mode] [repaired]

7/24/2019 01 Solid State Physics 02 [Compatibility Mode] [Repaired]

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EP 364 SOLID STATE

PHYSICS

Course CoordinatorProf. Dr. Beire Gnl


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EP364 SOLID STATE PHYSICSINTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

AIM OF SOLID STATE PHYSICS

WHAT IS SOLID STATE PHYSICSAND WHY DO IT? CONTENT

REFERENCES


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Aim of Solid StatePhysics

Solid state !"si#s $SSP% e&lai's t!e(oe(ties o) solid *ate(ials as )o+'d o' ea(t!,

T!e (oe(ties a(e e&e#ted to )ollo- )(o*S#!(.di'/e(0s e1', )o( a #olle#tio' o) ato*i#'+#lei a'd ele#t(o's i'te(a#ti'/ -it!ele#t(ostati# )o(#es,

T!e )+'da*e'tal la-s /o2e('i'/ t!e e!a2io+(o) solids a(e 'o-' a'd -ell tested,


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Crystalline Solids

We -ill deal -it! #("stalli'e solids5 t!at is solids-it! a' ato*i# st(+#t+(e ased o' a (e/+la((eeated atte(',

Ma'" i*o(ta't solids a(e #("stalli'e,

Mo(e (o/(ess !as ee' *ade i' +'de(sta'di'/t!e e!a2io+( o) #("stalli'e solids t!a' t!at o)'o'#("stalli'e *ate(ials si'#e t!e #al#+latio'a(e easie(i' #("stalli'e *ate(ials,


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What is solid statephysics?

Solid state !"si#s5 also 'o-' as #o'de'sed*atte( !"si#s5 is t!e st+d" o) t!e e!a2io+( o)

ato*s -!e' t!e" a(e la#ed i' #lose (o&i*it" too'e a'ot!e(,

I' )a#t5 #o'de'sed *atte( !"si#s is a *+#! ette('a*e5 si'#e *a'" o) t!e #o'#ets (ele2a't tosolids a(e also alied to li1+ids5 )o( e&a*le,


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What is the point?

U'de(sta'di'/ t!e ele#t(i#al (oe(ties o) solidsis (i/!t at t!e !ea(t o) *ode(' so#iet" a'd

te#!'olo/",

T!e e'ti(e #o*+te( a'd ele#t(o'i#s i'd+st("(elies o' t+'i'/ o) a se#ial #lass o) *ate(ial5

t!e se*i#o'd+#to(5 -!i#! lies (i/!t at t!e *etali's+lato( o+'da(", Solid state !"si#s (o2idea a#/(o+'d to +'de(sta'd -!at /oes o' i'se*i#o'd+#to(s,


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Solid state physics (SSPis the applied physics

Ne- te#!'olo/" )o( t!e )+t+(e -ill i'e2ital"i'2ol2e de2eloi'/ a'd +'de(sta'di'/ 'e-

#lasses o) *ate(ials, 7" t!e e'd o) t!is #o+(se -e-ill see -!" t!is is a 'o't(i2ial tas,

So5 SSP is t!e alied !"si#s asso#iated -it!te#!'olo/" (at!e( t!a' i'te(esti'/ )+'da*e'tals,


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ec r ca res s " y othree states of solid

matter

Ho- #a' t!is e? A)te( all5 t!e" ea#! #o'tai' a s"ste* o)ato*s a'd ese#iall" ele#t(o's o) si*ila( de'sit", A'dt!e lot t!i#e's8 /(a!ite is a *etal5 dia*o'd is a'i's+lato(a'd +#*i'ste()+lle(e'e is a s+e(#o'd+#to(,

T!e" a(e all 9+st #a(o':


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A*o'/ o+( ai*s +'de(sta'd whyo'e is a*etala'd o'e a' i's+lato(5 a'd t!e' t!e !"si#al o(i/i' o)

t!e *a(ed )eat+(es, Also t!i' ao+t t!e(*al (oe(ties et#, et#,


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CONT!NT

Chapter 1.C("stal St(+#t+(e Chapter 2.;(a" C("stallo/(a!" Chapter 3.I'te(ato*i# Fo(#es Chapter 4.C("stal D"'a*i#s Chapter 5.F(ee Ele#t(o' T!eo("


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C#APT!R $%CR&STA' STRUCTUR!

Ele*e'ta(" C("stallo/(a!" Solid *ate(ials $#("stalli'e5 ol"#("stalli'e5

a*o(!o+s%

C("stallo/(a!" C("stal Latti#e C("stal St(+#t+(e T"es o) Latti#es U'it Cell

Di(e#tio'sPla'esMille( I'di#es i' C+i# U'itCell

T"i#al C("stal St(+#t+(es$3D< =4 7(a2ais Latti#es a'd t!e Se2e' C("stalS"ste*%

Ele*e'ts o) S"**et("


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C#APT!R %)*RA& CR&STA''O+RAP#&

;(a" Di))(a#tio'

7(a// e1+atio' ;(a" di))(a#tio' *et!ods La+e Met!od Rotati'/ C("stal Met!od

Po-de( Met!od Ne+t(o' > ele#t(o' di))(a#tio'


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C#APT!R ,%INT!RATO-IC .ORC!S

E'e(/ies o) I'te(a#tio's 7et-ee' Ato*s Io'i# o'di'/

NaCl Co2ale't o'di'/ Co*a(isio' o) io'i# a'd #o2ale't o'di'/

Metalli# o'di'/

a' de( -aals o'di'/ H"d(o/e' o'di'/


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C#APT!R /%CR&STA' D&NA-ICS

So+'d -a2e Latti#e 2i(atio's o) =D #"stal C!ai' o) ide'ti#al ato*s C!ai' o) t-o t"es o) ato*s

P!o'o's Heat Caa#it" De'sit" o) States T!e(*al Co'd+#tio'

E'e(/" o) !a(*o'i# os#illato( T!e(*al e'e(/" > Latti#e i(atio's Heat Caa#it" o) Latti#e 2i(atio's


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C#APT!R 0%.R!! !'!CTRON T#!OR&

F(ee ele#t(o' *odel Heat #aa#it" o) )(ee ele#t(o' /as

Fe(*i )+'#tio'5 Fe(*i e'e(/" Fe(*i di(a# dist(i+tio' )+'#tio' T(a'so(t (oe(ties o) #o'd+#tio' ele#t(o's


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R!.!R!NC!S

Co(e oo8Solid state !"si#s5 @,R,Hoo a'd H,E,Hall5Se#o'd editio' $Wile"%

Ot!e( oos at a si*ila( le2el8 Solid state !"si#s5 ittel $Wile"% Solid state !"si#s5 7lae*o(e $Ca*(id/e% F+'da*e'tals o) solid state !"si#s5 C!(ist*a'

$Wile"%

Mo(e ad2a'#ed8 Solid state !"si#s5 As!#(o)t a'dMe(*i'


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CHAPTER 1

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE

Ele*e'ta(" C("stallo/(a!"

T"i#al C("stal St(+#t+(esEle*e'ts O) S"**et("


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C("stal St(+#t+(e =B

mattermatter


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C("stal St(+#t+(e G

'attice 2ectors 3 ,D

A' ideal t!(ee di*e'sio'al #("stal is des#(ied " 3)+'da*e'tal t(a'slatio' 2e#to(s a5 a'd #, I) t!e(e is alatti#e oi't (e(ese'ted " t!e ositio' 2e#to( (5 t!e(e ist!e' also a latti#e oi't (e(ese'ted " t!e ositio'2e#to( -!e(e u5 va'd wa(e a(it(a(" i'te/e(s,

(0 ( u a v w # $=%

y can e 1e


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C("stal St(+#t+(e G=

y can e 1etrian6le

5e a 1nit cell?


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C("stal St(+#t+(e GG

U'it Cell i' 3D


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C("stal St(+#t+(e G3

U'it Cell i' 3D


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T!(ee #o**o' U'it Cell i'3D


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C("stal St(+#t+(e G

Primiti"e and con"entional cells of.CC


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T!e +'it #ella'd5 #o'se1+e'tl"5t!e e'ti(e latti#e5 is uniquely

dete(*i'ed " t!e si& latti#e#o'sta'ts8 a5 5 #5 J5 K a'd , O'l" =B o) ea#! latti#e oi'ti'

a +'it #ell #a' a#t+all" eassi/'ed to t!at #ell,

Ea#! +'it #elli' t!e )i/+(e #a'e asso#iated -it! B & =B =latti#e oi't,

Unit CellUnit Cell


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C("stal St(+#t+(e G

A&is a #

I'te(#etoi'ts = Re#i(o#als == = =$%

S*allestRatio = G

Mille( 'di#es $=G%

!7ample*0


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C("stal St(+#t+(e GB

!7ample*8


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C("stal St(+#t+(e G


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C("stal St(+#t+(e 3

!7ample*9


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C("stal St(+#t+(e 3=

T!e(e a(e o'l" se2e' di))e(e't s!aes o) +'it #ell-!i#! #a' e sta#ed to/et!e( to #o*letel" )ill allsa#e $i' 3 di*e'sio's% -it!o+t o2e(lai'/, T!is/i2es t!e se2e' #("stal s"ste*s5 i' -!i#! all #("stalst(+#t+(es #a' e #lassi)ied,

C+i# C("stal S"ste* $SC5 7CC5FCC% He&a/o'al C("stal S"ste* $S%

T(i#li'i# C("stal S"ste* $S% Mo'o#li'i# C("stal S"ste* $S5 7aseC% O(t!o(!o*i# C("stal S"ste* $S5 7aseC5 7C5 FC% Tet(a/o'al C("stal S"ste* $S5 7C% T(i/o'al $R!o*o!ed(al% C("stal S"ste* $S%

3D 14 BRAVAIS LATTICES AND THE SEVEN CRYSTAL SYSTEM

TYPICAL CRYSTAL STRUCTURES


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C("stal St(+#t+(e 3G


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C("stal St(+#t+(e 33

a* Simple C15ic (SC


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c* .ace Centered C15ic(.CC

T!e(e a(e ato*s at t!e #o('e(s o) t!e +'it #ell a'd at t!e#e'te( o) ea#! )a#e,

Fa#e #e'te(ed #+i# !as 4 ato*s so its 'o' (i*iti2e#ell,

Ma'" o) #o**o' *etals $C+5Ni5P,,et#% #("stallie i'FCC st(+#t+(e,


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C("stal St(+#t+(e 3

3 - Face Centered Cubc

Ato*s a(e all sa*e,


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Ato*s S!a(ed 7et-ee'8 Ea#! ato* #o+'ts8#o('e( B #ells =B

)a#e #e't(e G #ells =God" #e't(e = #ell =ed/e #e't(e G #ells =G

latti#e t"e #ell #o'te'tsP = QB & =BI G Q$B & =B% $= & =%F 4 Q$B & =B% $6 & =G%C G Q$B & =B% $G & =G%

Unit cell contents

Co+'ti'/ t!e '+*e( o) ato*s -it!i' t!e +'it #ell


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C("stal St(+#t+(e 3

!7ample: Atomic Pac;in6.actor


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C("stal St(+#t+(e 3B

, TRIC'INIC, TRIC'INIC


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C("stal St(+#t+(e 3

, * TRIC'INIC, * TRIC'INIC

/ * -ONOC'INIC CR&STA'/ * -ONOC'INIC CR&STA'

S&ST!-S&ST!-

T(i#li'i# *i'e(als a(e t!e least s"**et(i#al, T!ei( t!(eea&es a(e all di))e(e't le'/t!s a'd 'o'e o) t!e* a(ee(e'di#+la( to ea#! ot!e(, T!ese *i'e(als a(e t!e*ost di))i#+lt to (e#o/'ie,

Triclinic (Simple)

!"oa # c

$onoclinic (Simple)

% % !"o& !"o

a # c

$onoclinic (Base Centered)

% % !"o& !"o

a # c&


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C("stal St(+#t+(e 4

0 * ORT#OR#O-


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C("stal St(+#t+(e 4=

8 3 T!TRA+ONA' S&ST!-

Tetra+onal (P)

% % % !"o

a % #

c

Tetra+onal (BC)

% % % !"o

a % #

c


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C("stal St(+#t+(e 4G

9 * Rhom5ohedral (R or

Tri6onal

,om#oedral (,) or Tri+onal (S)

a % # % c& % %

!"o


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$ 3 Sodi1m Chloride Str1ct1re

Sodium chloride also crystallizes

in a cubic lattice, but with a

different unit cell. Sodium chloride structure

consists of equal numbers of

sodium and chlorine ions placed

at alternate points of a simple

cubic lattice. ach ion has si! of the other "ind

of ions as its nearest nei#hbours.


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B #ell

Cesi1m Chloride Cs=Cl*


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/ * Diamond Str1ct1re

T!e #oo(di'atio' '+*e( o)dia*o'd st(+#t+(e is 4,

T!e dia*o'd latti#e is 'ot a 7(a2aislatti#e,

Si5 e a'd C #("stallies i' dia*o'd

st(+#t+(e,


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0* >inc


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C("stal St(+#t+(e 4

Latti#e /oes i'to itsel) t!(o+/!S"**et(" -it!o+t t(a'slatio'

Oe(atio' Ele*e't

I'2e(sio' Poi't

Re)le#tio' Pla'e

Rotatio' A&is

Rotoi'2e(sio' A&es


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C("stal St(+#t+(e

We #a' 'ot )i'd a latti#e t!at /oesi'to itsel) +'de( ot!e( (otatio's

$ A si'/le *ole#+le #a' !a2e a'"de/(ee o) (otatio'al s"**et("5 +t a'i')i'ite e(iodi# latti#e < #a' 'ot,

Rotation Symmetry


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C("stal St(+#t+(e =

A7is of Rotation


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C("stal St(+#t+(e G

A&is o) Rotatio'


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C("stal St(+#t+(e 3

Ca' 'ot e #o*i'ed -it! t(a'slatio'al e(iodi#it":

)old s"**et("


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C("stal St(+#t+(e 4

01 solid state physics 02 [compatibility mode] [repaired]

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