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713 311 PRINCIPLES OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY

Dr. Korawuth Punareewattana

Basic Knowledge of

Veterinary Pharmacology

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University

Topic 1

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Topic Contents

Terms and Definitions

Scope of Subjects

Sources of Drugs

Routes of Drug administration

Drug standards and Pharmacopoeia

Pharmacology Textbooks

Drug nomenclature

Drug classifications

Drug development

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What is pharmacology?

Greek wordsof Pharmacology

pharmakon -drug or poison

Logos -study of

The science that deals with

the fate of drugs in the bodyand

(pharmacokinetics)

their actions on the body

(pharmacodynamics)

Definition

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What is drug ?

A drug is

any substances differ froma normal constituent of the body or one that is required

for normal bodily function (e.g. food, water, oxygen) that

when applied to or introduced into a living organism has the effect of altering body

functions.

These alterations may

prove useful in the treatment of disease (therapeutic application) or

it may cause disease (toxicity).

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...

...

(pharmacopoeia)

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Scope of Pharmacology

3 major aspects of Pharmacology

Pharmacy

Pharmaceutical sciences

Study on drug making

Pharmacology

Study on drug disposition and action

Toxicology

Study on poison and drug toxicity

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Sub-discipline of Pharmacology

General or Basic Pharmacology

Basic principles

Systemic Pharmacology Study of drug groups based on body systems

Regulatory Pharmacology

Drug regulations and Laws

Pharmacognosy

Study of sources of drugs

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Pharmacotherapeutics

Focus on using drugs to treat diseases

Molecular Pharmacology

Study of pharmacology at molecular level

Clinical Pharmacology

Study of pharmacology in patients

Metrology

the science of measurement

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Posology

Study on drug dosage

Pharmacokinetics

Study on drug movement in the body

Pharmacodynamics

Study on drug action in the body

Pharmacogenetics

Study on genetic factors

Comparative Pharmacology

Comparative study in different species

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Sources of Drugs

Natural sources

Carbohydrates

Glycosides (sugar + aglycone)

Lipids

Proteins

Alkaloids

Volatile oils

Plant exudates

Antibiotics, Hormones, Growth

factors, Cytokines, Vitamins,

Toxins

Synthetic sources

Natural mimicking

Natural modification

Laboratory synthetics

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Route of administration

the path by which a drug is taken into the body

Classification Desired effect

Topical route

Applied onto the skin or mucous

membrane

Enteral route

Given into GI tract

Desired effect is systemic

Parenteral route

Usually involve injection

Desired effect is systemic

Local effet

Usually by topical route

Systemic effect

Usually by enteral and parenteral

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Topical route Local effect Systemic effect

Epicutaneous /

Transdermal /

Transmucosal /

Nasal /

Inhalational / /

Eye drops /

Ear drops /

Intravaginal /

Intramammary /12


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Enteral route Local effect Systemic effect

Oral /

Sublingual /

Buccal /

Rectal /

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Parenteral route Local effect Systemic effect

Subcutaneous /

Intramuscular /

Intravenous /

Intraarterial /

Intraosseous /

Intraperitoneal /

Intrathecal /

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oute of administrationLocal injection Local effect Systemic effect

Miscellaneous routes intend for local effect

Epidural /

Subconjunctival /

Intra-articular /

Intravitreal /

Intravesicular /

etc

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Drug Standard

Pharmacopoeias

a book containing directions for the

identification of samples and the

preparation of compound medicines,

and published by the authority of a

government or a medical or

pharmaceutical society

a reference work for pharmaceutical

drug specifications

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Pharmacopoeias in England

British Pharmacopoeia (B.P.)

British Pharmacopoeia (Veterinary)

British Pharmaceutical Codex (B.P.C.)

British Veterinary Codex (B.Vet.C.)

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Pharmacopoeias in USA

United States Pharmacopoeias (U.S.P.)

National Formulary (N.F.)

New and Non-official Drugs (N.N.D)

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Other Pharmacopoeias

Codex Francais

International Pharmacopoeia

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Pharmacopoeias in Thailand

.. 2544

1, 2 (Thai Pharmacopoeia)

1, 2 (Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia)

British Pharmacopoeia (B.P.)

British Pharmacopoeia (Veterinary)

United States Pharmacopoeias (U.S.P.)

International Pharmacopoeia

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.. 2544

1 2

1 2 3

1

2

3

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Pharmacological Textbooks

Medical Pharmacology Textbooks

Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12th ed.

Principles of Medical Pharmacology

Pharmacology: Principles and Practice

Modern Pharmacology with Clinical applications

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Pharmacological Textbooks

Veterinary Pharmacology Textbooks

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 9th ed

Small animal clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 2nded by Boothe

Small animal clinical pharmacology, 2

nd

ed by Maddison

Plumb, D.C. Veterinary Drug Handbook. 6thed.

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Drug Nomenclature

Chemical name

Non-proprietary or Generic name

Approved name

Name not yet in Pharmacopoeias

Official name

Drug name in Pharmacopoeias

Aspirin (U.S.P.), Aspirin (B.P.)

Common name

Usually the same as generic name

Proprietary or Trade or Brand name

examples

Rimadyl

Zeniquin

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Carprofen (Rimadyl) Chemical name

6-chloro-a-methyl-9H-carbazole-2-acetic acid

Generic name Carprofen

Trade name

Rimadyl

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Marbofloxacin (Zeniquin) Chemical name

9-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-3- methyl-10-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-7-

oxo-7H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij][4,1,2] benzoxadiazine- 6-carboxylic

acid

Generic name

Marbofloxacin

Trade name

Zeniquin

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Drug Classification

Classifications based on Origin

Natural preparations or Galenicals

Pure compounds

Semi-synthetic substances

Purely synthetic compounds

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Classifications based on Use

Classify drugs according to the organ system upon which they exert their

most prominent actions

Anesthetic drugs

Anti-convulsants

CNS stimulants

ANS drugs

Cardiovascular drugs

Anti-hypertensive agents

Diuretics

Muscle relaxants

Analgesics

Anti-inflammatory drugs

Antihistamine

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Evaluation of New Drugs (Drug development)

Objectives Effective and safe

Testing in 2 aspects

Pharmacological profile

To see if it is effective

Toxicological profile

To see if it is not harmful

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Evaluation Processes

I. Screening Test

II. Preclinical Test

III. Clinical Test

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Screening Test

Thousands of chemicals are screened in laboratory

Most tests are focused on Pharmacological profile

Very few chemicals may passed as potential candidates

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Preclinical Test

This step involves mostly with testing in laboratory

animals

Testing

Pharmacological tests

Toxicological tests

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Preclinical Test

Pharmacological tests

Pharmacy

To find a suitable preparations

Pharmacokinetics

To find the right dosage

Pharmacodynamics

To understand the mechanism of action

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Preclinical Test

Toxicological tests

Acute toxicity test

Subacute toxicity test

Subchronic toxicity test

Chronic toxicity test

Reproductive toxicity test

Carcinogenicity test

Genotoxicity test

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Clinical Test

This step will be done in targeted

populations

Phase I

Study in normal people

Phase II

Study in small group of sick people

Phase III

Study in large group of sick people

Phase IV

Post-marketing evaluation

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