01 instructor's guide

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Introduction to Computer Networking *Property of STI of 16

TOPIC TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKING

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the topic session, the students should be able to:

1. discuss what computer networking is all about, 2. recognize the need for computer networking, 3. identify the components of a personal computer (PC), 4. describe an idealized computer, 5. explain the function of network interface card (NIC), 6. explain the functions of a computer software, and 7. review the conversion from decimal number base system to a

binary number base system and vice versa.

MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT:

o Computer with speakers o LCD/OHP projector o File/s (01 Introduction to Computer Networking)

• 01 LCD Slides 1 • 01 OHP Slides 1 • 01 LCD Slide Handout 1 • 01 OHP Slide Handout 1 • 01 Activity 1 • 01 Laboratory Exercise 1 • 01 Laboratory Exercise 1 Answer Key • 01 Files to Used 1

o Software requirements • MS PowerPoint • Cisco Packet Tracer

TOPIC PREPARATION:

o Prepare handouts needed for the topic presentation and have them photocopied.

o Set up computer and LCD/OHP projector. This will be used to show the slide presentation in class.

o It is imperative for the instructor to study the lecture materials and read other materials related to the topic to be able to fuse different sorts of teaching strategies depending on the needs of the students. Note: Instructor’s input as academy expert and/or industry professional will be the best foundation in teaching the course effectively.

o Anticipate possible questions that students might raise during the discussion.

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PRESENTATION OVERVIEW:

A. Introduction 5 min B. Instructional Input

Computer Networking and Data Communications 45 min a. explain Internet b. explain networking c. explain data communications d. explain the relation of telecommunications and computer

networking to data communications Rationale: Why Network Computers 45 min a. identify the advantages of computer network b. identify the requirements for Internet connection Using a PC on a Network 45 min a. enumerate and explain the components of a PC b. enumerate and explain the different information that flows

in a PC c. explain Network Interface Card (NIC) d. enumerate the factors to be considered in choosing the NIC e. define computer software Network Math 35 min a. review the conversion from decimal number base system to

a binary number base system and vice versa C. Generalization 10 min D. Application 180 min

Total duration 360 min

TOPIC PRESENTATION:

A. Introduction

1. Start the session by asking the students if they have basic knowledge about the concepts of computer networks.

B. Instructional Input

Computer Networking and Data Communication

1. Show Slide 1 of 01 LCD Slide 1. Present the topic coverage to the class.

Slide 1

Introduction to Computer Networking


Rationale: Why Network Computers Using a PC on a Network Network Math

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2. Show Slides 2 to 3. Discuss what a network is. Start off by discussing what an Internet is.

As we move towards the new millennium, computer networking (which is used everywhere from home to large companies) has indeed come a long way. A global computer network that links information and people known as the Internet has become an important technological field of our time since it melds communications and computing technology to provide users with instant connectivity and global information services at very low cost.

Note: Other network services will be discussed as we go along the discussion.

Now, what is a computer network? A computer network (shown in Figure 2.1) refers to a system consisting of computers and devices connected together via communications devices and media (e. g. switches or router) that allows users to, share resources or exchange files. It is a means by which computers can "talk" to one another through the use of cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites or infrared light beams that connect them.

Note: Discussion on when and how each of these devices, plus some more, will be tackled in the later topics.

Figure 2. 1 A Typical Computer Network

Figure 2.1 shows the typical physical components of a network, including the PCs, interconnections and switches. Note: The workings of these components will be explained in the later chapters.

The personal computers (PCs) serve as end points (sending (1) and receiving (6) data) in the network.

The interconnections, such as the cable network media, provide the means by which the signals are transmitted from one networked device to another and the connectors

Slide 2

*Property of STI J0065


Internet

It refers to global computernetwork that linksinformation and people

Slide 3



Network

It refers to a system consisting of computers and devices connectedtogether via communications devices and media that allow users toelectronic communications, share resources or exchange files

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that provide the connection points for the media. Note: Detailed discussions on how these networking media work, and when they are used, will be in Networking Media topic.

The switches are devices that provide network attachment to the end systems and intelligent switching of the data within the local network.

3. Show Slide 4. Discuss what data communications is.

On the other hand, data communications refers to the study on how devices, not necessarily computers, can transfer digital information (commonly known as “signals”) via wired or wireless transmission medium which include:

• For Electricity: copper wires, coaxial cable, twisted pair (UTP and STP)

• For Light: infra-red through air, laser through fiber-optic cable

• For Electromagnetic radiation: broadcast radio (radio frequencies), microwave, satellite

4. Show Slide 5. Discuss the relation of telecommunication and computer networking to data communications.

Data communications is sometimes confused with the words “telecommunications” and “computer networks” since these three fields of study have always had a number of overlapping concepts which is increasingly difficult to separate one from the other.

The word telecommunications comes from a contraction of the Greek “tele”, which means “far” and Latin root “communicare”, which means “discipline that studies the principles of transmitting information and the methods by which it is delivered”. Hence, telecommunications refers to any process that permits the exchange of information (e. g. voice, data, text, images and video signals) over great distances, in the form of electromagnetic signals, through electromagnetic system (e. g. satellite systems, broadband systems, microwave systems, digital networks, telephone networks, radio stations, LAN and wireless networks). Data communications is a subset of telecommunication while computer networks are considered a sub-discipline of both data communications and telecommunications since it relies upon the theoretical and practical application of these disciplines.

Slide 4



Data Communications

It refers to the process oftransferring of digitalinformation from computersand components of computersystems via wired or wirelesstransmission medium whichinclude:

For Electricity For Light For Electromagnetic

Radiation

Slide 5



Telecommunications

It refers to any process that permits exchange of information overgreat distances, in the form of electromagnetic signals, throughelectromagnetic system

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Rationale: Why Network Computers

1. Show Slide 6. Discuss the advantages of computer network.

Today, computer networks are being used in every facet of life, as they provide the following advantages.

• Sharing Information: Sharing is the real key to networking. By means of network, computers can share information – from files, to programs, to hardware devices or peripherals, regardless of the physical location of the resource and the user. With sharing, time, effort, and money could be saved.

• Sharing Hardware Resources: By means of network, electronic transfer is faster since computers can share peripherals (e. g. printer and hard disk drives) with any other computer. For example, a certain office has only one printer and has five to ten computers. In the absence of network, the only computer that can be used to print the needed information is the one that is connected to the printer and the others that needs to access the device will be required to copy or transfer their data over the aforementioned computer through the use of removable storage media – floppy, jazz drives, tape drives, etc. Hence, with networking, only a few sets of peripherals are provided as these could be accessed or shared by the different computer terminals, thus saving on money; eliminating redundant peripherals reduces costs.

• Sharing Software Resources: By means of network, programs or applications used by computers to perform any useful function or to carry out daily basis task can be installed and configured centrally on a server and shared by all. With this, more time and disk space are saved.

• Preserve Information: Another advantage is the increase in security. By means of networking, regular backups of data that are kept on the server as well as on other connected computers on the network will not immediately result in loss of information, since these data are still accessible from other computers whenever required. Access privileges, however, are set electronically. This protects the user files from unauthorized accesses.

Slide 6



Advantages of Computer Network

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• Communication: By means of the network, the office can be a paperless environment since users can instantly send messages to others and even check whether or not their messages have been received. Exchanging memos and directives on paper often involves a lot of printing costs and delays.

On top of these basic benefits of computer networking, the lives of humans are simplified resulting in higher throughput since computers make completing tasks more efficient, which in turn result in better productivity.

2. Show Slides 7 to 9. Discuss the requirements for Internet connection.

It is important to be familiar with the services that the Internet provides for us to recognize its proper use. But first, we have to understand the structure of the Internet as well as how to test it if you’re connected in order for you to avail its advantages. Below are the requirements for Internet connection:

• Physical Connection – It is used to transfer signals between PCs within the local network and to remote devices on the Internet.

• Logical connection – It uses a standard called protocols or a set of protocols like TCP/IP.

• Application that interprets the data and display the information – It works with protocols to send and receive data across the Internet such as web browser, File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and etc.

To verify network connectivity, a “Ping” command utility is used. It works by sending multiple IP packets to the specified destination and waiting for the packet replies. If the ping receives an echo reply, the connectivity is verified. If it fails, however, it will show messages like destination unreachable and timeout messages. The following examples describe the types of ping tests that are commonly used in a network:

• ping 127.0.0.1 – It is called an internal loopback test.

• ping the IP address of host computer – It verifies connectivity to the host.

Slide 7



Requirements for Internet connection

Physical Connection

Logical connection

Application that interpret the data and display the information

Slide 8



“Ping” command utility

Types of ping tests

ping 127.0.0.1

ping IP address of host computer

ping default-gateway IP address

ping remote destination IP address

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• ping default-gateway IP address – It verifies whether the router that connects the local network to other networks can be reached.

• ping remote destination IP address – It verifies connectivity to a remote host.

Using a PC on a Network

1. Show Slide 10 to 14. Introduce PC components and the role of each in a networking system.

Computers are one of the major categories of network “building blocks,” thus it is important to be able to identify and describe their major components, including both hardware and software. Those components that are contained inside the casing and are largely involved with the internal processing include the following:

• Motherboard – It is the main printed circuit board of a computer.

• Central Processing Unit (CPU) – It is the part of a computer that controls all the other components. It fetches instructions from memory and decodes them. This action may cause it to transfer data to or from memory or to activate peripherals to perform input or output.

• Bus – It is a collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one part of a computer to another. It connects all the internal computer components to the CPU. The Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) and the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) are the two types of buses.

• Random Access Memory (RAM) – It is also known as read-write computer memory that has new data written into it as well as stored data read from it. A drawback of RAM is that it requires electrical power to maintain data storage. If the computer is turned

Slide 9



“Ping” command utility

Slide 10



PC Components

Motherboard

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Slide 11



PC Components Bus Random Access Memory

(RAM)

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OFF or loses power, all data stored in RAM is lost, unless the data was saved to disk.

• Read-Only-Memory (ROM) – It is a computer memory on which data has been prerecorded. Once data has been written onto a ROM chip, it cannot be removed and can only be read.

• Power Supply – It is a component that supplies power to a computer and converts AC power to DC and breaks it into the amounts needed by different devices.

• Hard Disk Drive (HDD) – It is a device that reads and writes data on a hard disk. Two main types of drive interfaces are current in today’s computers: Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) drive and the Small Computer System Interface (SCSI; pronounced scuzzy) drive. Usually referred to by interface type and capacity (MB or GB; for example, 10 GB SCSI drive).

• Operating system – It is a software that controls the operation of the computer (Windows, Macintosh, UNIX, and so on.)

The components of a computer that require access from the outside are as follows:

• External Ports – These are connectors to which other devices attached, including the following:

o Serial Port – It connects to asynchronous serial devices, such as an external modem.

o Video port – It connects to an external video monitor.

o Ethernet port – It connects to an Ethernet network data cable.

o Universal Serial Bus (USB) Port – It is a standard connection port designed for connecting computer peripherals such as mouse, keyboard, joysticks, printers, scanners, digital cameras, flash drives, and external HDDs.

o PS/2 port – It is an external keyboard and mouse connection

Slide 12



PC Components

Read Only Memory (ROM)

Power supply

Hard Disk Drive

Operating system

Slide 13



PC Components External Ports

Serial Port

Video port

Ethernet port

Universal Serial Bus (USB) Port

PS/2 port

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• Compact disc read – only memory (CD-ROM) drive – It is a device into which a CD can be inserted and the data read from it.

• Compact disc read – write memory (CD-RW) drive – It is a device into which a CD can be inserted and the data read from it; if writable CD media are used, data can also be stored on it.

• Floppy Disk Drive – It is a disk drive that can read and write to floppy disks, usually in the “3 ½” 1.44-megabyte (MB) or “5 ¼ ” 1.2 MB format.

2. Show Slides 15 to 16. Display the figure of an idealized computer and explain the information that flows into it.

Figure 2. 2 An Idealized Computer: Information Flow

The figure 2.2 above shows the basic components of an idealized computer. As you can see, the internal components of a PC are all attached to the system bus, wherein information and electric power constantly flows. Hence, we can say that a PC is a miniature network, with all the various devices within the system unit attached to, and communicating with, each other. Below are some of the important information that flows through the bus:

Slide 14



PC Components

Compact disc read – only memory (CD-ROM) Drive

Compact disc read – write memory (CD-RW) drive

Floppy Disk Drive

Slide 15



An Idealized Computer: Information Flow

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• Boot instructions – These are stored in ROM, until they are sent out.

• Software applications – These are stored in RAM after they have been loaded.

• RAM and ROM – These two constantly talk to the CPU through the bus.

• Application information – These are stored in RAM while applications are being used.

• Saved information – This flows from RAM to some form of storage device.

• Exported information – This flows from RAM and the CPU, through the bus and expansion slots, to the printer, video card, sound card, or network card

3. Show Slides 17 to 18. Discuss what a network interface card is and explain its relationship to PCs.

Network interface card (NIC) (a.k.a. LAN adapter) is an expansion board that provides network communication capabilities to and from a computer system.

It is plugged into motherboard and provides a port to connect to the network. It communicates with the network through a serial connection, and with the computer through a parallel connection.

Each card requires an IRQ, an I/O address, and an upper memory address to work with DOS or Windows 95/98. An IRQ, or interrupt request line, is a signal informing a CPU that an event that needs its attention has occurred. An IRQ is sent over a hardware line to the microprocessor. An example of an interrupt being issued would be when a key is pressed on a keyboard; the CPU must move the character from the keyboard to RAM. An I/O address is a location in memory used to enter data or retrieve data from a computer by an auxiliary device. In DOS-based systems, upper memory refers to the memory area between the first 640 kilobytes (K) and 1 megabyte (M) of RAM.

Slide 16



Information that flows in an Idealized Computer

Boot instructions

Software applications

RAM and ROM

Application information

Saved information

Exported information

Slide 17



Network Interface Card

It is an expansion board thatprovides networkcommunication capabilitiesto and from a computersystem

Slide 18



Network Interface Card

It is plug into a motherboardor PCMCIA slot

It communicates to thenetwork via serial connectionwhile it communicates to thePC via a parallel connection,I/O address and IRQ

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4. Show Slide 19. Enumerate the factors to be considered in choosing the NIC.

When selecting a network card, the following are to be considered:

• Bus type (PCI, ISA, EISA, and so on)

• Network topology (bus, ring, star)

• Medium type (UTP, STP, 10Base2, 10Base5, 10BaseF)

• Transport speed (1 Mbps, 4 Mbps, 10 Mbps, 16 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1000 Mbps)

5. Show Slides 20 to 24. Discuss the definition and purpose of computer software in networking.

To ensure that the network is available to its users without interruption, a computer software intended for managing networks is a must for us to see what is happening with it at any time.

The types of network administration software are as follows:

• Network Operating System (NOS) – This coordinates the activities of multiple computers across a network through the following remote services below. These remote services enable concurrent access to share resources, either by multiple clients (peer – to – peer networking operating system) or server systems responding to a client request (client/server networking operating system)

o Access to remote printers – The NOS allows one to manage the usage of printer as to when will it be used or what printer is connected to a certain computer. Aside from that, it also allows how print jobs are queued and managed. Also, it recognizes when devices are not available to the network

o Access to files on remote systems – The NOS allows one to determine who can and can’t access a certain data/file

Slide 19



Factors to be considered in choosing the NIC

Bus type

Network topology

Medium type

Transport speed

Slide 20



Types of network administration software

Network Operating System (NOS)

Slide 21




Network Operating System (NOS)

Peer – to – peer networking operating system

Cient/server networking operating system

Slide 22




NOS Remote Services

Access to remote printers

Access to files on remote systems

Access to remote applications and resources

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o Access to remote applications and resources (e. g. Internet) – The NOS allows one to make the network resources transparent and available to the user

o Routing services (including support for major networking protocols) – The NOS allows one to determine what and where to send a certain data

o System and security monitoring – The NOS provides proper security against viruses, hackers, and data corruption

o Basic network administration utilities (e. g. SNMP – Simple Network Management Protocol) – The NOS enables one to perform task involving managing resources and users

• Network monitoring software – This can be simple or sophisticated, and either free or purchasable. Its two general categories are as follows:

o Protocol analyzers – This captures packets of data that are transmitted on the network between computers. These also “decode” the data so that one can read it and determine what is going on during the transmission.

o Sniffing software (a.k.a. packet sniffers) – This operates similarly as a telephone wiretap. Through this, one can observe the communication between designated computers on the network to determine how the transmission is progressing, and at the same time what is being transmitted.

• Network management software – This allows one to perform the following tasks below. Examples of this are the Systems Management Server (SMS) manufactured by Microsoft, Tivoli Enterprise by IBM and the OpenView of Hewlett-Packard.

o Documenting the devices on a network and the status of each device

o Managing software licenses

Slide 23




NOS Remote Services

Routing services (including support for major networking protocols)

System and security monitoring

Basic network administration utilities

Slide 24




Network monitoring software

Protocol analyzers

Sniffing software (a.k.a. packet sniffers)

Network management software

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o Controlling computers on the network remotely

o Receiving notifications of network problems

Network Math

1. Show Slides 25 to 27. Review the description of the binary and decimal number systems and state its connection to computer networking.

During the previous discussions in the previous semesters, we understand that we, human beings normally use the decimal number system to represent numbers, while computers recognize an electrical switch state – whether a switch is in “off state” or an “on state”.

The “off state” stands for the numeric symbol “0”, while the “on state” stands for the numeric symbol “1”. This number representation is known as the binary number system. These 0s and 1s represent the two possible states of an electronic component and are referred to as binary digits or bits. The network device addresses as well as the Internet use this binary system to define their location on the network.

Figure 2.3 shows the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) chart, which displays the

Slide 25


Network Math

Decimal Number System

It is the number system that we are all familiar with

It is used by our forefathers basically for the simple reason that theystarted to learn to count with their ten fingers

Slide 26


Network Math

Binary Number System

It is the number system thatis the basic foundation of anycomputer machine

A computer circuit representsthe 0 or the 1 electronicallyby the presence or absence ofan electrical charge

Slide 27


Network Math

ASCII (American StandardCode for InformationInterchange)

It displays the binary numberrepresentation of manykeyboard and controlcharacters.

It is one of several character-encoding systems used inLANs.

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binary number representation of many keyboards and control characters. ASCII is one of several character-encoding systems used in LANs.

The problem with writing the binary number system, however, is verbosity. Hence, the octal number system and the hexadecimal number system were introduced to save space and lessen the number of digits.

Although we use decimal numbers in networking to display information such as IP addresses (which is to be discussed in the later part), they are transmitted as OFF’s and ON’s that we represent in binary. Hence, a review of the binary as well as the decimal number system is important to understand networking. Below are the following conversion from decimal to binary number system and vice versa that we will solve for us to recall a discussion about the number system.

2. Show Slides 28 to 29. Let the student solve the following practice exercises.

Convert the following decimal numbers into binary:

1. 216

2. 119

3. 41

4. 255

5. 188

Convert the following binary numbers into decimal:

1. 01101011

2. 10010110

3. 11101001

4. 00011011

5. 01111111

Note: Please see 01 Activity 1 file for the solution for the above problem.

C. Generalization

1. Summarize the lesson and give the important points.

Slide 28


Network Math

Practice Exercises

Convert the following decimal numbers into binary

216

119

41

255

188

Slide 29


Network Math

Practice Exercises

Convert the following binary numbers into decimal

01101011

10010110

11101001

00011011

01111111

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D. Application

1. Using 01 Laboratory Exercise 1, ask the students to individually perform the procedures in the laboratory experiment. Give them ample time to finish the exercise and ask them to submit their worksheets before the session ends. Move around the class and check their actual application. Don’t hesitate to acknowledge and assess their work.

GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES CHECKLIST

Creative Fluency

Flexibility

Originality

Elaboration

Conscientious Orderly Dutiful Self-disciplined

Emotionally-Mature

Self-awareness Self-management

Social Awareness

Relationship Management

Effective Communicator

Speaking

Listening

Body Language

Reading

Writing

Team Player Networking Coordinating Cooperating Collaborating

Critical Thinker Challenged Thinker Beginning Thinker

Practicing Thinker

Proactive Anticipatory Plan - oriented Action - directed

Lifelong Learner Self-motivated Self-regulated Self-directed

REFERENCES:

Mueller, S. (2013). Upgrading and Repairing PC's 21st Edition. Indianapolis, Ind.: Que.

Oliviero, A. (2014). Cabling: the complete guide to copper and fiber-optic networking, 5th ed., Indianapolis, IN: John Wiley and Sons.

Sosinsky, B. (2009). Networking bible. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley Pub., inc.

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Tanenbaum, A. (2011). Computer Networks 5th Edition. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall.

01 instructor's guide

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