1 GSM

1 GSM

1 GSM

1.1.

, , , .

.

21.10.1832 -

.. .

(1786-1837) , . 1836 .

24.05.1844 . .

14.02.1876 . ! . , , (Alexander Graham Bell) . , , , ! , . 14 1876 , 7 . , : . 500 . . ! , , . , . B 1877 a a , . B c Cc c a, a .

7

GSM 07.05.1895

. 1895 .. . - - .

1896 . (1856 - 1943) 32 , . 1901 . .

19.02.1900 . .. 45 .

1921 2 . .

1930- () .

01.10.1932 .

: . . 1930- .

1935 () . , . .

1940- (FCC) , (DPLM). DPLM 1946 . - (St. Louis). 150 . 1947 - , 35-40 .

1947 D.H. Ring Bell Laboratories . 1948 Shockley, Bardeen Brittain Bell Laboratories ,

, , .

1950- 1950- . .

8

1 GSM 1969 (, , , )

. (Nordic Mobile Telephone - NMT), .

1973 NMT , , , . .

1981 NMT 450.

1991 (GSM). 1998 200 . 1999 GPRS. 2000 , 3G,

3G. 2001 3G . 2002 TDMA GSM.

9

GSM 1.2.

. , . . , .

(1G) ,

, . , .

(2G) .

, . GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) 2G.

, ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network). (SMS Short Message Service).

(IN)

( : Pre-paid, Free Phone ..), , .

2G. GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) GSM.

2G,

, . (3G), , , (). 2G, , , ,

10

1 GSM . 3G (UMTS).

, GSM ,

, .

11

GSM 1.3.

, : ; .

, , :

- ; - ; - .

, . , :

-

; - ; - ; - ,

; - (, ..). 2002 GSM 71%

68% .

, 1981

NMT 450, . , , . , , , . , , :

12

1 GSM 1-2. 1981 NMT 450 Nordic Mobile Telephony 450

MHz ,

1983 AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone

System

1985 TACS Total Access Communication

System

1986 NMT 900 Nordic Mobile Telephony 900 MHz

,

1991 GSM Global System for Mobile communication

1991 TDMA (D-AMPS) (IS136)

Time Division Multiple Access (Digital-AMPS)

1993 CDMA One (IS 95)

Code Division Multiple Access One

,

1992 GSM 1800 Global System for Mobile communication

1994 PDC Personal Digital Cellular 1995 PCS 1900 Personal Communication

Services

2000 UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems

2001 GSM 800 Global System for Mobile communication

13

GSM 1.4. .

1992 . 200 .

.

12 . "".

16 . "". .

. . "". 15 "" . .

1993 11 ""

AMPS .

6 " ". 1994

10000 Ericsson. " ".

DAMPS TDMA ( " 800"). "" , : , , .

"", "-" ( )

14

1 GSM

" ", .

1995 "" " 800",

AMPS/DAMPS.

"" , , . 200 . "" .

1996 "" -

(NYSE), , . "" (ADR) , , NYSE VIP 60 . .

1997 " " GSM

1800. , . 20 . GSM 1800.

GSM 1800 - " 1800". 1997 120 . , 160 .

" 1800" DAMPS IS-136.

1998 28 1998

GSM-1800 . "" GSM-1800 -, , - . "" .

15

GSM

7 GSM-1800 , - , GSM-900/1800 .

1998 " ", , " " " ".

30 1998 " " 141600 .

21 GSM-900/1800.

"" GSM " ", . " " (pre-paid).

1 "" Telenor . Telenor 162 . 25% "".

"" , " " 500.

" GSM" . 22 "-GSM".

1999 10 ""

ICO Global "" . ICO-R ( "-") .

20 " ", GSM-900/1800, .

16

1 GSM

25 , " " GSM, " 800" (DAMPS).

26 " GSM" 37 . "" , GSM-900/1800/1900, 61. GSM , .

"" " ", , .

1999 "" "" , DAMPS GSM-900/1800. , .

24 "" " " GSM, , GSM-900 GSM-1800 .

5 1999 "" , GSM-900/1800.

, " GSM" , . , , , - , .

15 " GSM" , 20% .

18 "" - . 49 , . Philips Aeon $10.

17

GSM

"" GSM -, , - . , , , .

1999 "" " 1999 " ". "" " ". 150 - 52 , , .

, 75 . . " ".

1999 "" , 352 . , 47%. 184%. 1999 170 . .

2000 "" Nokia

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) " GSM" . "" , .

2000 "" Ericsson WAP " GSM". 10 WAP- - . " GSM" , , , .

2000 "" " GSM" , 99% . GSM 600.

"", 1999 " ". ,

18

1 GSM

" " 23 .

24 "" " GSM" . "" - " ".

20 2000 "" " ", 573700 .

29 "" " - ", " " , , , SMS, WAP, GPRS.

2000 "" : 225,4 . .

" " " GSM", 195 . , 20-30% .

" " . C 7 8 " . ". (, , ). , , " ".

" GSM" " ", " " " ", 2000 .

. "" "-".

19

GSM

10 " GSM", , .

18 "" "-" , .

" GSM". 62%. " " , , , , . " GSM" 41600 . ( 31 1999 ) 44200, 94% . " GSM". 270 92 , , GSM/iDEN. "" .

2001

2 - , .

6 "+" , .

" " . - , .

23 "" "", , FMC (Fixed-Mobile Convergence), , . FMC , , "", " ". FMC

20

1 GSM

, . , .

"" " ". - (-), "" . "" , . , .

14 "" IBM, , IBM Lotus "".

30 "", Telenor " " . "- ", " ", "" "-", 100% "". "" GSM. Telenor, "", .

- SIM Application Toolkit. " GSM" SIM (32 kb 16 kb) . - SIM-. .

26 "" - GPRS. " GSM" ,

21

GSM

GPRS , PDA, WAP- .

12 "" Amdocs, IP . Amdocs GSM GPRS "".

27 "" " " Telenor, 99% , .

"" " ..." - .

"-" - " " (Mobile eMail) .

20 ( Mobile Telecommunications Limited, GSM-900). , "" . .

3 "" "+ GSM", .

4 "-" .

"", , "" WAP " GSM" - .

" " , .

22

1 GSM

14 .

18 .

"" , "+ GSM".

2 .

" " "" - SMS-. SMS SMS- " " .

17 GSM.

24 " GSM" , SMS, "-", SMS- .

25 .

30 .

30 "" " ", , " " " ".

1 .

C 1 2001 " GSM" : GPRS-, " GSM", WAP GPRS , , .

"" "-" "-".

28 "-"

"" "-GSM", SIM Application Toolkit.

23

GSM

"" " " " ". " " "". .

" - 2001", "" " ", " " 2001 .

"" (3G)

26 "-" .

2001 "" 422,6 . , 54, 2% 247,1 . . 47,3 . 77,8 . 2000 . 31 "" 2,11 . , , 153,3 % 2000 . , , . 2001 "-" GSM-900/1800 50 , ( - , , , ), 85 . .

4 2001 , . 2001 , , , , .

30 Beepay. Beepay , : , , , .

24

1 GSM

, , . , 2001 UMTS.

2001 422,6 . USD, 54,2%. 47,3 . USD. 31 2001 2,11 . , 153,3%. 2001 , 50 .

25

GSM

1.5. (GSM)

1.5.1 GSM. GSM. 1982-1985

(CET) 900 . (GSM).

1986 , : (FDMA) (TDMA).

1987 GSM TDMA FDMA. 12 (MoU), GSM 1991 .

1988 CEPT GSM . 5 MoU. - MoU , .

1989 (ETSI) GSM.

1990 1 GSM , .

1991 GSM 1800. MoU , , CEPT. 1 GSM.

1992 1. GSM 1. () ().

1993 - , MoU. MoU 70 . GSM , , , . GSM . DCS 1800.

1994 MoU 100 60 . GSM. GSM 3 .

1995 (PCS). GSM, 1900 .

1996 GSM 1900. PCS 1900.

1998 MoU 253 100 GSM 70 . GSM 31% .

1999 GSM 179 . 2002 GSM ,

EDGE, AMR, .

, GSM - ,

GSM, , GSM.

26

1 GSM

, GSM,

, , (SMS), (IN), , (MVPN).

GSM

, .

GSM ,

, , .

1.5.2 ETSI GSM C GSM .

GSM , , GSM . GSM, .

12 ETSI GSM,

1-4. , , ETSI.

1-2 ETSI 01 02 03 04 MS - BSS 05 06 07 MS 08 BSS - MSC 09 10 11 12

27

GSM

DCS-1800 PSC-1900

ETSI GSM-900. DCS-1800 PSC-1900 , , PSC-1900 - , American National Standards Institute (ANSI).

28

1 GSM 1.6 GSM

1980 - GSM , . GSM 1. GSM ( 2, 2+) .

. 1.1. GSM

1

1 : ; ; ( 9.6 /);

; ; .

, 1

(Subscriber Identity Module - SIM). 2

2 ETSI 1996

ETS 300 522. GSM 03.02. 1 , :

29

GSM

; ; ; ; -; ; .

2+

2+. 2+ ETSI 2000 GSM 01.04, V 8.0.0. . , 2+, :

; ; ; GSM 1800, GSM 1900 DECT

.

, -, .

, :

EDGE Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution, , ;

CAMEL - Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic, ,

IN ; HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data,

, ( 4-) .

30

1 GSM

1.7 GSM

GSM 2 . , , .

:

- Switching System (SS) - Base Station System (BSS)

. . 1.2 .

. 1.2. GSM

, . 1.2.

AUC Authentication Center ( )

BSC Base Station Controller BTS Base Transceiver Station () EIR Equipment Identity Register HLR Home Location Register

31

GSM MS Mobile Station MSC Mobile Switching Center GSM NMC Network Management Center OMC Operation and Maintenance Center VLR Visitor Location Register ,

MSC/VLR SS

, . SS :

Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Home Location Register (HLR) Visitor Location Register (VLR) Authentication Center (AUC) Equipment Identity Register (EIR).

BSS , .

:

Base Station Controller (BSC) Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

(OMC)

- , , , . OMC SS, BSS.

MS , .

32

1 GSM 1.8 SS

1.8.1 Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

MSC . , . PSTN, ISDN, , , . MSC. MSC .

MSC . MSC ,

, (-).

MSC ,

. MSC ,

.

1.8.2 Home Location Register (HLR)

GSM ,

PLMN. HLR , , .. .

HLR

( ) , HLR.

HLR :

() . , . ,

MSC/VLR. ().

HLR MSC/VLR, . HLR ,

33

GSM HLR. HLR . . , HLR, MSC VLR, , .

1.8.3 Visitor Location Register (VLR)

VLR , MSC. , MSC VLR. VLR , MSC , MSC. HLR VLR , , .

MSC, VLR,

MSC, HLR, . HLR VLR .

, MS / .

1.8.4 Authentication Center (AUC)

. AUC - , ( ). MSC ,

1.8.5 Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

EIR ,

. . (EIR) , , .

34

1 GSM

1.9 BSS

1.9.1 Base Station Controller (BSC) BSC ,

GS. , , MS, . MSC BSC.

1.9.2 Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

BTS MS. BTS

, - , . BSC BTS.

1.9.3

1.9.3.1 Operation & Maintenance Center (OMC)

OMC GSM. ( X.25) , MSC, BSC .. , . , . 1.9.3.2 Network Management Center (NMC)

(NMC). , OMC. , NMC , , OMC .

OMC NMC , .

1.9.4 (MS)

MS . MS, .

35

GSM MS , , .

MS

, , . , , , , , , , . MS GSM :

(); (SIM). GSM, ,

. - SIM. SIM , GSM. , , . , .

. 1. 3

36

1 GSM

1.10 GSM

. , , .

1.10.1 (Cell)

, GSM, . , .. .

, ,

GSM ( ).

,

(CGI). , , , , .

1.4.

1.10.2 (Location Area - LA)

(LA) ,

. LA, . (LAI) VLR.

MS ,

LA, LA. , MS Idle.

37

GSM , . MS LA, . MS , LA.

1.10.3 MSC (MSC Serving Area)

MSC LA , MSC. , MS MSC , (HLR).

. 1.5 MSC

1.10.4 PLMN

PLMN ,

, . PLMN, . MS PLMN . MSC/VLR. . 1.6 .

1.10.5 GSM

GSM

, GSM. GSM , ,

38

1 GSM . GSM .

,

, MS PLMN PLMN. GSM PLMN (SA) MSC (LA)

1.6. GSM . 1.7, 1.8 .

. 1.7 .

39

GSM

. 1.7 . . 1.8 .

. 1.8 - .

40

1 GSM 1.11. GSM

GSM , : 900, 1800, 1900 .

900

. 1.9 GSM

GSM 900 .

. , . E-GSM R-GSM, P-GSM (primary).

P-GSM900 890-915/935-960 MHz E-GSM900 880-915/925-960 MHz R-GSM900 890-925/935-970 MHz R-GSM1800 1710-1785/1805-1880 MHz

1800

1990 . ,

GSM, 1800. . , , , .

, , . 1800 : GSM 1710-1805/1785-1880 MHz.

1997 1800 Digital Cellular System (DCS)

1800 MHz, GSM 1800. 1900

1995 PCS (Personal

Cellular System). , , . PCS , 41

GSM , .

, PCS, 1900 .

GSM 900 - , , GSM 1900 . GSM 1900 GSM 900 , GSM 1900 ANSI.

GSM 800

800

TDMA (AMPS D-AMPS). GSM 1800 , .

2

. 2 -

P-GSM 900 E-GSM 900 R-GSM 900 GSM 1800 GSM 1900

Uplink 890 915 880 - 915 890 925 1710 1785 1850 1910

Downlink 935 960 925 - 960 935 970 1805 1880 1930 1990

1.12

, .

.

Idle: MS , ;

Active (Busy): MS ;

Detached: MS Implicit Detach: MS

.

3 , GSM .

42

1 GSM

3

(Registration)

, MS , MS.

(Roaming) , , LA, MSC/VLR .. ( MSC/VLR PLMN)

(International Roaming)

PLMN, .

Location Update MS. MS. Cell selection/reselection / IDLE.

IDLE

Paging , MS , .. MS MS

Locating . BSC , MS BTS. BUSY

Handover .

. 1.10

43

GSM

MS , Detached. MS , GSM, . MS , , MS. , , MS .

MS ,

, IDLE. , MS LA, MS .

MS

.

MS , 1 .

LA, MS Location Update LA VLR.

1 ! IDLE MS, Busy - BSC. 44

1 GSM 1.13 GSM

, GSM . MS. , .

1.13.1. International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

IMSI GSM. GSM . IMSI SIM, HLR, VLR AUC.

IMSI :

1.11 IMSI

MCC (Mobile Country Code) MNC (Mobile Network Code) MSIN (Mobile Station Identification Number)

MS GSM IMSI

15 .

1.13.2. Mobile Station ISDN Number (MSISDN)

(MSISDN) , . . MSISDN .

45

GSM

1.12 MSISDN

CC (Country Code) - NDC (National Destination Code) -

( ) SN (Subscriber Number)

PLMN NDC. , NDC 086 087, PLMN. PLMN NDC. MSISDN . 15 , (+7). Beeline +7 903 XXX XXXX 905.

1.13.3. Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)

TMSI - IMSI, MS . . MS TMSI.

TMSI IMSI,

8 . TMSI , IMSI, , .

1.13.4. International Mobile Terminal Identity (IMEI)

IMEI . . GSM IMEI 15 :

TAC (Type Approval Code) - . FAC (Final Assembly Code) - , .

46

1 GSM

SNR (Serial Number) - . TAC FAC

Spare - . . MS, 0.

1.13 IMEI

1.13.5. International Mobile Terminal Identity Software Version number (IMEISV)

IMEISV MT,

, MS, . , , MS, .

, , PLMN

MS (, half rate/full rate, .).

IMEISV.

1.14 IMEISV

SVN (Software Version Number) - , MS MS. SVN 99, .

47

GSM

1.13.6. Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)

MSRN , MSC, MS. MSRN , .

MSRN :

1.15 MSRN

SN MSC/VLR.

1.13.7. Location Area Identity (LAI)

LAI (LA), LA GSM.

LAI :

1.16 LAI

Location Area Code (LAC) , LAC 16 , 65536 LA PLMN.

1.13.8. Cell Global Identity CGI

CGI LA. Cell Identity (CI) LAI. CI 16 .

48

1 GSM

CGI :

8.7 CGI

1.13.9. Base Station Identity Code (BSIC)

BSIC MS . BSIC :

8.8 BSIC

NCC - Network Color Code ( ). , , .

BCC Base station Color Code ( ).

, , .

1.13.10.

, MS (LU, ) MSC/VLR TMSI IMSI, MSC/VLR TMSI MS, SIM-. MSC/VLR MS TMSI. , IMSI . IMSI , Location Update TMSI.

49