01 51-01-0401-m1-sci-lesson-plan-v1

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คูมือครู แผนการจัดการเรียนรู ว�ทยาศาสตร ผลิตและจัดจำหนายโดย บริษัท สำนักพิมพวัฒนาพานิช จำกัด ว�ฒนาพานิช สำราญราษฎร 216–220 ถนนบำรุงเมือง แขวงสำราญราษฎร เขตพระนคร กรุงเทพฯ 10200 โทร. 02 222 9394 02 222 5371–2 FAX 02 225 6556 02 225 6557 email: [email protected] ว�ทยาศาสตร ชั้นมัธยมศึกษาปีที่ 1 เลม 1 ระดับมัธยมศึกษาตอนตน กลุมสาระการเรียนรูวิทยาศาสตร ตามหลักสูตรแกนกลางการศึกษาขั้นพื้นฐาน พุทธศักราช 2551 • ยึดหลักวาผูเรียนมีความสำคัญที่สุด • ใช แนวคิด Backward Design ผสมผสานกับแนวคิดทฤษฎี การเรียนรูตาง ๆ อยางหลากหลาย • ใชมาตรฐานการเรียนรู และตัวชี้วัดชั้นปเปนเปาหมาย • สรางเสริมสมรรถนะสำคัญของผูเรียนในการส�อสาร การคิด การแกปญหา การใชทักษะชีวิต และการใชเทคโนโลยี • สรางเสริมพหุปญญาและความเขาใจทีคงทนของผูเรียน • สรางเสริมทักษะกระบวนการทางวิทยาศาสตร • แบงแผนการจัดการเรียนรู เปนรายชั่วโมง สะดวกในการใช • แนวทางการจัดทำแผนการจัดการเรียนรู ของสถานศึกษาทีมี องคประกอบครบถวน • นำไปพัฒนาเปนผลงานทางวิชาการเพ�อเล�อนวิทยฐานะได คูมือครู แผนการจัดการเรียนรู ออกแบบการจัดการเรียนรูมุงเนน คณะผูเขียน ดร.บัญชา แสนทวี กศ.บ., ค.ม., กศ.ด. ชนิกานต นุมมีชัย กศ.บ., กศ.ม. ภาวิณี รัตนคอน วท.บ., วท.ม. นริสรา ศรีเคลือบ วท.บ., วท.ม. คณะบรรณาธิการ สุระ ดามาพงษ กศ.บ., กศ.ม. ลัดดา อินทรพิมพ ค.บ. (เกียรตินิยม), ศษ.ม.

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  • 1. 216220 10200 . 02 222 9394 02 222 53712 FAX 02 225 6556 02 225 6557 email: [email protected] 1 1 2551 Backward Design . ..,..,.. ..,.. ..,.. ..,.. ..,.. ..(),..

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(NationalTest:NT) (OrdinaryNationalEducationalTesting:ONET) NT . 123................................................................................................................................. . 1 2551 B . ..,..,....,.. ..,....,.. ..,....(),.. 2551 ISBN 978-974-18-5964-1 . 1 1 3. . 1 1 2551 BackwardDesign(BwD) .11 2551 3 / .113 1 BackwardDesign 2 3/ (CD-ROM) .11 4. 1 ......................1 D ................................................................................2 D BackwardDesign(BwD)......................7 D 2551.........................................................................19 D 1...................................................................................................24 D 1..................................................................................................25 2 1 1 ............................27 1 ..........................................28 .................................................28 BackwardDesign....................................................29 1 ..............................................................................38 1..........................................38 2..................................................................43 3...................................48 4...........................52 2 ............................................................................56 5........................................56 6 ...................................................61 7............................66 8.................................71 9 ......................................76 3 ................................................................................81 10 ........................................................................81 11 .........................................................................85 12 ....................................................................89 5. 13 ....................................................................93 4 .............................................................................97 14 ..................................................................97 15 ()..............................................................102 16 ...........................................................107 17 ..................................................111 18 ............................................................115 5 ................................................................119 19 ............................................119 20 ...........................................124 21 ......................................129 2 ...........................................................................133 ...............................................133 Backward Design..................................................134 1 ..............................................141 22 .......................................................................141 23 ......................................................146 2 .................................................................................151 24 ....................................151 25 .....................................156 26 .....................................161 27 ............................................................................166 28 ..................................170 29 .....................................................175 30 ..................................................180 3 ........................................................................185 31 ...............................................185 32 ..............................191 33 .................................................196 6. 34...........................................201 4 ................................................................206 35 .................................206 36..........................................................................211 37.......................................................216 38..............................................................220 39.....................224 40.................................................................229 .................................................................................................234 7. 1 8. .112 1. 1.1 1 1 25512 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 2 1 2 3 4 3 1 1) 2) BackwardDesign((BwD)() 3) 2551 4) 1 5) 1 9. .1 1 3 2 1 1. 2. Backward Design (Backward Design Template) 3 1 2 3 WHERETO 3. 3.1 1 1 1 1 1 3.2 3.3 3.4 (K) (A) / (P) 3.5 10. .1 14 3.6 3.7 3.8 3 1. 2.. 3. (Inquiry Process) 5 1 3.9 2 3.10 / 3.11 3/ 1) (1) / (2) (3) / 8 11. .11 5 2) 3) (Portfolio) 4) Backward Design BackwardDesign 5) 6) .1 1 7) 8) 9)/ / 10) (Rubrics) 1.2 . 1 1 12. .116 . 1 1 1.3 2 13. / Backward Design (EnduringUnderstandings) .11 7 2. Backward Design (BwD) 14. .1 18 Backward Design Backward Design Backward Design 3 1 2 3 1 (Enduring Understandings) 2551 2551 1 Backward Design Concept 15. .1 1 9 1. (Broad Concept) 2. (Operative Concept Functional Concept) 2 1. ( ) 2. 3. 4. 16. .1 110 : 3 5. 6. 3 6 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 : 3 6 2 2 2 Backward Design Backward Design 17. .1 1 11 (Rubrics) // (Meaningful Task) // 5 5 18. .1112 /55 / / 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.1 8.1 5 9.2 5 10. 5 1: 1.1: 19. .1 1 13 6 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 2551 5 1. 2. 3. 4./ 20. .1 114 5. 2551 8 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 6 Backward Design Backward Design 2 3 21. .1 1 15 / Backward Design WHERETO () W (Where) (What) H (Hook) (Hold) E (Equip) (Experience) / (Explore) R (Rethink) (Revise) E (Evaluate) T (Tailored) O (Organized) 22. .1 116 23. .1 1 17 Backward Design ..................... 1 1. 2. ... 1. 2. 1. 2. ... 1. 2. 3. / ... 1. 2. 3. 2 1. 2. 3. 3 24. .1 118 BackwardDesign ...() ...() ...() ...( 1) ...() ...() ...() ...() ...( 2551 (Knowledge:K) (Affective:A) / (Performance:P) ...( 3) ...( ) ...( ) ...() ...() /...( ) ...( ) / Backward Design B 25. .11 19 (Knowledge-Based Society) (Scientific Literacy for All) 2551 1 6 - 3. 2551 26. .1 120 (.) (InquiryProcess) - 5 1) 2) 27. .1 1 21 3) 4) 5) (Scientific Process) (Experiment) (Practice) (SmallGroupDiscussion) (Problem Solving Process) (Cooperative Learning) (ProjectWork) 1. 28. .1 122 2. 3. 3 3.1 3.2 2 1) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 2) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 3.3/ / 29. .1 1 23 / 1) () 2) 3) 4) 5)/ 6) 30. .1124 138 . 1.13.13.28.1 123456789101112131234123123456789 1 1uuuuuuuuuuuuu 2uuuuuuuuuuuu 3uuuuuuuuuuu 4 uuuuuuuuuuuu 5uuuuuuuuuu 2 1uuuuuuuuuu 2uuuuuuuuuuu 3uuuuuuuuuuu 4uuuuuuuuuuu 138 4. 1 31. .11 25 5. 1 / 1 32 1 7 1 1 2 2 3 2 4 2 2 6 5 1 6 2 7 1 8 1 9 1 3 6 10 1 11 2 12 2 13 1 4 8 14 2 15 () 2 16 2 17 1 18 1 5 5 19 2 32. .1 126 / 20 2 21 1 2 31 1 3 22 1 23 2 2 11 24 1 25 1 26 2 27 1 28 2 29 2 30 2 3 7 31 2 32 1 33 2 34 2 4 10 35 2 36 1 37 2 38 2 39 2 40 1 2 65 33. 2 1 1 34. 1 32 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. / 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. / 35. .1 1 29 1 1 1. ( 1.1 . 1/1) 2. ( 1.1 . 1/2) 3. ( 1.1 . 1/3) 4. ( 1.1 . 1/4) 5. ( 1.1 . 1/5) 6. ( 1.1 . 1/6)7. ( 1.1 . 1/7) 8. ( 1.1 . 1/8) 9. ( 1.1 . 1/9) 10. ( 1.1 . 1/10) 11. ( 1.1 . 1/11) 12. ( 1.1 . 1/12) 13. ( 1.1 . 1/13) ... 1. 1. 2. 3. 36. .1 130 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 2 7. GMOs 8. 2 4. 5. 6. 37. .1 1 31 ... 1. - () 2. - 3. 3 4. / ... 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 38. .1 132 5. - 6. - - 7. + + + 6CO2 + 12H2 O C6 H12 O6 + 6H2 O + 6O2 8. 9. 39. .1 1 33 10. 11. () () 12. 13. - 14. 2 15. 4 40. .1 134 16.() 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 2 41. .1 1 35 2 2. 23. / 1. 42. .1 136 3. / 3 1 7 1 1 2 2 3 2 4 2 2 6 5 1 6 2 7 1 8 1 9 1 3 6 10 1 11 2 12 2 13 1 4 8 14 2 15 () 2 16 2 43. .1 1 37 17 1 18 1 5 5 19 2 20 2 21 1 44. .1138 1. 2. 3. 1 1 1 1 1 1.(K) 2.(K) 3.(K) 4.(A) 5.(A) 6.(A) 7.(P) (1.1.1/1) 45. .11 39 5. 6. 7. 4. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 1)23 2) (K) (A) /(P) 46. .1140 1) (1) (2) 2) (1) (2)56 3) (1) (2) (3) 47. .11 41 4) (1) (2) 5) (1) (2) (3) (4) 8. 9. / 1. 2. 48. .1142 3.11 4.11 5.11 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 49. .11 43 (K) (A) /(P) 2 2 1 1 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 1.(1.1.1/2) 2.(1.1.1/3) 1.(K) 2.(A) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5.(P) 1. 2. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 50. .1144 5. 6. 7. 1) 2) 1) (1) (2) 51. .1 1 45 2) (1) (2) 56 / 12 1 (NaCl) 1 70% 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 52. .1 146 6. 400 (3) 3) (1) (2) (3) 4) (1) (2) 5) (1) (2) (3) (4) 53. .11 47 8. 9. / 1. 2.1 3.11 4.11 5.11 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 54. .1148 (K) (A) /(P) 3 2 1 1 1 1. 2. 3. (1.1.1/4) 1.(K) 2.(A) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5. (P) 1. 2. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 4. 5. 55. .11 49 6. 7. 1) 2) 1) (1) (2) 2) (1) (2) 56 / 30100 23 56. .1150 5 (3) 3) (1) (2) (3) 4) (1) (2) 5) (1) (2) (3) (4) 57. .11 51 8. 9. / 1.2 2.11 3.11 4.11 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 58. .1152 (K) (A) /(P) 4 2 1 1 1 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 4. (1.1.1/4) 1.(K) 2.(A) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5. (P) 5. 59. .11 53 6. 7. - 1) 2) 1) (1) (2) 2) (1) (2) 56 / 60. 1 2 .1 154 8 6 40% 5 30 40% 40 100 (3) 3) (1) (2) (3) 2 4) (1) (2) 5) (1) (2) (3) (4) 61. .11 55 1. 2. 3.3 4. 5.11 6.11 7.11 8. 9. / 1) 2)/ 11 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 62. .1156 (1.1.1/5) 5 1 1 1 1 1. 2. 3. 1.(K) 2.(K) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5.(A) 6. (P) 63. .11 57 (K) (A) /(P) 5. 6. 7. 1) 2) 4. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 64. .1158 1) (1) (2) 2) (1) (2) (1) 1 2 3 3 40 1 12 5 23 65. .1 1 59 4 5 3) (1) (2) 3 (3) 4) (1) (2) 5) (1) (2) (3) 66. .1160 (4) 8. 9. / 1. 2. 3.4(1) 4.11 5.11 6.11 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 67. .11 61 (K) (A) /(P) 6 2 1 1 1 1. 2. 3. 4. (1.1.1/5) 1.(K) 2.(K) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5.(A) 6.(P) 1. 2. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 68. .1162 5. 6. 7. 1) 2) 2 1) (1) (2) 2) (1) (2) (2) 69. .1 1 63 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 23 1 3 1 4 5 3) (1) (2) (3) 70. .1164 4) (1) (2) 5) (1) (2) (3) (4) 8. 71. .11 65 1. 2. 3.5(2) 4.11 5.11 6.11 9. / 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 72. .1166 (K) (A) /(P) 71 1 1 1 1. 2. 3. - (1.1.1/5) 1.(K) 2.(K) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5.(A) 6. (P) 1. 2. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 4. 73. .11 67 6. 7. - 1) 2) - 5. 1) (1) (2) 74. .1 168 2) (1) (2) (3) 1 2 3 1 50% 20 1 2 3 2 2 4 5 3) (1) (2) 75. .11 69 8. (3) 4) (1) (2) 5) (1) (2) (3) (4) 76. .1170 9. / 1. 2. 3.6(3) 4.11 5.11 6.11 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 77. .11 71 (K) (A) /(P) 8 1 1 1 1 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 4. (1.1.1/6) 1.(K) 2. (K) 3. (A) 4. (A) 5.(A) 6. (P) 78. .1172 5. 6. 7. 1) 2) 1) (1) (2) 79. .1 1 73 2) (1) (2) / 34 - (3) 3) (1) (2) (3) 4) (1) 80. .1174 (2) 5) (1) (2) (3) (4) 8. 9. / 1. 2. 3.7 4.11 5.11 6.11 81. .11 75 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 82. .1176 (K) (A) /(P) - 9 1 1 1 1 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 4. (1.1.1/7) 1.(K) 2.(A) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5. (P) 83. .11 77 1) 2) 5. 6. 7. 1) (1) (2) 84. .1 178 2) (1) (2) 3) (1) (2) (3) (4) 4) (1) (2) 5) (1) 85. .11 79 (2) (3) (4) 8. 9. / 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.11 6.11 7.11 1) 2)/ 12 86. .1180 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 87. .11 81 (1.1.1/8) (K) (A) /(P) 10 1 1 1 1 1. 2. 3. 1.(K) 2.(K) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5.(A) 6.(P) 4. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 88. .1182 5. 6. 7. 1) - 2) 1) (1) () (2) 2) (1) 89. .1 1 83 (2) 56 / 1 3 2 34 1. 2. 5 3. (3) 3) (1) (2) (3) 4) (1) (2) 5) (1) (2) (3) 90. .1184 (4) 8. 9. / 1. 2. 3. 4.8 5.11 6.11 7.11 c 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 91. .11 85 (K) (A) /(P) 11 2 1 1 1 1. 2. 3. 4. (1.1.1/9) 1.(K) 2.(A) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5.(P) 1. 2. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 5. 92. .1186 6. 7. 1) 2) 1) (1) (2) 2) (1) (2) 56 / 20 2030 3 3 4 93. .1 1 87 12 0.5 4 1. 20 2. (3) 3) (1) (2) (3) 4) (1) (2) 5) (1) (2) (3) 94. .1188 (4) 8. 9. / 1. 2. 3.9 4.11 5.11 6.11 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 95. .11 89 (K) (A) /(P) 12 2 1 1 1 1. 2. 3. (1.1.1/9) 1.(K) 2.(A) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5.(P) 1. 2. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 4. 5. 96. .1190 6. 7. 1) 2) 1) (1)23 (2) 2) (1) (2)56 / 2 1 1015 (3) 97. .11 91 3) (1) (2) 3 (3) 4) (1) (2) 5) (1) (2) (3) (4) 8. 98. .1192 9. / 1.10 2.11 3.11 4.11 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 99. .11 93 (K) (A) /(P) 13 1 1 1 1 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 4. (1.1.1/9) 1.(K) 2.(A) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5.(P) 5. 100. .1194 6. 7. 1) 2) 1) (1) (2) 2) (1) (2)56 101. .11 95 3) (1) (2) (3) 4) (1) (2) 5) (1) (2) (3) (4) 1) 102. .1196 1. 2. 3.11 4.11 5.11 8. 9. / 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 2)/ 13 103. .11 97 21. 2. (1.1.1/10) 14 2 1 1 1 1. 2. 3. 1. (K) 2.(A) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5.(P) 104. .1198 (K) (A) /(P) 5. 6. 7. 4. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 1)23 2) 105. .11 99 1) (1) (2) 2) (1) (2) 56 / 1 (3) 3) (1) (2) 106. .11100 (3) 4 2 4) (1) (2) 5) (1) (2) (3) (4) 8. 107. .11 101 9. / 1. 2. 3.11 4.11 5.11 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 108. .11102 (K) (A) /(P) () () 2()() 15() 2 1 1 1 1. 2. 3. 4. (1.1.1/11) 1.()(K) 2.(A) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5.()(P) 1. () 2. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 109. .11 103 5. 6. 7. () ()- () () 1) ( ) 2) () 1) (1)2() (2) 2) (1)() () (2)56 / 110. .1 1104 5% 2 15 1 1. 5% 2.5 50 2. 12 3. 4. 5. 15% 3 (3) 3) (1) (2) (3) 4) (1) (2)() 111. .11 105 5) (1) (2) (3) (4) () () 8. 9. / () 1.2 2.12 3.11 4.11 5.11 () 112. .11106 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 113. .11 107 (K) (A) /(P) 16 2 1 1 1 1. 2. 3. (1.1.1/11) 1.(K) 2.(A) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5.(P) 1. 2. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 4. 114. .11108 5. 6. 7. 1) () 2) 1) (1) (2) 2) (1) (2)56 / 115. .1 1 109 1 23 (3) 3) (1) (2) 2 (3) 4) (1) (2) 5) (1) (2) (3) (4) 116. .11110 9. / 1. 2.13 3.11 4.11 5.11 8. 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 117. .11 111 (K) (A) /(P) 17 1 1 1 1 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 4. (1.1.1/11) 1.(K) 2.(A) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5.(P) 5. 118. .11112 6. 7. 1) 2) 1) (1) (2) 2) (1) (2)56 119. .11 113 3) (1) (2) (3) 4) (1) (2) 5) (1) (2) (3) (4) 120. .11114 1. 2. 3.11 4.11 5.11 8. 9. / 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 121. .11 115 (K) (A) /(P) GMOs 18 1 1 1 1 1. 2. 3. 1. (1.1.1/11) 2. (1.1.1/13) 1.(K) 2.(K) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5.(A) 6. (P) 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 4. 122. .11116 1. 2. 2. GMOs 5. 6. 7. 1) 2) 1) (1) (2) 2) (1) 123. .1 1 117 (2) 56 GMOs 3) (1) (2) (3) 4) (1) (2) 5) (1) (2) (3) (4) GMOs 124. .11118 8. 9. / 1. 2. 3. 4.11 5.11 6.11 1) 2)/ 14 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 125. .11 119 19 2 1 1 1 1. 2. 3. 1.(K) 2.(K) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5.(A) 6. (P) (1.1.1/12) 126. .11120 (K) (A) / (P) 5. 6. 7. 1) 4. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 127. .11 121 2) 1) (1) (2) 2) (1) (2) / 1 2 4 3 (3) 3) (1) (2) 128. .11122 3 (3) 4) (1) (2) 5) (1) (2) (3) (4) 8. 129. .11 123 9. / 1. 2. 3. 4.14 5.11 6.11 7.11 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 130. .11124 (K) (A) / (P) 5. 20 2 1 1 1 1. 2. 3. 4. (1.1.1/12) 1.(K) 2.(K) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5.(A) 6. (P) 1. 2. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 131. .11 125 6. 7. 1) 2) 1) (1) (2) 2) (1) (2) 132. .1 1126 1 2 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 34 4 5 3) (1) (2) 34 (3) 4) (1) 133. .11 127 (2) 5) (1) (2) (3) (4) 8. 9. / 1. 2. 3.15 4.11 5.11 6.11 134. .11128 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 135. .11 129 (K) (A) / (P) 21 1 1 1 1 1. 2. 3. (1.1.1/12) 1.(K) 2.(A) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5. (P) 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 4. 5. 136. .11130 6. 7. 1) 2) 1) (1) (2) 2) (1) 137. .1 1 131 (2) 3) (1) (2) (3) (4) 4) (1) (2) 5) (1) (2) (3) 138. .11132 8. 9. / 1. 2. 3. 4.11 5.11 6.11 (4) 1) 2)/ 15 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 139. 2 31 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. / 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 5. 6. 7. 8. / 22 140. 1 .1 1134 2 1. ( 3.1 . 1/1) 2. ( 3.1 . 1/2) 3. ( 3.1 .1/3) 4. pH ( 3.1 .1/4) 5. ( 3.2 .1/1) 6. ( 3.2 .1/2) 7. ( 3.2 .1/3) ... 1. 2 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 141. .1 1 135 ... 1. - - (pH) / ... 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 5. 6. pH 7 pH 7 pH 7 7. 7. 142. .1 1136 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 107 9. 10. 107 104 9. 10. 11. 12. 143. .1 1 137 11. 104 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 144. 2 .1 1138 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 2 1. (1) (2) (1) (2) 145. 2. 3 .1 1 139 / 3. / 1 3 22 1 23 2 2 11 24 1 25 1 26 2 27 1 28 2 29 2 30 2 146. .1 1140 3 7 31 2 32 1 33 2 34 2 4 10 35 2 36 1 37 2 38 2 39 2 40 1 147. 2 (3.1.1/2) .11 141 22 1 3 1 2 1. 2. 3. 1. (K) 2.(A) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5. (P) 148. (K) (A) / (P) .11142 5. 6. 7. 4. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 1) 2) 149. .11 143 1) (1) (2) ( ) (3) 2) (1) (2) 3) (1) (2) 150. .11144 (3) 4) (1) 20 2 1 2 (2) 5) (1) (2) (3) ZZ(4) 151. .11 145 9. / 1. 2. 3.11 4.11 5.11 8. 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 152. (K) (A) / (P) .11146 3 23 2 3 1 2 1. 2. 3. 4. (3.1.1/2) 1. (K) 2. (K) 3.(A) 4. (A) 5. (A) 6. (P) 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 153. .11 147 5. 6. 7. 1) 2) 1) (1) (2) 2) (1) 154. .1 1148 (2) / (3) 3) (1) (2) (3) 4) (1) (2) 155. .11 149 5) (1) (2) (3) (4) 8. 9. / 34 () 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1) 2)/ 21 156. .11150 6. 16 7. 8.11 9.11 10.11 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 157. .11 151 (3.1.1/1) 1.(K) 2.(K) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5.(A) 6. (P) 24 1 3 1 2 1. 2. 3. 158. .11152 (K) (A) /(P) 5. 6. 7. 4. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 1) 2) 159. .11 153 3 3 1) (1) (2) 2) (1) (2) () (3) (4) 3) (1) (2) 3 (3) 160. .11154 4) (1)34 10 (2) 5) (1) (2) (3) (4) 4 161. .11 155 9. / 1. () 2. 3.11 4.11 5.11 34 ( ) 8. 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 162. .11156 (K) (A) /(P) 1 1 25 1 3 1 2 1. 2. 3. 4. (3.1.1/1) 1.(K) 2. (A) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5. (P) 1. 2. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 163. .11 157 5. 6. 7. 1) 2) 2 1) (1) 1 1 (2) 2) (1) (2) / 164. .1 1158 (3) 3) (1) (2) 3 1 1 (3) 1 1 4) (1) 34 1 (2) . 5) (1) (2) (3) (4) 165. .11 159 8. 9. / 1)45 2 10 30 2) 1. 2. 3. 4.17 5.11 6.11 7.11 3 4 166. .11160 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 167. .11 161 (K) (A) /(P) 26 2 3 1 2 1. 2. 3. (3.1.1/1) 1.(K) 2.(A) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5. (P) 1. 2. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 4. 5. 168. .11162 6. 7. 1) 2) 1) (1) (2) 2) (1) (2) (1) / 5 23 3 169. .1 1 163 (3) (4) (2) / (5) 3) (1) (2) (1) (2) (3) 4) (1) 34 170. .11164 8. 34 (121) (2) 5) (1) (2) (3) (4) 2 9. / 1. 2.18(1) 3.19999(2) 4.11 171. .11 165 5.11 6.11 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 172. .11166 (K) (A) /(P) 27 1 3 1 2 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 4. 107 (3.1.1/1) 1.(K) 2.(K) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5.(A) 6.(P) 173. .11 167 6. 7. 1) 2) 1 3) 5. 1) (1) (2) 2) (1) (2) 174. .1 1168 3) (1) (2) (3) 107 4) (1) 34 (2) 5) (1) (2) 175. .11 169 1.11 2.11 3.11 8. 9. / (3) (4) 2 1 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 176. .11170 (K) (A) /(P) (3.1.1/1) 1.(K) 2.(A) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5. (P) 282 3 1 2 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 4. 177. .11 171 1) 2) 5. 6. 7. 1) (1) (2) (3) 2) (1) 178. .1 1172 (2) 1 2 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 4 5 (3) 3) (1) (2) (3) 179. .11 173 4) (1) 34 (2) 5) (1) (2) (3) (4) AA ABAB 8. 180. .11174 9. / 1. 2. 3. 4.20 5.11 6.11 7.11 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 181. .11 175 (K) (A) /(P) 29 2 3 1 2 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 4. (3.2.1/1) 1.(K) 2.(K) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5.(A) 6.(P) 182. .11176 1) 2) 5. 6. 7. 1) (1) 2 183. .1 1 177 (2) 2) (1) (2) 3) (1) (2) 20 (3) 3 184. .11178 () 4) (1) (2) 23 150 50 (3) 5) (1) (2) (3) (4) 250 20 185. .11 179 1. 2. 3. 4.11 5.11 6.11 8. 9. / 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 186. .11180 (K) (A) /(P) 30 2 3 1 2 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 4. 107 104 104 (3.1.1/1) 1.(K) 2.(A) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5.(P) 187. .11 181 1) 2) 5. 6. 7. 1) (1) (2) (3) 188. .1 1182 2) (1) (2) / (II) 50 (3) 3) (1) (2) (3) () 4) (1) (2) (3) 5) (1) 189. .11 183 (2) (3) (4) ( ) 1. 2. 3.21 4. 5.11 6.11 7.11 8. 9. / 1) 2)/ 22 190. .11184 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4. 191. .11 185 31 2 3 1 2 1. 2. 3. 1.(K) 2.(K) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5. (A) 6. (P) (3.2.1/2) 192. .11186 (K) (A) /(P) 5. 6. 7. 4. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1./ 2. 3. 4. 1) 193. .11 187 2) 3 1) (1) (2) 2) (1) (2) (1) / 20 21 1 5 (3) (2) / 20] 194. .1 1188 34 - 1 10 (4) 3) (1) (2) (1) (2) (3) 4) (1) 195. .11 189 9. / 1. 2. 3.3. 4.22(1) 5.23(2) 6.11 8. (2) 5) (1) (2) (3) (4) 196. .11190 7.11 8.11 10. 1. 2./ 3. 4.