Project Report

SEMINAR REPORT

NANO-TECHNOLGY

Name - AFRIN SULTANADept. - Electronics & Communication EngineeringYear - 3RD Semester - 6THClass Roll No. - 37WBUT Roll No. - 14800312028

CONTENTS

What is NANO-TECHNOLOGY How it started Why Now How small Nanotechnology is Development in Nanotechnology Nanotechnology and its application Nanobots & How does it work Various Parts Of Nanobots Applications Of Nanobots Other Applications of Nano-technology Pitfalls of Nanotechnology Conclusion

What is NANO-TECHNOLOGY :- Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter. It is basically the study and application of extremely small things and can be used under all other science fields such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials science & engineering. How it started :-

The idea and concepts behind Nano science and nanotechnology started with a talk entitled theres plenty of room at the bottom by physicist Richard Feynman the year 1959. Here he asked : Why cant we manipulate materials atom by atom?

Why cant we control the synthesis of individual molecules?

Why cant we write all of human knowledge on the head of a pin?

Why cant we build machines to accomplish these things?

Feynman actually described a process in which scientists would be able to manipulate and control individual atoms and molecules. It was Professor Norio Taniguchi who coined the term NANOTECHNOLOGY. Why Now :-

New tools for atomic-scale characterization. New capabilities for single atom/molecule manipulation. Computational access to large systems of atoms and long time scales. Convergence of scientific-disciplines at the Nano scale.

Nanotechnology and Nano science involve the ability to see and to control individual atoms and molecules. Everything on the earth is made up of atoms the food we eat, the clothes we wear, the building and houses we live and even our own bodies. How small nanotechnology is:

One nanometer is a billion of a meter or 10^-9. A sheet of a news paper is about 100000 nanometer thick. Now anyone can think how small nanometer can be. Carbon Nanotube :- Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. They have length-to-diameter ratio of upto 132,000,000:1. Nanotubes are members of thefullerene structural family. Their name is derived from their long, hollow structure with the walls formed by one-atom-thick sheets of carbon, calledgraphene.

Development in nanotechnology :- Figure below depicts four generation of nanotechnology development.

Nanotechnology and its application:-

Nanotechnology spans many areas. Such as:i) Mechanical engineering/robotics.ii) Biotechnology.iii) Transportation.iv) National security and defense.v) Food and agriculture.vi) Medicine/health.vii) Aerospace.viii) Energy and Environment.ix) Advance materials and textiles.x) Information technology.

Nanotechnology has contributed much in medical science. Nanotechnology applied to medical field could allow doctors to search out and destroy the very first cancer cells that would otherwise caused a tumor to develop. Nanotech could remove a broken portion of a cell and replace it with a miniature biological machine or deliver medicines exactly where and when they needed. Nanobots are one of the contribution of Nanotechnology in medical field.

Nanobots

Nano robots are extremely small nano electromechanical systems designed to perform a specific task with precision at Nano scale dimensions. Its advantage over conventional medicine lies in its size. Nano robots with sizes comparable to bacteria could provide many novel capabilities through their ability to sense and act in microscopic environments. Nano robots and Nano scale structured materials inside the body provide significant improvements in diagnosis and treatment of disease. The various components in the Nano robots design may include onboard sensors, motors, manipulators, power suppies and molecular computers. How does it work :- With the help of chemotactic sensors Nano robots detects the tumor cell. Because chemotactic sensors have different affinity for each kind of molecule. After sensing the tumor Nano robots inject the antidote of cancer into the tumor and it will destroy the tumor cell. With the help of nanorobot control design simulator scientists designed the Nano robot, which consists of sensors, rotors, fins and propellers. Nano computers will be needed to guide these machines. These computers will direct machines to examine, take apart, and rebuild damaged molecular structures. Nano robots will be able to repair whole cells by working structure by structure. Then by working cell by cell and tissue by tissue, whole organs can be repaired. The exterior of the Nano robots will be subjected to the various chemical liquids in our bodies but the interior of the Nano robot will be closed, vacuum environment into which liquids from the outside cannot normally enter unless immune system by having a passive, diamond exterior. The diamond exterior will have to be smooth and flawless because this prevents leukocytes activities since the exterior is chemically inert and have low bioactivity. According to the current theories, Nano robot will possess at least rudimentary two way communication. Robots will responds to acoustic signals and will be able to receive power or re-programming instruction from an external source via sound waves. A network of special stationary Nano robots might be strategically positioned throughout the body, logging each active Nano robot as it passes, and then reporting those results, allowing an interface to keep track of all of the devices in the body. A doctor could only monitor a patients progress but change the instructions of Nano robots in vivo to progress to another stage of healing.

Nano robots are also candidates for industrial applications. In great swarms they might clean the air of carbon dioxide, repair the hole in the ozone, scrub the water of pollutants, and restore the ecosystems.

Various Parts Of Nanobots :-

SENSORS : As a sensor we can use here biosensors or chemical sensors as chemical properties of cancer tumors are different than normal cells. Generally silicon-based chemical and motion-sensor arrays are used. But it has been observed that using CMOS-based sensors using nanowires as material for circuit assembly can achieve maximal efficiency. Using silicon sensor produces self-heating and thermal coupling which is less in case of CMOS. Factors like low energy consumption and high-sensitivity are among some of the advantages of Nano sensors. Carbon nanotubes serve as ideal materials for the basis of a CMOS IC nan biosensor.

Motors or Actuators : Motors or actuators gives the proper motion to Nano robot in blood fluid. Different kinds of actuators, such as electromagnetic, piezoelectric, electrostatic, and electro thermal. Which can be utilized, depending the aim and the workspaces where it will be applied.

Nano bot Container : Nanorobot container consists of cancer antidode element.

Nano chip : Nano chip takes input signal from sensor and according to the input signal it performs its task.

Power Supply : The most effective way to keep the Nano robot operating continuously is to establish the use of a continuous available source of power. The energy may be available and delivered to the Nano robot while it is performing predefined tasks.

Some possibilities to power the Nano robot can be provided from ambient energy. Temperature displacements could likewise generate useful voltage differentials. Cold and hot fields from conductors connected in series may also produce energy using the well-established Seebeck-effect. Applications Of Nanobots :-

I) Detection of toxic components in environment.II) In drug delivery.III) Biomedical instrumentation.

Other Application of Nano-technology :-

Nanotechnology in Mobile : Morph, a nanotechnology concept device developed by Nokia Research Center (NRC) and the University of Cambridge (UK).

The Morph will be super hydrophobic making it extremely dirt repellent. It will be able to charge itself from available light sources using photovoltaic nanowire grass covering it's surface. Nano scale electronics also allow stretching. Nokia envisage that a Nano scale mesh of fibers will allow our mobile devices to be bent, stretched and folded into any number of conceivable shapes. Nanotechnology in Electronics : Electrodes made from nanowires enable flat panel displays to be flexible as well as thinner than current flat panel displays.

Nanolithography is used for fabrication of chips. The transistors are made of nanowires, that are assembled on glass or thin films of flexible plastic.

E-paper, displays on sunglasses and map on car windshields.

Pitfalls of nanotechnology :- Nano-particles can get into the body through the skin, lungs and digestive system, thus creating free radicals that can cause cell damage. Once Nano-particles are in the bloodstream, they will be able to cross the blood-brain barrier. The most dangerous Nano-application use for military purposes is the Nano-bomb that contain engineered self multiplying deadly viruses that can continue to wipe out a community, country or even a civilization. Nano bots because of their replicating behavior can be big threat for GRAY GOO.

Conclusion :- From these types of inventions, it will be useful for man to cure many diseases & to lead a fantastic life. The Nano robots are used in heart surgery, due to this number of risks and side effects behind is reduced.