006190

18
7/30/2019 006190 http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/006190 1/18 Man and Worm 29:251-268, 1996. 251 (~) 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Deleuze's style RONALD BOGUE Department of Comparative Literature. University t?fGeorgia, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A. For close to twenty years I have spent a good deal of my time reading books by Deleuze. They have often brought me great joy, and they continue to do so, even (or especially) after numerous rereadings. Where does this joy com e from? It has something to do with what Deleuze calls style and the power of nonorganic life. In a 1988 interview Deleuze says: Signs imply ways of living, possibilities of existence, they're the symp- toms of life gushing forth or draining away [6puis6e]. But a drained life or a personal life isn't enough for an artist. You don't write with your ego, your memory, and your illnesses. In the act of writing there's an attempt to make life something more than personal, to free life from what imprisons it ... There's a profound link between signs, events, life, and vitalism: the power of nonorganic life that can be found in a line that's drawn, a line of writing, a line of music. It's organisms that die, not life. Any work of art points a way through for life, finds a way through the cracks. Everything I've written is vitalistic, at least I hope it is, and amounts to a theory of signs and events. (N, 143) An organism has died but a life endures. A way of writing, a way of thinking, a way of living - a style. What is that style? What is the nature, shape and movement of that unfolding line of signs and events? Deleuze remarks that My ideal, when I write about an author, would be to write nothing that could cause him sadness, or if he is dead, that might make him weep in his grave. Think of the author you are writing about. Think of him so hard that he can no longer be an object, and equally so that you cannot identify with him. Avoid the double shame of the scholar and the familiar. Give back to an author a little of the joy, the energy, the life of love and politics that he knew how to give and invent. (D, 119) This is a tribute in the present tense to the joy, the energy, and the life of the event that continues to take place in those works that bear the name Deleuze.

Upload: majidparvanehpour

Post on 14-Apr-2018

213 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: 006190

7/30/2019 006190

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/006190 1/18

M a n a n d W o r m 29:251-268, 1996. 251(~) 1996 Klu we r Aca dem ic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.

D e l e u z e ' s s t y le

R O N A L D B O G U ED ep ar tm en t o f Com parative Literature. University t?f Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A.

F o r c l o s e t o t w e n t y y e a r s I h a v e s p e n t a g o o d d e a l o f m y t im e r e a d in g b o o k s

b y D e l e u z e . T h e y h a v e o f t e n b r o u g h t m e g r e a t j o y , a n d t h e y c o n t i n u e to d o

s o , e v e n ( o r e s p e c i a l l y ) a f t e r n u m e r o u s r e r e a d i n g s . W h e r e d o e s t hi s j o y c o m e

f r o m ? I t h a s s o m e t h i n g t o d o w i t h w h a t D e l e u z e c a ll s s ty l e a n d t h e p o w e r o f

n o n o r g a n ic l if e . I n a 1 9 88 in t e r v i ew De leu z e say s :

S i g n s i m p l y w a y s o f l iv i n g, p o s s ib i li ti e s o f e x is t e n c e , t h e y ' r e t h e s y m p -

to m s o f li f e g u sh in g f o r th o r d r a in in g aw ay [ 6 pu i s6 e ]. Bu t a d r a in ed l if e

o r a p e r s o n a l l if e i s n ' t e n o u g h f o r a n a rt is t. Y o u d o n ' t w r i t e w i t h y o u r e g o ,

y o u r m e m o r y , a n d y o u r i l ln e s s es . I n t h e a c t o f w r i ti n g t h e r e ' s a n a t t e m p t t o

m a k e l if e s o m e t h i n g m o r e t h a n p e r s o n a l , to f r e e li fe f r o m w h a t i m p r i s o n s

i t . . . T h e r e ' s a p r o f o u n d l i n k b e t w e e n s i gn s , e v e n ts , li fe , a n d v i ta l is m : t h e

p o w e r o f n o n o r g a n i c l i fe th a t c a n b e f o u n d i n a l in e th a t ' s d r a w n , a l i n e o f

w r i t in g , a l i ne o f m u s i c . I t 's o r g a n i s m s t h a t d i e , n o t li fe . A n y w o r k o f a r t

p o i n t s a w a y t h r o u g h f o r li fe , f i n ds a w a y t h r o u g h t h e c r a c k s . E v e r y t h i n g

I ' v e wr i t t en i s v i t a l i s t i c , a t l e a s t I h o p e i t i s , an d am o u n t s t o a t h eo r y o f

s ig n s an d ev en t s . ( N , 1 43 )

A n o r g a n i s m h a s d i e d b u t a l i fe e n d u r e s . A w a y o f w r i ti n g , a w a y o f t h i n k i n g ,

a wa y o f li v in g - a s ty le . W h a t i s t h a t s ty l e? W h a t i s t h e n a tu r e , sh ap e an d

m o v e m e n t o f th a t u n f o l d i n g li ne o f s ig n s a n d e v e n t s ? D e l e u z e r e m a r k s t h a t

M y i d e a l, w h e n I w r i t e a b o u t a n a u t h o r, w o u l d b e t o w r i t e n o t h i n g th a t

c o u l d c a u s e h i m s a d n es s , o r i f h e i s d e a d , t h at m i g h t m a k e h i m w e e p i n

h i s g r a v e . T h i n k o f t h e a u t h o r y o u a r e w r i t i n g a b o ut . T h i n k o f h i m s o h a r d

t h a t h e c a n n o l o n g e r b e a n o b j e c t , a n d e q u a l l y s o th a t y o u c a n n o t i d e n t i fy

w i t h h i m . A v o i d t h e d o u b l e s h a m e o f t h e s c h o l a r a n d t h e f a m i li a r. G i v e

b ac k to an a u th o r a l i tt le o f t h e jo y , t h e en e r g y , t h e l i f e o f l o v e an d p o l i t i c s

t h a t h e k n e w h o w t o g i v e a n d i n v e n t. ( D , 1 19 )

Th i s i s a tr i b u te i n t h e p r e sen t t en s e to t h e jo y , t h e en e r g y , an d th e l i fe o f t h e

e v e n t t h a t c o n t i n u e s t o t a k e p l a c e i n th o s e w o r k s t h a t b e a r t h e n a m e D e l e u z e .

Page 2: 006190

7/30/2019 006190

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/006190 2/18

252 RONALD BOGUE

T h e i m p e r c e p t i b l e

C 1 6 m e n t R o s s e t r e la t e s th a t a r e a d e r o f Difference and Repeti t ion o n c er e m a r k e d t o h i m , " I h a v e t h e i m p r e s s i o n o f e a ti n g a c r a c k e r th a t l a c k s b u t te r .

I t ' s e x c e l l e n t , b u t i t ' s d r y " ( R o s s e t p . 8 9 ) . T h i s d r y n e s s [ s 6 c h e r e s s e ] R o s -

s e t f i n d s in a ll o f D e l e u z e ' s e a r l y w o r k ( t h r o u g h The Logic o f Sense a n d

Difference and Repeti t ion), a d r y n e s s t h a t i n i ti a ll y s u f f o c a t e s b u t e v e n t u a l l y

s e d u c e s r e a d e r s t h r o u g h w h a t i t s p a r e s t h e m . " H e r e , n o t e a r s , n o e m o t i o n ,

n o m e t a p h y s i c a l s h u d d e r s . . . . W h a t c h a r ac t e ri z e s D e l e u z e a b o v e all is a

b e a u t i f u l l a c k o f e n t h u s i a s m " ( 8 9) . R o s s e t sp e a k s o f a " c o l d n e s s " i n D e l e u z e ,

a n " ' o b j e c t i v i t y ' q u i te i n d i f fe r e n t t o th e c o n t e n t it e x a m i n e s " ( 8 9) . W h e n

a n a l y z i n g o t h e r s ' t h o u g h t , s a y s R o s s e t, D e l e u z e d i s r e g a r d s th e m o t i v e s a n d

g o a l s t h a t i n sp i r e t h e w o r k a n d c o n s i d e r s o n l y w h e t h e r th e s y s t e m o f c o n c e p t s

c o h e r e s : " D e l e u z e t r i e s t o b e i n d i f f e re n t t o s u c h a f f e c t iv e ' s i g n i f i c a t io n s , ' l i k e

a n a n a t o m i s t c o n c e r n e d o n l y a b o u t th e a r t ic u l at io n s o f th e c o r p s e h e d i s s e c ts "

( 9 0 ). D r y n e s s , c o l d n e s s , o b j e c t iv i t y , i n d i f fe r e n c e , t h e d e t a c h e d , c l i n i c a l g a z e

o f t h e f o r e n s i c s u r g e o n .

W h a t R o s s e t a s t u t e l y is o l a te s h e r e is t h e i m p e r s o n a l i t y o f D e l e u z e ' s s t y l e ,

t h e a n a l y t i c r i g o r a n d a s c e t ic s o b r i e ty o f h i s th o u g h t . D e l e u z e h i m s e l f , o f

c o u r s e , v a l u e s s o b r i e t y i n o t h e r w r it er s . T o th o s e w h o e x p e r i m e n t w i t h l a n -g u a g e t h r o u g h a c c r e ti o n , e l a b o r a ti o n a n d e n r i c h m e n t , D e l e u z e p r e f e r s K a f k a ,

w h o a c c e p t s " th e G e r m a n l a n g u a g e o f P r a g u e a s it is a n d i n its v e r y p o v e r t y "

a n d w h o g o e s " a l w a y s f a r th e r i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f d e t e r r it o r ia l iz a t io n , t o t h e

p o i n t o f s o b r ie t y ," m a k i n g a n " a r i d [ d e ss 6 c h 6 ]" l a n g u a g e " v i b r at e w i th a n e w

i n t e n s i t y , " o r B e c k e t t , w h o " p r o c e e d s b y d r y n e s s [ s 6 c h e r e s s e ] a n d s o b r i e t y ,

a w i l l e d p o v e r t y , p u s h i n g d e t e r r it o r ia l i z a ti o n t o s u c h a n e x t r e m e th a t n o t h i n g

r e m a i n s b u t i n t e n s i t i e s " ( K , 1 9). S o b r i e t y i t s e l f i s n o t t h e g o a l , b u t o n l y t h e

m e a n s t o a l i b e r a te d i n te n s i ty , a p u r if i c a t io n t h r o u g h e l i m i n a t i o n ( h o w o f t e n

D e l e u z e s p e a k s o f p u r e i n t e n s it ie s , p u r e e v e n t s , p u r e a f f e c t s, p u r e i m a g e s

e t c . ), a n e x t r a c t i o n o f a n a b s t r a c t , v i t a l l in e . " W e a r e t r y i n g t o e x t r a c t f r o m

l o v e a l l p o s s e s s i o n , a ll i d e n t i f ic a t i o n t o b e c o m e c a p a b l e o f lo v i n g . W e a r e

t r y i n g t o e x t r a c t f r o m m a d n e s s t h e l i f e w h i c h i t c o n t a i n s , w h i l e h a t i n g t h e

l u n a t i c s w h o c o n s t a n t l y k i l l li fe , t u r n i t a g a i n s t i ts e lf . W e a r e t r y i n g t o e x t r a c t

f r o m a l c o h o l t h e l i f e w h i c h i t c o n t a i n s , w i t h o u t d r i n k i n g : t h e g r e a t s c e n e

o f d r u n k e n n e s s o n p u r e w a t e r in H e n r y M i lle r. B e c o m i n g i s d o i n g w i t h o u t

a l c o h o l , d r u g s a n d m a d n e s s , b e c o m i n g - s o b e r f o r a l i f e w h i c h i s r i c h e r a n d

r i c h e r " ( D , 5 3 ) .W h a t D e l e u z e e l i m i n a t e s i n h is w r i ti n g i s t h e p e r s o n a l - t h e a n e c d o -

t al , m e m o r y - l a d e n , i n t e n t io n a l s u b j e c t. T h e g o a l o f w r i t in g , s a y s D e l e u z e ,

i s b e c o m i n g - i m p e r c e p t i b l e : " T h e a i m , t h e f in a li ty o f w r it in g ? S ti ll w a y

b e y o n d a w o m a n - b e c o m i n g , a N e g r o - b e c o m i n g , a n a n i m a l - b e c o m i n g , e t c . ,

b e y o n d a m i n o r i t y - b e c o m i n g , th e r e i s t h e fi n al e n te r p r is e o f t h e b e c o m i n g -

Page 3: 006190

7/30/2019 006190

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/006190 3/18

DELEUZE'S STYLE 25 3

i m p e r c e p t i b l e " ( D , 4 5 ) . T o b e im p e r c e p t ib l e " m e a n s m a n y t h i n g s . . , t h e (a n o r-

g a n i c ) i m p e r c e p t i b l e , t h e ( a s i g n i f y i n g ) i n d i s c e m i b l e a n d t h e ( a s u b j e c t i v e )

i m p e r s o n a l , " a n d o n e a s p e c t o f b e c o m i n g i m p e r c e p t i b l e is "t o b e l ik e e v e r y -

b o d y e l s e [ t o u t le m o n d e ] " ( T P , 2 7 9 ) , w h i c h i n w r i t in g m i g h t m e a n t o a d o p t an

a n o n y m o u s , c o n v e n t i o n a l s ty l e. T h e r e a re i n d e e d m a n y p a s s a g e s in D e l e u z e

t h a t s e e m t o b e i n d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e a t t h e l e v e l o f f o r m f r o m t h e s t a n d a r d ,

e x p o s i t o r y p r o s e o f a c a d e m i c p h i l o s o p h y , s u c h a s t h is b r i e f e x c er p t r a n d o m l y

s e l e c t e d f r o m Difference an d Repetition ( s im i l a r e x a m p l e s c o u l d b e f o u n d i n

a n y o f D e l e u z e ' s b o o k s ) : " P r o b l e m s a n d t h e i r s y m b o l i c f ie ld s s ta n d i n a r el a-

t i o n s h i p w i t h s ig n s . It is t h e s i g n s w h i c h ' c a u s e p r o b l e m s ' a n d a r e d e v e l o p e d

i n a s y m b o l i c f ie ld . T h e p a r a d o x i c a l f u n c t i o n o f t h e f a c u l t i e s - i n c lu d i n g , i nt h e f ir s t i n s t a n c e , s e n s i b i l i t y w i t h r e s p e c t t o s i g n s - t h u s r e f e r s to t h e I d e a s

w h i c h r u n t h r o u g h o u t a ll th e f a c u l ti e s a n d a w a k e n t h e m e a c h i n t u r n " ( D R ,

1 6 4) . B u t s u c h m i m i c r y is a r u se , a m e a n s o f d i v e s t in g o n e s e l f o f p e r s o n a l it y

i n o r d e r t o i n s t ig a t e a n o n p e r s o n a l i n d i v i d u a t i o n , a n e v e n t t h a t h a s t h e i d e n -

t i ty o f a s e a s o n , a b a t t le , o r a d i s e a s e : a n " e f f e c t , " t h e " D o p p l e r e f f e c t ," t h e

" K e l v i n e f f e c t ," t h e " K a f k a e f f ec t ." D e l e u z e ' s s ty l e o f t e n s e e m s c o n v e n t i o n -

a l, b u t a " D e l e u z e e f f e ct " p l a y s t h r o u g h e v e r y t h i n g h e w r it es , e v e n w h e n h e

w r i t es w i t h s o m e o n e e ls e. T h e n o n p e r s o n a l i n d i v id u a t i o n o f e v e n t s p r o c e e d s

between t h i n g s , a n d i n h i s w o r k w i t h G u a t t a r i t h e " D e l e u z e e f f e c t " a r i s e sb e t w e e n t h e t w o w r i te r s, w h o c o m b i n e " l i k e t w o s t r e am s , t w o r iv e r s . . . .

F 6 1 i x a n d I , a n d m a n y o t h e r s l i k e u s , d o n ' t f e e l w e ' r e p e r s o n s e x a c t l y . O u r

i n d i v i d u a l i t y is r a th e r t h a t o f e v e n t s " ( N , 1 4 1 ). 1 F a r f r o m b e i n g a n o m a l o u s

c r e a t i o n s , D e l e u z e ' s c o l l a b o r a t i v e p r o j e c t s o n l y m a k e p a t e n t t h e i n t e r a c t i v e

n a t u r e o f a ll h is w o r k s , i n w h i c h s o m e t h i n g p a s se s b e t w e e n D e l e u z e a n d t h e

v a r i o u s w r it e rs w i t h w h o m h e t h i n k s . " It 's j u s t a q u e s t i o n o f s o m e t h i n g p a s s in g

t h r o u g h y o u , a c u r re n t , w h i c h a l o n e h a s a p r o p e r n a m e . E v e n w h e n y o u t h i n k

y o u ' r e w r i t in g o n y o u r o w n , y o u ' r e a l w a y s d o i n g it w i t h s o m e o n e e l se y o u

c a n ' t a l w a y s n a m e " ( N , 1 4 1) . T h e " D e l e u z e e f f e ct " is m e t a m o r p h i c , m u t a ti v e ,

c o n s t a n t l y a l t e r e d t h r o u g h t h e i n t e r a c t i o n s th a t p r o d u c e i t, y e t p o s s e s s e d o f a

n o n p e r s o n a l i d e n t i t y th a t u n f o l d s i n i ts c o m p l e x i t y a s it is g e n e r a t e d .

W h a t is t h e s o u r c e o f th e " D e l e u z e e f fe c t, " t h a t n o n p e r s o n a l s t y le w h i c h

p l a y s t h r o u g h h i s w o r k s ? O n e o b v i o u s e l e m e n t o f t h is s t y le i s v o c a b u l a r y ,

t h e c o l l e c ti o n o f i d i o s y n c ra t ic t e r m s t h a t p o p u l a t e th e D e l e u z e a n d i s c u r s iv e

u n i v e r s e . H e r e o n e f i n d s tr a c e s o f th e c o l d n e s s a n d a u s t e r it y R o s s e t i d e n t if i e s

i n D e l e u z e , f o r f e w o f t h e s e t e r m s p o s s e s s s e n s u a l , c o n c r e t e s p e c if ic i ty . S e v -

e ra l h a v e a m a t h e m a t i c a l p r o v e n a n c e , t h e g e o m e t r ic f ig u r e s o f p o i n t ( a le a t o ryp o i n t , s i n g u l a r p o i n t , p o i n t s o f t h e p r e s e n t ) , l i n e (l in e o f c o n t i n u o u s v a r i a ti o n ,

l in e o f f li gh t , li n e o f s u p p l e s e g m e n t a t io n ) , a n d p l a n e ( p l a n e o f i m m a n e n c e ,

p l a n e o f c o n s i s t e n c y ) o r s u r fa c e , a s w e l l a s su c h c o n c e p t s as s e r ie s , a x i o m a t i c ,

s i n g u l a ri t y , n u m b e r i n g n u m b e r , n d i m e n s i o n s , q u a l it a t iv e m u l t ip l i c it y , d is tr i-

Page 4: 006190

7/30/2019 006190

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/006190 4/18

254 RONALDBOGUE

b u t i o n , e tc . O t h e r s a r e b o r r o w e d f r o m v a r i o u s s c i e n c e s ( r h iz o m e , b l a c k h o l e )

a n d m a n y , o f c o u r s e , f r o m p h i l o s o p h y . M o s t a r e a b s tr a c t: d i f f e r e n c e / r e p e t i t io n ,

e x p r e s s i o n , e x p l i c a t i o n / i m p l i c a t i o n / p e r p l i c a t i o n , i n d i v i d u a t i o n , q u a s i - c a u s e ,

e x t r a - b e i n g , u n i v o c i t y , a f f e c t , p e r c e p t , f u n c t i v e , p r o s p e c t , p r o b l e m , m o v e -

m e n t , s p e e d , e v e n t , m o d u l a t i o n , r e d u n d a n c y , r e s o n a n c e , s u b j e c ti fi c a ti o n , t h e

v i rt u al . S o m e , s u c h a s d i a g r a m a n d m a p , a r e t h e m s e l v e s n a m e s f o r a bs tr a c-

t io n s . G r e e k a n d L a t i n w o r d s a p p e a r fr o m t im e t o t i m e - A i o n / C h r o n o s , c o m -

p a r s /d i s p a r s, h a e c c e it ie s , n o m o s / l o g o s , s p a t i u m / e x t e n s u r r d e x t e n s i o - a n d le n d

a s i m i l a r d i s ta n c e d , d i s e m b o d i e d ( i n c o rp o r e a l ) a u r a to t h e w r i ti n g . E v e n w h e n

a p o s s i b l y t a n g i b l e r e f e r e n t i s i n v o k e d , i t i s o f t e n d e m a t e r i a l i z e d t h r o u g h a

p r o b le m a t ic c o m b i n a t i o n o f t e r m s - a n a b s t r a c t m a c h i n e , a des i r ing m a c h i n e ,a m a c h i n i c a s s e m b l a g e , a b o d y wi thou t o rgans, a m e lod ic l a n d s c a p e , a rhy th -

m ic c h a r a c t e r ( a l t h o u g h o n e m i g h t s a y a s w e l l , a n d p o s s i b l y w i t h g r e a t e r

j u s t ic e , t h a t th e a b s t r a c t is m a d e s e n s ib l e t h r o u g h t h e s e c o m b i n a t i o n s - p a l -

p a b l e , s e n s u a l , real). B u t p e r h a p s i t i s f i n a ll y th e s t r a n g e n e s s o f t h e l e x i c o n

( c r o w n e d a n a r c h y , s c h i z - f l o w , b e c o m i n g - a n i m a l ) , t h e h e t e r o g e n e i t y o f t h e

a b s t ra c t t e r m s a n d t h e i r s h e e r n u m b e r t h a t ar e m o s t s tr i k in g a b o u t D e l e u z e ' s

d i c t i o n . A n a b s t r a c t, i n c o r p o r e a l , a l i e n v o c a b u l a r y f o r a n e w f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e .

T h e l e a k in g e g g

B u t w o r d s d o n o t ta k e u s v e r y f a r t o w a r d a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f D e l e u z e ' s s t y le .

A s D e l e u z e n o t e s , " w h i l e a p h i l o s o p h i c a l v o c a b u l a r y is o n e e l e m e n t i n a s t yl e,

i n v o l v i n g a s i t d o e s t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f n e w w o r d s o n t h e o n e h a n d , o r g i v i n g

a n u n u s u a l s e n s e t o o r d i n a r y w o r d s o n t h e o th e r, s t y le i s a l w a y s a m a t t e r o f

s y n t a x " ( N , 1 6 4 ). B y " s y n t a x , " D e l e u z e m e a n s n o t s im p l y s e n t e n c e s tr u c tu r e

b u t a l s o t h e g e n e r a l d i s p e n s a t i o n o f t h e m a t e ri a ls o f t h o u g h t , t h e tr a je c t o r y o f

a l i n e o f a r g u m e n t a t i o n o r a s e q u e n c e o f id e a s . 2 T h i s , I b e l ie v e , i s t h e s e n s e

o f h is r e m a r k t h a t " S ty l e in p h i l o s o p h y i s t h e m o v e m e n t o f th e c o n c e p t " ( N ,

1 4 0) . F o r D e l e u z e , t h e m o v e m e n t o f t h e c o n c e p t is b o t h i n te r n al a n d e x t e r n a l,

a s w e k n o w f r o m W h a t l s P h i l o s o p h y ? . E a c h c o n c e p t r ef e rs t o o t h e r c o n c e p t s ,

" n o t o n l y i n i t s h i s t o r y b u t i n i ts b e c o m i n g o r i ts p r e s e n t c o n n e c t i o n s " ( W P ,

1 9 ). A n d e a c h c o n c e p t is i t s e l f i n m o t i o n , c o n s i s t i n g a s i t d o e s o f i n s e p a r a b l e

e l e m e n t s t r a v e r s e d b y a c o n c e p t u a l p o in t : " T h e c o n c e p t i s i n a st at e o f s u r v e y

[survol] i n r e la t io n t o i t s c o m p o n e n t s , e n d l e s s l y tr a v e r s in g t h e m a c c o r d i n g t o

a n o r d e r w i t h o u t d i s ta n c e . I t is i m m e d i a t e l y c o - p r e s e n t t o a ll i ts c o m p o n e n t s

o r v a r i a ti o n s , a t n o d i s ta n c e f r o m t h e m , p a s s i n g b a c k a n d f o r t h th r o u g h t h e m "

( W P , 2 0 - 1 ) .

C o n s i d e r , f o r e x a m p l e , " i n s o m n i a , " a re l a ti v e ly m o d e s t c o n c e p t t h a t

D e l e u z e d e v e l o p s i n L 'EpuisO, h i s 1 9 9 2 s t u d y o f f o u r o f B e c k e t t ' s d r a m a s

f o r t e l e v i s i o n ) T h e c o n c e p t ' s c o m p o n e n t s a re g e n e r a t e d f r o m f o u r b a s i c

Page 5: 006190

7/30/2019 006190

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/006190 5/18

DELEUZE'S STYLE 255

an i mage o f d i s embod i ed f ema l e hands i n t e r ac t i ng w i t h t he head o f t he

immobi le sea ted Dreamer ; B lanchot ' s no t ion tha t s l eep be t rays the n igh t ;

and t he des c r i p ti on f rom K af ka ' s "W edd i ng P r epa ra t ions i n t he C oun t r y" o f

a b i fu r ca t ed d r eam er w ho s ends h is body t o t he coun t r y w h i l e r ema i n i ng i n

bed . De leuz e es tab l ishes " the consistency of t he concep t , its en doco ns i s t ency"

(WP, 19) by f ir st po in t ing ou t tha t in the D ream er ' s r ig id pos ture w e see the

f igu r e o f a w ak i ng d r eam. T h en D e l euze ex tr act s f r om B l ancho t ' s f ragm en t on

s leep , n igh t and d ream s in L'Espace l i t t s the opp os i t ion o f s leep to n igh t

and the no t ion o f a d ream tha t be longs to n igh t as oppo sed to s leep . (The key

pas s age i n B l ancho t t hat D e l euze does n o t c i te i s " I f you l ack s l eep , in t he en d

exha us t ion [ l '6puisem ent ] in fec t s you ; th i s in fec t ion prohib it s s l eep , t r ans la tesi t se l f in to insom nia" [B lanchot , p . 281] .) N ext Kafk a provides Dele uze wi th

an ac coun t o f a do ub l ed d r eamer , w h i ch occas i ons t he key obs e r va ti on tha t

"on e dream s a lon gs ide insom nia [on r~ve ~t c6 t6 de l ' i nsom nie]" (E , 100).

( O ne r eca ll s he r e t he pa r a l og ic o f D e l euze ' s r emar k t ha t t he P r ous t i an e s s ence

"appears alongside [d c3ts de]" t he i nd i v i dua l e l emen t s t h r ough w h i ch i t p l ays

[PS 143], or in Anti-Oedipus the s ta teme nt conce rn ing the w hole and its par ts

tha t "w e only b e l i eve in to ta li ti es tha t a re pe r iphera l [Nous n e c ro yon s ~t des

totalit6s qu'~ c3t~]" [AO 42]. ) F ina l ly , D eleuz e reads B ecket t ' s im age o f han ds

t ouch i ng the D r eam er ' s head a s an i ma ge o f t he d r eam o f i n s omni a , " a d r eam

of the min d [un r~ve de l ' e spr i t] , w hich mu s t be ma de , f abr ica ted" (E , 101).

A s D e l eu ze a r t icu la t es t he c om ponen t s o f t he concep t , a ce r ta i n cons i s tency

emer ges , a no t i on o f a cons t ruc t ed , men t a l, noc t u rna l , w ak i ng d r eam. O ve r

t he co mp onen t s t he o s c i ll a ti ng po i n t o f t he t e r m " i n s om ni a . . . p a s s[ e s] back

and for th" in "a s ta te o f survey" (WP, 20- 21 ) . A n d i n t he m i ds t o f th is p r oces s

o f c oncep t ua l un f o l d i ng appea r o t he r i n te r re l a ted conc ep t s - exhaust ion, th e

poss ib le , th e image - each i nd i ca t i ng a l i ne o f movemen t i nhe r en t i n t he

conce p t o f i n s om ni a t ha t s ends i t bey ond i t se l f t o o t he r concep ts .T h e m o v e m e n t o f th e c o n c e p t d e sc r ib e d in What Is Phi losophy? i s not

depen den t on t he con cep t ' s mo de o f expos it ion . B u t t he r e i s a ls o i n D e l euze ' s

wr i t ing a shape to the unfo ld ing of concepts , a d rama t ic , dyn am ic form tha t

i s par t o f h i s s ty le . D eleu ze says tha t he t r ies to wr i t e in such a w ay tha t a

pag e " f l i es o f f in a l l d i rec t ions [ fu ie par tous l es bouts] and a t the same t ime

closes r igh t up on i t s e l f l ike an egg [e t pour tan t q u ' e l l e so it b ien fe rm6e sur

so i comme un oeuf ] " (N , 14) . The egg , o f course , p lays an impor tan t ro le

i n D e l euze ' s t r ea t men t o f i nd i v i dua ti on in Difference an d Repeti tion; and in

Anti-Oedipus an d A Thousand Plateaus the Bo dy w i thout Organs i s s a id to

be an eg g . Th e egg " i s c r i s scrossed wi th axes and th resholds , w i th l a t itudes

and long i tudes and g eod es ic lines , tr aver sed by gradients m ar k i ng t he t r an -

s i t ions and the becomings" (AO, 19) ; " the fu l l egg before the ex tens ion of

the organism and the organiza t ion of the organs" i s "def ined by axes and

Page 6: 006190

7/30/2019 006190

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/006190 6/18

2 5 6 RONALD BOGUE

t h e o r g a n i s m a n d t h e o r g a n i z a ti o n o f t h e o r g a n s " i s " d e f i n e d b y a x e s a n d

v e c t o r s, g r a d i e n t s a n d t h r e sh o l d s , b y d y n a m i c te n d e n c i e s i n v o l v i n g e n e r g y

t r a n sf o r m a t i o n a n d k i n e m a t i c m o v e m e n t s i n v o l v in g g r o u p d i s p l a ce m e n t s , b y

m i g r a t i o n s " ( T P , 1 5 3 ). T h e e g g i s i m p l i c a t e d d i f f e r e n c e , a n d i n i ts u n f o l d i n g

w e t r a c e t h e p a s s a g e f r o m t h e v i r tu a l t o t h e a c t u a l, f r o m a n i n i ti a l d if f e r e n -

t i a ti o n ( a s e t o f " d i f f e r e n t i a l r e l a ti o n s o r v i r tu a l m a t t e r t o b e o r g a n i s e d " [ D R

2 5 1 ] ) t h r o u g h i n c i p i e n t i n d i v i d u a t i o n ( a n " i n t e n s i v e f ie l d " ) a n d d r a m a t i s a t io n

( " s p a t i o - t e m p o r a l d y n a m i s m s " ) t o t h e s p e c i f i c a n d o r g a n i c d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n

w h e r e b y s p e c i e s c h a r a c te r i s ti c s a n d o r g a n i c p a r ts a r e g i v e n a c t u a l f o r m .

O b v i o u s l y , i f t h e p a g e i s t h i s k i n d o f a n e g g , i t n e c e s s a r i l y " f li e s o f f in a l l

d i re c t ions , " fu i e par tous l e s bou t s OC ui r : t o f l e e , t o f l y o f f , t o r u n a w a y , t ol e a k ), m o v i n g a l o n g it s v a r i o u s a x e s , t h r e s h o l d s , v e c t o r s a n d g r a d i e n t s . B u t th e

p a g e - e g g i s a l s o " b i e n f e r m 6 e s u r so l , " a n e x p l i c a t e d e n t i ty th a t e v e n t u a t e s i n a

d e t e r m i n a t e f o r m . T h e p r o b l e m is t o f a s h io n a l e a k i n g e g g , o n e t h a t c o n t in u e s

t o f le e e v e n a s i t c l o s e s i n o n i t se lf . O n e w a y o f u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h is p r o b l e m i s

i n t e r m s o f th e r e f ra in , w h o s e t h re e a s p e c t s a r e th e p o i n t , th e c i r c u m a m b i e n t

s p a c e , a n d t h e l i n e o f f li g h t. T h e r e f ra i n m a y p r o v i d e a s i n g l e p o i n t o f o r d e r i n

a f ie l d o f c h a o s ; i t m a y o r g a n i z e a s t a b l e d o m a i n a r o u n d t h a t p o i n t ; o r it m a y

o p e n a w a y o u t o f th a t o r g a n i z e d c ir cl e, " a s t h o u g h t h e c i rc le t e n d e d o n i ts

o w n t o o p e n o n t o a f u t u r e , a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e w o r k i n g f o r c e s i t s h e lt e rs " ( T P ,3 1 1 ) . T h e s e a r e " n o t t h r e e s u c c e s s iv e m o m e n t s in a n e v o l u t io n , " b u t " th r e e

a s p e c t s o f a s i n g l e t h i n g , t h e R e f r a i n " ( T P , 3 1 1 ) , y e t th e y d o t r a c e a d r a m a

t h a t o n e c a n f o l lo w i n t h e D e l e u z e a n p a g e . A n i n c ip i e n t p o i n t o f o r d e r - t h e

d e f i n i ti o n o f a t e r m , t h e e s t a b l is h m e n t o f a b i n a r y o p p o s i t io n , a s u g g e s t i v e

q u o t a t i o n , a n i m a g e , a n e x a m p l e - d e t e r m i n e s th e g r a d i en t , t h r e sh o l d , o r a x is

o f i n d i v i d u a t i o n t h a t t h e p a g e w i ll f o l lo w . A s t h e i m p l i c a t io n s o f t h i s i n it ia l

p o i n t a r e d e v e l o p e d , a s t ru c t u r e d t e rr i to r y b e g i n s t o f o r m , a n d t h e e g g c l o s e s i n

o n i ts e l f ( a l t h o u g h v a c u o l e s o f d i v e r se c o n c e p t u a l c o m p o n e n t s , v ir tu a l p o i n t s

o f a l te r n a t iv e i n d i v i d u a t io n s , r e m a i n s u s p e n d e d i n t h e o v u l a r p r o t o p l a s m ) .

T h e n s o m e t h i n g u n e x p e c t e d h a p p e n s - a sp a r k , a b r e a k , a c r a ck , a le a p - a

l in e o f f li g h t o p e n s o n t o t h e n e x t p a g e .

" P h i l o s o p h y ' s l ik e a n o v e l , " s a y s D e l e u z e ; " y o u h a v e t o a sk ' W h a t ' s g o i n g

t o h a p p e n ? [ q u ' e s t- c e q u i v a a rr iv e r ? ], ' ' W h a t ' s h a p p e n e d ? [ q u ' e st - c e q u i s ' e s t

p a s s e r ? ] . ' E x c e p t th e c h a r a c t e r s a r e c o n c e p t s , a n d t h e s e t t in g s , t h e s c e n e s , a re

s p a c e - t i m e s . O n e ' s a l w a y s w r i t in g t o b r i n g s o m e t h i n g t o l if e , t o f r ee l if e f r o m

w h e r e i t ' s tr a p p e d , t o tr a c e l i n e s o f f l ig h t " ( N , 1 4 0 - 1 ) . E a c h p a g e c r e a t e s

t h e d r a m a o f i m p r i s o n m e n t a n d e s c a p e , o f a t e rr i t o ri a li z in g s y s t e m a t i z a ti o no f a n i n i ti a l d i s ti n c t i o n , a n d a l i b e r a t in g z i g z a g t o w a r d a n e w t e rr a in . C r e -

a t io n , D e l e u z e o b s e r v e s , is " t r ac i n g a p a t h b e t w e e n i m p o s s i b i l i t i e s . . . K a f k a

e x p l a i n e d h o w i t w a s i m p o s s i b l e f o r a J e w i s h w r i t e r t o s p e a k i n G e r m a n ,

i m p o s s i b l e f o r h i m t o s p e a k i n C z e c h , a n d i m p o s s i b l e n o t to s p e a k " ( N , 1 3 3) ,

Page 7: 006190

7/30/2019 006190

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/006190 7/18

DELEUZE'S STYLE 257

y e t f r o m t h e s e i m p o s s i b i li ti e s K a f k a w a s a b l e t o f a s h i o n n e w p o s s i bi li t ie s i n

t h e u s e o f th e G e r m a n l a n g u a ge . " A c r e a t o r' s s o m e o n e w h o c r e a te s h is o w n

i m p o s s i b il it i es , a n d t h e r e b y c re a t e s p o s s ib i li ti e s . . . . Y o u h a v e to w o r k o n

t h e w a l l , b e c a u s e w i t h o u t a s e t o f im p o s s i b il it ie s , y o u w o n ' t h a v e t h e l i n e o f

f l ig h t , t h e ex i t t h a t i s c r ea t io n , t h e p o w er o f fa l s i t y t h a t i s t r u th " ( N , 1 33 ). T h e

p ag e i s a t h ea t e r o f c r ea t ed im p o ss ib i l i ti e s an d p o ss ib il i ti e s , a s t ag e o f se l f -

i m p o s e d , p e r i l o u s c o n s t r a i n t a n d u n a n t i c i p a t e d f r e e d o m .4 Houdin i in s t ra i t -

j a c k e t a n d c h a i n s m i r a c u l o u s l y e s c a p i ng f r o m h is s e l f- i m p o s e d b on d s .

In L ' E p u i s O , f o r e x a m p l e , o n e c a n f o l l o w a s e q u e n c e o f e s c a p e s , i n it ia l ly

m o d e s t , b u t i n c r e a s i n g l y d a ri n g a s t h e e s s a y p r o g r e s se s . D e l e u z e o p e n s w i t h

t h e f o l lo w i n g p a g e - e g g :

Th e e x h au s t ed [ l '6 p u i s6 ] i s m u c h m o r e th an th e t i r ed [ le fa t ig u 6 ] . " I t ' s n o t

j u s t t i r e d n e s s , I ' m n o t j u s t t i r e d, d e s p i t e th e c l i m b " [N ouv e l l e s e t t e x t e s

p o u r r i e n , 128; S t o r i e s a n d T ex ts f o r N o t h i n g 7 6 ]. Th e t i r ed [ p e r so n ] n o

l o n g e r d i s p o s e s o f a n y p o s s i b il it y ( s u b je c t iv e ) : h e n c e b e c a n n o t r e a l iz e t h e

l ea s t p o ss ib i l i t y ( o b jec t iv e ) . Bu t p o ss ib i l i t y r em a in s , b ecau se o n e n ev e r

r ea l i ze s a l l o f th e p o ss ib l e , o n e ev en cau se s i t t o b e b o r n to t h e ex te n t th a t

o n e r e a l iz e s it. T h e t i r e d h a s o n l y e x h a u s t e d t h e r e a li z a ti o n , w h e r e a s t h e

e x h a u s t e d e x h a u s t s a ll o f t h e p o s s ib l e . T h e t i r e d c a n n o l o n g e r re a l iz e , b u tt h e e x h a u s t e d c a n n o l o n g e r p o s s ib i li z e . " T h a t t h e i m p o s s i b l e s h o u l d b e

a s k e d o f m e , g o o d , w h a t e l s e c o u ld b e a s k e d o f m e ? " [L ' i n n o m m a b l e 104;

T h r e e N o v e l s 3 3 8 ]. T h e r e i s n o m o r e p o s s ib l e : a r a g i n g S p i n o z i s m . D o e s

h e e x h a u s t t h e p o s s i b le b e c a u s e h e is h i m s e l f e x h a u s t e d , o r is h e e x h a u s t e d

b e c a u s e h e h a s e x h a u s t e d t h e p o s s ib l e ? H e e x h a u s t s h i m s e l f i n e x h a u s t i n g

t h e p o s s i b le , a n d i n v e rs e l y . H e e x h a u s t s t ha t w h i c h i s no t r e a l i z e d i n t h e

p o s s i b le . H e p u t s a n e n d t o t h e p o s s ib l e , b e y o n d a l l ti r e d n e s s, " f o r to e n d

y e t a g a i n . " ( E , 5 7 - 8 )

F i r s t a p o i n t o f o r d e r - t h e o p p o s i t io n o f l '~puis~ a n d l e f a t i g u ~ - f o l l o w e d

b y a c i t a t i o n i n d i c a t i n g t h e s o u r c e o f t h e o p p o s i t io n a n d p e r h a p s j u s t i f y i n g

t h e d i s t i n c t io n ( a l t h o u g h t h e i n n o c u o u s n e s s o f th e c i t e d p a s s a g e s u g g e s t s a

p a r o d y o f t h e l e a r n e d r e f e r e n c e , a p l a y f u l r e a d i n g - a l o n g - w i t h - B e c k e t t r a t h e r

t h a n a d e m o n s t r a ti o n o f th e j u d i c i o u s n e s s o f th e c o m m e n t a r y ) . T h e n D e l e u z e

p e r f o r m s a C i c e r o n i a n p a r t i t i o , d iv id in g l e f a t igu ~ i n to i t s su b jec t iv e an d

o b j e c t iv e d i m e n s i o n s w h i le g e n e r a t in g t h e k e y t e r m s poss ib i l i t y a n d re a l i za -

t ion . T w o s y m m e t r i c a l ly b a l a n c e d s e n t e nc e s c o n tr a s t l e f a t i g u ~ ' s e x h a u s t i o no f r e a l i z a t i o n a n d l 'OpuisO's ex h a u s t io n o f p o ss ib il i ty , a sec o n d q u o ta t io n

p u n c t u a t e s t h e p a r a g r a p h , a n d t h e n a s p a r k - " a r a g i n g S p i n o z i s m " - f l a sh e s

f r o m t h e p a g e , a n u n e x p e c t e d l e a p t o w a r d a n o u t s i d e ( in t h is c a s e a v i r t u a l

v a c u o l e u n a c t u a l i z e d i n th e e s s a y ) . A c l o s i n g t re a t m e n t o f t h e o b j e c t i v e a n d

s u b j e c t i v e d i m e n s i o n s o f / '0 p u i s O e c h o e s t h e o p e n i n g d i s c u s s i o n o f l e f a t i g u O ,

Page 8: 006190

7/30/2019 006190

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/006190 8/18

2 5 8 RONALD BOGUE

a c h i a st ic p l a y o n v a r i o u s f o r m s o f th e w o r d exhaus t ion l e n d i n g a B a r o q u e a ir

t o th e p a s s a g e ( s o m e w h a t u n u s u a l i n D e l e u z e , n o d o u b t in s p i r e d h e r e b y t h e

B e c k e t t i a n p l a y o f p e r m u t a t i o n s t h a t D e l e u z e l a te r i d en t if ie s a s o n e m e a n s o f

e x h a u s t i n g t h e p o s s i b l e ) . T h e p a r a g r a p h t h e n e n d s w i t h a n e n d i n g , l 'Opuisk

p u t t i n g " a n e n d t o t h e p o s s i b l e , " a lb e i t o n l y ( i n B e c k e t t ' s w o r d s ) " f o r t o e n d

y e t a g a i n . "

B y t h e p a r a g r a p h ' s l a st s e n t e n c e , th e e g g h a s c l o s e d i n o n i t s el f, a s tr u c -

t u r e h a s b e e n i n d i v i d u a t e d - a c o m p l e x o f sy m m e t r ic a l l y o p p o s e d c la u s e s,

s e n t e n c e s , a n d g r o u p s o f s e n t e n c e s , i n te r s p e rs e d w i t h q u o t a t io n s a n d a s c in -

t il la t in g f r a g m e n t . " W h a t ju s t h a p p e n e d ? . .. W h a t w i l l h a p p e n n e x t ? " B y n o

m e a n s h a s d e f i n i t i v e c l o s u r e s e t i n , b u t n e i t h e r i s t h e w a y o u t s e l f - e v i d e n t .O n l y w i t h t h e l e ap t o th e n e x t p a r a g r a p h is t h e l i n e o f fl ig h t r e v e a le d : " G o d

i s t h e o r i g i n a t o r o r t h e t o t a l it y [ l ' e n s e m b l e ] o f a ll p o s s i b i l i ty " ( E , 5 8 ). W i t h

t h is u n e x p e c t e d m o v e ( w h o w o u l d h a v e a n t i c ip a t e d G o d ? ) , n e w p o s s ib i l i ti e s

u n f o l d , a n d t h e d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e e s s a y ' s o r g a n i z at io n a l s t ru c t u re e x p a n d , t h e

e g g - p a g e n o w i n c l u d i n g s e v e r al p a r a g r a p h s w i t h i n it. A p a r a g r a p h e l ab o r a t-

i n g o n t h e r e a l iz a t io n o f t h e p o s s i b l e i s f o l l o w e d b y p a r a g r a p h s d e s c r i b i n g

t h e e x h a u s t i o n & t h e p o s s i b le , t h e f u n c t i o n o f t h e c o m b i n a t o r y in g e n e r a t in g

e x h a u s t i v e p e r m u t a t i o n s , a n d t h e r o l e o f l a n g u a g e i n s u c h c o m b i n a t o r ie s .

A s t h i s s e c t i o n c o m e s t o a n e n d , a m o r e d a r i n g e s c a p e b e c o m e s n e c e s s a r y .H o w d o e s o n e g o b e y o n d l a n g u a g e w h e n d i s c u s si n g a w r it er ? W h e r e c a n

D e l e u z e g o n e x t ? F i r st h e d i ff e re n t ia t es b e t w e e n l a n g u a g e a n d a B e c k e t t i a n

m e t a l a n g u a g e , " a t o m i c , d i s ju n c t i v e , c u t u p , m i n c e d " ( E , 6 6) , l a n g u e L t h e n

h e i n v e n t s a n e w p o s s i b il it y , a l in e o f f li g h t i n t o a fr e s h d o m a i n f o r e x h a u s t i n g

t h e p o s s i b l e , l angue I I , t h e v o i c e t h a t s p e a k s t h e w o r d s . W h e n i n t u r n t h a t

s e c t i o n c l o s e s , a f in a l , s p e c t a c u l a r e s c a p e o c c u r s w i t h t h e d i s c l o s u r e o f l a n g u e

III, a " l a n g u a g e " o f a n o n y m o u s s p a c e a n d p u r e i m a g e s , th e n a tu r e o f w h i c h

D e l e u z e d e t a il s t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f th e f i rs t h a l f o f th e e ss a y.

W a t e r , f ir e a n d a i r

I f t h e r e i s a r e p e a t in g f o r m t o th e m o v e m e n t o f t h e D e l e u z e a n c o n c e p t , th a t

m o v e m e n t is n o t a t al l u n i f o r m ; i t p r o c e e d s a t v a r ia b l e s p e e d s a n d i n d if fe r -

i n g m o d e s . O n e m e a n s o f a p p r o a c h i n g th o s e s p e e d s an d m o d e s is t h r o u g h

c a t e g o r i e s D e l e u z e f a s h i o n s t o c h a r a c t e r i z e S p i n o z a ' s s t y l e . A c c o r d i n g t o

D e l e u z e , S p i n o z a s e e m s " t o h a v e n o s t y l e a t a l l , a s w e c o n f r o n t t h e v e r y

s c h o l a s t i c L a t i n o f t h e Eth ics . B u t y o u h a v e t o b e c a r e f u l w i t h p e o p l e w h o

s u p p o s e d l y ' h a v e n o s t y l e '; a s P r o u s t n o t e d , t h e y ' r e o f t e n t h e g r e a t es t s ty l is ts

o f a l l" ( N , 1 6 5 ). I n " S p i n o z a e t le s t r o is ' I ~ t h i q u e s ' " ( i n Cri t ique e t c l in-

ique) , D e l e u z e e l a b o r a t e s o n t h i s o b s e r v a t i o n , a r g u i n g t h a t t h r e e c o e x i s t i n g

e l e m e n t s c o m p r i s e t h e s t y le o f th e Eth ics . O n e ' s f ir st i m p r e s s i o n o f t h e E t h i c s

Page 9: 006190

7/30/2019 006190

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/006190 9/18

DELEUZE'S STYLE 259

i s o f " a n i n c o m p a r a b l e p o w e r a n d s e r e n i t y , p a s s i n g a n d r e p a s s i n g t h r o u g h

d e f i n i t io n s , a x i o m s , p o s t u l a t e s , p r o p o s i t i o n s , d e m o n s t r a t i o n s , c o r o l l a r ie s a n d

s e h o l i a , b e a r i n g e v e r y t h i n g a l o n g i n i ts g r a n d i o s e c o u r s e . I t 's l i k e a r iv e r w h i c h

n o w s p r e a d s o u t, a n d n o w d i v i d e s in t o a t h o u s a n d b r a n c h e s ; n o w a c c e l er a t es

a n d n o w s l o w s , b u t a l w a y s a f f i r m i n g i t s r a d i c a l u n i t y " ( C C , 1 7 2 ) . Y e t i n

a d d i t i o n t o t h i s f i v e r o f d e f i n it io n s , th e r e i s a l s o a f i e ry s e q u e n c e o f s c h o l i a ,

p o l e m i c a l a n d c o m b a t i v e , " l ik e a b r o k e n , d i s c o n t i n u o u s , s u b te r r an e a n , v o l -

c a n i c c h a i n , w h i c h a t i r r e g u la r i n t e rv a l s i n t e r ru p t s t h e c h a i n o f d e m o n s t r a t i v e

e l e m e n t s , t h e g r e a t fl u v i a l a n d c o n t i n u o u s c h a in . E a c h s c h o l i u m is li k e a li g h t -

h o u s e t h a t e x c h a n g e s s i g n a l s w i t h o t h e r s , a t a d i s ta n c e a n d a c r o s s t h e fl u x o f

d e m o n s t r a t i o n s . I t 's l i k e a la n g u a g e o f f ir e w h i c h i s d i s t in c t f r o m t h e l a n g u a g eo f t h e w a t e r s " ( C C , 1 8 I ) . F i n a ll y , t h e r e i s a n " a e r i a l " E t h i c s , w h i c h , th o u g h

o n l y m a n i f e s t i n B o o k V , i s st il l v i r t u a ll y p r e s e n t t h r o u g h o u t t h e e n t i re w o r k .

I n B o o k V S p i n o z a s e e m s to p r o c e e d v i a a s e q u e n c e o f lo g i ca l d e d u c t i o n s ,

b u t t h e m o v e m e n t o f h is a r g u m e n t i s s o ra p id , t h e l e ap s f r o m p o i n t t o p o i n t

s o g r e at , th a t th e c h a i n o f d e d u c t i o n s b r e a k s d o w n a n d a n e w s ty l e e m e r g e s ,

a t h o u g h t " i n w h i c h s ig n s a n d c o n c e p t s v a n is h , a n d th i n g s b e g i n t o w r i te b y

t h e m s e l v e s a n d f o r t h e m s e l v e s , a s t h e y l e a p a c r o s s t h e i n t e r v a l s o f s p a c e "

( C C , 1 8 6) . N o l o n g e r o p e r a t in g i n th e r e a l m o f c o n c e p t s , S p i n o z a n o w s p e a k s

" d i r e c t l y a n d i n t u i t iv e l y i n p u r e p e r c e p t s " ( N , 1 6 5 ). T h u s t h e r e a re t h r e e b o o k si n t h e E t h i c s , a " r i v e r - b o o k " o f d e f in i t io n s , a v o l c a n i c " b o o k o f fi re , " a n d " a n

a e r ia l b o o k , a b o o k o f l ig h t , w h i c h p r o c e e d s b y l i g h t n i n g f la s h e s " ( C C , 1 8 7 ).

W i th c e r t a in m o d i f i c a ti o n s a n d t r a n s m u t a t io n s , th e s a m e s c h e m a m a y b e

a p p l i e d t o D e l e u z e . T h e r e is in D e l e u z e a n " e s p r i t d e s y s t 6 m e , " t h e p h i l o s o -

p h e r ' s l o v e o f t h e w e l l - f o r m e d s t r uc tu r e . M u c h o f h i s w o r k r e a d s l ik e a n

e x t e n d e d d e f in i t i o n , a s e q u e n c e o f d e s c ri p t io n s o f i n t e r c o n n e c t e d te r m s w h o s e

n a t u r e , f u n c t i o n , a n d r e l a t i o n a r e e x t e n s i v e l y d e t a i l e d t h r o u g h a s h i f t i n g p l a y

o f d i s c r i m i n a t i o n s , o p p o s i t i o n s , s i m i le s , e x a m p l e s a n d i n t e rt e x t u a l r e f e r e n c e s .

" I t i s t h e P l a n o m e n o n , o r t h e R h i z o s p h e r e , t h e C r i t e r i u m ( a n d s t i l l o t h e r

n a m e s , a s t h e n u m b e r o f d i m e n s i o n s i n c re a se s ). A t n d i m e n s i o n s , i t is c a ll e d

t h e H y p e r s p h e r e , t h e M e c h a n o s p h e r e " ( T P, 2 5 2 ). " W e c a ll th e l o n g i t u d e o f

a b o d y t h e p a r t i c l e a g g r e g a t e s b e l o n g i n g t o t h a t b o d y i n a g i v e n r e l a t i o n "

( T P, 2 5 6 ). " T h e r e is a m o d e o f i n d i v i d u a t io n v e r y d i f f er e n t f ro m t h a t o f a

p e r s o n , s u b j e c t , t h i n g , o r s u b s t a n c e . W e r e s e r v e t h e n a m e h a e c c e i t y f o r i t "

( T P , 2 6 1 ) . " T h e n t h e r e i s a n a l t o g e t h e r d i ff e r e n t p l a n e . . . . W e t h e r e f o r e c al l

i t t h e p l a n e o f N a t u r e " ( T P , 2 6 6 ) . A i s B , X i s Y , s e l d o m h a s " i s " ( e s t ) b e e n

u s e d s o o f te n t o c re a te a n " a n d " ( e t ) ! 5 B u t u n l i k e S p i n o z a , D e l e u z e d o e s n o tg e n e r a t e d e f i n i ti o n s as c o m p o n e n t s o f a r g u m e n t s , d e m o n s t r a t io n s a n d p r o o f s ,

s in c e f o r h i m p h i l o s o p h y i n v o l v e s t h e i n v e n t i o n o f c o n c e p t s , n o t d is c u s s io n s ,

c o u n t e r a r g u m e n t s , a n d r e s p o n s e s t o o b j e c t i o n s 6 H i s i n t e re s t is l es s i n d e f e a t -

i n g th e o p p o s i t i o n th a n i n s h o w i n g h o w c o n c e p t s f u n c ti o n , h o w t h e y c o h e r e ,

Page 10: 006190

7/30/2019 006190

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/006190 10/18

260 RONALD BOGUE

h o w t h e y m o v e . A n d i f t h e r e i s in D e l e u z e a n " e s p r i t d e s y s t ~ m e , " i t i s o f te n

d i r e c t e d t o w a r d o b j e c ts t h a t w o u l d s e e m t o d e f y s y s t e m a t iz a ti o n . The Log ic

o f S e n se i s a l o g ic o f n o n s e n s e , F r a n c i s B a c o n a l o g i c o f s e n s a t i o n ( a n d n o t

e v e n t h e s e n s a t io n o f t h e corps vdcu , b u t t h a t o f th e corps sans organes ) .

A n t i - O e d i p u s d e t a i ls t h e e l a b o r a t e s t r u c tu r a l r e l a ti o n s h i p b e t w e e n p a r a n o i d

d e s i r i n g m a c h i n e s , th e c a t a t o n i c B o d y w i t h o u t O r g a n s , a n d t h e s c h i z o p h r e n i c

n o m a d i c s u b j ec t . I n P r o u s t D e l e u z e f in d s a p h i l o s o p h y o f e s s e n c e s a n d a t a x -

o n o m y o f s ig n s, i n S a c h e r - M a s o c h a c l i ni c al s y m p t o m a t o l o g y a n d a t h e o r y

o f c o n t r a c ts a n d l aw . A n d e v e n w h e n D e l e u z e t u rn s t o o t h e r p h il o s op h e r s, i t

i s t o d i s c o v e r a c o u n t e r s y s t e m in t h e ir w o r k , t o t a k e a t r a n s v e r s e p a t h t h r o u g h

t h e i r t h o u g h t , a g a i n s t t h e b i a s , c o m m e n c i n g i n t h e m i d d l e r a t h e r t h a n w i t hf i r s t p r in c ip l e s - l o o k in g f i rs t a t i n co r p o r ea l s r a th e r t h an a tarax ia , r e l a t io n s

i n s t e a d o f s e n s a t i o n s , f a c u l t ie s r a t h e r t h a n a p r i o r i s y n t h e t i c j u d g m e n t s , f o l d s

r a t h e r t h a n m o n a d s , e x p r e s s i o n a n d b o d i e s i n s t e a d o f s u b s t a n c e , m o d e s a n d

a t tr ib u t e s. F i n a ll y , i f S p i n o z a ' s s t r e a m o f p r o o f s a n d d e m o n s t r a t i o n s fl o w s

w i t h a c a l m , m a j e s t i c s e r e n it y , D e l e u z e ' s r i v e r o f d e fi n i ti o n s is m o r e t u r b u -

l en t, f ul l o f e d d ie s a n d w h i r l p o ol s ( ' T m i n t e r e s t e d . . , i n t h e re t ic e n c e s , t h e

r e s o n a n c e s , t h e l u r c h e s , a n d a l l t h e l a r v a e y o u c a n f i n d i n a b o o k " [ N 1 4]),

t h e t o n e m o r e i n t e n s e . I n L ' E p u i s d D e l e u z e s a y s a t o n e p o i n t o f B e c k e t t ' s

e x h a u s t i o n o f w o r d s , " T h i s s e c o n d m o v e m e n t , v e r y c o m p l e x , i s n o t w i t h o u tr e l a t io n to t h e f i r s t " (E , 6 7 ) , an d in th a t s im p le a s id e , "v e r y co m p le x , " we

h ea r t h a t i n t en s i ty - t h e an a ly s t ' s ab so r p t io n w i th h i s o b jec t , h i s f a sc in a t io n

a t i t s f u n c t io n in g , h i s su r p r i se a t i t s i n t ri cacy , h i s ca u t io n a r y r e sp ec t f o r i ts

s e r i o u s n e s s ( " d o n ' t t a k e t h is l ig h tl y , d e a r r e a d e r ; p a y a t t e n t io n " ) m i x e d w i t h

t h e s l i gh t e st t o u c h o f w r y a m u s e m e n t .

I f S p i n o z a ' s b o o k o f f ir e i s is o l a te d i n t h e s c h o l i a o f t h e Eth ics , t h e

D e l e u z e a n c o u n t e r p a r t is i n t e r s p e r s e d t h r o u g h o u t h is t e xt s . W e h a v e a l r e a d y

e n c o u n t e r e d th i s f i r e in L 'Epuisk, w i t h t h e s e n t e n c e " T h e r e i s n o m o r e p o s -

s i bl e : a r a g i n g S p i n o z i s m . " T h e f i re is n o t th a t o f a p o l e m i c a l o r c o m b a t i v e

p a s s a g e , a s i n S p i n o z a , b u t t h a t o f a f l as h o f i ns i gh t , a c h a n g e i n s p e e d , a

b r e a k , a g a p . T h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n f l a s h e s v a r i e s f r o m w o r k t o w o r k , b u t

n o b o o k i s w i t h o u t t h e m . E v e n t h e " d r y " Dif fe r ence and Repe t i t ion has i t s

a r r e s t in g m o m e n t s w h e n t h e a b s t r a c t a n a l y s i s sh i ft s s p e e d . " T h e e n t i r e w o r l d

i s a n e g g " ( D R , 2 1 6 ). " D i f f e r e n c e i s n o t n e g a t io n . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e n e g a -

t i v e i s d i f f e r e n c e in v e r t e d , s e e n f r o m b e lo w . A l w a y s t h e c a n d l e i n t h e b o v i n e

e y e " (D R , 2 3 5 ). " T h e e m b r y o is a so rt o f p h a n t a s m o f its p a r e n t s . . . D r e a m s

a r e o u r e g g s , o u r l a r v a e a n d o u r p r o p e r l y p s y c h i c i n d i v i d u a l s " ( D R , 2 5 0 ) .S o m e t i m e s i t i s a m a t t e r o f a d i s t a nt a l lu s i o n C a r a g i n g S p i n o z i s m " ) a t o th -

e r s , a n u n e x p e c t e d i m a g e ( " t h e c a n d l e i n t h e b o v i n e e y e " ) . A t t i m e s , th e f l as h

d e v e l o p s s l ow l y , c u lm i n a t i n g i n a n e p i g r a m m a t i c c o n c l u s io n : " S o m e t i m e s t h e

v e i n s a r e p l e a t s o f m a t t e r th a t s u r r o u n d l i v in g b e i n g s h e l d i n t h e m a s s , s u c h

Page 11: 006190

7/30/2019 006190

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/006190 11/18

DELEUZE'S STYLE 261

t h a t t h e m a r b l e t i l e r e s e m b l e s a r i p p l i n g l a k e t h a t t e e m s w i t h f is h . S o m e t i m e s

t h e v e i n s a r e i n n a t e i d e a s i n t h e s o u l , l i k e t w i s t e d f i g u r e s o r p o w e r f u l s t a t -

u e s c a u g h t i n th e b l o c k o f m a r b le . M a t te r is m a r b l e , o f t w o d i f fe r e n t s ty l e s"

( F O , 4 ) . A t o t h e r s , th e s p a r k l e a p s a c r o s s m i c r o i n t e r v a l s , a s in th i s c a s c a d e

o f a p p o s i t iv e s a n d e x h o r t a t io n s d e s c r i b in g i m p e r c e p ti b il it y : " T h i s r e q u i r e s

m u c h a s c e t i c is m , m u c h s o b r ie ty , m u c h c r e a ti v e i n v o l u ti o n : a n E n g l i s h e l e-

g a n c e , a n E n g l i s h f a b r ic , b l e n d i n w i t h t h e w a l l s , e li m i n a t e t h e to o - p e r c e i v e d ,

t h e t o o - m u c h - t o - b e - p e r c e i v e d " (T P , 2 7 9 ).

T h e " a e ri a l" S p i n o z a e m e r g e s in B o o k V o f th e Eth ics w h e n t he g e o m e t ri c

m e t h o d g i v e s w a y t o " a m e t h o d o f i n v e n t i o n t h a t p r o c e e d s b y i n te r v a ls a n d

l e a p s , h i a t u s e s a n d c o n t r a c t i o n s , l ik e a d o g s e a r c h i n g f o r s o m e t h i n g r a t h e r th a na r e a s o n a b l e m a n e x p o s t u l a t i n g " ( C C , 1 8 5) . T h e a e ri a l D e l e u z e i s m o s t c l e a r ly

e v i d e n t a t th e c u l m i n a t i o n o f h i s a n a l y se s , w h e n a s e q u e n c e o f d i s ti n c t io n s

e v e n t u a t e s i n t h e m o s t a b s t ra c t o f o b s e r v a ti o n s . O n e t h i n k s f o r e x a m p l e o f

D e l e u z e ' s t r e a t m e n t o f t h e th r e e f o r c e s i n B a c o n ' s p a i n t in g s - t h e f o r c e t h a t

i s o l a t e s a s i n g l e f i g u r e w i t h i n a s t r u c t u r e , t h e f o r c e t h a t c o u p l e s p a i r s o f

f i g u r e s i n a r e l a t i o n o f f a c t , a n d t h e f o r c e o f s e p a r a t i o n t h a t p l a y s b e t w e e n

t h e t r i p t y c h ' s c a n v a s e s - a n d o f t h e c l im a c t i c , a e th e r i a l e v o c a t i o n s o f t h a t

t h i rd f o r c e w h i c h m a k e s p o s s i b le " t h e s e p a r a t io n o f b o d i e s in u n i v e r s a l li g ht ,

i n u n i v e r sa l c o l or , w h i c h b e c o m e s t h e c o m m o n f a c t o f th e F i g u r e s , th e i rr h y t h m i c b e i n g , s e c o n d ' m a t t e r o f f a c t' o r R e u n i o n t h a t s e p a r a te s " ( F B , 5 6 ) .

O r o n e r e c a ll s D e l e u z e ' s d e s c r ip t i o n o f B e c k e t t 's l angue I I I, t h e p u r e i m a g e

w h i c h i s " n o t d e f i n e d b y t h e s u b l i m i t y o f it s c o n t e n t, b u t b y i ts f o r m , t h a t i s, b y

i ts ' i n t e r n a l t e n s i o n , ' o r b y t h e f o r c e th a t i t m o b i l i z e s i n o r d e r to c r e a t e t h e v o i d

o r b o r e h o l e s , l o o s e n t h e g r i p o f w o r d s , d r y u p t h e o o z i n g o f v o i c e s , d i s e n g a g e

f r o m m e m o r y a n d r e a s o n a s m a l l a l o g i c a l i m a g e , a m n e s i c , a l m o s t a p h a s i c ,

n o w s t a n d i n g i n t h e v o i d , n o w s h u d d e r i n g in t h e o p e n " ( E, 7 2 ). I w o u l d a r g u e

t h a t m u c h o f th e f i na l c h a p t e r o f F o u c a u lt , " F o l d s , o r t h e I n s id e o f T h o u g h t

( S u b j e c t i v a t i o n ) , " i s i n t h i s a e r i a l m o d e , b u t a b o v e a l l t h e b r i l l i a n t , c r y p t i c

p a r a g r a p h o n " a b s o l u t e m e m o r y " a n d t h e s e lf a s a te m p o r a l f ol d. H e r e D e l e u z e

o p e n s w i t h a r e f e r e n c e t o L e i r is ' " a b s o l u te m e m o r y " a n d t h e n q u i c k l y t ie s i t t o

t h e " h y p o m n e m a t a " o f th e a n c i e n t G r ee k s. A f t e r b r ie f l y i d e n ti fy i n g m e m o r y

a s " t h e a f f e c t o f s e l f b y s e l f " (F , 1 1 5 ) , h e l e a p s t o K a n t ' s c h a r a c t e r i z a t io n

o f t i m e a s " a u t o a f f e c t io n , " a t w h i c h p o i n t t h e t e n u o u s l i n k s in th e c h a i n

o f a s s o c i a ti o n b e g i n to b r e a k a p a r t. D e l e u z e s a y s th a t in B o o k V S p i n o z a

n o l o n g e r s p e a k s i n c o n c e p t s , o r " n e w w a y s o f t h i n k i n g , " b u t " d i r e c tl y a n d

i n t u it iv e l y in p u r e p e r c e p t s , " o r " n e w w a y s o f s e e in g a n d c o n s t r u i n g " ( N , 1 65 ).S o m e t h i n g s i m i l a r t a k e s p l a c e h e r e , a s D e l e u z e a r t i c u l a t e s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p

b e t w e e n t i m e a n d t h e s e l f t h r o u g h t h e i m a g e o f th e f o ld : " B u t t im e a s s u b j ec t ,

o r r a t h e r s u b j e c ti fi c a ti o n , i s c a l le d m e m o r y . N o t t h a t s h o r t m e m o r y t h a t c o m e s

a f te r w a r d , a n d is o p p o s e d t o f o r g e tf u l n e ss , b u t t h e ' a b s o l u t e m e m o r y ' t h a t

Page 12: 006190

7/30/2019 006190

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/006190 12/18

262 RONALD BOGUE

dou bles the presen t , tha t r edoubles the ou t s ide , and wh ich is mad e on ly wi th

forge t fu lness , s ince i t i s i t s e l f and cease les s ly forgott en in orde r to be r em ade:

i ts fo ld in e f fec t is confu sed wi th the unfo ld , because the one r em ains presen t

in the o ther as tha t w hich is fo lded . Only forge t fu lness (the unfo ld) r ed i scove r s

tha t wh ich i s fo lded in m em ory ( in the fo ld i t se l f) " (F, 115) . I t is as i f thoug ht

a t th i s po in t w ere t ak ing p lace wi th in and th roug h the imag e , as i f t ime, s e l f

and m em or y w er e be i ng d i r ec tl y and i n tu i ti ve ly app r ehend ed a s fo l d s - a

speec h no t in concep t s bu t "d i r ec t ly and in tu i tive ly in pure percep t s . "

Stutter ing

Frequent ly Deleuze iden t i f i es s ty le w i th s tu t t e r ing , no t so much s tu t t e r ing

in on e ' s sp eech as ma king " lang uag e as such s tu t t e r" (CC , 135) . A g rea t

wr i t e r " is a fo re ign er in h is ow n langua ge: he does no t mix an other l anguag e

w i t h h i s ow n ; he f a sh i ons in his l anguag e a fore ign l angua ge tha t does no t

pree xis t i t. To m ak e lang uag e in i t sel f cry, stut ter, s tamm er , m urm ur" (CC,

138) . To fash ion a fore ign l anguage in one ' s own tongue i s to induce "a

beco m i ng - o t he r o f l anguage , a mi no r i za ti on o f t ha t ma j o r l anguage , a de l ir -

ium tha t car r i es it away , a so rcerer ' s l ine tha t escapes the dom inant sys tem "(CC, 15) . A nd such a bec om ing i s es sen t ia l ly syn tac ti c : "Syn tac t i c c rea t ion ,

s ty l e , s uch i s t he beco m i ng o f l anguage : no c r ea t ion o f w or ds , no ne o l og i s ms

have v a l ue ou t s ide t he e f f ec ts o f s yn t ax i n w h i ch t hey a re d eve l oped" ( C C ,

15-16) . Hence s ty le in l i t e ra ture has a dua l func t ion : " i t e f f ec t s a decom-

pos i t ion or a d es t ruc t ion o f the m aterna l tongu e , bu t a l so the invent ion of a

new l anguage i n the l anguage , t h r ough s yn t ac t ic c r ea t ion" ( C C , 16 ). D e l euze

c i t es Gh eras im Lu ca and B ecket t as exemplar s o f such syn tac t i c c rea t ion . In

h i s poe m "Pass ion n6m ent , " Lu ca d i s rup ts the l ingui s t ic ru les o f parad igm at -

i c se lec t ion and syntagm at ic com bina t ion by c rea t ing inc lus ive d i s junc t ionsand r e f lex i ve combi na t i ons f rom t he ph r a s e " J e t ' a i m e pas s ionn6men t " : "Pas -

s io n n 6 n e z p a s si o n n e m j e / j e t 'a i je t 'a i m e je / j e j e j e t j e t 'a i j e te z / j e t 'a i m e

pass io nne m t ' a im e" (CC, 139) . Here , "eac h wo rd d iv ides , bu t in to i t s e l f (pas-

ra t s , pas s ions - ra t ions ) and combines , bu t w i th i t s e l f (pas -passe- pas s ion)"

(CC, 139) . Becket t , by cont ras t , works by accre t ion , add ing words to the

m iddle o f phrases a nd sen tences , wh i le r epea t ing them wi th s l igh t a lt e ra t ions

in exhau s t ive permu ta t ions .

On e looks in va in for th is k ind o f lingui st ic exper ieme nta t ion in Deleuz e ,

bu t tha t i s bec ause s ty le in ph i losophy , as opposed to l it e ra ture , i s de te rmine d

by the m ov em en t o f the conce pt , and i f there is s tu t te r ing in D eleuze , i t i s a

co nce ptu al s tut ter ing, a s tut ter ing o f tho ug ht i tself . In What i s Phi losophy? ,

one o f t he cha r ac t er i st ic s o f t he m ode r n " i m age o f t hough t " i s i den ti fi ed a s

"an ' I ncapac i t y ' [ Impouvo i r ] o f t hough t " w h i ch i mpar ts a s pec if ic move m en t

Page 13: 006190

7/30/2019 006190

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/006190 13/18

DELEUZE'S STYLE 263

t o c o n c e p t s : " a s K l e i s t o r A r t a u d s u g g e s t s, th o u g h t a s s u c h b e g i n s t o e x h i b i t

sn a r l s , sq u ea l s , s t am m er s ; i t t a lk s i n t o n g u es an d sc r eam s , wh ich l ead s i t t o

c r e a t e , o r to t r y t o . I f t h o u g h t s e a r c h e s , i t i s le s s i n t h e m a n n e r o f s o m e o n e w h o

p o s s e s s e s a m e t h o d t h a n t h at o f a d o g t h a t s e e m s to b e m a k i n g u n c o o r d i n a t e d

l e a p s " ( W E 5 5 ). O n e m i g h t a r g u e t h a t s t u tt e r in g is f u n d a m e n t a l t o D e l e u z e ' s

t h o u g h t , i n t h a t p a r a d o x i n h is v i e w is b a s i c t o t h e c r e a t i o n o f c o n c e p t s . T h e

o n l y c o n s t r a i n t o n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f c o n c e p t s , s a y s D e l e u z e , " i s t h a t t h e s e

s h o u l d h a v e a n e c e s s i t y , a s w e l l a s a n u n f a m i l i a ri ty , a n d t h e y h a v e b o t h t o t h e

e x t e n t t h e y ' r e a r e s p o n s e t o re a l p r o b l e m s . C o n c e p t s a r e w h a t s t o p s t h o u g h t

b e i n g a m e r e o p i n i o n , a v ie w , a n e x c h a n g e o f v i e w s , g o s si p . A n y c o n c e p t

i s b o u n d t o b e a p a r a d o x " ( N , 1 36 ). T h e o x y m o r o n i s t h e s i m p l e s t f o r m o fp a r a d o x , a d i s j u n c t i v e s y n t h e s i s t h r o u g h a c o n j u n c t i o n o f o p p o s i t e te r m s ,

n e i t h e r o f w h i c h a l o n e i s a d e q u a t e t o e x p r e s s th e i d e a i n q u e s ti o n . A n d a s

D e l e u z e s h o w s i n The Logic o f Sense, n o c o n j u n c t i o n o f o p p o s it e s i s s t ab l e

an d se l f - su f f i c i en t ; e ach co n ju n c t io n l ead s to an o th e r i n an in f in i t e r eg r e ss .

O f t e n , D e l e u z e a n d e f i n i t i o n s a r e e x p l i c i t l y o x y m o r o n i c ( e . g . , t h e " w a k i n g

d r e a m " o f i n s o m n i a ), b u t w e m a y t a k e th e o x y m o r o n a s a g e n e ra l f ig u r e fo r

a w a y o f t h i n k i n g , a h a l t in g , o b s e s s i v e , r e p e t it i v e e ff o r t t o n a m e t h a t w h i c h

h as n o n am e ( y e t ) . " I t ' s t h i s , b u t i t ' s a l so th a t ; i t ' s n o t t h i s , y e t i t ' s n o t t h a t

e i th e r ; i t 's l i k e th i s , b u t i t 's a l so l i k e th i s , an d th i s , an d th is . . . . " H en ce th ef r e q u e n t u s e o f a p p o s i t i v e s i n D e l e u z e , t h e p r o l if e r a ti o n o f d i ff e r e n t n a m e s f o r

t h e " s a m e " t h i n g ( e . g. , " a b e c o m i n g - o t h e r o f l a n g u a g e , a m i n o r i z a t i o n o f th a t

m a jo r l an g u a g e , a d e l i r i u m th a t ca r r i e s it away , a so r ce r e r ' s l in e th a t e scap es

t h e d o m i n a n t s y s t e m " [ C C 1 5]). E a c h te r m is j u x t a p o s e d to t h e p r e c e d i n g ,

e a c h a n a p p a r e n t e q u i v a l e n t , b u t a c t u a l l y a n a d d e n d u m , a n a d j u n c t, a r id e r :

" A N D . . . A N D . . . A N D , s ta m m e ri ng " (D , 59).

T h e r e i s a l so i n D e l e u z e a c o n c e p t u a l s t u tt e ri n g b e t w e e n w o r k s , w h a t w e

m i g h t c a l l a " P r o u s t e f f e c t . " A s D e l e u z e s a y s i n Prou st and Signs, " S t y l e is

n o t t h e m a n , s t y l e is e s s e n c e i t s e l f . . . . A c t u a l l y , d i f f e r e n c e a n d r e p e t it i o n a re

t h e t w o i n s e p a r a b l e a n d c o r r e l a t iv e p o w e r s o f e s s e n c e " (P S , 4 8 ). I n a g r e a t

wr i t e r l i k e P r o u s t , "we say : i t ' s t h e sam e th in g , o n a d i f f e r en t l ev e l . Bu t we

a l s o s a y : i t' s d i f f e r e n t , b u t t o t h e s a m e d e g r e e " ( P S , 4 8) . C o n c e p t s D e l e u z e

d e v e l o p s i n o n e b o o k r e a p p e a r i n a n o th e r , e n t e r in t o n e w c o m b i n a t i o n s , t h e n

d i s s o l v e a n d f o r m f u r t h e r a ll i an c e s a n d i n t e r c o n n e c t i o n s i n a t h ir d . I n e a c h

w o r k , t h e c o n c e p t s u n d e r g o a s l i g h t m e t a m o r p h o s i s , as i f e a c h r e p e t i ti o n o f a

c o n c e p t w e r e a m e r e a p p r o x i m a t i o n , a n e f f o r t o n c e a g a i n to g i v e i t a n a m e ,

b u t a l so a d i s c o v e r y o f s o m e t h i n g n e w in t h e c o n c e p t th a t o n l y e m e r g e s w i t hi ts r e s t a t e m e n t in a d i f f e r e n t c o n t e x t . T h e B o d y w i t h o u t O r g a n s i s o n e t h i n g i n

Anti-Oedipus, b u t c o n s i d e r a b l y m o r e in A Thousand Plateaus, a n d s o m e t h i n g

s l ig h t ly d i f f e r e n t in Francis Bacon. I n s o m n i a in L 'Epuisk i s a w a k i n g d r e a m ,

b u t i n " T o H a v e D o n e w i t h J u s t i c e , " i t i s a " d r e a m l e s s s l u m b e r i n w h i c h

Page 14: 006190

7/30/2019 006190

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/006190 14/18

Page 15: 006190

7/30/2019 006190

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/006190 15/18

DELEUZE'S STYLE 2 6 5

d e s c r i p t io n o f v i s io n s a n d s o u n d s i m p e r c e p t i b l e in o r d i n a r y l a n g u a g e : " D e s

v i s i o n s o u d e s s o n s , c o m m e n t l e s d i s t in g u e r ? , s i p u r s e t s i s im p l e s , si f o rt s,

q u ' o n l e s a p p e l l e mal vu ma l d i t , q u a n d l e s m o t s s e p e r c e n t et s e re t o u r n e n t

d ' e u x - m ~ m e s p o u r m o n t r e r l eu r p ro p r e d e h o rs . M u s i q u e p r o p r e d e la p o 6 s i e

l u e v o i x h a u t e e t s a n s m u s i q u e " ( E , 1 0 5). B u t a l w a y s i n t h e s e i n v o c a t i o n s o f

t h e i n e f f ab l e , o n e h e a r s s o m e t h i n g o f t h e s h a m a n , t h e m a g i c i a n c a s t i n g s p e l ls

t h r o u g h a h y p n o t i c m u s i c a l c a d e n c e .

M o s t o f t e n w h e n D e l e u z e d i s c u s s e s s t y l e , h e i s s p e a k i n g a b o u t l i t e r a r y

s t y le , a n d i t i s o n l y w i t h d i f f i c u lt y t h a t o n e t e a s e s o u t t h e i m p l i c a t i o n s o f h i s

r e m a r k s f o r a n a n a l y s i s o f s ty l e i n p h i l o s o p h y . S u c h a n e f f o r t is n e c e s s a r y i f o n e

w i s h e s t o c h a r a c t e r i z e D e l e u z e ' s s t y l e , s i n c e i n a n i m p o r t a n t s e n s e D e l e u z ei s a p h i l o s o p h e r a n d n o t a w r it er . A s h e a n d G u a t t a ri m a k e c l e a r in W h a t I s

P h i l o s o p h y ? , t h e r e i s a b a s ic d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n p h i l o s o p h y a n d l it e ra t u re ,

i n t h a t p h i l o s o p h e r s w o r k w i t h c o n c e p t s w h e r e a s a r ti st s w o r k w i t h p e r c e p t s

a n d a f f e ct s . Y e t D e l e u z e a l s o r e m a r k s e l s e w h e r e t h a t " a f f e c ts , p e r c e p t s , a n d

c o n c e p t s a r e t h r e e i n s e p a r a b le f o r ce s , r u n n i n g f r o m a rt i n to p h i l o s o p h y a n d

f r o m p h i l o s o p h y i n t o a r t " ( N , 1 3 7 ) . S t y l e i n p h i l o s o p h y , h e s a y s , " s t r a i n s

t o w a r d t h r e e d i f f e r e n t p o l e s : c o n c e p t s , o r n e w w a y s o f t h in k i n g ; p e r c e p t s ,

o r n e w w a y s o f s e e in g a n d c o n s t r u in g ; a n d a f f ec ts , o r n e w w a y s o f fe e li n g .

T h e y ' r e t h e p h i l o s o p h i c a l t rin it y, p h i l o s o p h y a s o p e r a : y o u n e e d a ll th r e e t og e t th i n g s m o v i n g " ( N , 1 6 5 ). O f a l l t h e a r t s , l i te r a t u r e i s c l o s e s t t o p h i l o s o p h y ,

f o r li te ra tu r e a n d p h i l o s o p h y s h ar e l a n g u a g e a s th e ir c o m m o n m e d i u m -

a n d t h e ir c o m m o n e n e m y . D e l e u z e a d m i r e s w r i te r s w h o c r e a te a f o r e ig n

l a n g u a g e w i t h i n th e i r n a ti v e t o n g u e , b u t w h o d o s o o n l y i n a n e f f o r t t o p u s h

l a n g u a g e b e y o n d i t s e l f , t o a u d i t i o n s a n d v i s i o n s , p e r c e p t s a n d a f f e c t s , t h a t

f o r m t h e o u t s i d e o f l a n g u a g e . T h e l o n g e r B e c k e t t w r o te , s a y s D e l e u z e , " t h e

l e ss h e c o u l d p u t u p w i t h w o r d s " ( E , 1 0 3 ). T h e r e i s a s im i l a r i m p a t i e n c e

w i t h l a n g u a g e i n D e l e u z e , a d e s ir e t o d o a s B e c k e t t a n d " ' b o r e h o l e s ' i n

t h e s u r f a c e o f l a n g u a g e " ( E , 1 0 3 ), t o s e e k a n o u t s i d e o f l a n g u a g e , a s i le n c e

p r o p e r t o s p e e c h , t h a t m a k e s p o s s i b l e a t h o u g h t l i k e S p i n o z a ' s i n B o o k V

o f t h e Eth ics , a t h o u g h t n o t o f c o n c e p t s b u t o f p e r c e p t s a n d a f f ec ts , n e w

w a y s o f s e e i n g , c o n s t r u i n g a n d f e e li n g , w h i c h f o r m t h e o u t s id e o f c o n c e p t s ,

t h e i r i n h e r e n t s u r f a c e a n d l im i t . I t i s a t th e l i m i t s o f l a n g u a g e , a t t h e e d g e o f

t h e i n e f f a b l e , th a t p h i l o s o p h y a n d l it e ra t u re i n t e r p e n e t r a te , a n d D e l e u z e a n d

B e c k e t t j o i n f o r c e s a s p h i l o s o p h e r - w r i t e r a n d w r i te r - p h il o so p h e r . 7

W h o i s D e l e u z e ?

" S t y l e i s t h e m a n , " s a y s B u f f o n , b u t D e l e u z e s a y s , s t y l e i s e s s e n c e , e v e n t ,

b e c o m i n g - i m p e r c e p t i b l e , e f f e c t . I s D e l e u z e ' s s t y l e d r y , c o l d , o b j e c t i v e , a u s -

t e r e ? A t ti m e s , y e s - o c c a s i o n a l l y t o s u c h a n e x t e n t t h a t i t is i n d i s t in g u i s h -

Page 16: 006190

7/30/2019 006190

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/006190 16/18

266 RONALD BOGUE

ab l e f r om an anonymous expos i t o r y p r os e . A nd a l w ays i t i s i mpe r s ona l .

Bu t there a re a t l eas t th ree Deleuz es : the f luv ia l Deleu ze of def in i tions and

sys tems , absorbed , f asc ina ted , am used by the s t ruc tures he is c rea t ing ; the

f ie ry D eleu ze of ep igram m at ic f l ashes , s c in t i ll a ting , a rr es ting ; an d the aer i-

a l D eleu ze o f c ryp t ic specu la t ion , thought in percep t s and a f fec ts , s ensua l ly

abs t rac t , poe t i c , incan ta tory . S ty le in ph i losop hy i s def ined by the m ov em en t

o f t h e c o n c e p t - i t s e n d o - co n s is te n c y ,auto-survol , and i nvo l vem en t w i t h o t he r

c o nc ep t s - and b y t he s yn tax o f a rgumen t s , t he un f o l d ing o f l ine s o f t hough t.

E ach o f t he t h r ee D e l euzes moves a t a d i f f e r en t s peed and i n a d i f f e r en t

m ode , bu t t he r e i s a r epea t ed mo vem en t in t he D e l euzean egg - page , fr om

indiv idu a t ing po in t o f ac tua l iza t ion , th roug h exp l ica ting s t ruc ture , to mu ta t -ing l ine of f ligh t , a perpe tua l d ram a of c rea ted imposs ib i li ti es and un exp ec ted

poss ib i li t ies , o f s e l f - imposed cons t ra in t and mi racu lous escape . And a lwa ys

there i s s tu t te r ing , a h a l t ing , lu rch ing mo ve m en t f rom app os i t ive to appos i -

t ive ( and , and , an d) , a d i f fe ren t i a l r epe t i tion o f theme s in con s tan t var ia t ion ,

a con cep tua l s tu tt e r ing a t the l imi t s o f l anguage an d thought .

In Wha t l s Phi losophy?, Deleu ze /Gu at ta r i s ay tha t the t rue sub jec t s o f thou ght

a r e no t t he ph i lo s ophe r s w ho s ign t he i r w or ks bu t t he concep t ua l pe r s onae

(personnages conceptuels)t h r ough w h i ch t he t hough t un fo l d s: "C oncep t ua l

pe r s onae a r e t he ph i lo s oph e r ' s ' h e t e r onym s , ' and the ph i l o s ophe r ' s nam e i s

t he s i mp l e p s eu don ym o f h i s pe r s onae" ( W P, 64). W ho a r e D e l euze ' s concep -

t ua l pe r s onae? O ne w o u l d be H oud i n i , t he m ag i c ian / il lu s i on is t obs es s ed w i t h

m adne s s and dea t h ( "O nce y ou s ta rt th i nk i ng , yo u ' r e boun d t o en t e r a li ne o f

thou ght wh ere l i f e and dea th , r eason and m adness , a re a t s t ake , and the l ine

draw s you on " [N 103] ), cons tan t ly b ind ing h im sel f in s t ra i tj acke ts and cha ins ,

i mpr i s on i ng h i m s e l f in co f fi n s, boxes and j a r s, and e s cap i ng f r om b eh i nd a

screen , unseen . A secre t iden t ity , h idden , imp ercep t ib le . Anothe r wou ld be

A l i ce , t he na i ve , p r i m g i r l o f me t amor ph i c bod y and pe r pe t ua l good s ens e ,exp l o r ing w i t h bem us ed equan i m i t y t he s u r f aces o f W onde r l and nons ens e -

bu t a m utat in g Al ice, spl it t ing into Sylv ia an d Brun o (Bruno , the l e f thanded ,

s tu t te r ing ch i ld ) . A S to ic , em pi r i c is t per sona , bu t ab ove a l l , a hum orous iden-

t ity . ( " In a l l g rea t wr i te r s you f ind a hum orous o r com ic l eve l a long wi th the

o the r l eve l s , no t jus t s e r iousness , bu t so m eth ing shock ing [ l 'a t roce] ev en" IN

107] .) A nd the n there ' s Profes sor Chal l enger , Deleuze /Guat ta r i 's spok esm an

i n "T he G e o l ogy o f M or a l s ," t he m ad s c ien ti st w ho conce i ves o f t he ea r th a s

a l iv ing be ing and t r ave l s to los t wo r lds of un t ime ly coexi s tence , the unc outh

profes so r on the f r inges of the a cadem y, bu t a l so a two-head ed , s imian an imal -

m an s ub j ec t t o m ons t rous beco mi ngs . "T he des t iny o f t he ph i l o s ophe r is t o

bec om e h is concep t ua l pe r s ona o r pe r s onae" (W , P 64). A nd w ho is D e l euze?

S t y l e h i m A l i ce H . C ha l lenge r .

Page 17: 006190

7/30/2019 006190

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/006190 17/18

D E L E U Z E ' S S TY L E 2 6 7

No t e s

1 . I d o n o t w i s h t o b e l i t t l e G u a t t a r i ' s c o n t r i b u t io n s t o D e l e u z e / G u a t t a r i ' s c o l l a b o r a t i v e e f f o r t s

o r t o D e l e u z e ' s t h o u g h t a n d s t y l e . O n e c o u l d , p e r h a p s, a t t e m p t t o u n r a v e l t h e G u a t t a r i a n

w a r p f r o m t h e D e l e u z e a n w o o f , b u t t h i s i s a n t i t h e ti c a l t o t h e s p i ri t o f t h e i r j o i n t e n t e r p r i se .

M y a r g u m e n t i s t h a t a D e l e u z e e f f e c t p l a y s t h r o u g h e v e r y t h i n g t h a t b e a r s h i s n a m e . A

p r o p e r t r i b u t e t o G u a t t a r i w o u l d b e t o s h o w t h a t l i k e w i s e a " G u a t t a r i e f f e c t " i s p r e s e n t

i n e v e r y w o r k h e s i g n e d , a n e f f e c t w i t h i ts o w n p e c u l i a r i d e n ti t y. B u t t h a t w o u l d b e t h e

s u b j e c t o f a n o t h e r s tu d y .

2. F,n a il e B r 6 h i e r m a k e s a s i m i l a r p o i n t w h e n r e f l e c t i n g o n t h e c h o i c e o f s u b j e c t s h e m a d e i n h is

v a r i o u s s t u d i e s i n th e h i s t o r y o f p h i l o s o p h y : " W h a t I s o u g h t a b o v e a l l in a p h i l o s o p h e r , I w i l l

c o n f e s s , w a s a v i r t u o s i t y o f t h o u g h t , a n d b y t h a t a b o v e a l l I m e a n a n a r t o f c o r r e s p o n d e n c e s ,

t h a t a r t p e c u l i a r t o p h i l o s o p h e r s , s o p o o r l y u n d e r s t o o d b y p u r e l i t e r a r y c r i t i c s , w h o s ea n a l o g u e m a y b e f o u n d i n m u s i c a n d i n c e r t a i n fo r m s o f p a i n t in g , a n d w h i c h c o n s i s t s o f

s e e i n g i n a n i d e a o n l y a p a s s a g e , a d i r e c t i o n t o w a r d a n o t h e r , a v e c t o r r a t h e r t h a n a s i m p l e

l i n e, a n i n t e n ti o n m o r e t h a n a n a c c o m p l i s h m e n t . F o r s o m e t i m e I h a v e n o t b e l i e v e d th a t

t h i s v i r t u o s i t y h a s i ts e n d i n i t se l f , b u t I r e m a i n c o n v i n c e d t h a t i t c a n b e a c q u i r e d ; j u s t l i k e

f u g u e a n d c o u n t e r p o i n t f o r t h e m u s i c i a n , i t i s a n a p p r e n t i c e s h i p t h a t i s i n d i s p e n s a b l e f o r

t h e p h i l o s o p h e r " ( B r 6 h i e r , p . 2 ).

3 . D e l e u z e a l s o d e v o t e s a p a r a g r a p h t o i n s o m n i a i n h i s d i s c u s s i o n o f N i e t z s c h e , L a w r e n c e ,

K a f k a a n d A r t a u d , " P o u r e n f i n i r a v e c l e j u g e m e n t " ( C C , 1 6 2 - 16 3 ) .

4 . " T h e l o g i c o f s o m e o n e ' s t h o u g h t i s t h e w h o l e s e t o f c ri s e s t h r o u g h w h i c h i t p a s s e s ; i t ' s

m o r e l i k e a v o l c a n i c c h a i n t h a n a s t a b l e s y s t e m c l o s e t o e q u i l i b r i u m " ( N , 8 4) .

5 . " T h e w h o l e o f g r a m m a r , t h e w h o l e o f t h e s y l lo g i s m , i s a w a y o f m a i n t a in i n g t h e s u b o rd i -n a t i o n o f c o n j u n c t i o n s t o t h e v e r b t o b e , o f m a k i n g t h e m g r a v i t a t e a r o u n d t h e v e r b t o b e .

O n e m u s t g o f u r t h e r : o n e m u s t m a k e t h e e n c o u n t e r w i t h r e l a t i o n s p e n e t r a t e a n d c o r r u p t

e v e r y t h i n g , u n d e r m i n e b e i n g , m a k e i t t o p p l e o v e r . S u b s t i t u te t h e A N D f o r I S . A a n d B . . . .

T h i n k i n g w i t h A N D , i n s t e a d o f t h i n k i n g I S , i n s t e ad o f t h in k i ng f o r IS " (D , 57 ).

6 . " T h e a r t o f c o n s t r u c t i n g a p r o b l e m i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t: y o u i n v e n t a p r o b l e m , a p r o b l e m -

p o s i t i o n , b e f o r e f i n d i n g a s o l u t i o n . N o n e o f t h i s h a p p e n s i n a n i n t e r v ie w , a c o n v e r s a t i o n ,

a d i s c u s s io n . E v e n r e f l e c t io n , w h e t h e r i t ' s a l o n e , o r b e t w e e n t w o o r m o r e , i s n o t e n o u g h .

A b o v e a l l, n o t r e f le c t io n . O b j e c t i o n s a r e e v e n w o r s e . E v e r y t i m e s o m e o n e p u t s a n o b j e c t i o n

t o m e , I w a n t t o s ay : ' O K , O K , l e t ' s g o o n to s o m e t h i n g e l s e ' " ( D , 1). " P h i l o s o p h y ' s n o

m o r e c o m m u n i c a t i v e t h a n i t ' s c o n t e m p l a t i v e o r r e f le c t iv e : it is b y n a t u re c r e a t i v e o r e v e n

r e v o l u ti o n a r y , b e c a u s e i t ' s a l w a y s c r e a ti n g n e w c o n c e p t s . . . . C o n c e p t s a r e w h a t s t o p st h o u g h t b e i n g a m e r e o p i n i o n , a v i e w , a n e x c h a n g e o f v i e w s , g o s s i p " ( N , 1 36 ).

7 . " S o i s t h i s i t , t o p a i n t , t o c o m p o s e o r t o w r i t e ? i t i s a l l a q u e s t i o n o f l i n e , t h e r e i s n o

s u b s t a n t ia l d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n p a i n t i n g , m u s i c a n d w r i t i n g . T h e s e a c t i v i t i e s a r e d i f f e r e n -

t i a t e d f r o m o n e a n o t h e r b y t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e s u b s t a n c e s , c o d e s a n d t e r r it o r i a l it i e s , b u t n o t

b y t h e a b s t r a c t l i n e t h e y t r a c e , w h i c h s h o o t s b e t w e e n t h e m a n d c a r ri e s th e m t o w a r d s a

c o m m o n f a te . W h e n w e c o m e to t r a c e t h e l in e , w e c a n s a y ' I t i s p h i l o s o p h y . ' N o t a t a l l

b e c a u s e p h i l o s o p h y w o u l d b e a n u l t i m a t e d i s c i p l i n e , a l a s t r o o t , c o n t a i n i n g t h e t r u th o f t h e

o the r s , on the con t r a ry . S t i l l l e s s is i t a pop u la r w is dom . I t i s beca us e p h i lo s o phy i s bo rn o r

p r o d u c e d o u t s i d e b y t h e p a i n t e r , t h e m u s i c i a n , t h e w r i t e r , e a c h t i m e t h a t t h e m e l o d i c l i n e

d r a w s a l o n g t h e s o u n d , o r t h e p u r e t r a c e d l i n e c o l o u r , o r t h e w r i t t e n l i n e t h e a r t i c u l a t e d

v o i c e . T h e r e i s n o n e e d f o r p h i l o s o p h y : i t i s n e c e s s a r i l y p r o d u c e d w h e r e e a c h a c t i v i t y g i v e s

r i s e t o i t s l i n e o f d e t e r r it o r i a l iz a t i o n . T o g e t o u t o f p h i l o so p h y , t o d o n e v e r m i n d w h a t s o a s

t o b e a b l e t o p r o d u c e i t f r o m o u t s i d e . T h e p h i l o s o p h e r s h a v e a l w a y s b e e n s o m e t h i n g e l s e ,

t h e y w e r e b o r n f r o m s o m e t h i n g e l s e " ( D , 7 3 - 7 4 ).

Page 18: 006190

7/30/2019 006190

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/006190 18/18

2 6 8 R O N A L D B O G U E

Re f e r e n c e s

W o r k s b y D e l e u z e , D e l e u z e / G u a t t a r i a n d D e l e u z e / P a r n e t

D e l e u z e a n d G u a t t a r i . An ti -Oe dipu s: Capi talism an d Schizophrenia, t r . Rober t Hur ley , Mark

S e e m , a n d H e l e n R . L a n e ( M i n n e a p o l i s: U n i v e r s i ty o f M i n n e s o t a P r e ss , 1 9 8 3) .C i n e m a 2 : T h e l ~ m e - M o v e m e n t , t r. H u g h T o m l i n s o n a n d R o b e r t G a l e t a ( M i n n e a p o l is : U n i v e r -

s i ty o f M inneso ta Pres s , 1989).

C r i t iq u e e t c l i n i q u e (Par is : Minui t , 1993) .D e l e u z e a n d C l a i r e P a m e t . D i a l o g u e s , t r. H u g h T o m l i n s o n a n d B a r b a r a H a b b e r j a m ( N e w Y o r k :

C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y P re s s , 1 9 8 7 ).

D i f f e r e n c e a n d R e p e t i ti o n , t r. Pau l Pa t ton (N ew York : Co lum bia U niver s i ty P res s , 1994) .

L ' E p u i s ~ (Par is : Minui t , 1992) .

F o u c a u l t (Par is : Minui t , 1986) .Fran ci s Bacon: L ogiqu e de la s ensa t ion , vo l. 1 (Par is : l~dit ions de la di f f6ren ce, 1981) .The Fold . Le ibn i z and the Baroque , t r. T o m C o n l e y ( M i n n e a p o li s : U n i v e r s i t y o f M i n n e s o t a

Press , 1993) .D e l e u z e a n d G u a t t a r i . Ka fka: Toward a M ino r Literature, t r. Dana Po lan (Minneapol i s : Uni -

v e r s i t y o f M i n n e s o t a P r e s s, 1 9 8 6) .N e g o t i a t i o n s : 1 9 7 2 - 1 9 9 0 , t r . Mar t in Joughin (New York : Columbia Univer s i ty P res s , 1995) .P r o u s t a n d S i g n s , t r. R icha rd H ow ard (Ne w York : Geo rge Braz il le r , 1972).D e l e u z e a n d G u a t t a r i . A Thousand P la teaus , t r . B r i a n M a s s u m i ( M i n n e a p o l i s : U n i v e r s i t y o f

Minneso ta Pres s , 1987) .D e l e u z e a n d G u a t t a r i . W h a t I s P h i lo s o p h y ? , t r. H u g h T o m l i n s o n an d G r a h a m B u rc h el l ( N e w

Y o r k: C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y P re s s , 1 9 9 4 ).

O t h e r w o r k s

B e c k e t t , S a m u e l . L ' I n n o m a b l e . (Par is : Minui t , 1953) .B e c k e t t , S a m u e l . No uvel l es e t t ex tes po ur r ien . (Paris: Minuit , 1958).B e c k e t t , S a m u e l . Stor ies a nd Tex ts fo r Noth ing . ( N e w Y o r k: G r o v e , 1 9 6 7 ).B e c k e t t , S a m u e l . Three Nove l s by Samuel Becke t t : Mol loy , Malone Dies , The Unnamable .

( N e w Y o r k: G r o v e , 1 9 6 5 ).B l a n c h o t , M a u r i c e. L 'Espaee li t t~raire (Par is : Gal l imard, 1955) .B r 6h ie r, l ~m i le . " C o m m e n t j e c o m p r e n d s l ' h i s to i r e d e l a p h i l o s o p h i c , " in E t u d e s d e p h i l o s o p h i e

ant ique . (Par is : PUF, 1955) , pp. 1-9.

R o s s e t , C l 6 m e n t . " S 6 c h e r e s s e d e D e l e u z e , " L ' A r c , new ed i t ion (1980), n . 49 , pp . 8% 91.