0054.00.aml-1045 app s agricultural impact report

8/6/2019 0054.00.AML-1045 App S Agricultural Impact Report

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APPENDIX S


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Serecon Valuations Inc.

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 1

ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION LINES DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION .............................................................................. 2

TOWER DESIGN.............................................................................................................................................................. 2Conductor Span ..................................................................................................................................................... 3Conductor Clearance ............................................................................................................................................. 4Construction Schedule ........................................................................................................................................... 4

DURING CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION............................................................................................................ 5

COMMUNICATIONS ......................................................................................................................................................... 6CASH FLOW INTERRUPTIONS ............................................................................................................................................. 6

CULTIVATED CROPS AND SOIL ............................................................................................................................... 7

BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................................................ 7Potential Impacts During Construction ................................................................................................................. 7Potential Impacts During Operation ...................................................................................................................... 8

SPECIALIZED CROP ................................................................................................................................................. 9

BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................................................ 9Potential Impacts During Construction ................................................................................................................. 9Potential Impacts During Ongoing Operations .................................................................................................... 10

WEEDS ................................................................................................................................................................. 11

BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................................................. 11Weed Control Act ................................................................................................................................................ 11Potential Impacts During Construction ............................................................................................................... 11Potential Impacts During Operation .................................................................................................................... 12

CROP DISEASE OF SPECIAL CONCERN ................................................................................................................ 13

BACKGROUNDCLUBROOT ON CRUCIFERS ....................................................................................................................... 13Potential Impacts During Construction ............................................................................................................... 13Potential Impacts During Operation .................................................................................................................... 14

EQUIPMENT HAZARDS ......................................................................................................................................... 15

BACKGROUNDFARM EQUIPMENT DIMENSIONS ............................................................................................................... 15Potential Impacts During Construction ............................................................................................................... 16Potential Impacts During Operation .................................................................................................................... 16

AERIAL SPRAYING ................................................................................................................................................ 17

BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................................................. 17Potential Impacts During Construction ............................................................................................................... 18

Potential Impacts During Operation .................................................................................................................... 18

GROUND SPRAYING ............................................................................................................................................. 20

BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................................................. 20Potential Impacts During Construction ............................................................................................................... 20Potential Impacts During Operation .................................................................................................................... 20

SPOT SPRAYING ................................................................................................................................................... 21

BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................................................. 21Potential Impacts During Construction ............................................................................................................... 21Potential Impacts During Operation .................................................................................................................... 21


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IRRIGATION ......................................................................................................................................................... 23

BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................................................. 23Center-Pivot Systems ........................................................................................................................................... 23

Wheel-Move Systems .......................................................................................................................................... 24Lateral Pivot Systems ........................................................................................................................................... 24Hand-Move Irrigation .......................................................................................................................................... 25Flood Irrigation .................................................................................................................................................... 25

OVERLAPPING ...................................................................................................................................................... 31

BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................................................. 31

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMS .......................................................................................................................... 33

BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................................................. 33

LIVESTOCK ........................................................................................................................................................... 34

BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................................................. 34RANGECATTLE/SHEEP ................................................................................................................................................ 34

DAIRY CATTLE .............................................................................................................................................................. 34FREE RANGE POULTRY,HOUSED POULTRY,PHEASANTS,DUCKS AND GEESE............................................................................ 35HOG OPERATIONS ........................................................................................................................................................ 35CERVIDS (DEER AND ELK) ............................................................................................................................................... 36BISON ........................................................................................................................................................................ 36FEEDLOTS (CATTLE) ....................................................................................................................................................... 36SPECIALTY LIVESTOCK .................................................................................................................................................... 37

EXISTING AND POTENTIAL FARM YARDSITES ....................................................................................................... 38

POTENTIAL IMPACTEXISTING YARDSITE .......................................................................................................................... 38POTENTIAL IMPACTFUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW YARDSITES ........................................................................................ 39

Appendix A AltaLink Clubroot Mitigation Procedure

Appendix B Location of Irrigation Licenses and Districts & Summary of Irrigation Methods within the Districts


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Introduction Page 1

Future high voltage, 240 kV and 500 kV, overhead transmission lines will cross land

being utilized for a variety of agricultural purposes. The uses will vary from

cultivated land for annual crop production; perennial forage production for livestock

feed or for export; speciality crops such as potatoes, vegetables, and seed production;

and grazing lands that are either cultivated or native grass. As well there are a variety

of farm types: cow/calf operations, dairy operations, poultry operations, hog

operations, apiaries, specialty livestock (deer, elk, bison) operations and tree farms

along the projected routes. There will be both dryland and irrigated lands potentially

impacted.

Due to the fact that the majority of the proposed transmission lineswill cross lands utilized for agricultural purposes, it is important to

fully understand the potential impact they could have on the farm

operations for these different types of farms. At hearings before the

Alberta Energy Utilities Board (AEUB), and now the Alberta Utilities

Commission (AUC), landowners have expressed concern about how

transmission lines will affect a variety of farm operations from using

GPS, to weed control, to aerial spraying, to radio interference, to high

clearance equipment, to animal behaviour, etc.

Based on the concerns raised, AltaLink Management Ltd. (AltaLink)

is interested in determining the potential impact overhead

transmission lines may have on the various agricultural operations and

types of farms they will encounter along the proposed routes, and howto best mitigate these potential impacts.

The objective of this study is to determine the potential impacts high voltage

transmission lines could have on the various farming operations and activities that can

occur, and to determine mitigation steps to address each type of potential impact.

Electric and magnetic fields (EMF) on crops and livestock are not part of this report.

In many cases, the potential impacts of transmission lines on agricultural operations

identified in this report will be addressed by the corresponding mitigation measures

outlined. Compensation for impacts not fully addressed by mitigation are not included

in this report.

This study covering potential agricultural impacts from high voltage transmission

lines has been completed by Serecon Valuations Inc., Edmonton and Calgary offices.


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Electric Transmission Lines Design and Construction Page 2

Potential impacts from high voltage transmission lines crossing any form of

agricultural land might occur during the construction phase, or during the on-going

operation of the transmission line. Each phase is considered separately throughout this

report.

Farming around transmission towers and under conductors, on an ongoing basis, can

potentially impact income (loss of use) and costs of production on the balance of the

field (adverse effects).

The potential impacts of a transmission line on agricultural land

can be divided into the tangible impacts that are more easily

quantified, and the intangible impacts such as nuisances that may

be important to a landowner, but are more difficult to quantify.

The tangible impacts transmission lines have on agricultural land

are a result of the design and placement of the individual

transmission towers, and the height and location of the overhead

conductors. The design of the towers affects the footprint, the

foundation requirements, and ultimately the land lost for crop

production. The location of the towers on agricultural land

typically can be of greater concern than the size of the towerfootprint. The potential impact of land lost for crop production

and the location of towers on agricultural land is discussed in

detail later in this report.

Tower design varies with voltage, the number of conductors

and whether it is an AC or DC transmission line. The tower

design and transmission lines addressed in this report are high

voltage, 240 kV and 500 kV, lines.

A typical new 240 kV tower is illustrated in the picture to the

right. 240 kV and 500 kV towers are of a similar size beingabout 4560 m tall, typically spaced about 350 m, and with a

tower footprint of 100 m2

up to 150 m2.


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While the tower design and transmission lines may appear identical, the size of

different types of towers varies. Figure 1 details three different tower locations on a

transmission line.

Tangent towers, depending on soil conditions, may be constructed on pilings or on

excavated reinforced foundations which is more common. Typical pilings would be

one to three meters in diameter and six to ten meters in depth. The volume of soil and

subsoil removed for the foundations would typically exceed that removed for pilings.

Light / Medium Angle towers would be constructed similarly to the tangent towers,

although reinforced foundations would be more typical.

Heavy / Dead-end Angle towers require large foundations which can encompass the

entire tower footprint. The volume of soil and subsoil removed for the foundationexceeds that of the other tower types, and varies with the depth of the foundation.

The topsoil is typically stripped prior to construction and is then utilized to restore the

area around the tower. Excavated subsoil is typically used as backfill or is hauled

away.

Typical tower footprints range between 100 m2

and 150 m2, although the initial

disturbed area for construction can be up to 160 m2.

The average distance between towers is typically 365 m on flat or gently undulating

agricultural land. Spans of this length result in approximately two to three towers per

quarter section. In rolling topography, both cultivated land or pasture land, the spanlength varies to maintain conductor clearance. Figure 2 illustrates span length over a

variety of topographical features.

A

A

A

B

C C

A = TangentB = Light / Medium AngleC = Heavy / Dead-end Angle


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TheAlberta Electrical Utility Code (AEUC), Third Edition, 2007, published by the

Safety Code Council, requires that clearance under transmission lines be provided for

all agricultural equipment up to 4.88 meters (16 feet) for 240 kV and 500 kV lines.

The AltaLink 240 kV and 500 kV lines in Alberta are designed to provide for

agricultural equipment 6.1 meters (20 feet) high. The height of agricultural equipmentis discussed in more detail in the section on Equipment Hazards.

After all planning and consultation is completed and all approvals are in place, the

construction of the transmission line can proceed. The typical process for construction

includes, but is not limited to, the following procedure:

The entire line, including tower sites, is surveyed. Any potential to movetower sites to accommodate landowner wishes is considered at this time.

The tower site is prepared. Topsoil is stripped and temporarily stored awayfrom the construction area for post-construction restoration.

The site preparation and tower foundation construction may involve thedevelopment of an access trail to move heavy equipment for drilling,

excavating and pouring the tower foundation or piling.

The foundation or pilings are excavated. The foundations or pilings are poured concrete. It takes about 30 days

for the concrete to cure properly before the towers can be assembled.

The towers are erected. The conductors are installed. The topsoil is replaced around the tower base. On cultivated land, the soil is worked to alleviate compaction on trails.

On non-cultivated land, track depressions are leveled.

The land reverts to use by the landowner.


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During Construction and Operation Page 5

Potential agricultural impacts from overhead transmission lines can be characterized

into two primary categories: potential impacts during construction and potential

impacts during the ongoing operation of the line after construction is complete.

The two categories will be analyzed in each of the various farming operations and/or

activities provided throughout the remainder of the report. The potential impact that

the transmission line may have on agriculture will be identified in the left-hand

column, while possible mitigation measures will be provided in the right-hand

column, across from the potential impact or issue.

Compensation can occur if mitigation does not completely address the potentialimpact. Compensation is determined by provisions contained within an easement

agreement, or by a process set out in the Surface Rights Act. Compensation is to make

the landowner whole again by addressing any loss of use, adverse effects, or other

potential impacts resulting from the transmission line construction or on-going

operation.

The powerline company will need to traverse the right-of-way after construction is

completed on an infrequent basis. Potential impacts can be quantified at that time, or

can be included in an annual structure payment format. The typical ongoing

maintenance activities can be summarized as follows:

1. Aerial patrolsannual helicopter patrols are conducted, typically in the fall.2.

Ground patrolsthese occur on a 5 to 7 year cycle, depending on land access,and are typically conducted via a quad.

3. Repairs to facilitiesrepairs to a steel tower 500 kv or 240 kV line areextremely infrequent. For the first 20 years nothing is anticipated. Outside of

an accident or some unusual weather event, a major repair or upgrade would

be approached similar to a new construction project. The powerline company

needs to discuss the project with landowners to determine their concerns. The

primary agricultural impact could be related to accessing the towers if heavy

equipment is required. But sometimes tower repairs are conducted via

helicopter, so no ground access impacts are created.

4. Tree maintenancetrees need to be removed or trimmed on a periodic and asneeded basis. Tree management may include herbicide applications.

Herbicide applications are only conducted with prior landowner approval.

There are a number of issues that do not necessarily relate specifically to either

construction or ongoing line operations. These are discussed below, followed by an

in-depth analysis of specific agricultural practices.


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During Construction and Operation Page 6

Landowner consultation is a very important means to reduce potential farm impacts.The landowner and the powerline company representative will meet well in advanceof construction. This allows the landowner the chance to voice concerns and exploremeans to avoid or reduce potential impacts and inconveniences. Potential tower

locations will also be reviewed with an objective to minimize impacts on farmingoperations.

Potential Issues Mitigation

Landowners, media and interest

groups are frequently not well

versed on the potential impacts of

transmission lines.

Provide pro-active contact withlandowners and other interested parties

along potential right-of-way routes to

provide accurate information.

Landowners frequently spend

considerable time familiarizing

themselves with the potential

impacts of transmission lines, but

can get inaccurate information.

Company representatives must be veryfamiliar with the transmission line

parameters and be able to answer

specific landowner questions, or find the

answers.

If cash flow interruptions occur as a result of a transmission line, they will likelyoccur during construction or shortly thereafter. Reduced income from lost acres,severed acres and adverse effects on adjacent land is the basis for compensation byutility companies. If landowners and the utility company cannot agree on theappropriate compensation, there are provisions for the construction of thetransmission line to go ahead. If a negotiated compensation agreement cannot bereached, the landowners or the utility companys grievances can be taken to theAlberta Surface Rights Board for resolution.

Potential Impact Mitigation

Negotiation or the more formalprocedures can take months to reachresolution. In the interim, thelandowners income might be

reduced, which in the case ofirrigated specialty crops, could befairly significant.

Out-of-pocket costs, such as legaland consulting fees may also beincurred in the course of easementnegotiations or Surface Rights Boardproceedings.

When possible, use experienced landagents knowledgeable in the

agricultural commodities produced by

the landowner to be able to assess the

landowners claims or loss, and preparea cost to cure estimate.

Landowners enter into either anegotiated easement agreement, or a

Surface Rights Consent Compensation

Order. These instruments will provide a

payment for loss of use, adverse effects

and reasonable out-of-pocket costs,

within a short time frame. Therefore, by

following proper procedures, most cash

flow interruptions are mitigated.

Where the parties cannot come to anagreement, the utility company can

obtain a Right of Entry Order, but mustpay the landowner at least 80% of the

Last Written Offer before going onto

the land. The appropriate compensation

will then be determined at a hearing

before the Surface Rights Board.

The landowners reasonable legal andexpert costs are normally payable by

the utility company.


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Cultivated Crops and Soil Page 7

Overhead transmission lines can potentially have impacts on all types of cultivated

crops. Several potential impacts are specific to certain crops while other, more general

impacts may occur regardless of crop type. These broader potential impacts on

cultivated crops and soils will be discussed below and the more specific potential

impacts will be covered in the subsequent sections.

As previously discussed, the potential impacts are divided into impacts during

construction as well as impacts during ongoing operations. Many potential impacts

overlap into both categories. As a result, the section on the Potential Impacts During

Construction will include potential impacts that are experienced during the

construction of the transmission line, and some that might continue on into theoperations phase. Potential impacts during the operations phase will not include any

that occur during the construction phase.


Disturbed ground promotes

weeds and invader species.

Minimize soil disturbance resulting fromconstruction of the tower and conductors by

keeping to designated access trails on the right-

of-way or for access to the right-of-way.

Schedule construction on frozen or dry groundwhere possible.

If required, re-seed disturbed areas withlandowner approval.

More discussion in Weeds sectionSoil mixing at tower site. Remove excess subsoil from tower locations, or

by agreement, use as fill for landowners low

areas.

Dispose of excess subsoil

from pilings/ foundations.

Disposal site, on or off property negotiated withlandowner.

Topsoil loss due to erosion

by wind or water during

construction.

Install downslope silt fences. Control wind erosion in wind prone areas, and as

necessary install windbreak fencing, ground

mulch, etc.

Soil compaction may be a

problem (particularly on

heavy clay soils when wet).

Stay on designated access trails. Route access trail to avoid wet prone areas. Implement a wet weather shutdown procedure. Complete post-construction restoration as

required: tillage of compact soil; subsoil (deep)

tillage; and leveling of depressional areas.

Access wherever possible under dry or frozenconditions; or utilize specialized wide track (flex

track) equipment or access matting.

Topsoil stripped separately and stored fromsubsoil.


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Cultivated Crops and Soil Page 8


Crop loss reduced acres due to

right-of-way traffic and the area

required to construct towers.

Plan construction to avoid crop seasonwhen possible.

Compensate landowners in first yearpayment for crop loss when mitigation

does not cover all potential impacts.

Interference with field operations

with increased expense and crop loss

(adverse effects).

Schedule construction and majorrepairs for non-crop season when

possible.

Compensate landowner in first yearpayment for adverse effects when

mitigation does not cover all potential

impacts.

Severance land not in the right-of-

way, but land to which access is

hindered by construction.

Address crop loss acres andcompensate if loss is not mitigated.

Control weeds or seed temporarycover crop (i.e., oats or fall rye) toprevent weeds and erosion.

Required access trails may causeerosion.

Regrade, reseed and construct siltfences, windbreak fencing and othererosion control structures asnecessary.

Forced changes to cultivationpatterns, or severance not practical tofarm in isolation.

Plan transmission lines where possibleto avoid crossing fields route lines

along section or quarter lines.

Potential Impact MitigationForced changes to on-going

cultivation patterns.

Compensate landowners annually forincome losses and adverse effects.

More discussion in Overlappingsection.

Potential impact during maintenance

and repair of the line, resulting in

crop damage.

Schedule routine maintenance to avoidcrop season.

Compensate landowner when not ableto avoid crop season.

Increase trampling with some crop

loss may occur if headlands not

increased.

Compensate landowner for crop andpossible grade loss in annual structure

payment.

See Overlapping section.


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Specialized Crop Page 9

Specialty crops such as potatoes, vegetables, sugar, beets, forage seed operations and

tree farms, etc., may experience additional potential impacts that could cause further

disruptions to farming practices beyond the general impacts that may affect common

crops. The transmission line may potentially have a greater affect on specialty crops

because of field patterns (i.e., row crops).

Dryland Crop


Row crops

potatoes and othervegetable crops

Loss of potentially cropableacres. For example, potato andbean harvesters are long andrequire wide headlands onwhich to turn to prevent cropdamage. Towers out in a fieldmay increase the acres whichcannot be seeded due to thisinterference.

Discuss tower locations withlandowner.

Locate towers on field boundarieswhere possible.

Compensate landowners based oncrop loss and adverse effect where thepotential impact is not mitigated.

Compensate landowner for weedcontrol resulting from not being ableto seed in the tower footprint area.

See Weeds section.Forage crops for seed, for hay or for

silageAlfalfa seed production uses

leafcutter bees. Bee sheltersmay have to be moved forconstruction or maintenanceoperations. May also besusceptible to static discharge.

If bee shelters need to be moved, theyshould be moved on cool days or atnight. The cost to move the shelters isthe extra labour required.

Ground metal parts of the bee shelterto avoid static discharge.

Ideal field harvesting patternsmay be altered with sometrampling of swaths and aminor increase in time.

Work with landowner to assist indeveloping the best harvestingpatterns so as to reduce potentialimpacts.

See Irrigation section.


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Specialized Crop Page 10


Tree farms and nurseries for

landscape planting

Height restriction under thetransmission lines may prevent

aerial application of pesticides

on the right-of-way. Ground

application may not always be

possible.

In most situations, trees and othernursery stock are grown and moved

prior to reaching heights sufficient to

interfere with a typical 240 kV or 500

kV line.

Relocate tall growing tree species toan alternate site if possible and

compensate landowner for costs.

Select and plant low growing speciesin the right-of-way.

If possible, avoid tree farms whensiting right-of-ways.

See Spraying sections for furtherdiscussion.

In rare situations, tall tree farmstock may need to be located

away from a potential right-of-

way.

In consultation with the landowner, asite specific mitigation or

compensation plan can be developed.

Working under the transmissionline might be a problem

depending on the situation; e.g.

digging and removing tall tree

stock.

Equipment operating under the linemust observe minimum clearance

distances (see Equipment Hazards

section).

If aerial spraying is utilized, it may beimpacted (see Aerial Spray section).

Irrigated crops See Overlapping section.


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Weeds Page 11

The introduction of weeds can potentially occur during the construction or

maintenance of a power line. Soil containing weed seeds and rhizomes can be

transported on equipment and trucks.

Weeds are governed by theAlberta Weed Control ActS.A. 2008, Chapter W-5.1, and

the attendant regulations.

The new weed act was assented to as at June 17, 2010. It stipulates control for

noxious and prohibited noxious weeds. Weed inspectors can be appointed by local

authorities (municipalities) or by the Province. Weed control is a very important

component of powerline construction and on-going maintenance, and has to becarefully attended to.


Weeds can be spread by soil onequipment.

Disturbed land will favour weedgrowth.

Weeds can be introduced via re-seeding activities around the tower

or on the right-of-way.

Prior to moving equipment along theright-of-way in order to have a base

line of all weeds in existence prior to

the construction of the transmission

line, conduct a detailed right-of-way

weed survey of existing weeds.

Have environmental inspection/monitoring of the project.

Equipment must be clean of soil orplant material prior to exit or entry

from one field to another.

Re-seed area under tower withlandowner specification/approval of

seed mix.

Use only seed mixes of high purity. Control weeds during the construction

period and one or more years post-

construction, utilizing mechanical or

herbicide methods as appropriate for

the site conditions.

Native pasture, natural re-seedingmay be appropriate, withsupplemental weed control as

necessary.

Control or eliminate weeds asnecessary, utilizing an established

weed control program and with

landowner agreement, select the

proper seed and herbicide

applications.


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Weeds Page 12


Concern over who is responsible to

control weeds once construction, etc.

is completed, and when best to dothis.

Have the responsibility and timingclearly spelled out in right-of-way

agreement.

The powerline company is responsiblefor weed control during construction,

cleanup and site restoration.

The landowner is responsible forongoing weed control once post-

construction restoration is complete.

Introduced different species can take

over a native pasture.

Use only similar native or cultivatedspecies with high purity and with

landowner approval.


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Crop Diseaseof Special Concern Page 13

Clubroot is a serious soil borne disease affecting canola and other crucifer crops such

as mustard, broccoli, cabbage, etc. Yield losses of up to 50% can occur in seriously

infected fields and there is no cure, although there are now some resistant canola

varieties on the market. Once a field is infected, the only existing management tool is

an absence of canola and other crucifer crops for an extended period of time, or the

use of resistant varieties.

Clubroot is soil borne, thus any activity which transports soil and/or crop debris or

seed from one field to another has the capability of spreading the disease.

AltaLink has developed a Clubroot Mitigation Procedure.


A new infection of clubroot could

be as a result of recent

construction and the resultant

equipment or vehicular traffic.

Conduct a right-of-way survey to identifyexisting weeds and any clubroot infection

prior to entry onto the property. Consult

with the landowners, Municipal

Agricultural fieldmen and Alberta

Agriculture and Rural Development

personnel.

The operator or their agent must

prevent the spread of clubroot by

their construction or maintenance

activities.

Follow an equipment sanitation programto decontaminate equipment. Equipment

cleaning includes:

physically removing soil and plantdebris from equipment before

moving it onto a new property,

and/or

steam cleaning high pressure air, and/or compressed air

Each of these procedures have potential

issues, so adherence to the AltaLink

Clubroot Mitigation Procedure is

essential. (See Appendix).Negotiating with landowners on

Clean Clubroot Free Land may

become more difficult and costly

as landowners insist on strategies

to prevent the spread of clubroot

onto their land.

Utilize the AltaLink Clubroot MitigationProcedure with the above procedures to

be followed.


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Crop Diseaseof Special Concern Page 14


The landowners crop program and

income stream will be affected if their

property becomes infected withclubroot.

Do everything possible to prevent theintroduction of clubroot by being pro-

active, very careful, and by followingthe proper procedures.

Compensate for yield/income lossshould an infestation occur.


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Equipment Hazards Page 15

Farm equipment is getting wider and higher, and poses a risk of contacting a tower or

a conductor. There could also be arcing if the distance to the conductor is close, but

not touching. The AEUC specifies that clearance be provided for agricultural

equipment 4.88 meters (16 feet) in height for 240 kV and 500 kV lines.

The AltaLink 240 kV and 500 kV lines in Alberta are designed to provide for

agricultural equipment 6.1 meters (20 feet) high.

The risk of making contact with a conductor or approaching it closely enough to

induce arcing can occur if equipment is higher than 4.3 meters (14 feet). During

seeding and harvesting, the risk is increased because farm equipment operators aretypically in a rush, can be inexperienced, are often tired and can overlook normal

safety precautions. This risk can be increased in dusty conditions or when operating at

night.

There are no width restrictions on farm equipment for field operations; however

typical farm equipment ranges from 15 to 100 feet (4.5 m to 30.5 m) in width, with

sprayers as wide as 120 feet (36.5 m). Also, there are no height restrictions on farm

equipment. Some of the equipment which can pose problems with transmission lines

due to their height are:

combines with and without antennas13 to 16 (4 to 5 m) combines with hopper extensions16 (5 m) tractors with antennas16 (5 m)

Other agricultural equipment that can be higher during transportation or when

dumping include:

sprayers in transport mode or on trailers15 (4.5 m) cultivators in transport mode20 (6.1 m) silage dump wagons (Jiffy dump)20 to 23 (6 to 7 m) augers (transport)15 to 25 (4.5 to 7.6 m) trucks with box up, i.e., end dump36 to 38 (11 to 11.6 m)

Also, in addition to width and height, the length of some combinations of machinery

can be up to 100 feet (30 m). Some of these, such as 60 foot wide (or wider) air drills

also have a tow-between tank that impacts visibility and does not allow the operator a

clear line of sight to the end of the machinery.

Often the use of heavy harrows combined with the speed of travel creates dusty

conditions, thereby increasing the potential for problems to occur.

Timing is almost always critical, so any slow-down, or increased operational time can

have a negative effect on the crop growth and maturity.


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Equipment Hazards Page 16


Electrocution hazard

Increased equipment size hasincreased equipment height.

Provide awareness for landownersabout the risk of being too close to the

conductors, not just the risk of

contacting the conductor.

Collision hazards with towers because

of dusty conditions, night time

operations, length, width and height

of machinery.

Increase seeded down footprint area 3m outside tower base to reduce

collisions. Increases annual structure

payment for crop loss to cover the

losses incurred.

Working fields on an angle to the

tower increases the area of impact

around a tower.

This would be accounted for whenestimating annual structure payment.


Collision hazards

Increases during night timeoperations.

Increases with wider equipmentand faster ground speeds

(spraying and harrowing).

Increases with high clearancesprayers and Jiffy-dump type

silage wagons.

Aerial applicators. (see AerialSpraying section).

Increases when operating in dustyconditions.

Provide reflector markers to identifytowers at night.

Increase seeded down footprint area 3m outside tower base to reduce

collisions. Increases annual structure

payment for additional crop loss.

Where possible, plan transmissionlines to avoid crossing fields route

lines along section or quarter lines.

Provide information on clearancerequirements and permissible

equipment heights under 240 kV and

500 kV lines.

Increase conductor heights in highequipment movement areas where

possible.

Where possible, locate or move fieldaccess trails close to towers where

clearance is greatest.


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Aerial Spraying Page 17

Aerial applicators and chemical suppliers have indicated a slight upward trend in theamount of acres sprayed by air on an annual basis. This is primarily due to advancesin technology and chemical science that has enhanced crop performance by means ofgreater reduction in unwanted plants or weeds, insects and fungi, etc. Risingcommodity prices also encourage farmers to spray their crops more regularly, giventhe expected higher returns. Overall, the application of herbicides by air has decreasedas more herbicides are sprayed by high clearance ground sprayers. However, this isbalanced by an increase in the aerial application of fungicides and insecticides,especially for specialty crops.

Aerial spraying can occur nearly anywhere in the province where application is notrestricted by proximity to urban centers, bodies of water, or other physical or legalfactors preventing the ability to spray a crop.

Aerial spraying is important to many farmers for crop management including theirefforts to maximize crop productivity. Aerial spraying is often the preferredapplication approach, especially as the crops mature, grow higher, and where yieldswould be reduced if the crop was driven on. It is important that the entire crop in thefield is sprayed to ensure disease and pests do not destroy a portion of the crop, whichcan often occur if the entire field of potatoes and canola is not sprayed.

Aerial spraying is more likely to occur on specialty crops since more chemicals arerequired to produce a successful crop and are applied as the crop matures. Due tominimal crop losses, less aerial spraying is likely to occur on non-specialty crops asthey are sprayed with high clearance ground sprayers more often than not. However,aerial spraying is often the only possible way to spray crops when fields are too wet toenter with ground sprayers.

A typical practice involves the spraying of specialty crops several times a year.Specialty crop farmers usually prefer to use aerial spraying in order to obtainmaximum yields and returns since losses caused by trampling from ground sprayersresults in greater losses, especially with repeated sprayings. If crops are not properlyor effectively sprayed, the yield and quality of the crop will diminish, especially forspecialty crops.

Aerial applicators find it difficult to spray or dust crops when power lines and towersexist. They must keep a safe distance away from the towers and must not fly underthe lines because of safety concerns, and prefer to fly parallel to the lines. Applicatorscan often use wind directions to their advantage by drifting the spray under or nearthe towers and lines. Premiums can be charged as a result of the additional time andrisk created by the transmission lines. However, even with all attempts, missed areas

can still occur. Sometimes the landowner will accept that the applicator cannot coverthe area because the transmission line prevents proper coverage, while otherlandowners will not hire an applicator that will not ensure complete coverage.

Aerial applicators may decline service to farmers where their fields are close totransmission lines because of the increased risks, added time or incomplete coverage.This occurs most often when the lines are angled across the field or when multiplelines exist. Applicators also avoid spraying during periods of flat sunlight, mainly atsunrise and sunset, especially when transmission lines exist near the crop.
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A landowner may be unable to have

aerial spraying carried out during the

most desirable period due toconstruction staff and equipment on

site. This could result in a potential

impact on crop yield.

Communicate with landowner todetermine when aerial spraying is

likely to occur, then if possible, avoidbeing on the property during that

time period.

Compensate the landowner if thiswere to occur.

Aerial spraying a field with a

transmission line on or adjacent to it,

typically takes longer.

Follow quarter lines or fieldboundaries with transmission lines

where possible.

Applicators may decline service when

a transmission line runs at an angle

across a field, therefore, farmers may

be unable to hire an applicator

resulting in no aerial spraying, thereby

necessitating ground spraying. Eitherof these could result in lower income

from the crop due to trampling or the

inability to effectively control weeds in

that location.

Avoid where possible, constructinglines at angles across fields, thereby

mitigating the problem as much as

possible.

Compensate the farmer for loss ofincome and adverse effects.


Weeds form in the missed areas and

could reduce yields and lower the

quality of the crop. The potential for

disease and pests to develop and

multiply from the unsprayed area is

increased which could lower the

productivity of the crop as a whole.

The landowner is responsible for themissed areas by way of ground

spraying, but should be compensated

for increased costs and reduced

revenues resulting there from.

The landowner may leave a largebuffer zone where the aerial applicator

is unable to spray the crop. This would

need to be included in the annual

structure payment as well.

A corner of a field may get boxed in

by power lines when the transmission

line crosses another power lineperpendicularly resulting in the

inability for an aerial applicator to

spray a portion of the field.

The transmission line itself may box in

a corner of a field due to a change in

direction of the transmission line

which results in missed areas.

Ground spray the affected area. The landowner is responsible for

spraying the missed areas by way ofground spraying. The powerline

company would then compensate

them annually for doing so.

Construct the transmission line asstraight as possible and on the

property boundary where possible.


22/54




Aerial applicators sometimes charge a

premium where fields include, or are

adjacent to, transmission lines due tothe increase in danger and time which

raises the applicators fuel costs and

lowers the acres sprayable per day.

Since the typical crop with power linesnearby takes an additional time to

complete, a premium may be charged.Furthermore, the applicator is likely to

include a risk premium. Compensate the

farmer for the premium rate they are

charged should be within the annual

structural payment if it is a repetitive

charge.

Spray drift, the responsibility of the

aerial applicator, is another potential

impact from the transmission lines.

Aerial applicators need to go up and

over the conductors to turn, thus the

probability of drift is increased.

The landowner is responsible forspraying the missed areas by way of

ground spraying.

Spray drift can result in the aerialapplication not being able to spray

some fields.

Contact with the transmission lines ortowers can be fatal.

Install marker balls on transmission lineswhere aerial crop spraying is typically

performed. Applicators indicate that the

conductors can be very difficult to see

but that the aerial marker balls are very

visible.


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Ground Spraying Page 20

High clearance ground spraying has experienced growth in recent years across the

province, and is expected to continue to rise in popularity. Enhancements in

technology and chemical science have improved crop performance, thereby

increasing the frequency of spraying cultivated crops. Rising commodity prices also

encourages farmers to spray their crops more often, given the expected higher returns.

Custom (outsourced or third party) spraying has slowed recently due to the increase in

individual farmers spraying their crops with their own high clearance sprayers.

Farmers are spraying more often and cover more acres. Large investments are

necessary to purchase the machinery, and farmers will want to make their investment

worthwhile and as efficient as possible.

High clearance ground sprayers are able to avoid missed areas for the most part.

However, the issue of overlapping occurs which causes more chemicals to be used

and may therefore adversely affect growing crops.

Overlapping and manoeuvring around the towers also increases the time it takes to

spray a field, which can be a problem in those years where timing is crucial.

High clearance ground sprayers may come in contact with the towers when in a

normal spray pattern; or when the booms are taken in or out of the transport position,

they may contact the conductors. This process may lift the booms well above normal

operating heights and may strike the conductors or towers if the operator does not see

or remember their existence. (See Equipment Hazards section.)


An increase in completion time due to

overlapping and maneuvering around the

towers results in lower sprayable acres per

day for the applicators. The additional costs

are typically passed on to the farmer.

Compensate the farmer for theaddition charge that may result

for the additional time it takes to

complete the field in the annual

structure payment.


The location of the towers causes spray

overlap which cannot be avoided. This costs

the applicator and thus the farmer more

time and money.

This additional cost will need tobe compensated for in the

annual structure payment.

See Overlapping section.Excess chemicals may also damage the crop

in the areas of overlap. While the newer

high clearance spraying equipment are

equipped with GPS, with sectional boom

controls, overlapping can still occur, but to

a lesser extent. The crop yield and the

overall quality of the crop may be affected.

Locate lines on quarter or sectionlines where possible.

Compensate for situations thatcannot be mitigated in the


See Overlapping section.


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Spot Spraying Page 21

Spot spraying of specific weeds with a small portable sprayer (backpack, truck, quad)

along transmission lines is important to control and mitigate the spread of weeds. In

depth discussion on weeds can be viewed in the Weeds and Crop Disease sections.

Weed inventory levels can be measured and mapped out prior to construction and

then measured again upon completion of the line and after the spraying at completion

of construction. The weed inventory records can identify weeds that existed prior to

construction and analyze the success of the spraying program. The data collected can

also reduce disputes about whether a weed existed prior to construction of the line.


Spot spraying may not occur at theoptimal time because of construction

interruption. Land owners are

contacted prior to spraying and are

typically cooperative. Spraying is done

by way of a truck or an ATV mounted

sprayer, if not on foot and it is

restricted to the right of way of the

transmission line. Drift from spot

spraying is rarely a complaint of the

farmer, if spraying is carefully carried

out.

When needed, utilize spot spraying forweeds to minimize the risk of spray

drift.

Make sure the spraying occurs at thecorrect time for best control.


Spot spraying near organic farms may

result in those crops being affected by

the drift. If that happens, the farmer

would likely be forced to destroy the

portion of the crop that is affected in

order to ensure the standards of the

organic crop and protect their

reputation. Canadian and international

standards for organic production

recommend an 8 m buffer zone that

must be managed by the organicfarmer. Despite these standards, extra

precaution should still be taken

around organic farms since the

standards are not followed by all

organic farmers and the standards

remain discretionary in its own

recommendations and interpretations.

The landowners are responsible forspot spraying on an ongoing basis, and

are compensated by way of the


Spray only during periods of slight orno winds.

Do not spray close (minimum eightmetres) to organic crops without the

landowners permission.

Consult the Organic ProductionSystems: General Principles andManagement Standards (Canada) if

necessary.

Consult the Organic CropImprovement Association

International, Inc.: International

Certification Standards if necessary.


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Spot Spraying Page 22


Spot spraying may be required by the

power company.

Use highly selective herbicides andrefined application methods such as a

backpack, quad or hand-held sprayer,and use only certified applicators.

Inform the landowner and obtain theiragreement as to the chemical to be

used, and the application method.


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Irrigation Page 23

Irrigation is an important component of many farming practices throughout Alberta.

The greatest amount of irrigation activity occurs in 13 irrigation districts in Southern

Alberta where more than 1.3 million acres were irrigated in 2008. In addition, over

2,700 private irrigation projects are authorized to use the provinces water resources

which have been applied to over a quarter of a million acres throughout the province.

Diagrams located in Appendix B identify the approximate location of private

irrigation licenses throughout Alberta, as well as the location of the irrigation districts

in Southern Alberta along with a summary of the types of irrigation methods used

within each district in 2008.

The existence of transmissions lines on irrigated land creates a number of concerns

for farmers. These are as follows:

physical contact with transmission lines, particularly with hand-moveirrigation pipes that may become elevated during transport;

existing irrigation systems may not be able to operate at their full intendeduse;

a portion of the field may not be covered by the irrigation; farmers are forced to go around the towers and may have to avoid irrigating

the land near transmission lines; and

direct contact of the water with the transmission line could cause currentflows which might damage equipment or electrocute persons or animals.

However, this is highly unlikely as a continuous uninterrupted stream of water

would be required between the irrigation equipment and the conductors.

Center pivot systems consist of a single lateral structure with one end anchored to a

fixed pivot structure and the other end continuously moving around the pivot while

applying water. The water is supplied from the source to the lateral through the

central pivot. The lateral pipe with sprinklers is supported on drive units, which are

normally powered by hydraulic water drives or electric motors. Center pivot systems

have a low labour requirement and a high initial cost. They irrigate in a circular

fashion and those equipped with an end gun can irrigate parts of the corners of the

field. Topography should be uniform with slopes of not more than 10%.

Farmers in irrigation areas are replacing wheel-moves with center-pivot systems more

frequently. Pivots have become more affordable and the farmers experience many

advantages using pivot systems instead of wheel moves.

End Gun

A-Frame

Tower

Pivot Span


27/54


Irrigation Page 24

Side-roll wheel-move systems have large diameter wheels mounted on a pipeline,

enabling the line to be rolled as a unit to successive positions across the field. Croptype is an important consideration for this system since the pipeline is roughly one

meter above the ground. These are both manual move and powered units.

Linear or lateral-move pivot systems are similar to center-pivot systems, except that

the lateral line and towers move in a continuous straight path across a rectangular

field. Water may be supplied by a flexible hose or pressurized from a concrete-lined

ditch along the fields edge.

Control

Panel

Water

Intake LinePivot Pad

Drop Tube

Sprinkler


28/54


Irrigation Page 25

Hand-move sprinkler systems are a series of lightweight pipeline sections that are

moved manually for successive irrigations. Lateral pipelines are connected to a

mainline, which may be portable or buried. Hand-move systems are often used for

small, irregular areas. Hand-move systems are not suited to tall-growing field crops

due to difficulty in repositioning lateral pipelines. Labour requirements are higher

than for all other systems.

Flood irrigation systems divide the field into bays separated by parallel ridges/border

checks. Water flows down the fields slope as a sheet guided by ridges. On steeply

sloping lands, ridges are more closely spaced and may be curved to follow the

contour of the land. Border systems are suited to orchards and vineyards, and for

pastures, grain crops and some row crops.

The potential impacts on irrigation systems are affected by the existence of the line

and are essentially the same during construction and during the ongoing operation of

the transmission line. As a result, the following potential impacts have not been

separated into construction or operational impacts.


29/54


Irrigation Page 26


Centre Pivot Systems The potential impact of a transmission line on

the operation of a centre pivot system

depends on where on the property the tower

is sited. An existing pivot system may be

unable to irrigate an area of land if the

location of the towers prevents the

completion of a full circle by the centre pivot

system. If the line is along the border of the

field, there will be minimal potential impacts

on the pivot system since the pivot may be

capable of completing a full circle (Figure 1) or

a small, pie-shaped area will be missed where

the pivot system is impeded by a tower

(Figure 2). If a transmission line runs through

a field, away from the border, an increasedarea of the field does not get irrigated (Figure

3). Land that does not get irrigated results in

lower yields or no crops.

A transmission line on irrigated land also

reduces the area that the end gun can cover.

Since the end gun needs to avoid contact with

the conductors and the towers, it needs to be

turned off at a safe distance or shoot below

the conductors at a safe distance. The end

gun covers a large area around the end point,

not just straight outwards. Without an end

gun, additional crop areas would not beirrigated resulting in lower yields or no crops.

Construct the transmission lines at the edge ofthe field where possible, thereby greatly

reducing the disruption of irrigation practices.

Doing so creates fewer disturbances for the

farmer than what would occur if the power

lines traversed across the interior of a field.

Negotiate the location of the towers with thelandowner to minimize the losses caused by

the towers.

If the farmer irrigates the missed areas using aseparate system, then compensate them

annually for the added costs.

Compensate for the installation of a cornerarm to replace the last pivot span on an

existing system where the transmission lineprevents a full circle of the farmers current

system.

If the line has to cross a field, construct theline near the centre point if possible in order

to limit the amount of non-irrigable areas. The

farmer can then establish another irrigation

system on the other side of the transmission

line (two windshield, or one-half systems).

Planned pivot systems would need to be

modified because of a proposed transmission

line.

Compensate the farmer with a onetimepayment for the cost of replanning or

modifying the pivot system.

Figure 1 Figure 2Figure 3

Missed

Area


30/54


Irrigation Page 27


The pivot system may contact a tower and

cause damage to the irrigation equipment as

well as the towers.

Assist in planning so the pivot system will notcontact the tower. Compensate by way of

corner arms as described above.

Construct barriers around the towers toensure that a stray pivot does not damage the

towers.

The end gun spray may come in contact with

the line and transfer electricity to the pivot

system and damage equipment.

The farmer can alter the end gun so that waterfrom the end gun will not contact the line.

Provide compensation for the required

alteration.

The guidance pathway for a corner arm will

need to be reconfigured around the

transmission line.

Compensate for the cost to reroute theguidance pathway.

Many older pivots, including folding corner arm

systems, will be unable to add or reconfigure

corner arms.

Compensate for the lost revenue and addedcosts for irrigating the missed area.

Double corner arm pivots may be unable to

experience similar mitigation as single corner

arm systems. Double corner arms are more

expensive and a transmission line would have a

greater affect on this type of pivot system.

Avoid, where possible, the transmission line onland that includes a double arm pivot.

Compensate by removing a pivot span fromthe middle of the pivot system in order to

shorten it while keeping the double arm

system intact.

Complete the line planning to reroute thecorner arms guidance pathway so the support

trusses do not contact the line.

The support truss on the last pivot tower on the

corner arm, which supports the outer most

pipeline, sprinklers, and the end gun is high, up

to 22 (6.7 m), and can be a concern when the

corner arm is travelling in close proximity to the

transmission line.

Where possible, construct the transmissionline at a sufficient height to ensure that the

support truss will not contact the conductor.

A pivot system may break down while under the

transmission line. This typically results in the

need for a picker truck, or a crane to lift the

pivot back into proper position for further

repair. It may not be possible to use a picker

truck or crane because of the overhead

conductors. Additional costs would be

experienced by the farmer.

Contact should be made by the landowner tothe powerline company. Once contacted, the

company will come out and determine the

best and safest method to repair the pivot

system.


31/54


Irrigation Page 28


Wheel-move Systems

A transmission line that runs parallel with the

length of a wheel-line will create fewer

problems for farmers if it is located on the edge

of the field. The irrigation line can be moved

along the field like normal until it gets to the

transmission line where several concerns arise.

If the transmission line runs through the field

away from the edge, the wheel-lines will need

to be separated and moved around the towers

in order to proceed with irrigating the

remainder of the crop. Depending on the

direction of the line, this could be done at

several stages throughout the irrigation

rotation, as the towers get in the way, it can

occur all at once where the entire wheel-lineapproaches the towers. This creates the need to

disassemble and reassemble much of the line at

the same time. Either way, the result is a

significant inconvenience for the farmer.

Where possible, locate the transmission linealong the quarter line, thereby lessening the

potential impact on most wheel move systems.

Avoid, where possible, running thetransmission lines across the interior of fields

where wheel-lines already, or could

potentially, exist.

A concern, when the wheel-line is near the

transmission lines, are blowouts by either the

individual sprinklers or the hydrants which the

wheel-lines tap in to. The wheel-lines are often

highly pressured and can shoot water to great

heights if a device were to break off or a leak

occurs. The result could be an electrical current

transfers which could damage equipment or

electrocute persons or animals.

If an incident occurs, resulting from acontinuous stream of water contacting the

conductors, the landowner should contact the

powerline company immediately. The operator

will come out and determine the best way to

resolve the issue.

Lateral Pivot Systems

Lateral pivots experience many of the above

concerns when dealing with transmission lines.

It may need to be shortened if the transmission

line is on the edge of the field at a right angle to

the pivot system. If the transmission line was to

run through the middle of the field the farmer

would need two separate lateral pivot systems

to irrigate his crops.

Determine, with the landowner, that thelateral pivot system will not contact the line.

Construct barriers around the towers toensure that a stray pivot does not damage the

towers.

Compensate the farmer if there is the need toshorten the pivot system.


32/54


Irrigation Page 29


The end gun is also an issue as it is withcenter pivot systems. Irrigated acres will be

lost because the water shot out by the end

gun needs to be a safe distance from the

transmission lines. Acres will also be lost

when a lateral pivot is approaching the line

and towers when both are parallel to each

other. The lateral pivot system will be unable

to irrigate under the lines causing additional

missed areas. Land that does not get irrigated

results in lower yields or no crop.

Construct the transmission line at the fieldsedge to minimize the amount of non-irrigable

areas.

Coordinate the design ofconductor and endgun clearance, so the area under the

transmission line can be irrigated.

Compensate the farmer annually for themissed area created.

Hand-move Irrigation Irrigation by hand-move pipes is a diminishing

practice but is still used by some farmers,

especially in smaller areas such as the corners

of the field with centre pivot systems, or

other problem areas. The primary purpose ofhand-move irrigation by todays farmers is to

irrigate the areas that the previous types of

systems missed. In doing so, the farmer can

manoeuvre the pipelines around the towers

with relatively little hassle. The entire crop

around the towers and under the lines can be

irrigated since the sprinklers spray well below

the transmission lines. Nonetheless, a

number of concerns arise when dealing with

hand-move pipelines around transmission

lines.

The hand-move system may be the onlyreasonable solution where other irrigation

systems have been potentially impacted. The

farmer is responsible for irrigating the missed

areas, so they should be compensated

annually to do so.

One concern is the need to transport thepipes. There is a risk that the pipe can behoisted vertically and come in contact with

the transmission lines which may result in

electrocution.

Awareness is essential. Install warning signsand labels, and provide information ongrounding irrigation equipment when near a

transmission line.

Another concern is blowouts as discussedunder wheel-move systems. While the

distance from the ground level pipes to the

transmission lines are greater than that of

wheel-lines, it is still a possibility that water

from a blowout may come in contact with the

conductors. The results would be similar to

the discussion under wheel-move systems.

If an incident occurs resulting from acontinuous stream of water contacting the

conductors, the landowner should contact the

powerline company immediately. The operator

or agent will come out and determine the best

way to resolve the issue.

The possibility of nuisance shocks whenworking with irrigation pipes neartransmission lines is an additional concern.

While this type of shock is not considered

dangerous, it is still a factor that a farmer may

have to deal with. It can increase time during

set-up and transport of the irrigation systems

which takes away from other farming

practices and can add costs to a farm

operation.

Provide farmers with ground conductors androds to install on irrigation pipes when workingnear transmission lines.

Compensate annually for increased costs.


33/54


Irrigation Page 30


Flood Irrigation Towers for the transmission lines could affect

flood irrigation practices. Barriers may need

to be modified to move water around the

towers which may create difficulties. Farmers

would need to take additional time and care

to make sure their irrigation system will work

properly. Rerouting water may create areas

for which crops would normally have grown,

resulting in a decreased total quantity than

would have normally been grown.

Compensate the farmer with the annualstructure payment for the lost area and

nuisance factors caused by the towers.


34/54


Overlapping Page 31

The need for farmers to work around the towers creates field inefficiencies due to

missed areas as well as overlapping which entails areas of multiple coverage. The

diagrams below illustrate the inefficiencies created.

A 240 kV tangent tower is considered to have a footprint of 100 to 144 m2

with a 3 m

buffer around the structure. The following figures illustrate a possible farming pattern

around the structure for the field edge and centre of field.

Field Edge Centre of Field

The potential impacts due to the overlapping resulting from the tower(s), is essentially

the same during construction and during the ongoing operation of the transmission

line. As a result, the following potential impacts have not been separated into

construction or operational impacts. More overlapping may be necessary during the

construction period due to the larger area required for construction.

The extra turns for the tower located in the centre of the field can vary, depending on

the width and length of the machinery, and where in the field pattern the tower is

located.

Tower

Tower

Cultivation

Pattern

Cultivation

Pattern


35/54


Overlapping Page 32


Equipment operating costs increase

due to the additional distance

traveled as well as input cost

increases. Maneuvering around the

towers can create double to sextuple

coverage and missed areas of

coverage that result in crop loss,

revenue loss, and additional

expenditures including weed control.

Constructing the towers at the edge of the field creates lessinefficiencies for the farmer. The diagram below illustrates

the reduced amount of overlapping and missed areas that

occurs when the tower is along the border of the land.

Green one direction Yellow other direction

The image below illustrates that the towers are not quite atthe edge of the field. Additional lost area is created because

farm equipment is unable to travel between the towers and

the property line. The lost area and the amount of

overlapping would be reduced if the towers were on the

property line.

If the towers cannot be along the property line, then placethe towers at a distance away from the property line

sufficient to ensure minimal missed areas and overlapping

since machinery would be able to pass through this area.

There are no width restrictions on farm equipment for field

operations; however typical farm equipment ranges from

15 to 100 feet in width, with sprayers as wide as 120 feet.

Constructing the towers at a distance of 150 feet (46

meters) away from the property line would be reasonable

for most farm equipment, although additional distance may

be added as a precautionary measure. The farmer is compensated with an annual structure

payment for lost revenue and additional expenses as a

result of the overlapping and missed areas.

Negotiate with the landowners on where the most efficientplace is in the field for the tower locations.

Cultivation

Pattern

Tower


36/54


Global Positioning Systems Page 33

Global Positioning Systems (GPS), combined with Auto Steer Systems, are

increasingly becoming a popular tool to enhance the efficiency of field operations.

They are very common on high clearance sprayers and are increasing in popularity on

heavy harrows, cultivation and seeding equipment, swathers and combines. The GPS

prevents overlapping, resulting in less soil compaction and less duplication of seed,

fertilizer and pesticides. GPS can also reduce collisions with permanent obstructions,

such as transmission towers in fields. The experience of transmission line owners is

that GPS systems are typically not impacted by transmission lines.

In the unlikely event that the Electric and Magnetic Field (EMF) of transmission lines

disorient the GPS, resulting in inaccurate GPS guidance output, the possibility ofcollision with towers or other obstructions, or inaccurate field operations, is possible.


Poor field patterns or collision with

stationary obstacles resulting from

the unlikely event that EMF or tower

interference disorients GPS

receivers.

Contact a powerline companyrepresentative. The company will

analyze the situation and if it is related

to the transmission line, the company

should determine and carry out a

technical solution.

The definitive potential impact of

transmission lines on GPS guidance

systems for tractors, sprayers,

combines, etc., has not beendetermined.

While there are no documentedincidents of GPS interference, testing

would be done by the powerline

company or their representative inresponse to concerns raised. Knowledge

should be shared with industry

stakeholders.


37/54


Livestock Page 34

The potential impact of 240 kV and 500 kV transmission lines on livestock operations

varies with the species of livestock and the nature of their confinement. For example,

the problems posed by the transmission lines for ranchers with cattle on native pasture

are entirely different for free range chicken or turkey producers. In this section we

categorize livestock into groups and detail the possible potential impacts a

transmission line may have during construction and on-going operations, and possible

ways to mitigate these impacts.


Gates left open or fences taken down

during construction, repair, andinspections. This can apply to anypasture situation.

Close gates at all times. Move cattle/sheep/bison, elk, if

alternate pasture is available. Temporary fence off right-of-way.

Provide or compensate for movableelectric fencing in order to keeplivestock away from the construction.

Install cattle guards (Texas gates) ifnecessary.

Electrical induction onto metallicobjects such as waterers or feedbunks, buildings or fences within 200m (656) of a transmission line might

possibly be a nuisance.Objects more than 200 m (656) from

the transmission line would notexperience effects from thetransmission line.

Test for and ground metallic objects,buildings and fences (including electricfences) etc. where required.

Cattle spooked due to fly-overinspections.

Increase height of fly-over if cattle inclose proximity or on right-of-way.

Transmission towers and otherinfield structures attract cattle,resulting in overgrazing/tramplingthat increases the likelihood oferosion.

Install low level cattle guards or fencesaround the towers.

Reduced grazing available duringconstruction.

Keep gates closed.

Potential Impact MitigationStray voltage in dairy barn and yardwith possible lower milk production.

Involve electric distribution company totest off-farm connections, and aelectrician to test on-farm electricalconnections. Ground or unground asnecessary.

Pastures used by dairy cattle. See Section on Range Cattle/Sheep.


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Free range birds can panic due to

noise from a plane/helicopter on an

inspection flyover.

Define a restricted no fly zone withground inspections or increased flight

elevation.Possible introduction of disease

during construction and repair.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)

Biosecurity Programs are developed by

livestock owners following advice from

CFIA. Most biosecurity program issues will

not apply to utility companies, however

some will. The following suggestions will

help address the issues faced when dealing

with confinement livestock operations.

Follow CFIAs recommended bio-security protocol for the farm before

entering premise.

Arrange to meet landowner on an off-site for the first meeting to discuss thefarms biosecurity requirement.

Adhere to the farms biosecurityprogram.

When possible, limit visits to similarproduction facilities, e.g., swine or

poultry production to one per day.

Discuss with the owner the properprocedure to follow for machinery and

equipment that could come in contact

with the high risk portion of the

yardsite.

Keep a log and record all visits by staffand contractors to intensive livestockfacilities and record any precautions

taken to avoid disease transmission to

other facilities.


Possible introduction of disease

during construction and repair.

Follow the Biosecurity Program as outlined

under the Poultry, Pheasants and Ducks

Section.


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Game ranch deer and elk are semi-

domesticated, but remain easily

spooked. They could panic and runinto fences during a low level

plane/helicopter inspection flight.

Define a restricted no fly zone, beingreplaced with ground inspections or

increased flight elevation. Determine when the animals are not in

the pastures along the transmission

line, or move them to a safe place prior

to line inspections.

Construction noise may also spook

the animals causing injury or death.

Negotiate with the landowner tofacilitate movement of the cervids to

quieter areas.

Make construction crews aware of thepotential impacts of the noise created

0054.00.aml-1045 app s agricultural impact report

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