0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0.000.250.500.751.001.251.501.75 leaf area index height (meters) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7...
TRANSCRIPT
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75
Leaf Area Index
He
igh
t (m
ete
rs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 1 2 3 4 5
Cumulative Leaf Area Index
He
igh
t (m
ete
rs)
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent Of Full Solar Radiation
LAI
Radiation
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Cumulative Leaf Area Index
He
igh
t (m
ete
rs)
0 25 50 75 100
Percent Of Full Solar Radiation
LAI
Radiation0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00
Leaf Area Index
He
igh
t (m
ete
rs)
Oak Forest
Aspen Forest
Figure 18.1 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Leaf Area Index
Su
nlit
Le
af A
rea
In
de
x
Random
Horizontal
Vertical
Figure 18.2Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Visible
Visible
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Leaf Area Index (m2 m-2)
Fra
ctio
na
l Ca
no
py
Ab
sorp
tion
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Leaf Area Index (m2 m-2)F
ract
ion
al C
an
op
y A
bso
rptio
n
Near-infrared Near-infrared
Figure 18.3
Direct beam Diffuse
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 18.4
Visible
Leaf Area Index (m2 m-2)
Alb
ed
o
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Leaf Area Index (m2 m-2)
Alb
ed
o
Visible
Near-infrared
Soil Snow
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Near-infrared
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 18.5
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Zenith Angle (degrees)
Alb
ed
o
Visible
Horizontal
Random
Vertical
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Zenith Angle (degrees)
Alb
ed
o
Near-infrared
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
0
50
100
150
0 200 400
1830
0830
1200
Tobacco
He
igh
t (c
m)
0
25
50
75
He
igh
t (c
m)
0700
1600
1200
Sorghum
Stomatal Conductance(mmol H2O m-2 s-1)
100 2000
Stomatal Conductance(mmol H2O m-2 s-1)
Figure 18.6Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 18.7
Le
af A
ssim
ilatio
n (m
ol m
-2 s
-1)
APAR (mol m-2 s-1) Leaf Area Index (m2 m-2)C
an
op
y A
ssim
ilatio
n (m
ol m
-2 s
-1)
0
5
10
15
20
0 500 1000 1500 20000
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
F0 = 1000
F0 = 500
F0 = 250
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Young jack pine
Figure 18.8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Canopy Depth (m)
Ph
oto
syn
the
tica
lly A
ctiv
e R
ad
iatio
n (
%)
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0 20 40 60 80 100Photosynthetically Active Radiation (%)
Fo
liag
e N
itro
ge
n (
g m
-2)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Foliage Nitrogen (g m-2)
Ph
oto
syn
the
tic C
ap
aci
ty (m
ol m
-2 s
-1)
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Relative Nitrogen Content (%)
Re
lativ
e P
ho
tosy
nth
etic
Ca
pa
city
(%
)
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Photosynthetically Active Radiation (%)
Re
lativ
e P
ho
tosy
nth
etic
Ca
pa
city
(%
)
0
5
10
15
20
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Normalized Difference Vegetation IndexC
an
op
y P
ho
tosy
nth
etic
Ca
pa
city
(
mo
l m-2
s-1)
Old jack pine
Black spruce
Aspen
spruce
Young jack pine
Old jack pine
Old black spruce
Old aspen
Black
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 18.9
Rat
io
0
1
2
3
4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
10
20
30
40
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Max
imum
Sur
face
Con
duct
ance
, G
smax
(m
m s
-1)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Maximum Leaf Conductance, gsmax (mm s-1)
Max
imum
Sur
face
Con
duct
ance
, G
smax
(m
m s
-1)
Leaf Area Index (m2 m-2) Leaf Area Index (m2 m-2)
Gs/gsmax
Gc/gsmax
Gs/Gc
LAI = 10
LAI = 2
Gsmax = 2.73 gsmax
gsmax=12
gsmax=8
gsmax=4
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 18.10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
He
igh
t (z
/h)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
U/u*
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.4
1.2
He
igh
t (z
/h)
Plant Area Density (m-1)
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 18.11
29 30 31 10.0 10.2 10.4 328 329
C g kg-1 ppm
He
igh
t (m
)
6
20
Mixing ratio CO2Potential temperature
H = 433
H = 64
E = 296
E = 59
Fc = -0.54
Fc = -0.23
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Ts
Figure 18.12
Sensible Heat
Bare SurfaceNo Vegetation
Bulk SurfaceWith Vegetation
One VegetationLayer
Two VegetationLayers
Ta Ta Ta
Ts Tg
Tv
Tg
Tvu
Tvl
ea ea ea
es eg eg
ev
evu
evl
Latent Heat
Bulk SurfaceNo Vegetation
Bulk SurfaceWith Vegetation
One VegetationLayer
Two VegetationLayers
raH
raW
raH
Ta
raH
rac
raH
racu
racl
rcu
rcl
raW
rac
rc
rc
rcu
rcl
raW
racu
racl
Tac
Tacu
Tacl
eac
eacu
eacl
ea
es
raW
rs
rs
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 18.13
-5
0
5
10
15
20
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Net Radiation (W m-2)
Le
af-
Air
Tem
pe
ratu
re D
iffe
ren
ce (C
)
Forest
Shrub
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
370
366
362
364
368
400
450
500
550
350
Ca
rbo
n D
ioxi
de
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
pp
m)
0000 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 2400
0.8 m
2.3 m
9.5 m
0.8 m
2.3 m
9.5 m
Leafless
Full Leaf
Local Time (hours)
Figure 18.14Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 18.15Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 18.16Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan