zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rfjrefrmEkdifiH½kH;

Forum of Federations Myanmar Country Office

trSwf 5(u)? 5 vTm? e0&wfuGef'kd? prkHvrf;? '*kHNrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKU/

zkef; - +95 1 387 551

ykHESdyfjcif;

wwd,tBudrf (azazmf0g&Dv 2019)

tkyfa&

2000 tkyf

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zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf jrefrmEkdifiH½kH;

ykHESdyfol

OD;ausmfol? o'¨grkd;ykHESdyfwkduf (00008)

ykHESdyfxkwfa0rIwm0efcH

Golden Art

Printing & Advertising Media Service

rsufESmzkH;'DZkdif;

Mi Khayae Thin

bmomjyef

xufrif;vGif

pmwnf;

xGef;rif;OD;? oD[0ifhatmif

pD;yGm;a&;tusKd;tvkdYiSm &nf½G,fokH;pGJjcif; r[kwfvQif ,ckpmtkyfwGif

azmfjyxm;onfrsm;ukd z,f'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf\ trnfukd azmfjyvsuf

vGwfvyfpGm azmfjy? jzefYa0? ul;,lEkdifygonf/

321

xufrif;vGif (bmomjyef)

zuf'&,ftufaq;rsm;^

xufrif;vGif (bmomjyef)/ - &efukef

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf (jrefrmEkdifiH½kH;)? wwd,tBudrf? 2019/

114 pm? 13.96 x 21.59 pifwD/

(1) zuf'&,ftufaq;rsm;^

xufrif;vGif bmomjyefqkdonf/

]]zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfudk a½G;cs,fjcif;udpöESifh pyfvsOf;

vmvQif? ,if;NrdKUawmf\ wnfae&m? txdrf;trSwftaqmuftODrsm;

(monuments)? ,if;NrdKUawmfqkdif&mtkyfcsKyfpDrHrIudpörsm;rSm azmfjyyg

rwluGJjym;rIukd xif[yf&ef vkdtyfovkd wNydKifeufwnf;rSmyif

jynfe,frsm;? a'orsm;ukdvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;NyD; wwfEkdiforQ

bufvkdufrI uif;½Sif; &efvnf; vkdtyfayonf/}}

(zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;½Sd EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfrsm;ukd pDrHtkyfcsKyfykHrS aumufEIwfcsuf)

]]odkYaomf a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;twGuf tajccHvkdtyfonfh ,if;wkdY\

Oya'aMumif;tqifhESifh wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;ukd zuf'&,fzGJUpnf;ykHrsm;

wGif wjznf;jznf; ykdrkdazmfjyvmMuNyD jzpfonf/ MopaMw;vsuJhokdY

oufwrf;&ifh zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;onfvnf; a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ukd tajccH

Oya'wGif xnfhoGif;todtrSwfjyK&ef rMumao;rDuyif pOf;pm;vm

MuNyD jzpfonf/}}

(zuf'&,fpepftwGif;rS a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rS aumufEIwfcsuf)

]]b@ma&;qkdif&m zuf'&,f0g' (fiscal federalism) wGif a&eHwGif;

xGuf ypönf;rsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh vkyfykdifcGifh tmPmukd A[kdu aqmif

½Gufoifhonf[k ,lqMuovkd a&eHu@u EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;

twGuf ta&;ygNyD; tpkd;&tcGeft&yf&yfwGif ta&;BuD;onfhu@u

yg0ifaevQif þpOf;pm;csufrSm ykdrkdtm;aumif;rnf jzpfonf/

wenf;tm;jzifhqkdaomf ekdifiHwEkdifiHcsif;pD\ taetxm;tay: rlwnf

í tajctaetrsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;oGm;onf[k qkdvkd&if; jzpfayonf/}}

(obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;rS aumufEIwfcsuf)

- trSm

- zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf aemufcHorkdif;

- zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf jrefrmEkdifiH½kH;

1/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;½Sd EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfrsm;ukd

pDrHtkyfcsKyfykH - EIdif;,SOfavhvmcsuf

2/ zuf'&,fpepftwGif;rS a'oEÅ&tpkd;&

3/ obm0o,HZmw &if;jrpfrsm;

i

iii

v

1

33

49

rmwdum

i

trSm

zuf'&,fpepfESifh ywfoufvmvQif ajymqkdp&m taMumif;t&m

rsm;pGmwkdYteufrS ,ckpmtkyfrSm zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;½Sd NrdKUawmfrsm;

taMumif;? a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;taMumif;ESifh o,HZmwukd zuf'&,f

EkdifiHrsm;wGif rnfokdYrnfykH cGJa0MuonfqkdonfhtaMumif;? taMumif;

t&mokH;cktay: EkdifiHwum EIdif;,SOfavhvmcsuf pmwrf;rsm;ukd

aygif;pnf;xkwfa0vkdufjcif; jzpfygonf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;rSmvnf;

wausmif;w*gxm? w½Gmwyk'fqef; qkdovkd avSeH"m;xpf ykHpHrsKd;

r[kwf? EkdifiHtvkduf uGJjym;jcm;em;MuykHukd oifcef;pm,lzG,fvnf;

½Sdygonf/ xkdufoifhonfh ykHpHukd a½G;cs,fEkdifzkdYvnf; arQmfvifhyg

onf/ BuD;rm;us,fjyefYonfh zuf'&,faqG;aEG;rIukd waxmifh

wae&mu yg0ifjznfhpGrf;Ekdifonf[k qkdvQifyif þzuf'&,ftufaq;

rsm;pmtkyfukd xkwfa0&jcif; &nf½G,fcsuf tjynfht0 &½SdNyD jzpfyg

aMumif;/

xufrif;vGif

Xmaeukd,fpm;vS,f

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf - jrefrmEkdifiH½kH;/

ii

iii

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf aemufcHorkdif;

1999 ckESpfwGif uae'gtpdk;&\ uruxjyKrIjzifh EkdifiHwum zuf'&,f

uGefz&ifhw&yfudk uae'gEkdifiH? uGDbufjynfe,f? armifhx&rfbvwf

wGif usif;ycJhNyD; tESDuGefz&ifhonfyifvQif zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf

(Forum of Federations) ukd tifpwDusL;½Sif;w&yftjzpf arG;zGm;ap

cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ uae'gEkdifiH\ zuf'&,fpepfukdvnf; ydkrkdaumif;

rGefap? tjcm;urÇmhEkdifiHrsm;½Sd zuf'&,fpepfusifhokH;aom wkdif;jynf

rsm;ESifh A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmhcs&ef aqmif½Gufaeaom wkdif;jynfrsm;rS

tawG YtBuHKrsm;udkvnf; tjyeftvSef avhvmoif,lEkdifapqkdonfh

&nf½G,fcsufrsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;cJhonfh zkd&rfonf ,cktcgwGif MopaMw;vs?

b&mZD;? uae'g? tDoD,kd;yD;,m;? *smreD? tdE´d,? ruúqDukd?

Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;? ygupöwefESifh qGpfZmvef tzGJU0if (10) EkdifiH½SdNyD;

tar&duEkdifiHrsm;? Oa&my? ta½SUtv,fykdif;EkdifiHrsm;ESifh tmz&du

EkdifiHrsm;wGif vkyfief;rsm;aqmif½Gufvsuf ½Sdygonf/ y#dyu©tvGef

wGif zuf'&,fpepfykHpH usifhokH;&ef (okdY) A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmhcs&ef

BudK;yrf;aeonfh wkdif;jynfrsm;wGifvnf; zkd&rf\ vkyfief;rsm;ukd

wkd;csJUaqmif½Gufvsuf ½Sdygonf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rfonf 2012

ckESpfwnf;u jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;rS t&yfbuf vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh

yl;aygif;í A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmhcsa&; avhvmrItpDtpOfjzifh oifwef;

rsm;ESifh tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;pGm jyKvkyfcJhygonf/ 2016 ckESpf Zlvkdif

wGif jrefrmEkdifiH½kH;udk zGifhvSpfí zuf'&,fpepfqkdif&m aqG;aEG;

ajymqkdrIrsm; ydkrkdwkd;wufap&eftwGuf oufqkdifoltoD;oD;ESihf yl;

aygif;aqmif½GufrIrsm;ukd wkd;jr§ifhvkyfaqmifvsuf ½Sdygonf/

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm; zkd&rfonf rnfonfhEkdifiH\ zuf'&,fpepf (okdY)

A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmhcsa&;enf;vrf;u rnfonfhEkdifiHESifh oifhawmfyg

\ qkdonfh aq;enf;ay;jcif;ESifh ewfvrf;ñTefjcif;rsm;ukd jyKvkyfjcif;

iv

tvsOf; r½Sdyg/ EkdifiHwEkdifiH\ zuf'&,fpepfonf ,if;EkdifiH\

aemufcHorkdif;aMumif;? yx0Dtaetxm;ESifh EkdifiHa&;jzpfay: wkd;wuf

rIwkdYtay: rlwnfí wkdif;jynfwGif;½Sd oufqkdif&m tusKd;½SiftoD;oD;

\ aqG;aEG;n§dEIdif;rIrsm;rS ay:xGufvmonfh EkdifiHa&;oabmwlnD

csufrsm;t&om ,if;EkdifiH\ ukd,fykdifzuf'&,f ykHpHukd wnfaqmuf

Ekdifonfqkdonfhtcsufukd zkd&rfu t<uif;rJh vufcHxm;jcif;aMumifh

jzpfygonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH\ orkdif;0ifEkdifiHa&;toGif ul;ajymif;rI umv

twGif; zkd&rftaeESifh yl;aygif;aqmif½GufcGifh&onfhtay:wGifvnf;

rsm;pGm *kPf,lrdygonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHtaeESifhvnf; jynfolrsm;\

oabmxm;qE´rsm;ukd udk,fpm;jyKaom EkdifiHa&;aqG;aEG;rIrsm;rS

wqifh jrefrmEkdifiHESifh udkufnDaom zuf'&,fpepfudk wnfaqmuf

Ekdifvdrfhrnf[k zkd&rfu tav;teuf,kHMunfygonf/

v

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf jrefrmEkdifiH½kH;

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif zuf'&,fpepfqkdif&m ajymqkdaqG;aEG;rIrsm; ykdrkdwkd;

yGm;vmap&efESifh vufawGUusifhokH;rIrsm;wGif ykdrkdaumif;rGefonfh ykHpH

rsm;ukd tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;oif,lavhvmEkdif&ef &nf½G,fcsufjzifh

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf jrefrmEkdfifiH½kH;ukd 2016 ckESpf ZGefvwGif

&efukefNrdKU ü zGifhvSpfcJhygonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH½kH;taeESifh oufqkdif&m

tusKd;½SiftoD;oD;yg0ifonfh zuf'&,f tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ESifh

oifwef;rsm;ukd aqmif½Gufvsuf ½Sdygonf/ trsKd;om;vTwfawmf?

&efukefwkdif;a'oBuD; vTwfawmf? rEÅav;wkdif;a'oBuD; vTwfawmf?

{&m0wDwkdif; a'oBuD;vTwfawmf? rauG;wkdif;a'oBuD; vTwfawmf?

u&ifjynfe,fvTwfawmf? ½Srf;jynfe,fvTwfawmf? &ckdifjynfe,f

vTwfawmfESifh rGefjynfe,fvTwfawmfwkdYwGifvnf; zuf'&,fpepfqkdif&m

tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; jyKvkyfcJhonfhenf;wl wkdif;&if;om;a&;&m

0efBuD;Xme? EkdifiHawmfzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qkdif&m ckH½kH;? trsKd;om;

ynma&; rl0g'aumfr½SifwkdYESifhvnf; aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; jyKvkyfcJhygonf/

xkdYjyif wkdif;jynfwGif;rS wwfodynm½Sifrsm;? owif;pmq&mrsm;ESifh

t&yfbufvlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifhvnf; aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;? oifwef;rsm;

jyKvkyfvsuf ½Sdygonf/ &yf½GmtqifhwGifvnf; omrefjynfolrsm;

taeESifh zuf'&,fpepfukd em;vnfoabmaygufap&eftwGuf

&yf½GmtajcjyKoifwef;rsm;ukdvnf; rdwfzuftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;

aygif;vkyfaqmifvsuf ½Sdygonf/

xkdYtjyif zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm; zkd&rf jrefrmEkdifiH½kH;taeESifh jrefrmEkdifiH

\ Nidrf;csrf;a&;jzpfpOfESifh zuf'&,fpepfwnfaqmufa&; udpö&yf

rsm;wGif xJxJ0if0if vkyfukdifaqmif½GufaeMuonfh tpkd;&? wyfrawmf

ESifh wkdif;&if;om;vufeufukdif tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS yk*¾dKvfrsm; yg0if

onfh tqifhjrifh jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUukdvnf; uae'gEkdifiH\

vi

zuf'&,fpepfukd avhvmEkdif&ef pDpOfaqmif½Gufay;cJhygonf/ xkd

c&D;pOfwGif aqG;aEG;cJhonfh acgif;pOfrsm;rSm jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf txl;

ta&;ygvSonfh acgif;pOfrsm;jzpfonfhtwGuf EkdifiHawmf\ twkdif

yifcHyk*¾dKvf a':atmifqef;pkMunf udk,fwkdif jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJU

ESifhtwl aqG;aEG;yGJ wufa&mufí uae'gEkdifiH\ tawGUtBuHKrsm;udk

avhvmcJhygonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHonf A[kdcsKyfukdifrIESifh jynfwGif;vufeufukdif y#dyu©

rsm;udk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm BuHKawG YcJh&NyD; ,cktcsdefwGif 'Drkdua&pDtoGif

ul;ajymif;a&;ESifh zuf'&,fpepfwnfaqmufa&; &nfrSef;csufrsm;\

orkdif;0iftcgw&yfwGif a&muf½Sdaecsdef jzpfygonf/ xkduJhokdY orkdif;

0iftcsdeftcgü jrefrmtpkd;&ESifh t"duyg0ifoifhyg0ifxkdufolrsm;

tm;vkH;BuHKawGUae&onfh pdefac:rIw&yfrSm rwluGJjym;aom rsKd;EG,fpk

rsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufxm;onfh jrefrmvlUabmiftzGJUtpnf;

twGuf pGrf;aqmif&nfjynfh0NyD; tm;vkH;yg0ifEkdifaom? jrefrmjynfol

rsm;tm;vkH;ukd ukd,fpm;jyKEkdifaom EkdifiHa&;pepfw&yf wnfaqmuf

a&;yif jzpfygonf/ zuf'&,fekdifiHrsm; zkd&rftaeESifh xkdEkdifiHa&;

jzpfpOftwGif; waxmifhwae&mrS yl;ygif;aqmif½GufcGifh&onfhtwGuf

vnf; rsm;pGm *kPf,l0rf;ajrmufrdygonf/

zuf'&,fta&;ESifh pyfvsOf;í ynm½Sifrsm;\ pum;ukd ukd;um;&rl It

is a long way (þum;c&D;½SnfBuD;? c&D;½Snfoavmuf yifyef;Mu&

onfvnf;jzpfí tDpvHa0[kyif qkd&rvkd) [lowwf/ zuf'&,f

[laom c&D;um;a0;vS\? ajcomvQif ,mOf½SdMuukef\ qkdovkdyif

uREkfyfwkdYtaeESifhvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif zuf'&,fpepf yDjyifpGm ay:

xGufvma&;ESifh ydkrkdouf0if½Sifoefvma&;qkdonfh udpötwGuf

qufvufvkyfaqmifMuygOD;rnf/ þzuf'&,ftufaq;rsm; pmwrf;

i,fonf zuf'&,fc&D;½SnfBuD;ukd tm;oGefcGefpkduf csDaeMuaom

jrefrmhEkdifiHa&; jzpfpOftwGif;rS yk*¾dKvftoD;oD;twGuf vufuwkH;

vii

awmifa0S;ozG,f waxmifhwae&mtwGuf tokH;wnfhrnfqkdvQif

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf jrefrmEkdifiH½kH;u tifrwef 0rf;yef;wom

½SdygrnfhtaMumif;/

1

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;½Sd EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfrsm;ukd pDrHtkyfcsKyfykH -

EIdif;,SOfavhvmcsuf

EkdifiHhNrdKUawmf (capital cities) rsm;rSm tjcm;NrdKUawmfrsm;uJhokdYyif vlrsm;

aexkdif? tvkyfvkyfukdifMu? a'oqkdif&m 0efaqmifrIrsm;ukd &,lokH;pGJ

MuNyD; EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif½GufMuonfh

ae&mrsm;yif jzpfonf/ okdY&mwGif EkdifiH\ NrdKUawmffrsm;rSm tjcm;

NrdKUBuD;rsm;ESifh uGmjcm;aom tcsufrsm;vnf; ½Sdygao;onf/ NrdKUawmf

rsm;rSm wEkdifiHvkH;ukd tkyfcsKyfpDrHaom trsKd;om;tpkd;&ESifh ta&;BuD;

aom trsKd;om;tqifh (wEkdifiHvkH;tqifh) tifpwD;usL;½Sif;rsm; wnf

½Sd½kHrQrubJ? ,Ofaus;rIykdif;ESifh trSwftom;? txdrf;trSwfoabm

qkdif&m (symbolic) tcef;u@wGif xl;jcm;aom tcef;u@rS yg0if

vsuf ½Sdygonf/ wrsKd;om;vkH;ESifhqkdifaom NrdKUawmf\ tcef;u@

ESifhf a'oqkdif&m tcef;u@wkdYrSm wcgw&H wckESifh wck y#dyu©

jzpfwwfayonf/ ,if;tajctaerSm NrdKUawmfudk tjcm;aom NrdKUBuD;

rsm;uJhokdY oabmxm;onfh zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif ykdí qkd;½Gm;ay

onf/ taMumif;rSm NrdKUawmfukd jynfe,f\ pDrHcefYcGJrIatmufwGif

xm;½SdNyD; zuf'&,ftpkd;&\ tcef;u@rSm tuefYtowfESifhom

wnf½Sdaeaom tajctaeaMumifh jzpfavonf/ zuf'&,fpepf usifh

okH;aom zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;½Sd EdkifiHhNrdKUawmfrsm;rSm wjynfaxmifpepf

usifhokH;aom EkdifiHrsm;½Sd EkdifihHNrdKUawmfrsm;ESifhvnf; uGmjcm;rI ½Sdonf/

taMumif;rSm zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif rwluGJjym;jcm;em;rI (vlrsKd;?

bmom? wkdif;&if;om;rsKd;EG,fpk rwluGJjym;rI) ½Sdwwfonfjzpf&m ekdifiHh

NrdKUawmfrsm;onf ,if;uGJjym;jcm;em;rI ½Sdonfh A[kdvlYtzGJUtpnf;ukd

udk,fpm;jyK&efqkdonfh wm0efw&yfydkvmjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ xkdokdY

rwluGJjym;rIukd wwfEkdiforQ udk,fpm;jyK&ef vkdtyfonfh wNydKifeuf

xJrSmyif zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfonf EkdifiHtwGif;½Sd jynfe,frsm;ukd buf

vkdufjcif;? wbufbufukd ykdrkdOD;pm;ay;jcif;rsKd; rjzpfapbJ wwfEkdif

orQ ormorwf½Sd&ef? Mum;ae&efvnf; vkdtyfayonf/

2

þokdY tajctae? aemufcHrsm;½Sdonfhtjyif zuf'&,fpepfusifhokH;

onfh EkdifiHrsm;wGifyif oufqkdif&m EkdifihHNrdKUawmfrsm;\ tkyfcsKyfrIykHpHrsm;

(governing structures)? tcef;u@ESifh wm0ef0wå&m;rsm; (roles and

responsibilities)? &if;jrpfrsm;ESifh zuf'&,ftpkd;&u NrdKUawmfukd tav;

xm;rIwkdYrSm uGmjcm;vsuf½Sdonfudk awGU&rnf jzpfayonf/ zuf'&,f

pepfukd usifhokH;onfh EkdifiHrsm;wGif zuf'&,fNrdKUawmf (wenf; EkdifiHh

NrdKUawmf) ukd rnfokdY rnfykH pDrHcefYcGJMuonf? b@ma&;qkdif&m axmufyHhrI

jyKMuonfukd þpmwrf;wGif EIdif;,SOfavhvmazmfxkwfoGm;rnf jzpfonf/

txufwGif azmfjycJhonfhtwkdif; EkdifihHNrdKUawmfrsm;ukd trsm;tm;jzifh

wEkdifiHvkH;twGuf ta&;BuD;aom trSwftom;wck? oauFwwck

(symbol) taeESifh ½Ijrifavh½SdMuygonf/ txl;ojzifh rwluGJjym;aom

okdYr[kwf e,fedrdwftm;jzifh BuD;rm;aom okdYr[kwf ,if;tajctae

ESpf&yfpvkH;½Sdaom zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif þtrSwftom;o½kyfouef

oabm (symbolism) rSm txl;oD;oefYtaeESifh t"dyÜm,faqmifyg

onf/ ,if;okdYjzpfonfESifhtnD zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif EkdifihHNrdKUawmf

udk a½G;cs,fjcif;udpöESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif? ,if;NrdKUawmf\ wnfae&m?

txdrf;trSwftaqmuftODrsm; (monuments)? ,if;NrdKUawmfqkdif&m

tkyfcsKyfpDrHrIudpörsm;rSm azmfjyyg rwluGJjym;rIukd xif[yf&ef vkdtyf

ovkd wNydKifeufwnf;rSmyif jynfe,frsm;? a'orsm;ukdvnf; xnfh

oGif;pOf;pm;NyD; wwfEkdiforQ bufvkdufrI uif;½Sif;&efvnf; vkdtyfayonf/

okdYjzpf&m 0g½Sifwef'DpD (Washington D.C.)? atmhw0g (Ottawa)?

uifbm&m (Canberra) ESifh tbl*sm (Abuja) tygt0if zuf'&,f

EkdifiHrsm;½Sd EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfrsm;tm;vkH;vkdvkdyif orkdif;aMumif;t&a&m?

a'ot&? bmompum;t& okdYr[kwf vlrsKd;a&;t& Mum;ae&mrsm;?

wenf; tm;vkH;ESifh xdpyfaeaom ae&mrsm;wGif wnf½SdaeMuonfrSm

tHMozG,f&m r[kwfygacs/ Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;EkdifiH\ NrdKUawmf tbl*sm

qkdvQif rwluGJjym;rI BuD;rm;aom Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;EkdifiH\ yx0D

3

tcsuftcsmae&mwGif wnf½Sdovkd? ekdifiHwGif; t"duukd;uG,fonfh

bmomw&m;ESpfckukd udk,fpm;jyKonfh AvDBuD;wvkH;ESifh wEkdifiHvkH;

tqifh c&pf,mefbk&m;½Sdckd;ausmif; (uoD'&,fBuD;) wckvnf; wnf

½Sdaeonfudk awGU&rnf jzpfygonf/ xkdenf;wlyif b,fvf*sD,H

EkdifiHNrdKUawmf b&yfqJvf (Brussels) rSmvnf; b,fvf*sD,HEkdifiH½Sd

t"dubmompum; ESpfrsKd;pvkH;wnf½Sdaom a'ojzpfNyD; b,fvf*sD,H

EdkifiH\ bmompum;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m rwluGJjym;rIrsm;ukd

udk,fpm;jyKvsuf½Sdayonf/ qGpfZmvefEkdifiH\ NrdKUawmf bef; (Bern)

qkdvQifvnf; yx0Dtaetxm;t& EkdifiH\ tv,feD;yg;wGif wnf

½SdaeNyD; NrdKU jya'owcktaeESifh xl;xl;jcm;jcm; ta&;rygvSjcif;ESifh

jyifopfpum;ajyma'oESifh eD;uyfvsuf½Sdjcif;aMumifhyif qGpftpkd;&

\ NrdKUawmftjzpf wnf½Sdaejcif;jzpfayonf/ *smreDEkdifiHwGifvnf;

bmvifNrdKUawmfrSm ta½SUtaemuf ESpfEkdifiHaygif;pnf;a&;twGuf

wckwnf;aom t"du NrdKU jytcsuftcsma'ojzpfaejcif;aMumifh

*smreDtwGuf NrdKUawmftjzpf bmvifudk a½G;cs,fcJhjcif;rSm ta½SUykdif;

jynfe,frsm;twGufrl ta&;ygaom qkH;jzwfcsufw&yf jzpfayonf/

okdYjzpf&m tD&wfEkdifiHuJhokdYaom ay:xGef;p zuf'&,fEkdifiH trsm;pk

twGufrl rnfonfhae&mudk NrdKUawmftjzpf a½G;cs,frnf? rnfokdYaom

tqifhtwef; owfrSwfay;rnfqkdaom udpörSm ,ckxufwkdif vdyfcJ

wnf;vnf; udpöjzpfaeao;onfrSmvnf; tHhMozG,f&m r[kwfacs/

4

NrdKUawmfa½G;cs,fjcif;

EkdifiHq,fhwpfEkdifiHukd avhvmaom þppfwrf;t& EkdifiHrsm;onf

rwlnDaom taMumif;&if;rsm;? rwlnDaom vkyfaqmifol (actors)

rsm;tay: rlwnfí ,if;wkdY\ NrdKUawmfae&mrsm;ukd a½G;cs,fMuonf

ukd awGU&onf/ tcsKdUaom NrdKUawmfrsm;ukd ppfbufvkHNcHKa&;uJhokdY

aom vufawGUusonfh taMumif;&if;rsm;aMumifh a½G;cs,fMuonf

ukd awGU&rnfjzpfygonf/ 0dwkd&d,bk&ifru atmhw0g (Ottawa) ukd

uae'gEkdifiH\ NrdKUawmftjzpf a½G;cs,fjcif;rSm xkdtcsdefu tar&duef

jynfaxmifpk\ usL;ausmf0ifa&mufrI ½SdEkdifaomaMumifh tar&duef?

uae'g e,fpyfrS tvSrf;a0;aom atmhw0gukd NrdKUawmftjzpf

a½G;cs,fjcif;jzpfonf/ bef; (Bern) ukd qGpftpdk;&NrdKUawmftjzpf

a½G;cs,fjcif;rSmvnf; ,if;umuG,fa&;qkdif&m taMumif;t&mrsm;

tenf;ESifh trsm; yg0ifayonf/

wcgw&HwGifrl a½G;cs,fxm;aom NrdKUae&mwGif NrdKUwnfrnfqkdygu

aiGaMu;ukefusp&dwfjrifhrm;rnfjzpfonfhwkdif ,if;a'o\ trSwf

o½kyfozG,fjzpfrIaMumifhyif a½G;cs,fvkdufonfrsKd;vnf; ½Sdwwfyg

onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh (Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;\ NrdKUawmf) tbl*sm (Abuja) ESifh

(tDoD,dk;yD;,m;\ NrdKUawmf) t'pftbmbm (Addis Ababa) wkdYukd

NrdKUawmftjzpf a½G;cs,fjcif;wGif ,if;NrdKUESpfNrdKUpvkH;onf EkdifiHrsm;\

A[kdtcsuftcsmwGif ½Sdaejcif;ESifh oDtkd&Doabmt& wEkdifiHvkH;okdY

tmPmpuf ysHUESH Ekdifjcif;wkdYaMumifhyif jzpfonf/ bmvifukdNrdKUawmf

tjzpf a½G;cs,f&jcif;rSm trSwfo½kyf? oauFwoabmaqmifNyD;

*smreDESpfEkdifiHaygif;pnf;jcif;ukd ukd,fpm;jyKonfh oauFwjzpfae

jcif;aMumifhyif jzpfonf/ awmiftmz&duEkdifiHwGif NrdKUawmfESpfck

½Sdaejcif; (NrdKUawmf y&Dwkd&D;,m;ESifh auhyfawmif;uvnf; oauFw

tm;jzifh EkdifiH\uGJjym;aeaom oabmobm0ukd azmfñTef;aejcif;yif

jzpfonf/

5

NrdKUawmfae&m a½G;cs,f&mwGif ta&;ygonfh tjcm;taMumif;&if;w&yf

rSm EkdifiH\ EkdifiHa&;tiftm;ukd pD;yGm;a&;t& tcsuftcsmusonfh

ae&mrS cGJxkwfxm;vkdjcif;qkdonfh tcsufyif jzpfonf/ (pD;yGm;a&;

tcsuftcsmusonfh) e,l;a,mufESifh zdv'JvfzD;,m;wkdYESifh eD;eD;

uyfuyf wnf½Sdraejcif;rSm 0g½Sifwef'DpDukd NrdKUawmftjzpf a½G;cs,f&

onfh taMumif;&if;rsm;xJuwckyif jzpfygonf/ ,if;enf;ES,fES,f

yif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk½Sd jynfe,fNrdKUawmftrsm;pkrSm pD;yGm;a&;

tcsuftcsmjzpfonfh NrdKUrsm;r[kwfonfukd awGU&rnfjzpfonf/

tcsKdUNrdKUawmfrsm;ukd a½G;cs,f&mwGifrl ae&ma'owckukd NrdKUawmf

tjzpf a½G;cs,fvkdufygu ,if;jynfe,fu auseyfNyD; tjcm;jynfe,f

rsm;url ,if;jynfe,fukd rsufESmomay;onfqkdaom tjzpfrsKd;

rjzpf&avatmif jynfe,frsm; e,fedrdwfxdpyfaeaom Mum;ae&m

ukd a½G;cs,fMuonfvnf; ½Sdygonf/ ,if;aMumifhyif uifbm&m

NrdKUawmfrSm rJvbkef;ESifh qpf'eDMum;ae&mudk a½G;cs,fxm;jcif;jzpfNyD;?

atmhw0grSmvnf; ,if;tcsufukd xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;NyD; a½G;cs,fxm;

jcif;yif jzpfayonf/

NrdKUawmfae&m a½G;cs,fjcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;í ,if;uJhokdY taMumif;&if;

rsm;pGm ½Sdonhfwkdif? NrdKUrsm;uvnf; ,if;wkdYonfom zuf'&,f

NrdKUawmf jzpfxkdufaMumif;? jynfe,frsm;uvnf; rdrdwkdY jynfe,f

uomvQif zuf'&,fNrdKUawmf wnf½Sdxkdufonfhae&mjzpfaMumif;

NydKifqkdifMuavh ½Sdygonf/ NrdKUrsm;u zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfjzpfvkdMujcif;

rSm *kPf½Sdjcif;aMumifh jzpfovkd? tvkyftukdif tcGifhtvrf; rsm;jym;

vmEkdifjcif;? c&D;oGm;{nfhonf ydkrkdrsm;jym;vmEkdifjcif; ponhf tvm;

tvmrsm;aMumifhvnf; jzpfygonf/ zuf'&,fNrdKUawmf jzpfoGm;NyD

qkdvQif jynfolrsm;twGuf tem;,ltyef;ajzp&m yef;NcH ponfhae&m

rsm;vnf; rsm;jym;wkd;wufvmrnfh tcGifhtvrf;½SfdNyD; ,if;twGuf

zuf'&,ftpkd;&uvnf; &efykHaiGrsm;pGm csxm;ay;rnfh tvm;tvm

½Sdjcif;aMumifhvnf; jzpfonf/ NrdKUrsm;u zuf'&,fNrdKUawmftjzpf

6

ta½G;cH&&ef olUxufig ,SOfNydKifMuonfh EkdifiHrsm;wGif zuf'&,f

tpkd;&u zuf'&,fNrdKUawmftjzpf a½G;cs,fjcif; rcH&onfh NrdKUrsm;

twGuf zuf'&,ftaxmuftyHhrsm; rnfokdYay;tyfrnf qkdonfh

uwdu0wfrsm;vnf; ay:xGufvmwwfygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh bef;

udk qGpfZmvefEkdifiH\ NrdKUawmftjzpf a½G;cs,fvkdufaomtcg

zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh Zl;&pfNrdKUtwGuf jynfaxmifpk enf;ynmodyÜH

tifpwDusKukd ay;tyfwnfaxmifygrnf[k ESpfodrfhonfhtaejzifh

uwday;ulnD&ygonf/ NrdKUawmfvkyfief;rsm;ukd NrdKUwNrdKUrS zuf'&,f

NrdKUawmfopfokdY ajymif;a½TUaponfhtcgwGifvnf; ,if;okdYyif ESpfodrfh

ay;avsmfrIrsm;ukd jyKvkyfavh½Sdygonf/ OyrmrSm bmvifESifh bGef;NrdKU

wkdY NrdKUawmftjzpf NydKifqkdif&mu bmvifukd NrdKUawmftjzpf owfrSwf

vkdufaomtcg bGef;NrdKUukd ay;tyfaom ESpfodrfhay;avsmfrIrsm;ukd

Munfhygu awGUEkdifygonf/

EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfjzpfzkdY - jzpfvm&if bmtcGifhta&;awG &rvJ

EkdifiHhNrdKUawmftjzpf a½G;cs,fcH&&ef wcgw&H NrdKU BuD;rsm;tMum;

tNydKiftqkdif½SdMuonf[k qkdcJhonfjzpf&m rnfokdYaom tusKd;tjrwf

rsm; &rnfjzpfí þokdY NydKifqkdifMujcif;jzpfoenf;[k pOf;pm;zG,f

½Sdavonf/ NrdKUawmfjzpf&jcif;\ aumif;usKd;qkd;jypfukd pDppfo½kyf

cGJaom avhvmcsufrsm;rSmvnf; r½Sdoavmuf enf;yg;onf/ okdY&m

wGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&? jynfe,ftpkd;&ESifh NrdKUawmftpkd;&toD;oD;rS

udk,fpm;vS,frsm; bef;NrdKU (Bern) wGif aqG;aEG;csufu xGufay:

vmaom tpD&ifcHcsufwGif NrdKUawmfjzpfí bmtusKd;awG ½Sdrnf

enf;? bmawG tusKd;,kwfavsmhoGm;rnfenf; qkdonfudk wGuf

xkwfazmfjyxm;onf/ olwkdYtm;vkH; oabmwlonfu onfvkd/

NrdKUawmfjzpfvmvQif NrdKUay:ae pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; wnfNidrfcdkifrm

jcif;qkdonfh tusKd;&rnf/ tpkd;&0efxrf;rsm; rsm;jym;onfhtavsmuf

,if;0efxrf;rsm;xHu 0ifaiGcGefESifh pm;okH;cGef&rnf/ NrdKUawmfjzpfjcif;

7

aMumifh *kPf½Sdonf/ [kdw,fawG? pm;aomufqkdifawGutcGef&rnf/

tm;vkH;oabmrwlMuonfh tjcm;tusKd;tjrwfawGvnf; ½Sdao;

onf/ tJ'gawGu NrdKUawmftwGuf zuf'&,ftpkd;&u csD;jr§ifhcsxm;

aiG &rnf/ NrdKUawmfjzpfonfhtavsmuf jynfwGif;jynfy tzGJUtpnf;

awG ½kH;pkdufwnf½Sdjcif;u &½Sdvmonfh tusKd;aus;Zl;awG½Sdrnf/

'gjzifh bmawGaum udk,fhbufu pkduf&oenf;/ bmawGaum

udk,fhbufu ukefusygoenf;/ tpkd;&tvTmokH;vTmpvkH;u tcsuf

wckwnf;ukdom oabmwlMuonf/ ,if;rSm zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfjzpf

ojzifh zuf'&,ftpkd;&ykdif ypönf;Opömrsm;rS tcGefaumufcHí r&jcif;

ESifh EkdifiHjcm; oH½kH;rsm;udk tcGef uif;vGwfcGifhay;&jcif;/ tpkd;&tvTm

okH;vTmpvkH;u oabmwljcif;r½SdbJ tpkd;&w&yfxJuom azmfjyonfh

tjcm;ukefusrIrsm;? qkH;½IH;rIrsm;rSm NrdKUawmfjzpfojzifh NrdKUawmfESifh

wlwlwefwefjzpfatmif aqmif½Guf&mwGif tjcm;tykdukefusp&dwfrsm;

½Sdonf/ NrdKU jypD;yGm;a&;rSmvnf; tEÅ&m,fusa&mufEkdifonfh tcGifh

tvrf;½Sdonf/ oG,f0kdufí tcGefqkH;½IH;rIrsm; ½Sdonf/ aemufwcku

tpkd;& tokH;p&dwfrsm;jym;ojzifh yk*¾vdu tokH;p&dwf? yk*¾vdu &if;ESD;

jr§KyfESHrI enf;yg;oGm;jcif;qkdonfhtcsufawG jzpfonf/

bef;NrdKUawmf? EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfjzpf&jcif;tay: b@ma&;t& tusKd;

oufa&mufrI taxGaxG ppfwrf;[lí ,if;tvkyftzGJUu 2004

ckESpfwGif ykHESdyfxkwfa0onf/ ,if;ppfwrf;t& bef;NrdKUawmfonf EkdifiHh

NrdKUawmfjzpf&onfhtwGuf zuf'&,ftpkd;&udk,fpm; vkyfaqmifay;&

aom vkyfief;wm0efrsm;twGufrl zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf ,if;p&dwf

pursm; tm;vkH;ukd jyefvnfESpfodrfhay;avsmfrI jyKvkyfay;onf/

okdY&mwGif tcGefoG,f0kdufqkH;½IH;jcif;ESifh tajccH0efaqmifrIvkyfief;

rsm;twGuf xyfrHukefusp&dwfrsm;ukdrl zuf'&,ftpkd;&\ axmufyHh

ay;avsmfrIrSm rvkHavmuf[k ,if;ppfwrf;u qkdonf/ NrdKUawmf

jzpfjcif;aMumifh aps;uGufqkdif&m tcGifhtvrf;rsm;? tcGefaumufcHrI

8

tcGifhtvrf;rsm;? NrdKUtwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? jynfe,ftwGuf

aomfvnf;aumif;? ykdrkd&½Sdaponf[kvnf; ,if;ppfwrf;u qkdonf/

*smreDEkdifiHrS taxmuftxm;rsm;t&rl bmvifwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&

½kH;pkdufjcif;aMumifh tNrJwrf;tvkyftukdifae&maygif; ig;aomif;

ESpfaxmif wkd;wufvmonf/ 1998 ckESpfrS 2001 ckESpftxd umv

wmwGif; NrdKUawmf\ *sD'DyDukd rusatmif xdef;xm;Ekdifonf/

NrdKUawmfjzpfonfhtwGuf avmfbDorm;rsm;? wuúokdvfygarmu©rsm;

ESifh tpkd;&ESifh eD;eD;uyfuyf wnf½SdvkdMuolrsm;? vkyfukdifaqmif½Guf

Muonfh vkyfief;rsm;ukdvnf; qGJaqmifEkdifonf[k qkdonf/ uae'g

EkdifihhHNrdKUawmf atmhw0gwGif aexkdifMuolrsm;u rMumcPqkdovkd

NrdKUawmfzGHU NzdK;a&;tay: usa&mufaeonfh EkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mESifh EkdifiH

wumqkdif&m twm;tqD;rsm;ukd xkwfazmfnnf;wGm;Muonf/

trsKd;om;txdrf;trSwfyGJawmfrsm;? tcrf;tem;rsm;\ BuD;us,fcrf;

em;rIESifh aiGukefaMu;usrsm;rIukdvnf; xkwfazmfajymqkdMuonf/

okdYaomf ,if;okdY xkwfazmfajymqkdonfh wNydKifxJrSmyif NrdKUawmf

jzpf&onfhtwGuf wkd;yGm;vmonfh ½kyf0w¬Kykdif; tm;omcsufrsm;ESifh

tqifhwef;ykdif;tm;omcsufrsm;vnf; ½Sdonf[k 0efcHMuavonf/

aocsmonfrSm NrdKUawmfjzpfjcif;aMumifh &½Sdonfh tusKd;wckrSm

tqifhwef;jrifhrm;onfh vkyfief;rsm;[k ac:qkdMuonfh tpkd;&vkyfief;?

&mxl;ae&mrsm;? NrdKUawmfwGif tpkd;&wnf½Sdaejcif;aMumifh tpkd;&ESifh

qufpyfonfh tjcm;u@rsm;rS vkyfief;rsm;? ae&mrsm; ay:ayguf

vmjcif;yif jzpfonf/ c&D;oGm;vkyfief;vnf; wkd;wufvmonf/

,Ofaus;rIydkif;? *kPfodu©mykdif;qkdif&m tajccH taqmuftODrsm;

vnf; &½Sdrnf/ NrdKUawmfESifh wlwlwefwefjzpfatmif tvStywefqm

qif&rnfvJ jzpf&m NrdKUawmfvnf; om,mvSyrnf/ ,if;aumif;usKd;

rsm;ESifh qkd;jypfrsm;rSm b,f'if;u omonf? b,f'if;u ykdonfukd

a0zefykdif;jcm;&efrSm tenf;ESifh trsm;cufcJonf jzpfaomfvnf;

zuf'&,ftpkd;&ESifh a'oEÅ&tpkd;&Mum; b@ma&; tpDtrHrsm;tay:

9

rlwnfaeonfrSm taotcsmyif jzpfonf/ ,if;b@ma&;tpDtrH

rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í aemufykdif;wGif qufvufaqG;aEG;xm;ygonf/

zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfrsm;tm; tkyfcsKyfjcif;

EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfrsm;onf EkdifiHtpkd;&rsm;u 4if;wkdY\ zGHU NzdK;rIukd txl;

*½kpkdufjcif;aMumifh xl;jcm;Muonf/ 4if;*½kpkdufjcif;onf zuf'&,f

tpkd;&\ OD;pm;ay; vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh a'ocHrsm;u a½G;

aumufwifajr§mufxm;aom a'oEÅ&tpkd;&\ OD;pm;ay;vkyfief;

tpDtpOfrsm;tMum; wif;rmrIukd jzpfaponf/ ,if;wif;rmrIukd jzpfap

aom taMumif;t&if;rsm;teuf tcsKdUrSm tpkd;&t&yf&yf\ wm0ef

0wå&m;rsm; rwlnDjcif;? OD;pm;ay;vkyfief;pOfrsm; uGmjcm;jcif;?

b@ma&;tpDtrHrsm;? (NrdKUawmfonf topfwnfaqmufxm;aom

NrdKUawmfjzpfvQif topfjzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGm? a½S;a[mif;orkdif;0if

NrdKUawmfjzpfvQif orkdif;0ifNrdKUawmfw&yf\ t*Fg&yfESifh nDpGm)

ywf0ef;usif oifhavsmfxkdufwefrIESifh EkdifiHhNrdKUawmf\ tkyfcsKyfrIykHpHwkdY

yg0ifonf/ tkyfcsKyfrIykHpHonf ta&;BuD;onf/ taMumif;rSm ,if;ykHpH

tay: rlwnfí zuf'&,ftpkd;&u NrdKUawmftay: vTrf;rkd;EkdifrI

twkdif;twmESifh NrdKUawmftaeESifh NrdKUawmf\ vGwfvyfpGm pDrHcefYcGJ

ykdifrI twkdif;twmwkdY uGJjym;jcm;em;oGm;Mujcif;aMumifhyif jzpfonf/

a'otkyfcsKyfrI ykHpHtay: rlwnfNyD; zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;\ EkdifihHNrdKUawmf

rsm;ukd okH;rsKd;okH;pm; cGJjcm;Ekdifonf/

10

1 (state, provine, canton, lander, regions, cultural communities [lonfh

pum;&yfrsm;ukd jynfe,frsm;[kyif NcHKikHac:a0: okH;pGJoGm;ygrnf/)

zuf'&,fc½kkdif (federal districts)

MopaMw;vs? tDoD,kd;yD;,m;? tdE´d,? ruúqDukd? Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;?

ygupöwef? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkrsm;wGif NrdKUawmfonf

zuf'&,fc½kdifykHpH okdYr[kwf ,if;NrdKUawmfwnf½Sdonfh

jynfe,fESifh uGJjym;jcm;em;aom vkyfykdifcGifh ykHpH½Sdonf/

Oya'aMumif;t& oD;jcm;tqifh½Sdonfh e,fy,fwcktjzpf

wnf½Sdonf/ 1 zuf'&,fc½kdifukd tajccHOya't& wnf

axmifxm;NyD; zuf'&,ftpkd;& Oya'jyK tmPmtwGif; us

a&mufonf/ 4if;c½kdifrsm;onf jynfe,frsm;&½SdcHpm;aom

tajccHOya'u tyfESif;onfh tcsKyftjcmtmPmrsKd; r½SdMu

ay/ zuf'&,fc½kdifwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf NrdKUawmf\

b@ma&;ESifh tjcm;qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif twkdif;twmw&yf

txd yg0ifxdef;csKyfekdifonf/ a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm; a½G;cs,f

wifajr§mufonfhwkdif tcsKdUzuf'&,fNrdKUawmfrsm;wGif ,if;

a'oqkdif&m bwf*sufudk A[kdtpkd;&u twnfjyKay;&ef

vkdonf/ zuf'&,fc½kdif\ tpkd;&rsm;onf (,if;c½kdif\)

NrdKU jyESifh jynfe,fqkdif&mwm0efrsm; ESpfrsKd;pvkH;ukd a,bk,s

tm;jzifh wm0ef,l&avh½Sdonf/ okdY&mwGif trsm;tm;jzifh

tjcm;jynfe,frsm;okdY tyfESif;xm;aom vkyfief;wm0efrsm;

tm;vkH;ukd wm0ef,ljcif; r½Sdacs/

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11

NrdKUjyjynfe,f (city-state)

b,fvf*sD,HESifh *smreDwkdYwGif zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfonf NrdKU jy

jynfe,fw&yftjzpf wnf½Sdonf/ NrdKUawmf\ EkdifiHa&;t&

owfrSwfay;xm;aom e,fy,frsm;onf NrdKUawmfudk NrdKUawmf

taeESifhaomf vnf;aumif;? jynfe,ftaeESifh aomfvnf;

aumif; wnf½SdapNyD;? þNrdKU jyjynfe,fykHpHu NrdKUawmfvkyf

ykdifcGifhrsm;? wm0efrsm;ESifh jynfe,f\ vkyfykdifcGifhrsm;? wm0ef

rsm; ESpfrsKd;pvkH;tyfESif;xm;onfhtwGuf tjcm;NrdKUrsm;xuf

vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmykdrkd½SdNyD; tcGefaiG ykdrkdwkd;aumuf&ef vkyfydkif

cGifh &½Sdxm;onf/ okdYaomf EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfjzpfaom city-states

rsm;onf tjcm;jynfe,frsm;ESifh tajccHOya't& wlnDaom

ay;tyfjy|mef;rIrsm;ukd cHpm;Mu&jcif;r½Sdacs/

jynfe,frsm;½Sd NrdKUBuD;rsm; (cities in provinces)

uae'g? awmiftmz&duEkdifiHESifh qGpfZmvefEkdifiHrsm;wGif

EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfonf wkdif; okdYr[kwf jynfe,ftwGif; wnf½Sd

aom jrLeDpy,fw&yfom jzpfonf/ 4if;EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfrsm;

onf a'o okdYr[kwf jynfe,f\vkyfykdifcGifh? pDrHcefYcGJrI

atmufwGif ½SdNyD; EkdifiHtwGif; tjcm;NrdKU BuD;rsm;ESifh Oya'

aMumif;t& wlnDaom tqifhtwef;½Sdonfom jzpfygonf/

okdYaomf zuf'&,ftpkd;&\ txl;aiGaMu;axmufyHhrIukd &½Sd

onf/

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12

2 urÇmay:½Sd tjcm;zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;ukd avhvmMunfh½IvQif t"duawG Y&onfh

ykHpHrSm zuf'&,fc½kdifykHpHyif jzpfonf/ þpmwrf;wGif yg0ifonfh NrdKUawmfrsm;

jzpfonfh tbl*sm? t'pftbmbm? uifbm&m? a'vD? ruúqDukdpD;wD;ESifh

0g½Sifwef'DpDwkdYtjyif b&mZD;EkdifiH½Sd b&m;ZD;vsm;NrdKUawmf? tm*sifwD;em;½Sd

bG,fEkdqkdif;&yfpfNrdKUawmf? AifeDZGJvm;½Sd um&uwfNrdKUawmf? ygupöwef½Sd tpövmrf

rmbwfNrdKUawmfESifh rav;½Sm;½Sd ylMwm*sm,wkdYrSm zuf'&,fc½kdife,frsm;yif jzpf

Muonf/ t'pftbmbmuJhokdYyif &yf½Sm;EkdifiH armfpukdNrdKUawmfudkvnf; zuf'&,f

NrdKUawmftjzpf azmfjyMuonf/

3 MopBwD;,m;½Sd AD,efemESifh pydef½Sd r'&dwkdYrSmvnf; NrdKU jyjynfe,frsm; jzpfMu

onf/ þpmwrf;wGif bmvifESifh b&yfqJvfwkdYukd avhvmxm;ygonf/

tkyfcsKyfonfh tifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm;

2009 ckESpfwGif zuf'&,fNrdKUawmf 11 NrdKUawmfukd avhvmcJhaom

ppfwrf;t& NrdKUawmfajcmufckrSm zuf'&,fc½kdifrsm;jzpfNyD; 2 ? NrdKUawmf

ESpfckrSm NrdKUjyEkdifiHykHpHrsm; jzpfum 3

okH;NrdKUawmfrSm jynfe,frsm;½Sd

NrdK Y BuD;rsm; jzpfonf/ trsKd;tpm; (3) rsKd;wGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&rS

tkyfcsKyfa&;? b@ma&;ESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;paom u@&yfrsm;ü a'o

tpkd;&\ qkH;jzwfcsufwGif yg0ifywfoufrI yrmPrSm uGJjym;rI

½Sdonf/

zuf'&,fc½kdif

zuf'&,fc½kdifonf jynfaxmifpktpkd;&\ zefwD;rI (okdYr[kwf)

tajccHOya't& tpkd;& ½kH;pkduf&m ae&mtjzpf zGJUpnf;xm;jcif;

jzpfonf/ zuf'&,fc½kdifonf jynfe,fwkdY\ e,fy,ftjyifwGif

½Sdonf/ (okdYjzpf&m jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfrIatmufwGif rusa&mufay)/

zuf'&,fc½kdif\ a'oEÅ&tpkd;&onf EkdifiH\ tjcm;NrdK YBuD;rsm;

aqmif½Guf&onfh vkyfief;trsm;tjym;ESifh jynfe,frsm; aqmif½Guf

13

&onfh vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;twkdif; vkyfaqmif&onf/ okdYaomf

jynfe,frsm;ESifh rwlonfrSm zuf'&,fNrdKUawmf\ a'oEÅ&tpkd;&wGif

zGJUpnf;ykHt& ay;tyfxm;aom vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmrsm;ESifh tcGifhta&;

rsm; r½Sdacs/ zuf'&,fc½kdifukd ,if;uJhokdY xm;½Sd&jcif;\taMumif;&if;

rsm;teuf t"duusonfh tcsufwcsufrSm zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfonf

A[kdtpkd;& ½kH;pkduf&m NrdKUawmfjzpfonfhtavsmuf NrdKUawmfukd

jynfe,frsm;\ tkyfcsKyfpDrHykdifcGifhatmufwGif rxm;½Sdvkdjcif;qkdonfh

taMumif;aMumifhyif jzpfayonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh zuf'&,fc½kdifykHpH

onf EkdifiHwGif;½Sd jynfe,ftoD;oD;tMum; (rnfonfhjynfe,fukd

rsufESmomay;onf? rnfonfhjynfe,fukdbufvkdufonfqkdaom)

vufoifh&m pm;awmfac:onfh tajctaerS a½Smif½Sm;EkdifNyD; vkyfykdif

cGifhtmPmESifh pyfvsOf;í zuf'&,ftpkd;&ESifh jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;

tMum; ay:aygufvmEkdifzG,f½Sdonfh yGwfwkdufrIrsm;ukd a½Smif½Sm;ay;

avonf/ A[kdtpkd;& vkdvm;csufrsm;ESifh a'ovkdvm;csufrsm;

tMum; ay:aygufvmEkdifaom y#dyu©ESifh pyfvsOf;í qkd&vQif

zuf'&,fc½kdifykHpHonf A[kdvTrf;rkd;rIukd jzpfay:aponfukd awG Y&rnf

jzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm a'ocHrsm;twGuf udk,fykdiftpkd;&[lí r½Sdawmh

bJ a'otusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;ukd vspfvsL½Ixm;jcif;aMumifhyif jzpfonf/

a'oqkdif&m udk,fykdifvGwfvyfpGm pDrHykdifcGifh txl;ojzifh a'oqkdif&m

b@ma&;t& vGwfvyfpGm pDrHykdifcGifhESifh pyfvsOf;ívnf; zuf'&,f

c½kdifrsm;tMum; rwluGJjym;jcm;em;rIrsm;½SdaMumif; þppfwrf;wGif

awGU&rnf jzpfonf/ zuf'&,fc½kdiftm;vkH;vkdvdkwGifyif zuf'&,f

tpkd;&\ yg0ifpGufzufrIrsm; tenf;ESifh trsm; ½SdMuonfukdvnf;

awGU&onf/ tpGef;wzufwGif tbl*smNrdKUawmfukd zuf'&,ftpkd;&

vufatmufwGif csKyfudkifxm;½SdNyD; tjcm;tpGef; wzufwGifrl

uifbm&monf udk,fykdifvGwfvyfpGm pDrHcefYcGJydkifcGifh trsm;tjym;½SdNyD;

city-state [k ac:qkdonfh NrdKU jyEkdifiHuJhokdY rsm;pGmtvm; oP²mef

qifwlonf/ tjcm;zuf'&,fc½kdifrsm;\ zuf'&,ftpkd;&yg0ifrI

14

twkdif;twmrSm þEkdifiHhNrdKUawmfESpfck tMum;wGif ½Sdonf/ tbl*sm

(Abuja) ½Sd zuf'&,fNrdKUawmf e,fajr (Federal Capital Territory)

wGif jynfe,frsm;uJhokdY udk,fydkifOya'jyKEkdifcGifh r½Sday/ Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;

tpkd;&onf zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfe,fajr\ b@ma&;qkdif&m qkH;jzwf

csufrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif 0efBuD;tzGJUtpnf;wGif bwf*suf

ESifh tokH;p&dwfokH;oyfrIjyKí vnf;aumif;? National Assembly

\ b@mcGJa0vsmxm;rI vkyfief;pOfwGif vnf;aumif;? ,if;e,fajr

\ 0efBuD;cefYxm;rIwGifvnf;aumif; ADwkdtmPmokH;í twnfjyKcGifh?

y,fzsufcGifh ½Sdonf/ ,if;e,fajrtwGuf a½G;aumufcH NrdKUawmf0ef

vnf; r½Sday/ ,if;tpm; zuf'a&;½Sif;\ or®wonf zuf'&,f

uufbdeufrS tzGJU0ifwOD;udkom cefYtyfNyD; NrdKUawmfe,fajrukd

tkyfcsKyfonf/

tDoD,kd;yD;,m;NrdKUawmfjzpfaom t'pftbmbmNrdKUonf zuf'&,f

tpkd;&okdY wm0efcH&NyD; tDoD,kd;yD;,m;EkdifiH½Sd jynfe,frsm;uJhokdY

tajccHOya't& ay;tyfjy|mef;xm;onfh pDrHtkyfcsKyfykdifcGifh

(autonomy) r½Sdacs/ taMumif;rSm zuf'&,ftpkd;&\ pDrHrIatmuf

wGif ½SdaomaMumifh jzpfayonf/ udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh r&½Sday/

NrdKUawmftpkd;&onf NrdKUawmfaumifpD (Oya'jyKa&;tzGJ Y) ukd wnf

axmifykdifcGifh½SdNyD; aumifpDrS a½G;aumufxm;aom NrdKUawmf0efu Ouú|

tjzpf ,if;tzGJ YwGif OD;aqmifNyD; udk,fykdiftcGefvnf; aumufcHEkdif

aomfvnf; zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd y,fzsufekdif½kH

omru NrdKUawmftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ Yudkyg zsufodrf;Ekdifavonf/

tar&duefjynfaxmifpktajccHOya'wGif zGJ Ypnf;ykH tajccHOya'u

EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfESifh pyfvsOf;onfh vkyfykdifcGifh tmPmt&yf&yfukd uGef*&uf

vTwfawmfokdY tyfESif;xm;onf/ 1973 ckESpfwGif 'DpD (District of

Columbia) twGuf jy|mef;Oya'jyKvkyfay;cJhaom [krf;½l;tuf (the

Home Rule Act) t& a½G;aumufyGJrS wufvmaom tzGJU0if 13 OD;

15

yg0ifonfh NrdKUawmfaumifpDudk wnfaxmifekdifNyD; 'DpD (D.C.) taeESifh

a'oqkdif&m b@ma&;t& vGwfvyfpGm pDrHykdifcGifhudk tuefYtowf

ESifh cGifhjyKay;xm;onf/ 1995 wGif b@ma&; tajcrckdifrIaMumifh

NrdKUawmfwGif a<u;NrDrsm; wifusefaomtcg zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf 'DpD

\ b@ma&;qkdif&m pDrHcefYcGJrItm;vkH;ukd vTJajymif;,lvkdufNyD; vGwf

vyfaom b@ma&;t&m½SdcsKyf½kH; Chief Financial Officer (COF)

ukd wnfaxmifcJhonf/

ruúqDukdEkdifiH\ zuf'&,fc½kdifudk 1824 ckESpf zGJ Ypnf;ykHtajccHOya'

t& wnfaxmifcJhonf/ zuf'&,fc½kdifudk 4if;\ yx0Dtaetxm;?

vlrIa&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m 0daoo vu©Pm&yfrsm;tay: rlwnf

í EkdifiHa&;-tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m tykdif; (16) ck cGJjcm;xm;cJhonf/

tajccHOya't& or®w½kH; (okdYr[kwf) ruúqDudk uGef*&uf

vTwfawmfukd NrdKUawmf\ udpöt00ESifh pyfvsOf;í qkH;jzwfcsufcsEkdif

onfh tcGifhtmPmay;xm;onf/ zuf'&,fc½kdifonf udk,fykdif

zGJ Ypnf;ykH Oya'r½SdbJ ruúqDudk uGef*&ufvTwfawmfu owfrSwf

jy|mef;ay;xm;onfh tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m y#dÚmOfESifhtnD tkyfcsKyfpDrH

cefYcGJ&onf/ ruúqDukd or®wu vkHNcHKa&;qkdif&mtwGif; 0ef½kH;t&m½Sd

rsm;ESifh a½SUae½kH; 0efxrf;rsm;ukd wkduf½kdufcefYtyfonfjzpf&m þonf

uyif zuf'&,fNrdKUawmf\ uefYowfay;xm;aom ukd,fykdifvGwfvyf

pGm pDrHykdifcGifhukd xif[yfaponfh om"uw&yfjzpfayonf/

tdE´d,EkdifiHwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u EkdifiHhNrdKUawmftay: vTrf;rkd;

csKyfukdifrI ½Sdonf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf 4if;onf &Jvkyfief;?

vkHNcHKa&;ESifh ajrae&mcsxm;a&;[laom ykHrSefjrLeDpy,fwm0efrsm;ukd

aqmif½Guf&jcif;aMumifh jzpfayonf/ xkdjhyif a'vD½Sd zuf'&,f

c½kdifykHpHwGif ekdifiHhNrdKUawmf 'DpBwdwftpkd;&tjyif jrLeDpy,fESpf&yfESifh

wyftkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m bkwftzGJUwkdY yg0ifaejcif;aMumifh þpmwrf;

u avhvmaom tjcm;zuf'&,fc½kdifrsm;xuf ydkrkd½IyfaxG;onf/

16

pDrHudef;ESifh zGGH YNzdK;wkd;wufa&;qkdif&m wm0efrsm;? vrf;rsm;ESifh tjcm;

ajrmufjrm;pGmaom 0efaqmifrIrsm;onf ,if;tpkd;&,lepfrsm;tMum;

a&m,Suf½IyfaxG;vsuf ½Sdonf/vkyfief;rsm; xkdokdY xyfaejcif;

onf ESpfxyfausmhaqmif½Gufrdjcif;? vpf[mjcif;rsm; jzpfay:apNyD;

rnfonfh vkyfief;rsm;ukd rnfolu wm0ef,lvkyfaqmifaeonfukd

jynfolvlxktaeESifh od½Sdem;vnf&ef cufcJaponf/

MopaMw;vsNrdKUawmfe,fajr Austaralian Capital Territory (ACT)

onf yrmPtm;jzifh usk,fus,fjyefYjyefY udk,fykdifvGwfvyfpGm pDrH

tkyfcsKyfcGifh½Sdonfh zuf'&,fe,fy,fwck jzpfonf/ 4if;\ vkyfydkif

cGifhrsm;? wm0efrsm;rSm 1988 ckESpf MopaMw;vsNrdKUawmfe,fajr

(ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh) tufOya' Australian Capital Territory

(self-government act) t& ay:ayguf&jcif; jzpfonf/ zuf'&,f

tpkd;&onf ACT twGuf Oya'jyKykdifcGifhukd &,lxm;NyD; NrdKUawmf

pDrHudef;rsm; aqmif½Guf&mwGif Oya'jyKcGifhtmPmukd okH;pGJcJhonf/

zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh ACT u jy|mef;xm;aom Oya'rsm;ukd y,f

zsufEkdifcGifh½Sdaomfvnf; ,if;okdY jyKrlaqmif½GufcJygonf/ zuf'&,f

tpkd;&onf NrdKUawmfe,fajr½Sd ajrukd ykdifqkdifNyD; Oya't& "eo[m,

u tokH;jyKaom? odkYr[kwf "eo[m, udk,fpm; okH;pGJaom ajrukd

"eo[m,tzGJ Yu pDrH&rnf[k jy|mef;azmfjyygonf/

zuf'&,fc½kdifykHpH\ csKdU,Gif;csufwckrSm 'Drkdua&pDtajccHrlrsm;ukd

paw;aumif; paw;&EkdifzG,f½Sdonfh qkd;usKd;jzpfonf/ EkdifiHhNrdKUawmf

trsm;pkwGif EkdifiHom;rsm;u NrdKUawmf0efESifh aumifpD0ifrsm;ukd

a½G;cs,faomfvnf; ,if;okdY tNrJjzpfonf? a½G;cs,fEkdifonf r[kwf

yg/ e,l;a'vDwGif zuf'&,ftpdk;&taeESifh jynfolvlxk a½G;aumuf

wifajr§mufEkdifonfh NrdKUawmftkyfcsKyfa&;tqifhESpf&yfudk pDrHay;xm;

onfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfonf/ ,if;tqifhESpf&yfrSm jynfaxmifpk

e,fajrtqifh Oya'jyKtzGJ YESifh jrLeDpy,ftqifh a½G;aumufwif

17

ajr§mufjcif;wkdYyif jzpfayonf/ ruúqDukdEkdifiHwGif zuf'&,fc½kdif

tpkd;&\ tBuD;tuJukd a½G;aumufyJGjzifh a½G;aumufwifajr§mufaomf

vnf; txufwGif azmfjycJhonfhtwkdif; or®wu tcsKdUaom

jynfolYa&;&mtrIxrf;? t&mxrf;rsm;ukd cefYtyfjcif;jzpfonf/ a'o

a½G;aumufyGJu wufvmonfh NrdKUawmf0efrsm;? aumifpDrsm;ESifh pyf

vsOf;í jcGif;csufrsm;vnf; ½Sdygonf/ zuf'&,fc½dkifrsm;½Sd NrdKUawmf

rsm;rSm pepfwus pDrHxm;aom NrdKUopfrsm;tjzpfu pcJhMujcif;

jzpf&m tapmykdif;umvwGif aexkdifol tenf;i,fom ½SdNyD; ,if;

aMumifhyif ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf owfrSwfjy|mef; csufrsm;

r½Sdwwfay/

NrdKUawmftrsm;pkwGif NrdKUawmfaejynfolrsm;ukd wEkdifiHvkH; twkdif;

twmOya'jyKa&;vTwfawmfwGif ukd,fpm;jyKjcif; cH&ygonf/ odom

xif½Sm;aom >cif;csufwckrSm 0g½Sifwef'DpDwGif aexkdifolrsm;onf

jynfe,frsm;wGif aexkdifolrsm;uhJokdY rJay;cGifhESifh Oya'jyKa&;u@

wGif ukd,fpm;jyKcHykdifcGifh r&½Sday/ t"dutm;jzifh 'DpDwGif aexkdifol

rsm;onf qD;edwfwGif (,if;wkdYtwGuf) udk,fpm;jyKay;ol udk,fpm;vS,f

r½SdbJ atmufvTwfawmfwGifvnf; rJay;ydkifcGifhr½Sdonfh udk,fpm;vS,f

wOD;om &½Sdonf/ 4

'DpDaejynfolrsm;onf 1961 ckESpfrS píom

or®wa½G;aumufyGJwGif rJay;ykdifcGifh ½SdMuonf/

4 okdY&mwGif 'DpDtaeESifh ,if;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh jynfe,ftjzpftwGuf

ukd,fpm;jyK ta&;qkday;Ekdif&ef qD;edwfvTwfawmftwGuf ESpfOD;ESifh atmuf

vTwfawmftwGuf udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;ukd shadow taeESifh a½G;aumufwifajr§muf

onf/ þ&mxl;ae&mrsm; ukd tar&duefjynfaxmifpk uGef*&ufvTwfawmfu

w&m;0iftwnfrjyKacs/ xkdYjyif vuf½Sdtajctaeü uGef*&ufvTwfawmfokdY

wifoGif;xm;aom Oya'Murf;w&yf½SdNyD; ,if;Oya'Murf;twnfjzpfvQif 'DpD

a'otwGuf rJay;ydkifcGifh½Sdaom atmufvTwfawmf trwfwOD; &½Sdrnf jzpfonf/

18

tcskKyftm;jzifh zuf'&,fc½kdifrsm;rSm A[kdtpkd;&\ zefwD;rIrsm; jzpf

onf/ 4if;wkdYonf jynfe,frsm;\ vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmjyifywGif ½SdNyD;

4if;wkdYonf a'oESifh jynfe,frsm; aqmif½Gufvkyfaqmifonfh wm0ef

rsm;ukd vkyfaqmifwm0ef,l&onf/ jynfe,frsm;ESifh zuf'&,fc½kdif

rsm; vkyfykdifcGifhtm;jzifh wlnDonfh yrmPrSmvnf; zuf'&,fNrdKUawmf

rsm;tvkduf uGmjcm;csufrsm; ½Sdonf/

NrdKUjyjynfe,f (City-State)

NrdKU jyjynfe,frsm;onf zuf'&,fEkdifiH\ NrdKU BuD;rsm;vnf; jzpfí

wNydKifeuf wnf;rSmyif jynfe,f (Oyrm jynfe,f okdYr[kwf province

okdYr[kwf canton) vnf; jzpfaom tajctaeudk qkdvkdjcif; jzpfonf/

2009 ckESpfavhvmcsuft& NrdKUjyjynfe,fjzpfaom bmvifESifh

b&yfqJvf 5

NrdKUawmfESpfckukdk zkd&rfu *½kjyKavhvmcJhonf/ NrdKU jy

jynfe,frsm;onf zuf'&,fc½kdifrsm;ESifh rwlnDbJ a'oESifh jynfe,f

wm0efrsm;ukd aygif;pnf;xm;NyD; 4if;wkdY\ jynfe,ftaeESifh aqmif

½Gufonfh vkyfief;rsm;wGif uefYowfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;ukd rBuHKawGU&

ay/ 6 þykHpHwGif EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfaeolrsm;onf EkdifiHtwGif; tjcm;NrdKU jy

5 b&yfqJvfrSm b,fvf*sD,efzuf'a&;½Sif;\ NrdKUawmfjzpfovkd? b&yfqJvf

NrdKUawmfa'o? jyifopfuGefjrLewD? zvJrpf½SfuGefjrLewDESifh Oa&myor*¾wkdY\

NrdKUawmfvnf; jzpfonf/

6 NrdKU jyjynfe,frsm;rSm NrdKUawmfrsm;twGufom oD;jcm;r[kwfyg/ Oyrmtm;jzifh

*smreD EkdifiHwGif [rf;bmh*fESifh b&Dref;wkdYrSm NrdKU jyjynfe,frsm; jzpfMuygonf/

zuf'&,fEkdifiHtcsKdUwGif NrdKUawmfr[kwfonfh zuf'&,fNrdKU BuD;rsm; ½Sdwwfygonf/

Oyrm &yf½Sm;EkdifiHwGif pdefYyDwmpbwfESifh tDoD,kd;yD;,m;wGif [m&mNrdKUawmfwkdY

jzpfMuygonf/ ,if;NrdKU BuDrsm;rSm orkdif;aMumif;t& okdYr[kwf pD;yGm;a&;t&

wEkdifiHvkH;twGuf ta&;ygonf[k A[kdtpkd;&rsm;u todtrSwfjyKjcif; cHMu&ygonf/

19

rsm;½Sd EkdifiHom;rsm;ESifh wef;wl 'Drkdua&pD tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh txl;

tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd &½SdMuonf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf NrdKU jyjynfe,f

wcktay: zuf'&,fc½kdifavmuf jynfe,frsm;½Sd NrdKUtjzpf½Sdaom

NrdKUawmfrsm;avmuf vTrf;rkd;rI? csKyfukdifrI r½SdEkdifay/

okdYaomf b&yfqJvfNrdKUonf 4if;\ ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfrItwGuf

uefYowfcsufokH;ckukd &ifqkdif&onf/ yxrtcsufrSm zuf'&,f\

tjcm;a'orsm;uJhokdY tajccHOya't& ay;tyfxm;aom udk,fykdif

tkyfcsKyfrIukd wef;wl rcHpm;&ay/ (qkdvkdonfrSm tjcm;jynfe,frsm;

u ,if;wkdY\ tifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm;ukd a'ovkdtyfcsufESifh udkufnD

atmif jyifqifEkdifaomfvnf; b&yfqJvfrSmrjyifqifEkdifay/)7 'kwd,

tcsufrSm Oya'jyK&mwGif zuf'&,ftmPmykdifrsm;u BudKwifokH;oyf

xdef;csKyfjcif;cH&NyD; ,if;Oya'rsm; twnfjzpfoGm;onfhtcgwGif

vnf; zuf'&,ftpkd;&u Oya'okH;oyfrIrsm; jyefvnfjyKvkyfEkdif

onfh xkH;"avh½Sdaejcif;yif jzpfonf/ wwd,tcsufrSm zuf'&,f

tpkd;&onf b&yfqJvftaeESifh ,if;\ EkdifiHwumNrdKU BuD;tjzpfESifh

NrdKUawmftjzpf aumuf,lazmfjyonfh trdefY? Oya' rnfonfukdrqkd

y,fzsufEkdifjcif;yif jzpfonf/ odkYaomf þxdef;csKyfrIrsm;ukd tajctae

trsKd;rsKd;jzifh taotcsmuefYowfxm;NyD; trSefwu,ftokH;rjyK

vSay/ wenf;qkdaomf b&yfqJvf tay: zuf'&,fxdef;csKyfrIonf

trSwftom; o½kyfoabmaqmif½kHrQom jzpfonf/

NrdKUjyjynfe,frsm;onf tjcm;NrdKUrsm;xuf vkyfykdifcGifhwm0efrsm;ESifh

tcGefaiGaumufcHEkdifpGrf; ydkrkdaomfvnf; tjcm;NrdKUrsm; &ifqkdif&aom

tcGefjyóemrsm;rS uif;vGwfonf[k wxpfcs rqkdEkdifacs/ NrdKUjy

7 Brussels Capital Region ½Sd tifpwD;usL;½Sif;rsm;ukd ygvDrefwGif rJcGJqkH;jzwfNyD;

zGJUpnf;ykHqkdif&m oD;jcm;tufOya't&om jyifqifajymif;vJEkdifygonf/

20

jynfe,frsm;onf EkdifiHtwGif;½Sd tjcm;jynfe,frsm;xuf ykdrkdao;i,f

aomaMumifh NrdKUaevlOD;a&wkd;yGm;vmrIonf 4if;\ e,fy,frsm;ukd

ausmfvGefNyD; tjcm;jynfe,frsm;ukd 0ifa&mufwwfonfjzpf&m

jynfe,ftcsif;csif;Mum; BuD;rm;vmaom NrdKUjyjynfe,f e,fy,fESifh

ywfoufí tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m jzpfwwfavonf/ (zuf'&,fc½kdifrsm;

wGifvnf; þenf;ESifESifyif jzpfwwfonf/) atmufwGif þudpöukd

tus,fxyfrH aqG;aEG;ygOD;rnf/ þudpö&yfrSm zuf'&,ftpkd;&

0efxrf; (yk*¾vdu 0efxrf;rsm;? wuúokdvfrsm;? avmfbDtkyfpkrsm;ESifh

tjcm;tkyfpkrsm;) trsm;tjym; aexkdifaom NrdKUawmfrsm;wGif ,if;

0efxrf;rsm;onf NrdKUawmfokdY vma&muftvkyfvkyfMuaomfvnf;

NrdKUawmfwGif; aexkdifjcif; r½SdbJ NrdKUawmf tpGeftzsm;a'orsm;wGif

aexkdifMuNyD; olwkdY tcGefay;aqmifjcif;r½Sdonfh NrdKUawmf\ 0efaqmifrI

rsm;ukd okH;pGJMuonfhtcg txl;ta&;BuD;onfh udpöjzpfygonf/

jynfe,f½Sd NrdKUBuD;tjzpfESifh NrdKUawmf

þavhvmrIt& NrdKUawmfonf jynfe,f okdYr[kwf canton wGif;½Sd

NrdKUBuD;wckjzpfNyD; tjcm;txl;tqifhtwef; wpkHw&m &½SdcHpm;&jcif;

r½Sdonfh NrdKUawmf½Sdonfh zuf'&,fEkdifiH tenf;qkH; okH;EkdifiH½Sdonf

ukd awGU&onf/ (uae'gEkdifiH\ NrdKUawmf atmhw0g? qGpfZmvef

EkdifiH\ NrdKUawmf bef; 8 ESifh awmiftmz&duEkdifiHwGif y&ufwkd;&D;,m;

Pretoria/Tshwane ESifh auhyfawmif; Capetown NrdKUawmf)/ þykHpH

wGif NrdKUawmfonf tjcm;jynfe,f½Sd NrdKU BuD;rsm;\ tqifhtwef;ESifh

wlnDNyD; wlnDaom vkyfief;rsm;ukd jynfe,fNrdKUBuD;rsm; enf;wl vkyf

aqmif&onf/ tjcm;ykHpHESpfrsKd;ESifh rwlnDrlrSm þykHpHwGif jynfe,f

tpkd;&onf NrdKUawmf\ jrLeDpy,fudpö&yfrsm;ukd zuf'&,ftpkd;&xuf

ykdrkdxdef;csKyfEkdifjcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrm bef;wGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf

8 bef;rSm EkdifiH\ NrdKUawmfjzpfovkd jynfe,fNrdKUawmfvnf; jzpfygonf/

21

NrdKUawmfrS csrSwfaom EkdifiHa&; qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufyg0if

jcif;r½SdbJ zuf'&,fESifh a'oqufoG,faqmif½GufrItm;vkH;ukd

jynfe,f (uefwef) u wqifh jyKvkyf&jcif;rsKd; jzpfonf/ atmhw0g

wGifvnf; xkdenf;twkdif;yif jzpfonf/

atmhw0gwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u owfrSwfjy|mef;xm;onfh

trsKd;om; NrdKUawmfe,fajr National Capital Region NCR wGif

atmhw0g (w&m;0ifNrdKUawmf)ESifh *gwifEl; (Gatineau) wkdY yg0if

onf/ atmhw0gonf tGefw&D,kdjynfe,fwGif wnf½SdNyD; *gwifEl;

onf uGDbufjynfe,ftwGif; wnf½Sdonf/ NCR wnf½SdrIonf

xkdjynfe,fESpfck½Sd jrLeDpy,frsm;ukd b@ma&;qkdif&m uGyfuJpDrHykdifcGifh

tay: wpkHw&m oufa&mufrI r½Sdacs/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf EkdifiHh

NrdKUawmfpDrHudef;rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í vTrf;rkd;yg0ifEkdif&ef trsKd;om;

NrdKUawmfaumfr½Sif (National Capital Commission) ukd zGJUpnf;xm;

½Sdonf/ NCC onf zuf'&,fykdif ajrae&mrsm;? ykdifqkdifrIrsm;ESifh pyf

vsOf;í pDrHcefYcGJykdifcGifh½Sdonfh zuf'&,f at*sifpDw&yf jzpfygonf/

okdYaomf jynfe,frsm;ESifh a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfpDrHykdifcGifhatmuf½Sd ajr,m

rsm;ukd pDrHykdifcGifhrSm jynfe,frsm;ESifh a'oEÅ&rsm;\ vufatmufwGif

yif ½Sdayonf/ tpdrf;a&mifcg;ywfuJhokdY zuf'&,ftpkd;&\ ajr

ykdifqkdifrIu ,if;NrdKUrsm;½Sd ajrae&mrsm;ukd zuf'&,ftpkd;&tkyfcsKyfrI

vufatmufwGif qufvufwnf½Sdap&ef tmrcHcsufay;avonf/

jynfe,ftwGif; wnf½Sdonfh EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfrsm;wGifyifvQif zuf'&,f

tpkd;&? jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;ESifh jrLeDpy,ftpkd;&rsm;tMum; tvGwf

oabmqufqHa&; ,EÅ&m;rsm; wnf½Sdonf/ Oyrm - bef;NrdKUawmf

wGif zuf'&,f? uefwef (jynfe,f) tpkd;&ESifh NrdKUawmftpkd;&rsm;

tMum; udpö&yfrsm;ukd n§dEIdif;aqG;aEG;&ef ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; jyKvkyfonfh

tpnf;ta0;w&yf½Sdonf/ okdYaomf ,if;tpnf;ta0;wGif tpkd;&

tqifhtoD;oD;u vkdufemap&rnfh rl0g'qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf

22

avh r½Sday/ zuf'&,f? uefwef (jynfe,ftqifh) ESifh NrdKUtkyfcsKyfa&;

qkdif&m trIxrf;? t&mxrf;rsm;tMum; rdrdwkdY oufqkdif&m u@&yf

rsm;tvkduf vkHNcHKa&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIydkif;qkdif&m pDrHaqmif½Gufjcif;

wkdYukd tqifhokH;qifhtMum; yl;aygif;n§dEIdif;aqmif½GufEkdif&ef tvkyf

oabmtqifh aqG;aEG;n§dEIdif;a&; tpDtrHrsm;vnf; ½Sdygonf/

aygif;pyfn§dEIdif;aqmif½Gufa&;twGuf tvGwfoabm vkyfxkH;vkyf

enf;rsm;tjyif zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf (atmhw0guJhokdY) NrdKUawmf

qkdif&m aumfr½Sifrsm; zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifjcif; (NrdKUawmfrsm;ESifh pyf

vsOf;í)? zuf'&,ftpdk;&\ tokH;p&dwf okH;pGJykdifcGifhrsm;ESifh zuf'&,f

ajr,mydkifqkdifrIwkdYjzifh 0ifa&mufvTrf;rkd;Ekdifayonf/ awmiftmz&du

EkdifiHwGif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;\ vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmrsm;ukd zGJUpnf;ykH

tajccHOya'wGifyif azmfjytyfESif;xm;aomfvnf; A[kdtpkd;&u

a'oEÅ&vkyfydkifcGifh tmPmrsm;ukd xdef;n§donfukd awGU&rnf jzpf

onf/ xkdYjyif atmhw0gESifh bef;rSmuJhokdY r[kwfbJ ,if;A[kdtpkd;&

onf EkdifiHwGif;½Sd tjcm;NrdKUBuD;rsm;enf;wl auhyfawmif;ESifh ½S0kdif;

(y&ufwdk;&D;,m;) wkdYokdY tpkd;&Mum;vTJajymif;ay;tyfrI trsm;tjym;

ukd axmufyHHhay;tyfvsuf ½Sdonfukd awGU&rnf jzpfygonf/ awmif

tmz&duEkdifiHwGif jynfe,frsm;taeESifh a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;ukd ay;tyf

vTJajymif;Ekdifonfh &efykHaiG r½Sdoavmufyif jzpfNyD; (aiGaMu;taxmuf

tyHhudk A[kdu ay;tyfonf jzpf&m) ,if;wkdY e,ferdwftwGif;½Sd

NrdKUawmfrsm;\ rl0g'rsm;ESifh pDrHcefYcGJrIqkdif&m udpö&yfrsm;wGif MoZm

vTrf;rkd;rI r½Sdoavmufyif jzpfacsonf/

A[kdESifh a'ovkdvm;csufrsm;tMum; ay:aygufwwfonfh y#dyu©

ESifh pyfvsOf;í Munfh½IrnfqkdvQif þykHpHwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u ,if;

\ NrdKUawmftay: wkduf½kdufxdef;csKyfuGyfuJEkdifrIudk tjyif;txef

uefYowfxm;onfukd awGU&rnf jzpfonf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&tae

ESifh wEkdifiHvkH;tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd a½SU½Ií NrdKUawmfa&;&mrsm;ESifh ywf

23

oufonfh pDrHcefYcGJcGifhukd (þykHpHwGif) zGJUpnf;ykHtm;jzifh cGifhrjyKacs/

,if;okdY cGifhrjyKjcif;aMumifh zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh jynfe,f

okdYr[kwf a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;\ tcsKdUaom rl0g'e,fy,frsm; (Oyrm

- o,f,lykdYaqmifa&;? vkHNcHKa&;? pDrHudef;ESifh ZkefowfrSwfjcif; udpö

rsm;) wGif yg0ifywfoufjcif;rjyKEkdif jzpf&acsonf/ tcsKdUudpörsm;

wGifrl zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf pDrHudef;qkdif&m udpö&yfrsm;ukd pDrH

cefYcGJjcif; rjyKvkyfEkdifovkd? ,if;\ taqmuftOD;rsm;\ wnfae&m

ESifh pyfvsOf;íyif 0ifa&mufpDrHcefYcGJjcif; rjyKEkdkifacs/ jrLeDpy,ftpkd;&

xHrS cGifhjyKcsufukd awmif;cH&ef vkdtyfayonf/ xkdYjyif NrdKUawmfukd

rnfokdYrnfykH pDrHcefYcGJrnfqkdonfh udpö&yfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;ívnf;

zuf'&,ftpkd;&wGif vkyfykdifcGifh tcef;u@ wpkHw&m r½Sdacs/

Oyrmtm;jzifh atmhw0gwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf jynfe,frsm;tae

ESifh a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;ESifh atmufajctqifhrsm;ukd wqifhwnf;

tjzpf aygif;pnf;&ef 2001 wGif jynfe,frsm;u qkH;jzwfcsufudk yg0if

ywfoufcGifh r½SdcJhacs/ 2002 wGif *gwifEl;ukd ,if;okdY aygif;pnf;

&ef qkH;jzwfcsufudkvnf; yg0ifywfoufEkdifjcif; r½Sdacs/ awmif

tmz&duwGif jrLeDpy,fe,fedrdwfrsm;ukd jrLeDpy,fe,fedrdwf ykdif;jcm;

a&; bkwftzGJUu qkH;jzwfonf/ 9

jynfe,f½Sd NrdKU BuD;rsm;ukd NrdKUawmftjzpf xm;½Sdonfh ykHpHonf

zuf'&,fc½kdif ykHpHESifh pmvQif zuf'&,fMum;0ifrI avsmhenf;aomf

vnf; olwkdYonf EkdifiHHHhNrdKUawmftjzpf wnfaqmufEkdif&ef vkdtyfaom

vkyfief;rsm;twGuf avmufiSaom aiGaMu;axmufyHhrIESifh todtrSwf

9 þbkwftzGJUrSm oD;jcm;vGwfvyfonfh tmPmykdiftzGJUtpnf;w&yfjzpfNyD;

jrLeDpy,f e,ferdwfrsm; ykdif;jcm;owfrSwfjcif;tjyif c½kdifpDrHcefYcGJa&;e,fy,f

rsm; owfrSwfjcif;? a'oa½G;aumufyGJrsm;twGuf tuGufrsm; owfrSwfjcif;

ESifh jrLeDpy,frsm;\ pGrf;aqmif&nfukd tuJjzwfwkdif;wmjcif;ukdyg aqmif½Guf

onf/ bkwftzGJU0ifrsm;ukd or®wu cefYtyfNyD; ig;ESpfoufwrf;jzpfonf/

24

jyKrIukd r&½Sd[k ,if;NrdKUawmfrsm;u tNrJwap apm'uwufMuay

onf/ 4if;wkdY\ aiGaMu;axmufyhhHrIonf zuf'&,ftpkd;&xuf

jynfe,ftpkd;&ay:wGif ydkrkdrlwnfonf/

EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfESifh pyfvsOf;onfh zuf'&,ftpkd;&rl0g'

EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfESifh pyfvsOf;onfh zuf'&,ftpkd;&rl0g'onf zuf'&,f

tpkd;&ESifh a'oEÅ&a½G;aumufwifajr§mufcH tmPmykdifrsm;tMum;

qufqHa&;tay: ta&;ygaom tusKd;oufa&mufrI ½Sdonf/ xkd

rl0g'rsm;onf a'oEÅ&tmPmydkifrsm;tay: bwf*sufxdef;csKyfrI

yrmP? EkkdifiHhNrdKUawmfESifh 0ef;usif½Sd ajrtokH;jyKrI pDrHudef;rsm;wGif

zuf'&,ftpkd;&\ tcef;u@? NrdKUawmftwGif;½Sd zuf'&,ftifpwD

usL;½Sif;rsm; ponfh udpö&yfrsm;wGif txl;xif½Sm;pGm awG YEkdifygonf/

bwf*suftm;jzifh zuf'&,fc½kdifrsm;onf zuf'&,ftpkd;&rS cGifhjyKaom

bwf*sufukd &½Sdonf/ (Oyrm - tbl*sm? a'vD? ruúqDukdpD;wD;)/

,if;okdY a'oEÅ&bwf*sufukd zuf'&,ftpkd;& cGifhjyKcsufjzifh &½Sdjcif;rSm

pifppf ,if;NrdKUawmfrsm;\ a'oEÅ& b@ma&;qkdif&m vGwfvGwf

vyfvyf pDrHykdifcGifhukd avsmhusapygonf/ 0g½Sifwef'DpDwGif zuf'&,f

tpkd;&onf vGwfvyfaom aiGaMu;qkdif&m t&m½SdwpfOD;ukd cefYtyf

xm;onf/ qkdvkdonfrSm NrdKUawmfbwf*sufudpö&yfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;

vmvQif tkyfcsKyfa&; u@ESifh oD;jcm; jzpfap&ef &nf½G,fjcif;

jzpfygonf/

pDrHudef;ESifh ywfoufí 0g½Sifwef'DpD½Sd A[kdtpkd;&NrdKUawmf pDrHudef;

aumfr½Sif National Capital Planning Commision (NCPC) onf EkdifiHh

NrdKUawmfa'o National Capital Region (0g½Sifwef 'DpD? ar&Dvef;ESifh

Am*sD;eD;,m; teD;w0kduf qifajczkH;a'orsm;) wGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&ykdif

ajrESifh taqmuftOD;rsm;ukd t"du pDrHcefYcGJonfh at*sifpD jzpfonf/

25

NCPC onf ajr,mpDrHudef;ESifh ywfoufvmvQif zuf'&,ftpkd;&\

tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd udk,fpm;jyKonf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf trdajrvkHNcHK

a&; vkdtyfcsuft& 0g½Sifwef NrdKUawmf pDrHudef; {&d,mrsm;ukd wkd;csJU

cJhonf/ 10

atmhw0gwGif A[kdtpkd;& NrdKUawmfaumfr½Sif National

Capital Commision u tGefw&D,kdESifh uGDbufe,fpyf½Sd trsKd;om;

NrdKUawmfe,fajrwGif;rS zuf'&,fykdif ajrrsm;ESifh tjcm;taqmuftOD;

rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh jynfolYa&;&m tpDtrHcsxm;jcif;ESifh ajr,m

tokH;jyKrI pDrHudef;rsm; csxm;jcif;udk aqmif½Gufonf/ ajr,m tokH;jyK

pDrHudef;rsm;wGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&yg0ifrIonf a'oEÅ&ESifh jynfe,f\

OD;pm;ay;vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh wcgw&H y#dyu©jzpfaponf/

EkdifiHtcsKdU½Sd zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf Oya'jyKa&;tzGJ Yudk EkdifiHhNrdKUawmf

wGif xm;½SdMuaomfvnf; tjcm;zuf'&,ftifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm;ukd

A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmhcsonfhtaeESifh EkdifiHtESHYtjym;wGif wnf½Sdap

onf/ Oyrm - Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;? qGpfZmvef? uae'gwkdYwGif

zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf A[kdtqifh tifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm;ukd A[kdcsKyf

ukdifrI avQmhcs&ef tom;ay;onfh rl0g' xm;½Sdonf/ Edkif*sD;&D;,m;

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27

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28

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29

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30

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32

Further Reading

Bird, Richard M., and Enid Slack. 2004. International Handbook

on Land and Property Taxation.

Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Inc.

Campbell, Scott. 2003. “The Enduring Importance of National

Capital Cities in the Global Era.” Urban

and Regional Research Collaborative, University of Michigan

Working Paper Series, URRC 03-08.

Paquet, Gilles. 1993. “Commentary: Capital Cities as Symbolic

Resources.” In Taylor, J., J.G. Lengellé,

and C. Andrew. Eds. 1993. Capital Cities: International

Perspectives. Ottawa: Carleton University Press.

Rowat, Donald,C. 1993. “Ways of Governing Federal Capitals.”

In Taylor, J., J.G. Lengellé, and C.

Andrew. Eds. 1993. Capital Cities: International Perspectives.

Ottawa: Carleton University Press.

Slack, Enid and Rupak Chattopadhyay. Eds. Finance and

Governance of Capital Cities in Federal

Systems (Montreal: McGill Queens University Press, 2009)

33

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rsm; ½Sdonf/ trsm;pk a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;rSm vlOD;a& tenf;i,f

ukdom wm0ef,lpDrHaqmif½Gufjcif; jzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh pydefESifh

awmiftmz&du ESpfEkdifiHvkH;onf vlOD;a& 44 oef; wlnDpGm ½Sdaomf

vnf; pydefEkdifiHwGif jrLeDpy,f (8108) zGJU½Sdí awmiftmz&duwGifrl

284 zGJUom½Sdonf/ ao;i,fonfh jrLeDpy,faygif;rsm;pGm wnf½Sd

onfjzpf&m tcsKdUrSmrl aiGaMu;t& jynfhpkHrI r½SdMuay/ okdYjzpf&m

aygif;pyfzGJUpnf;rIudpö (amalgamation) rSm A[kdtpkd;& t*sif'gxJ

wGif yg0ifaeonfrSmvnf; tHhMop&m r½Sdacs/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHr[kwf

aom tif'kdeD;½Sm;uJhokdYaom EkdifiHrsm;wGifrl a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm; wkd;yGm;

vmrIonf a'o\ zGH YNzdK;wkd;wufrIukd t[efYtwm; jzpfaponf

[k xifjrifvsuf ½Sdonf/ okdYaomf jrLeDpy,ftzGJUukd tajccHOya'

t& umuG,fay;xm;aom MopBwD;,m;EkdifiHwGifrl ao;i,faom

jrLeDpy,frsm;ukd EkdifiHa&;t& ykdrdkvdkvm;Muygvdrfhrnf/ jrLeDpy,f

rsm;pGm½Sdjcif;uvnf; jrLeDpy,fwckESifh wck\ rwluGJjym;jcm;em;rI

ukd zkH;uG,fxm;ovkd jzpfwwfonf/ Oyrm tcsKdUrufx½kdydkvDwef

jrLeDpy,ftzGJUrsm;rSm vloef;aygif;rsm;pGm ½SdNyD; tcsKdUaus;vufa'o

a'oEÅ& jrLeDpy,frsm;rSm vlOD;a&waxmifatmuf avsmhenf;onf

yif ½Sdwwfayonf/

jrLeDpy,ft½G,ftpm;onfvnf; wcgw&H ta&;ygwwfayonf/

BuD;rm;aom NrdKU jyjrLeDpy,frsm;onf aiGaMu;t& udk,fhtm;ukd,fudk;

Ekdifonf/ a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ukd tajccHOya't& todtrSwfjyKrIr½Sd

aom EkdifiHrsm; (Oyrm - uae'g) wGifyifvQif BuD;rm;aom NrdK Yjy

jrLeDpy,frsm;\ toHukd tpkd;&u todtrSwfjyK&onf/ qGpfZmvef?

MopaMw;vs ponfhEkdifiHrsm;wGif ao;i,faom jrLeDpy,frsm;rSm aiG

a&;aMu;a&;t& tqifajypGm &yfwnfEkdif&ef tcsif;csif; yl;aygif;aqmif

½GufaeMu&ayonf/ 1990 ckESpfrsm;wGif uae'gEkdifiHwGifNrdKU jy

35

ESifh qifajczkH; jrLeDpy,frsm;twGuf aygif;pnf;jcif; (amalgamation)

onf vkyf½kd;vkyfxkH;w&yf jzpfvmonf/

zkd&rf\ a'oEÅ&tpkd;&avhvmcsufppfwrf;wGif tawG Y&trsm;qkH;

a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ykHpHrSm taxGaxG jrLeDpy,f vkyfief;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrI

tcsKdUay;aom a,bk,sqefonfh jrLeDpy,fykHpH jzpfygonf/ ,if;

okdYaom a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;ukd trsm;pk awGU&ovkd ausmif;pDrHcefYcGJ

onfh c½kdife,frsm; (school districts)? a&pDrHrIqkdif&m udpörsm;ukd

wm0ef,laqmif½Gufonfh water authorities ESifh o,f,lykdYaqmifa&;

vkyfiefrsm;ukd wm0ef,lvkyfaqmif&onfh transport authorities

ponfh a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ykHpHuGJrsm;ukdvnf; awGU&onf/ ,if;okdYaom

a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ykHpHuGJrsm;ukd txl;ojzifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpk

wGif trsm;tjym;awG Y&onf/

EkdifiHtrsm;pkwGif wlnDrIrSm jrLeDpy,ftqifhqifh ½Sdjcif;yif jzpfonf/

yxrtqifh jrLeDpy,frsm; (primary municipalities) u c½kdife,f

okdYr[kwf aumifpDqkdif&m udpö&yfrsm;ukd vkyfaqmifcGifh tmPm½SdNyD;

,if;wkdYu vkyfief;udpörsm;ukd n§dEIdif;ay;jcif;ESifh bulk services rsm;

aqmif½Gufay;onf/ okdYaomf awmiftmz&du Oyrmt& vkyfaqmif

cGifh tmPmrsm; yl;aygif;aqmif½GufpDrHjcif;onf jyóem½SdEkdifonf/

tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif txl;ojzifh awG Y&NyD; tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;

wGifvnf; tawG Yrsm;vmaom a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ykHpHw&yfrSm gated

communities [k ac:qkdonfh vlaetdrfrsm;? NcHrsm;ukd pkpnf;wHwkdif;

um&Hxm;NyD; ,if;tdrf&mtwGif;½Sd vrf;rrsm;? oefY½Sif;a&;? vkHNcHKa&;?

trIdufypfa&;ESifh yef;NcHrsm; pDrHa&;ponfh jrLeDpy,fvkyfief;rsm;ukd

ukd,fykdifvkyfukdifonfh ykHpHrsKd; jzpfonf/ þykHpHu a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;\

wnfNidrfrIESifh xda&mufrIukd pdefac:vmNyD jzpfonf/

a'oEÅ& tpkd;&rsm;\ Oya'aMumif;t& wnf½SdrIrSmvnf; jynfe,f

36

rsm;u a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;\ wnf½SdrIukd jy|mef;Oya'jyKEkdifonfh EkdifiH

trsm;pkwGif jynfe,fwckcsif;pDtay: rlwnfí uGJjym;jcm;em;Muonf/

oufwrf;&ifh zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&vkyfykdifcGifhrsm;

onf jynfe,fOya'rsm;wGif jy|mef;azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpf&m a'oEÅ&

tpkd;&\udk,fykdifvGwfvyfcGifhonfvnf; ,if;Oya'rsm;tvkdt&yif

wnf½Sd&ayonf/ odkYaomf a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;twGuf tajccHvkdtyf

onfh ,if;wkdY\ Oya'aMumif;tqifhESifh wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;ukd

zuf'&,fzGJUpnf;ykHrsm;wGif wjznf;jznf; ykdrkdazmfjyvmMuNyD jzpfonf/

MopaMw;vsuJhokdY oufwrf;&ifh zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;onfvnf;

a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ukd tajccHOya'wGif xnfhoGif;todtrSwfjyK&ef rMum

ao;rDuyif pOf;pm;vmMuNyD jzpfonf/

tajccHOya't& todtrSwfjyKjcif;

MopBwD;,m;ESifh (aemufydkif;wGif) ruúqDukdrSwyg; tapmykdif;

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;jzpfaom (tar&duef? qGpfZmvef? uae'g?

MopaMw;vs) wkdYwGif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&tm; tajccHOya'wGif xnfh

oGif;azmfjyjcif; r½Sdacs/ ½SdcJhvQifvnf; jynfe,ftpdk;&\ vkyfykdifcGifh

e,fy,fwcktaeESifhom jzpfonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppftNyD;rSom

a'oEÅ&tpkd;&onf 'Drkdu&ufwpf tkyfcsKyfrIukd jyefvnfazmfaqmif

&mwGif ta&;BuD;aom t&mwcktjzpf zuf'&,fzGJUpnf;ykHrsm;wGif

yg0ifvmjcif; jzpfonf/ 1949 *smrefzGJUpnf;ykHwGif jrLeDpy,frsm;ukd

Oya't& owfrSwfxm;aom abmiftwGif; a'oEÅ&udpö&yfrsm;ukd

udk,fydkifwm0ef,l pDrHaqmif½GufykdifcGifhukd tmrcHay;xm;onf/ 1978

pydeftajccHOya'wGif jynfe,frsm; (autonomous communities)

zGJUpnf;Ekdif&ef t"duxm;cJhNyD; a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&;udkrl razmfjycJhay/

zGH YNzdK;wkd;wufa&;twGufESifh 'Drkdua&pDenf;us jynfolvlxkyg0ifa&;

(broad-based democratic participation) udk us,fjyefYpGm vkyfaqmif

37

vkdjcif;wkdYu a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ukd tajccHOya't& todtrSwfjyKEkdif

&ef wGef;tm;ay;vsuf ½Sdonf/ t&yfom;tpkd;&tjzpfokdY b&mZD;EkdifiH

ajymif;vJvmNyD; ay:aygufonfh 1988 b&mZD;tajccHOya'wGif

a'oEÅ&tpkd;udk txl;umuG,fay;xm;onf/ 1992 tdE´d,tajccH

Oya' 73 BudrfajrmufESifh 74 Budrfajrmuf jyifqifcsufOya'rsm;t&

a'oEÅ&tpkd;&tm; zGJUpnf;ykHt& tumtuG,fay;xm;jcif;rSm zGH YNzdK;

a&;twGuf t"duylyefpkd;&drfrIaMumifh jzpfonf/ 1996 awmiftmz&du

tajccHOya'wGif 'Drkdua&pDESifh zGH YNzdK;wkd;wufa&; &nf½G,fcsufrsm;

twGuf a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ukd ykdrkdumuG,fay;xm;onf/ 1999

ekdif*sD;&D;,m;tajccHOya'wGif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ukd tpkd;&tvTmw&yff

taejzifh todtrSwfjyKxm;jcif;rSmvnf; þoabmt&yifjzpfonf/

,if;jzpfpOfrsm;ESifh rwlnDonfh jzpfpOfrSm vufawGUvkyfaqmifaeaom

a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;ukd qGpfzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'u 1999 ckESpf

wGifrS xnfhoGif;azmfjyjcif;yif jzpfonf/

zuf'&,ftajccHOya't& a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;ukd todtrSwfjyKrxm;

vQif ,if;ukd jyefvnfukpm;onfhtaeESifh jynfe,ftajccHOya'rsm;

wGif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&tm; umuG,fay;xm;onf/ tar&duefEkdifiHwGif

[krf;½l; (home rule) udk txl;umuG,fay;xm;jcif;rS MopaMw;vswGif

todtrSwfjyKjcif; oabmoufouftxd jzpfonf/ okdYaomf

MopaMw;vsonftajccHOya't& todtrSwfjyK&ef aumfr½Sifwck

ukd 2011 wGif zGJUpnf;cJhNyD; 2013 wGif jynfolYqE´cH,lyGJ jyKvkyf&ef

tpDtpOfESifh aqmif½GufcJhonf/

okdYaomf tdE´d,tajccHOya'uJhokdY tajccHOya't& taotcsm

todtrSwfjyKcH&onfhwkdif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&tay: jynfe,ftpkd;&\

vTrf;rkd;rIukd rz,f½Sm;Ekdifqkdonfhtcsufukd aumif;pGm rSwfom;&ef

vkdtyfayonf/ ,if;okdY jzpf&jcif;rSm jrLeDpy,ftqifhrsm;\

pGrf;aqmif&nftay:wGif rlwnfovdk jynfe,frsm;u b@ma&;

38

qkdif&mwGif csKyfukdifxm;jcif;aMumifhvnf; jzpfayonf/ b&mZD;ESifh

awmiftmz&duEkdifiHrsm;omvQif jynfe,fu a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;ukd

pDrHaqmif½GufrIESifh xdef;n§day;jcif;wkdYukd xdxda&mufa&muf ajzavQmh

xm;onf/

tqifhESifh wm0ef,lrIrsm;

EkdifiHtrsm;pkwGif jrLeDpy,ft½G,ftpm; uGJjym;onfhwkdif a'oEÅ&

tpkd;&ukdwlnDaom vkyfydkifcGifhESifh vkyfief;rsm;tm; cJGa0ay;xm;

onf/ vufawGUtm;jzifh tajccHjrLeDpy,fvkyfief;rsm;wGif a&ESifh

rdv’m? vrf;rsm;? tem;,ltyef;ajz&m ae&mrsm;? trsm;jynfol vkHNcHK

a&;ESifh tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;wGif ausmif;udpörsm; yg0ifonf/ okdYaomf

NrdKU BuD;jyBuD;rsm;\ a'oEÅ&vGwfvyfpGm tkyfcsKyfykdifcGifhtwGufrl

txl;tcGifhta&;rsm; wkd;í wkd;í ay;tyfvmMuonf/ a'oEÅ&

tzGJUrsm;rSm 4if;wdkY\ udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m vkyfief;rsm;tjyif

zuf'&,fESifh jynfe,ftpkd;&wkdYu xyfwkd;csrSwfaom vkyfief;

rsm;ukd wkd;í wkd;í jyKvkyfay;aeMu&onf/

*smreDjrLeDpy,frsm;wGif xif½Sm;aom zufpyf (hybrid) vu©Pm

w&yf ½Sdonf/ 4if;rSm ,if;wkdYonf udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUrsm; jzpf

½kHomru jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;\ tedrfhqkH;tpkd;&tqifhvnf; jzpf

onf/ ppfwrf; aumuf,lcJhaom EkdifiHtrsm;pkwGif jrLeDpy,f

tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUwkdYonf 4if;wkdYukd aiGaMu;tm;jzifh vkHavmufpGm cs

xm;ay;jcif;r½SdbJ 0efaqmifrIrsm; ydrkdcsxm;aqmif½Gufapvmonfh

twGuf apm'uwufrIrsm;½Sdaeonfukd awGU½Sd&ayonf/ pydefEkdifiH

wGif jynfe,frsm;u aiGaMu;tm;jzifh vkHavmufpGm csxm;ay;jcif;

r½SdbJ a'oEÅ&tqifh tpkd;&rsm;ukd aiGukefaMu;usrsm;onfh

0efaqmifrIrsm; aqmif½Guf&ef wm0efay;tyfvmjcif;onf y#dyu©

rsm;ukd jzpfyGm;vmaponf/ ,if;jyóemonf *smreDekdifiHwGif zGJUpnf;

39

ykHukd jyifqifonftxd jzpfapcJhNyD; jynfe,ftpkd;&taeESifh a'oEÅ&

tzGJUtm; wm0efrsm;ay;aomtcg ,if;wm0efrsm; aqmif½Guf&onfh

twGuf okH;pGJ&onfh aiGaMu;ukd jyefvnfay;tyfrSom wm0efay;

tyf&ef tajccHOya'ukd jyifqifcJh&onf/ ñTefMum;csufrsm;onf

aiGaMu;qkdif&m axmufyhHrIr½SdbJ rNyD;ajrmufEkdifay/ NrdKUawmfe,fajr

rsm;wGif jrLeDpy,frsm; rxdef;csKyfEkdifaom aiGaMu;qkdif&m axmufyHhrI

r½Sdonfh jyifyrS trdefYrsm;½Sdwwfonf/ taumif;qkH;OyrmrSm

jrLeDpy,frsm;onf ajymif;a½TUvmolrsm;ukd xdef;csKyfEkdifpGrf;r½SdbJ

ae&may;&efESifh pkpnf;&ef wm0ef½Sdonfqkdvmaomtcg ,if;

jrLeDpy,frsm;twGuf 0efxkyf0efykd;jzpfvmjcif;yif jzpfonf/ 4if;rSm

zGH YNzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;ESifh uae'guJhokdY a½TUajymif;cGifh½Sdaom EkdifiHrsm;wGif

jzpfyGm;vsuf ½Sdonf/

jrLeDpy,fqkdif&m aiGaMu;udpörsm;

a'oEÅ&tpkd;&\ b@ma&;tajctaerSm tcsKdUwGif ukd,fhajcaxmuf

ay: udk,f&yfEkdifonfh taetxm;rS tcsKdUwGif jynfe,f okdYr[kwf

zuf'&,ftpkd;&xHrS vTJajymif;aiGrsm;tay: vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm; rSDckd&

onfh taetxm;txd ½Sdonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh MopaMw;vs? uae'g?

awmiftmz&duwkdYwGif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;taeESifh ,if;wkdY okH;pGJ

onfh 0ifaiG\ 80 &mckdifEIef;ausmfudk udk,fykdif&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonf/

tdE´d,½Sd aus;vufa'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;rSmrl jynfaxmifpkESifh jynfe,f

vTJajymif;aiGrsm;ay:wGif vkH;vkH;rSDckdae&onf/ ,if;okdY jynfaxmifpk

ESifh jynfe,frsm;u vTJajymif;aiG trsm;pkrSmvnf; tpkd;&tpDtrH

rsm;ESifh ñTefMum;csufrsm; yg0ifonfh vTJajymif;aiGrsm; jzpfaeygonf/

tdE´d,½Sd jynfe,ftcsKdUrSm jynfe,fb@ma&;aumfr½Sifukd xlaxmif

NyD; a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUukd pnf;rsOf;tajcjyK vTJajymif;aiGrsm;

axmufyHh&ef aqmif½GufMuonfhwkdif ,if;rS a&muf½Sdonfh vTJajymif;

aiGrsm;rSm vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ½Sdygonf/ b&mZD;wGif vTJajymif;aiG

40

ay;tyfjcif;onf zuf'&,ftpkd;&rS wkduf½kdufvmNyD; NrdKU jywkd;wufrI

ukd tpjyK&ef jzpfonf/ MopaMw;vswGif NrdKU jyae&mrsm;onf

ta½SUajrmufuGif;pfvef;rSty jyefYusJí rnDnmaom wkd;wufrIrsm;

jzpfay:onfhtcg zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf a'ozGH YNzdK;a&;twGuf 0if

a&mufn§dEIdif;ay;&mwGif t"dutcef;u@taeESifh yg0ifonf/

Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;wGif t"duapm'uwckrSm a'oEÅ&tpkd;&twGuf 0ifaiG

trsm;pkrSm zuf'&,f tpkd;&xHrS vTJajymif;jcif;jzpfNyD; udk,fykdif0ifaiG

r½Sdjcif;onf okH;ckaygif;tkyfcsKyfa&;ykHpH½Sd udk,fykdifvGwfvGwfvyfvyf

pDrHykdifcGifh\ t"dyÜm,fav;eufrIukd avsmhusaponfqkdonfhtcsufyif

jzpfonf/ a'oEÅ&taeESifh udk,fykdifaiGvkHavmufrI½Sdaom EkdifiHrsm;

wGifyifvQif udk,fykdif&if;jrpfrsm; cGJa0rIü rnDrQrIrsm; ½Sdaeonf/

aus;vuf jrLeDpy,frsm;onf vTJajymif;aiG&rIay:wGif rlwnfae&NyD;

NrdKU jyjrLeDpy,frsm;rSmrl udk,fykdif0ifaiGay:wGif &yfwnfEkdifonf/

t"du udk,fykdif0ifaiGrsm;rSm ypönf;cGefrsm;? ukefoG,fcGef (commercial

tax) (*smreDuJhokdY) rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrI tokH;jyKctcGefrsm; jzpfonf/

t"dutjiif;yGm;aom tcsufrSm jrLeDpy,frsm;onf 0efaqmifrIrsm;

ESifh tajccHtaqmuftODrsm; wkd;wufap&ef rvkyfaqmifEkdifonfh

ypönf;cGefrsm;ay:wGifom vkH;vkH;rSDckdaejcif;jzpfonf/ tar&duefEkdifiH

wGif ypönff;cGefay: tm;xm;jcif;ukd avQmhcsNyD; vufvDa&mif;cscGef

ESifh 0ifaiGcGefay:wGif ykdrkdtm;xm;vmonf/ xkdEkdifiHwGif okH;pGJcGef

(user charges) onf vsifjrefpGm BuD;xGm;vmNyD; udk,fykdif0ifaiG\

ta&;BuD;qkH; ykHpHjzpfvmonf/

41

BuD;Muyfjcif;

txuftqifhqifhtpkd;&rsm;\ BuD;MuyfrIqkdif&m vkyfykdifcGifhtmPm

twkdif;twmu a'oEÅ&tpkd;& rnfrQ udk,fykdifvGwfvGwfvyfvyf

vkyfykdifcGifh½Sd r½Sdudk azmfjyonf/ ppfwrf;aumuf,lcJhaom EkdifiH

trsm;pkwGif jynfe,frsm;onf a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;ukd apmifhMunfhjcif;

ESifh Mum;0ifjcif;tmPmrsm; ½SdMuonf/ Mum;0ifjcif;qkd&mwGif

enf;vrf;rsm;pGm ½Sdonfhteuf Oya'vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;ESifh nD? rnD

pdppf½kHoufoufrSonf 'Drkdua&pDenf;t& a½G;cs,fxm;aom

a'oEÅ&aumifpDrsm;ukd zsufodrf;Ekdifonftxd yg0ifonf/ awmif

tmz&duEkdifiHwGif b@ma&;qkdif&m xdef;n§dapmifhMunfhjcif; pnf;rsOf;

pnf;urf;rsm;ukd txl;wif;Muyfvkdufjcif;u a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;\

udk,fykdifvGwfvyfpGm pDrHydkifcGifhukd ysufpD;apvsuf½Sdonf/ EIdif;,SOff

MunfhvQif pydefa'oEÅ&tpdk;&pepfonf tpkd;&t&yf&yftMum;

tcsif;csif; xda&mufpGm qufoG,fqufqHa&;ukd ydkrkdtav;xm;vsuf

A[kdESifh jynfe,ftpkd;&\ xdef;n§dapmifhMunfhjcif;ukd uefYowfxm;

onf/

tpkd;&t&yf&yfMum; qufqHa&;

oDtkd&DESifh vufawG Yt& a'oEÅ&tpkd;&onf tay:wkduf½kdufwqifh

jzpfonfh jynfe,ftpkd;&ESifh t"duqufoG,frI½Sdonf[k qkd&rnf

jzpfaomfvnf; ,cktcg zuf'&,ftpkd;&ESifh wkduf½kdufqufoG,frIrsm;

wkd;wufvmonf/ þokdY zuf'&,ftpkd;&ESifh wkduf½kduf qufoG,f

jcif;wGif jynfe,fukd ckefausmfí a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;okdY b@maiGrsm;

cGJa0ay;jcif;rsm;ygovkd zuf'&,ftpkd;&tkyfcsKyfrIwGif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&

rsm; yg0ifvmjcif;rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ MopaMw;vszuf'&,fpepf

ü a'oEÅ& tpkd;&onf tajccHOya'tm;jzifh todtrSwfjyKxm;jcif;

rcH&aomfvnf; tpDtpOfwus zGJUpnf;xm;aom a'oEÅ&tpkd;&onf

42

EkdifiH\ xdyfwef;tpkd;&rsm;tMum; zkd&rf (top intergovernmental

forum) jzpfonfh MopaMw;vstpkd;&rsm; aumifpD (the Council of

Australian Governments) wGif wif;jynfhtzGJ Y0if jzpfonf/ tjcm;

wzufwGif uae'g½Sd a'oEÅ&tpkd;&onf tpkd;&tzGJUwGif ae&m

wae&m &½Sd&ef awmif;qkdrIrsm; ½Sdonfhwkdif zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf

jynfe,frsm;\ vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmukd 0ifa&mufpGufzufvkdpdwf r½SdvS

acs/ ,if;okdY zuf'&,ftpkd;&u wkHYqkdif;rIonf EkdifiHa&;t& vkyf½kd;

vkyfpOf"avhaMumifhomrubJ uae'gEkdifiH½Sd jynfe,frsm;\ (MopaMw;vs

jynfe,frsm;ESifh EIdif;,SOfvQif) b@ma&;t& udk,fykdifvGwfvGwf

vyfvyf pDrHykdifcGifh½Sdjcif;udkvnf; xif[yfaeayonf/ *smreDEkdifiHwGif

vnf; a'oEÅ&tpkd;&onf zuf'&,f Oya'jyKa&;ESifh ,if;zuf'&,f

Oya'rsm;\ tusKd;oufa&mufrIudk wkdif;wmonfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;

wGif w&m;0ifae&m wae&m &½Sd&ef BudK;pm;vsuf ½Sdonf/ awmif

tmz&duEkdifiHwGifrl w&m;0iftwnfwusjzpfonfh tpkd;&t&yf&yf

tMum; qufqHa&;ykHpHrsm;u a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;ukd wEkdifiHvkH;

twkdif;twm tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif aomhcsufusonfh vkyfazmfudkifzuf

tjzpf ae&m&½SdapNyD; jynfe,frsm;qkdif&m aumifpD (qD;edwf txuf

vTwfawmfESifhqifwlonf) wGif ,if;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf ajym

qkdykdifcGifhudkyg &½Sdxm;aponf/

tpkd;&t&yf&yftMum; qufqHa&;rSm ab;wkdufqufqHa&;wGifvnf;

BuD;rm;us,fjyefYonf/ aygif;pyfjcif;qkdif&m zdtm;rsm;udk BuHhBuHhcHNyD;

jrLeDpy,frsm;onf tcsif;csif; qE´tavsmuf oabmwlnDcsuf

csrSwfNyD; yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufvsuf ½Sdonfukdvnf; awGU&ayrnf/

,if;tjzpfonf tar&duefESifh qGpfZmvefEkdifiHrsm;½Sd a'oEÅ&tpkd;&

rsm;wGif txl;xif½Sm;ygonf/

43

EkdifiHa&;"avh

a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;rSm oabmobm0tm;jzifh vnf;aumif;? zGJUpnf;ykH

t& vnf;aumif;? NrdKU jyBuD;rsm;ukd pDrH&onfhtqifhrS awmaus;vuf

rsm;ukd pDrH&onfh jrLeDpy,ftqifhtxd trsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;Muonf

jzpf&m a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh EkdifiHa&;"avhrSmvnf;

EkdifiHwGif;üvnf; rsm;pGm uGJjym;ovkd? wEkdifiHESifh wEkdifiHvnf; rwl

uGJjym;Muayonf/ jrLeDpy,fEkdifiHa&;rSm a,bk,stm;jzifh ygwDrsm;

tay: tajccHaom EkdifiHa&;rsKd; r[kwfacs/ qkdvkdonfrSm uae'g

EkdifiHOyrmukd MunfhvQif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&tqifhrS txuftqifh tpkd;&

rsm;okdY qufqHa&;wGif EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS vrf;aMumif;rsm;ukd rokH;pGJ

EkdifMuay/ *smreDuJhokdY ygwDEkdifiHa&; ½SdvQifvnf; jynfe,fESifh

zuf'&,ftqifhwkdYxuf ykdí enf;yg;ygonf/ tjcm;aom tpGef;

wzufü MopBwD;,m;ESifh awmiftmz&duwkdYwGif jrLeDpy,frsm;onf

vnf; ygwDvrf;aMumif;rsm;twkdif; zGJUpnf;xm;Muonfukd awG Y&ay

rnf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh z,fusOfcH&onfh vltkyfpkrsm;ukd udk,fpm;

jyK&ef aumifpD0ifvlBuD;rsm;? NrdKUawmf0efrsm; okH;ykHwpfykHonf

trsKd;orD;rsm; jzpf&rnfqkdaom tdEd,\ a0ykHuspepf (quota system)

rSmvnf; xl;jcm;ygonf/ aumuf,lcJhaom EkdifiHrsm; ppfwrf;t&

a'oEÅ&a½G;aumufyGJrsm;onf tdE´d,wGif jynfe,fa½G;aumufyGJrsm;

ESifh zuf'&,fa½G;aumufyGJrsm;xuf rJay;ol ykdrkdrsm;onfh tajctae

½Sdovkd tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;wGif jynfe,fESifh zuf'&,fa½G;aumufyGJrsm;

atmuf rJay;ol OD;a&avsmhenf;onfukdvnf; awG Y&ayrnf/ þf

onfrSm ykdrkdtawG Yrsm;aom tajctaejzpfNyD; ppfwrf;aumuf,l

cJhonfh EkdifiHtrsm;pkwGif 'kwd,tajctaeukd awG Y&ygonf/

44

rufx½kdydkvDwef e,fajrrsm;

rufx½kdykdvDwef NrdKUjya'orsm; BuD;rm;us,fjyefYvmrIonf 21 &mpk

\wkd;wufvmaom jzpf&yfyif jzpfonf/ cefYrSef;wGufcsufrIrsm;t&

2025 ckESpfwGif urÇmhvlOD;a& oef; 8000 teufrS trsm;pkonf NrdKU

rsm;wGif aexkdifvmrnfjzpfNyD; ,if;teufrS 85 &mckdifEIef;onf zGH YNzdK;

qJEkdifiHrsm;wGif aexkdifvmMurnf/ 4if;onf ,cifpufrIawmfvSefa&;

twGif;üom awGU½SdcJh&aom ajymif;a½TUvmrIyrmPrsKd;jzpfay:vmap

vdrfhrnf/ ,cifajymif;a½TUrIrSm yrmPtenf;i,ftay:om tajccH

cJhonf/ NrdKU jya'orsm;onf vmrnfh q,fpkESpfrsm;wGif vlrsm; ykdrkd

aexkdifvmvdrfhrnf[laom taMumif;aMumifhomru ay:vpDtjrif

t&yg ta&;BuD;onf/ NrdKU jyrsm;onf EkdifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;tif*sifrsm;

jzpf½kHomr urÇmYpD;yGm;a&;tif*sifrsm;vnf; jzpfaomaMumifh txl;

ta&;BuD;ayonf/ Oyrm - uae'gEkdifiH\ vlOD;a& 7 &mckdifEIef; ae

xkdifaom wkd&efwkdNrdKUonf EkdifiHvkH;pD;yGm;a&;\ 11 &mckdifEIef;? tdE´d,

EkdifiH\ vlOD;a& 1.1 &mckdifEIef;aexkdifaom rGefbkdif;NrdKUonf EkdifiHh

pD;yGm;a&;\ 5 &mckdifEIef;xkwfvkyfay;vsuf ½Sdonf/ *vkdb,furÇm

BuD;wGif todynmtajccHpD;yGm;a&; (knowledge-based economy)

jzpfay:vmaom tajctaewGif qef;opfwDxGifjcif; (innovation)

onf csrf;omjcif;\ t"dutcsuf jzpfonf/ ,if;qef;opfwDxGif

jcif;trsm;pkonf NrdKU BuD;jyBuD;rsm;? rufx½kdykdvDwefae&mrsm;wGif

awG Y&NyD; pD;yGm;jzpfxGef;rIonf NrdKUBuD;rsm;\ tawG;tac:opfrsm;

xGufay:vmjcif;rS jzpfay:vm&ayonf/

txufwGif azmfjycJhonfhtwkdif; rufx½kdykdvDwefa'orsm;onf

EkdifiHwGif; pD;yGm;a&;t& ajymif;a½TUaexkdifolrsm; (jynfwGif; ajymif;a½TU

aexkdifrIESifh e,fpyfjzwfausmfajymif;a½TUaexkdifrIrsm;) udk oHvdkuf

ozG,f qGJaqmifvsuf ½Sdonf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHa&;pepfrsm;ukd aemufcH

um;tjzpf xm;Munfhygu rufx½kdykdvDwefa'orsm;onf tjcm;

45

jynfe,frsm;xuf ydkrkdBuD;rm;aom? tr,fpkHvifaom pD;yGm;a&;jzpf

xGef;&m ae&mrsm; jzpfonfudk awGU&ayrnf/

NrdKU jya'owkdYrS jzpfay:vmEkdifaom tEkwfvu©Pmaqmifonfh

jzpf&yf (negative externalities) rsm;aMumifhvnf; 4if;wkdYonf

ay:vpDtjrift& ta&;ygonf/ zGH YNzdK;qJ EkdifiHrsm;ESifh zGH YNzdK;NyD; EkdifiH

rsm;½Sd NrdKU BuD;rsm;onf urÇmBuD; ylaEG;vmjcif;? ywf0ef;usif npfnrf;

apjcif;paom ywf0ef;usif ysufpD;rIrsm;ukd t"du jzpfyGm;aponf/

NrdKU jya'orsm;onf NrdKU jyqif;&JrGJawjcif;rsm; wkd;yGm;vmrI? vlrIa&;

qkdif&m cGJjcm;qufqHrIrsm;ESifh vlrIa&;qkdif&m rnDrQrIrsm;ukd azmfjy

aeonf/ zGH YNzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;rS qif;&Jom;&yfuGufrsm;? zGH YNzdK;NyD; EkdifiHrsm;

rS a½TUajymif;tajccsrsm; aexkdif&m &yfuGufrsm;onf rnDrQrI\ jy,k*f

jzpfonf/ NrdKU jya'orsm;twGif; NrdKUawmfonf eD;pyf&m ae&mrsm;rS vl

rsm;? vma&muftvkyfvkyfNyD; olwkdY\ udk,fykdifae&mrsm;wGif r&½Sdaom

0efaqmifrIrsm;ukd tokH;jyKEkdifaom a'oqkdif&m A[kdcsufjzpfonf/

xkdtcg NrdKU BuD;wGif aexkdifjcif;\ b0t&nftaoG;rSm oufa&muf

rIcH&onf/ (Oyrm - a&npfnrf;jcif;? oGm;vmrI cufcJjcif;?

&mZ0wfrI xlajymjcif;? aq;½kH? ausmif;wkdY\ jynfhMuyfjcif;/)

tem*wfwGif rufx½kdykdvDwefa'orsm;\ aecsifpzG,f½SdrI (livability)

ESifh ukefxkwfpGrf;tm; (productivity) wkdYtay: oufa&mufrI½Sdaom

pdefac:rIESpf&yfukd ajz½Sif;Ekdif&ef oifhawmfaom tkyfcsKyfa&;wnf

aqmufykHrsm;ESifh b@ma&;pepfwkdY vkdtyfrnf jzpfayonf/ yxr

pdefac:rIrSm aumif;rGefaom b0t&nftaoG; (good quality of life)

ukd xdef;odrf;xm;Ekdifjcif;ESifh ywfoufonf/ ,if;udpörSm vlom;

&if;jrpfESifh ½kyfykdif;qkdif&m tajccHtaqmuftODwGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI

rsm;ESifh txl;ywfoufqufEG,fayonf/ 'kwd,pdefac:rIrSm NrdKUawmf

rsm;onf vlrIpD;yGm;t& tqifrajyrI? y#dyu©rsm;\ A[kdcsufrjzpfbJ

qef;opfwDxGifrI\ A[kdcsufrsm;tjzpf xdef;odrf;xm;Ekdif&ef tm;vkH;

46

yg0ifrI½Sdaom NrdKU jyrsm; ]inclusive cities} jzpfvmatmif zefwD;ysKd;

axmif&rnfh pdefac:rIyif jzpfayonf/ okH;oyfrIt& xif½Sm;aom

tkyfcsKyfrI ykHpH ig;rsKd;udk awGU&onf/

yxrtaejzifh MopaMw;vsEkdifiHwGif NrdKU BuD;rsm;udk rsm;jym;ao;i,f

aom jrLeDpy,frsm;tjzpf cGJjcm;xm;NyD; rufx½kdykdvDwef NrdKU jy

a'orsm;ukd jynfe,ftpdk;&u t"du pDrHcefYcGJonf/ 'kwd,ykHpHrSm

rufx½kdydkvDwefa'o½Sd a'oEÅ& tmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ukd ,if;

wkdY\ wnf½SdrI rysufapbJ yl;aygif;apNyD; vTrf;NcHKn§dEIdif;aygif;pyfay;

onfh tqifhwqifh xm;½Sdjcif;yif jzpfonf/ Oyrm - (1993)

tdE´d,tajccHOya'jyifqifcsufonf xkduJhokdYaom tkyfcsKyfa&;ykHpHukd

azmfjyxm;jcif;rsKd; jzpfonf/ wwd,ykHpHwGif rsm;jym;aom jrLeDpy,f

rsm;onf txl;udpörsm;wGif yl;aygif;tvkyfvkyfjcif;rsKd; jzpfonf/

þykHpHrSm 'kwd,ykHpHudk informal ykHpHrsKd;jzifh okH;pGJjcif; jzpfonf/ þ

ykHpHudk b&mZD;wGif usifhokH;aeaomfvnf; rsm;pGmatmifjrifrIr&½Sday/

qGpfZmvefekdifiH\ yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufonfh ykHpHonf ykdrkdatmifjrif

onf/ 4if;rSm tajccHOya't& todtrSwfjyKxm;aom NrdKU jyjrLeD

py,frsm;ESifh ywf0ef;usifjrLeDpy,frsm;udk zGJ Ypnf;ykHt& todtrSwf

jyKonfh pkpnf;jcif; ]agglomerations} ykHpHrsKd; jzpfygonf/ pwkw¬ykHpHrSm

vkyfaqmif&ef udpöwckwnf;udk OD;wnfaom a'otpkd;&ykHpHrsm;

(single-purpose local government structures) jzpfonf/ tar&duef

tESHYtjym;wGif txl;c½kdife,frsm;onf NrdKU jyb0jzpfaom jynfolY

ydkYaqmifa&;? ywf0ef;usifnpfnrf;rI umuG,fa&;? a&ESifh rdv’m

pepfrsm;? rD;ab;umuG,fa&; ponfh udpörsm;ukd udkifwG,fEkdifonfh

ad hoc tifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm; jzpfonf/ vlBudKuftenf;qkH;ykHpHrSm

rufx½kdykdvDwefa'orsm;ukd pkaygif;apí vkyfief;rsm;pGm aqmif½Guf

aponfh EkdifiHa&;ykHpH wpkwpnf;wnf;tjzpf wnf½Sdapjcif;rsKd;? jzpf

onf/ rufx½kdykdvDwefa'oBuD;wckvkH;ukd jrLeDpy,fw&yfxJtjzpf

yl;aygif;jcif;rsKd;rSm vufawG Yaqmif½GufEkdifaom udpör[kwfonfh

47

tavsmuf ,if;okdY aqmif½GufEkdifjcif;rsKd; r½Sdygao;acs/

rufx½kdykdvDwefa'orsm; BuD;xGm;vmonfhtavsmuf xkda'orsm;

ukd xda&mufpGm tkyfcsKyfEkdifrIonf a'oEÅ&tpkd;&\ t"duwm0ef

rsm;xJrSwckyif jzpfonf/ *smreDwGif vuf½Sdjiif;ckHaeMuonfrSm

rufx½kdykdvDwefa'orsm;ukd rnfokdY pDrHcefYcGJoifhonf qkdonfh

taMumif;t&myif jzpfonf/ qufpyfaeonfh NrdKUrsm; yl;aygif;NyD;

tkyfcsKyfpDrHoifhonfavm? wkduf½kdufwifajr§mufonfh aumifpDrSwqifh

oD;jcm;tqifhw&yftaeESifh pDrHtkyfcsKyfoifhonfavmqkdonfhtaMumif;

t&myif jzpfonf/ ,if;enf;wl ruúqDukdwGifvnf; rufx½kd

ydkvDwef yl;aygif;n§dEIdif;a&;tzGJUopfrsm; azmfxkwfwnfaxmif&efESifh

½Sd&if;pGJ tzGJUrsm;ukd tm;jznfhulnD&ef udpöwGif txl;pdwf0ifpm;vm

Muonf/ rufx½kdykdvDwefa'orsm; topfxGufay:vmaom tcef;

u@? wm0efrsm;rSm zGJUpnf;ykHESifh Oya'aMumif;rsm;t& ,if;a'orsm;

aqmif½Gufoifhonfh ykHpHrsKd;rsm;ESifh rsm;pGm uGJvGJrI ½Sdvmayonf/

ed*kH;

a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ukd tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif vufwGJazmfw&yftjzpf

todtrSwfjyKvmjcif;onf zuf'&,ft,ltqrlabmifwGif us,f

jyefYpGm a½GUvsm;vmrIukd xif[yfonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd

tkyfcsKyfa&;tvTmESpfck (zuf'&,fESifh jynfe,f) Mum; ykdif;jcm;

tkyfcsKyfonfh bufESpfbufom½Sdaom zuf'&,ftjrifrS tkyfcsKyfa&;

tvTmokH;ckMum; ykdif;jcm;tkyfcsKyfvmonfh ykHpHukd odompGm a½GUvsm;

vmjcif; jzpfonf/ okdYaomf tpkd;&tvTm okH;&yftMum; qufEG,frI

onf oabmobm0tm;jzifhyif ydkrkd½IyfaxG;aom zuf'&,ftpkd;&

tkyfcsKyfrIpepfukd qufcHjzpfay:apNyD; zuf'&,foDtkd&DESifh vufawGU

zuf'&,f usifhokH;rIrsm;wGif awmif;qkdcsuftopfrsm; ay:ayguf

vmapvsuf ½Sdayonf/

48

Further Reading

Kincaid, John and Rupak Chattopadhyay. Eds. Local Government

in Federal Systems, Vol. 4 of Unity in Diversity: Learning from

Each Other (New Delhi: Viva Books and Forum of Federations,

2008).

Slack, Enid and Rupak Chattopadhyay. Eds. Governance and

Finance of Metropolitan Areas in Federal Systems (Toronto: Oxford

University Press, 2013)

Slack, Enid and Rupak Chattopadhyay. Eds. Finance and

Governance of Capital Cities in Federal Systems (Montreal:

McGill Queens University Press, 2009)

Steytler, Nico. Ed. A Global Dialogue on Federalism, Volume 6:

Local Government and Metropolitan Regions in Federal Systems

(Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2008).

Steytler, Nico. An international perspective on the constitutional

recognition of local government - Comments on the Public

Discussion Paper of the Expert Panel on Constitutional

Recognition of Local Government (Ottawa: Forum of Federations,

2011)

49

obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;

ed'gef;

obm0 o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm; (natural resources) rSm EkdifiHrsm;\

EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;tajctaersm;twGuf rsm;pGm ta&;ygonf/ xkd

obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;teuf a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiG Y (oil and

gas) rSm wurÇmvkH;twkdif;twmtm;jzifh ta&;ygvsuf ½SdNyD; EkdifiH

rsm;pGmESifhvnf; ywfoufqufEG,fvsuf ½Sdayonf/ a&eHrSm EkdifiHrsm;

\ EkdifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;rl0g' A[kdcsufwGif wnf½Sdaeonf/ ,if;

a&eH<u,f0csrf;omrIudk atmifjrifpGm pDrHcefYcGJEkdifa&;rSm pdefac:rI

w&yfyifjzpfNyD; aumif;pGm pDrHcefYcGJjcif;rjyKEkdifvQif qkvmbfonfyif

wcgw&HusdefpmjzpfoGm;wwfonfukd awG Y&ayvdrfhrnf/ a&eHcsrf;om

<u,f0rIukd aumif;rGefpGm pDrHcefYcGJekdif&efrSm EkdifiH½Sd EkdifiHa&;tifpwD

usL;½Sif;rsm; (institutions) \ oabmobm0tygt0if taMumif;

jcif;&mrsm;pGmtay: rlwnfygonf/ zuf'&,fpepfonfvnf; ,if;

EkdifiHa&;tifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm;xJu wcktygt0if jzpfEkdifygonf/

urÇmha&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiGUxkwfvkyfrI tawmfrsm;rsm;onf

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif wnf½SdMuonf/ urÇmha&eHxuf0ufyrmP

ESifh obm0"mwfaiGU xuf0ufausmfyrmPrSm zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;u

ydkifqkdifjcif;? xkwfvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ ,ckpmwrf;u a&eH&if;jrpfrsm;

udkom txl;jyKavhvmxm;aomfvnf; a&eHukd avhvmjcif;üyif

vQif aqG;aEG;onfh taMumif;t&mrsm;rSm tjcm;jyefvnfjynfhwif;

NrJ r[kwfonfh wGif;xGuf o,HZmwrsm; (non-renewable natural

resources) ESifh ywfoufESD;EG,fonfh taMumif;t&m? udpö&yfrsm;

vnf; wygwnf; yg0ifNyD; jzpfonf/

50

a&eHESifh "mwfaiG YrS&aom tcGeftwkyfrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJrIudpöwGif EkdifiH½Sd

zuf'&,f tifpwDusL;½Sif;qkdif&m tpDtrHrsm; (federal institutional

arrangements) u txl;ta&;ygaom ae&mu yg0ifvsuf ½Sdonf/

zuf'&,fEkdifiHa&;pepfwGif A[kd okdYr[kwf zuf'&,ftpkd;&rsm;

omru a'oqkdif&m tpkd;&rsm;ukdyg tkyfcsKyfpDrHcGifhtmPmrsm;

tyfESif;ay;xm;onfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfonf/ a&eHwGif;xGuf &if;jrpf

rsm;rSm obm0tavsmufyif zuf'&,fEkdifiH½Sd a'orsm;wGif ysHUESHY

wnf½Sdaeonfjzpf&m ,if;okdY rnDrQpGm ysHUESHYwnf½Sdaeonfh obm0

wGif;xGufrsm;rS &½Sdaom tcGefrsm;udk rnfokdY cGJa0okH;pGJrnfqkdonfh

udpörSm csrf;omonfh jynfe,frsm;twGuf omru wGif;xGuf

&if;jrpfrsm; r<u,f0aom jynfe,frsm;ESifh ,if;jynfe,frsm;wGif

aexkdifonfh EkdifiHom;rsm;twGufyg ta&;BuD;onfh udpö&yfjzpfay

onf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif zGJUpnf;ykHtm;jzifh tpkd;&ESpf&yftMum;

tmPmcGJa0rI jy|mef;ay;xm;onfqkdonfhwkdif A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmh

csrI twkdif;twmESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQifrl uGJjym;jcm;em;rI ½SdEkdifonfukd

awGU&rnf jzpfonf/ pifppftm;jzifh zuf'&,fr[kwfaom EkdifiH

tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm zuf'&,fekdifiHrsm;ESifh ,SOfvQif tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m

udpörsm;wGif rsm;pGm A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmhcsxm;onfukd awGU&onf/

zuf'&,fpepfESifh a&eHobm0&if;jrpfrsm;rSm xdvG,f½SvG,fonfh

ta&mtpyfvnf; jzpfjyefygonf/ zuf'a&;½Sif;rsm;rSm tm;vkH;

odMuNyD; jzpfonfhtwkdif; tpkd;&tvTmtoD;oD;tMum; tmPmESifh

vkyfydkifcGifhrsm; ykdif;jcm;xm;jcif;tay: tajccHxm;jcif; jzpfNyD;?

obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdaom tcGefrsm;? odkYr[kwf obm0

o,HZmw &if;jrpfrsm;tay: tcGefpnf;MuyfcGifhukdvnf; tpkd;&vTm

toD;oD;Mum; cGJjcm;xm;rIvnf; yg0ifayonf/ a&eH<u,f0onfh

zuf'&,fekdifiHrsm;rSm ,if;o,HZmwESifh ywfoufí tenf;ESifh

trsm;qkdovkd wif;rmrIrsm; ½SdMupNrJ jzpfygonf/ wif;rmrIqkd&m

0,f txufatmuf (A[kdESifh jynfe,f) tMum; wif;rmrIrsKd; (vertical

51

tensions) vnf; ½Sdovkd? obm0o,HZmw<u,f0aom jynfe,fESifhh

r<u,f0aom jynfe,frsm;tMum; ab;wkdufwif;rmrIrsKd; (horizontal

tensions) vnf; ½SdEkdifayonf/ zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'rsm;u ,if;

tmPmrsm;ESifh vkyfykdifcGifhwm0efrsm;ukd azmfjyay;onfh rlabmifrsm;

csrSwfay;xm;onfqkdonfhwkdifatmif ,if;wif;rmrIrsm;ukd vufawGU

wGifrl EkdifiHa&;u tqkH;tjzwfay;onfukd awGU&rnf jzpfayonf/

þpmwrf;wGifrl ,if;a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiGUt&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh

pyfvsOf;vmvQif zuf'&,fpepfwGif rnfolu 4if;&if;jrpfrsm;ukd

ykdifqkdifonf/ rnfolu ,if;wkdYukd pDrHcefYcGJonfESifh ,if;tcGef

b@mrsm;ukd rnfokdY aumufcHNyD; rnfokdYrnfykH cGJa0onfqkdonfh

t"duta&;BuD;onfh udpö&yf 3 &yfESifh pyfvsOf;í avhvmoGm;

rnf jzpfygonf/ ,if;okdY ppfykdif; avhvm&mwGif obm0o,HZmw

&if;jrpfrsm; xkwf,ltokH;jyK&mwGif xda&mufpGm pDrHcefYcGJEkdifatmif

zGJUpnf;ykHrsm;u rnfokdYrnfykH tcGifhtmPmrsm; ay;tyfjy|mef;xm;

onf? tkyfcsKyfa&;ykdif;ESifh b@ma&;ydkif;qkdif&mwGif tqifajyatmif

rnfokdYrnfykH pDrHxm;onf qkdonfh udpö&yfrsm;ukd txl;tav;xm;azmf

xkwfoGm;rnf jzpfayonf/ þpmwrf;\ aemufqkH;u@wGifrl

zuf'&,fEkdifiH 12 EkdifiHwGif a&eHESifh wGif;xGufu@ukd zGJUpnf;ykH

tm;jzifh rnfokdYazmfjyxm;onf? vufawGUpDrHcefYcGJonfh tykdif;ESifh

b@ma&;qkdif&m cGJa0rItykdif; (ukef;wGif;? urf;vGef&if;jrpfrsm;) ukd

tao;pdwfazmfjyNyD; om"uxkwfaqmifoGm;rnf jzpfygonf/

52

zGJUpnf;ykHqkdif&m jy|mef;csuf rlabmif - rnfolu &if;jrpfrsm;ukd

ykdifqkdifovJ/

zuf'&,fpepfwkdif;wGif wkduf½kdufa½G;aumufwifajr§mufaom tpkd;&

taeESifh tpkd;&ESpf&yf okdYr[kwf ESpf&yfxufykdaom tpkd;&rsm; ½Sdavh

½SdNyD; ,if;tpkd;&t&yf&yf\ vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmrsm;udkvnf; zGJUpnf;ykH

tajccHt& cGJa0jy|mef;ay;avh½Sdygonf/ zuf'&,fzGJUpnf;ykHrsm;u

a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiGU&if;jrpfrsm;ukd rnfolrnf0gu ydkifqkdifonf

ukdvnf; azmfjyavh½SdNyD; a&eHu@wGif pDrHcefYcGJrItykdif;ESifh b@ma&;

tykdif;rsm;ukdvnf; cGJa0csxm;ay;avh ½Sdygonf/ okdY&mwGif zGJUpnf;ykH

tajccHOya'qkdonfrSm aemufcHEkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&; tajccH

rsm; (contexts) tay: rlwnfí touf0ifjcif;? tmPmwnfjcif;

jzpfNyD; zGJUpnf;ykHpnf;rsOf;rsm;ukdvnf; ,if;tajccHrsm;tay: wifí

teuft"dyÜg,f aumuf,lzGifhqkdjcif;? ajymif;vJjcif;? jyifqifjcif;

rsm;ukd vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; wnf½Sdonfh t,ltqrsm;? wGef;tm;rsm;

ESifh vkdufavsmnDaxGjzpfatmif aqmif½GufMu&pNrJyif jzpfay

onf/ tcsKdUzGJUpnf;ykHrsm;rSm a&eHu@ray:xGef;rDuyif a&;qGJ

xm;jcif;jzpfNyD;? ajratmuf wGif;xGuf o,HZmwrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;vm

vQif jynfe,frsm; bufukd tav;ykdMuonf/ tcsKdUzGJUpnf;ykHtajccH

Oya'rsm;rSmrl þudpöESifh ywfoufvmvQif jywfom;½Sif;vif;pGm

azmfjyxm;MuNyD; A[kdu xdef;csKyfrIukd OD;pm;ay;avh ½SdMuayonf/

zGJUpnf;ykHu rnfokdYyif qkdapumrl? t"duusonfh udpörSm vkyfykdif

cGifhtmPmcGJa0jy|mef;rIonf ekdifiHtwGif;½Sd EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;

tm;vkH;u oabmwlnDonfh ykHpHrsKd; jzpfrjzpf? ,if;cGJa0jy|mef;rItay:

ekdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;tMum; wif;rmrI ½Sdr½Sd qkdonfh udpöyif

jzpfayonf/ tu,fí EkdifiHa&; tiftm;pkrsm;tMum; &if;jrpfrsm;

cGJa0rIESifh pyfvsOf;í wif;rmrIrsm; ½Sdygu vufawGUEkdifiHa&;u

zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ukd taumiftxnfazmfjcif;ukd cufcJapEkdif

avonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'u þu@ESifh

53

pyfvsOf;vmvQif zuf'&,ftpkd;&ukd cufcJapEkdifavonf/ zGJUpnf;ykH

tajccHOya'u þu@ESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif zuf'&,ftpkd;&ukd

ydkrkdcGifhjyKxm;onfjzpfap? a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;ukd a&eHu@

ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh pDrHcefYcGJrIrsm;? b@ma&;qkdif&m tcGefrsm;ukd

txl;yrmPESifh &½Sdrnf[k zGJUpnf;ykHu cGifhjyKxm;onfjzpfap?

rnfodkYyif qkdapumrl vufawGUEkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;\ oabmwlnD

rI? ,if;vufawGUEkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;tMum; þtcsif;t&mESifh

pyfvsOf;í wif;rmrI wnf½Sdjcif;? rwnf½Sdjcif; ponfwkdYuvJ

ta&;ygonf[k qkdvkd&if; jzpfayonf/ oabmrSm zGJUpnf;ykH

tajccHOya'rsm;u ta&;ygonfqkdonfh tcsufrSm rSefaomfvnf;

,if;zGJUpnf;ykH jy|mef;csufrsm;rSm Zmwfvrf;BuD;wckvkH;xJu Zmwf

uGufwpdwfwykdif;om jzpfonfqkdonfh tcsufukd xif½Sm;apvkdjcif;

jzpfygonf/

zGJUpnf;ykHu rnfokdYyif jy|mef;xm;apumrl a&eHxGufaom e,fwGif

aexkdif Muolrsm;tzkdYrSm þa&eHonf rdrdwkdY a'ou xGufjcif;

jzpfonfhtavsmuf rdrdwkdY ykdifqkdifonfqkdaom pdwfcHpm;rIrsKd;

tenf;ESifh trsm; ½SdMurnfjzpfNyD;? wNydKifeufwnf;rSmyif wEkdifiHvkH;

twkdif;twmESifh ywfoufonfh trsKd;om;tqifh ekdifiHa&;orm;

rsm;ESifh EkdifiHom;rsm;? tjcm;e,frsm;wGif aexkdifMuolrsm;url þ

&if;jrpfrsm;rSm wrsKd;om;vkH;ESifh pyfqkdifonfh &wemokdufrsm; jzpf

aomaMumifh tm;vkH;cGJa0okH;pGJoifhonfom jzpfonf[k (tay:u

azmfñTef;cJhonfh jynfe,fom;rsm; cHpm;Muovdkr[kwfbJ) cHpm;

,lqMurnf jzpfayonf/ tcsKdUzuf'&,fekdifiHrsm;wGifrl (þudpöESifh

pyfvsOf;í) tm;vkH;oabmwlvufcHxm;onfh bkHvufcHcsufw&yf

(consensus) ½SdwwfMuNyD; tjcm;zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGifrl tjyif;

txef tjiif;tckHjyKaeMuayonf/ b@ma&;qkdif&m zuf'&,f0g'

(fiscal federalism) wGif a&eHwGif;xGufypönf;rsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh

vkyfykdifcGifh tmPmukd A[kdu aqmif½Gufoifhonf[k ,lqMuovkd

54

a&eHu@u EkdifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;twGuf ta&;ygNyD; tpkd;&tcGef

t&yf&yfwGif ta&;BuD;onfh u@u yg0ifaevQif þpOf;pm;csufrSm

ykdrkdtm;aumif;rnf jzpfonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifhqkdaomf ekdifiHwEkdifiH

csif;pD\ taetxm;tay: rlwnfí tajctaetrsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;

oGm;onf[k qkdvkd&if; jzpfayonf/

18 &mpkESifh 19 &mpkrsm;wGif ay:aygufvmcJhMuonfh oufwrf;&ifh

zuf'&,fzGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'rsm;rSm a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiGU

tBuD;tus,f acwfrpm;ao;cifu a&;qGJjy|mef;xm;Mujcif; jzpfay

&m ,if;zGJUpnf;ykHrsm;wGif ajratmuf&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif

rnfokdYrQ azmfjyxm;jcif;r½SdMuay/ odkYr[kwfyguvnf; jynfe,frsm;

twGufom qkdonfhbufu tav;omMuayonf/ ,if;oufwrf;

&ifhzGJUpnf;ykHrsm;u qkdcJhyg t&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif jynfe,f

rsm;u vkyfydkifcGifh ½Sdonf[k jy|mef;xm;Muonfukd awG Yjrif&rnf

jzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm ,if;EkdifiHrsm;? zuf'&,fekdifiHtjzpf

ay:aygufvm&jcif;rSm ,cifoD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGm wnf½Sdaeaom

ukdvkdeDrsm;? okdYr[kwf jynfe,frsm; yl;aygif;jcif;jzifh ay:aygufvm

jcif;aMumifhyif jzpfayonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm rdrdwkdY ydkifqkdifonfh &if;jrpf

rsm;ukd jynfe,frsm;? ukdvkdeDrsm;u toD;oD; jynfaxmifpktwGif;

okdY o,faqmifvmMujcif; jzpfay&m ,if;zGJUpnf;ykHrsm;u a&eHESifh

obm0"mwfaiGU&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif jynfe,frsm;buf

okdY ydkrkdtav;omonf[k qkdvkd&if;jzpfayonf/ ESpfq,f&mpkwGif

udkvkdeDvufatmufrS vGwfajrmufvmaom EkdifiHrsm;ESifh trsKd;om;

vGwfajrmufa&;vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;tay: tajccHonfh EkdifiHrsm;½Sd zGJUpnf;ykH

tajccHOya'opfrsm;rSmrl tm;aumif;onfh zuf'&,ftpkd;&qkd

onfh bufukd ,drf;,dkifNyD; þwGif;xGufu@ESifh pyfvsOf;ívnf;

A[kdokdYom tyfESif;Muonfukd awG Y&onf/

55

tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m rlabmif - rnfolu þ&if;jrpfrsm;ukd pDrHcefYcGJrnf

enf;/

ydkifqkdifrIESifh pyfvsOf;í zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif ½Sif;½Sif;vif;vif;

azmfjyjy|mef;xm;onf qkdonfhwkdif jzpf&yftawmfrsm;rsm;ukd avhvm

Munfh½IvQif &if;jrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJonfh udpörSm yl;aygif;wm0ef,l

aqmif½Guf&onfh udpö (shared responsibility) jzpfwwfonf/

okdYr[kwfyguvnf; &if;jrpfudk rykdifqkdifonfh tpkd;&w&yfu wm0ef

,laqmif½Guf&onfvnf; jzpfEkdifonf/ zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'u

tpkd;&w&yf&yftm; &if;jrpfrsm;udk ykdifqkdifap&ef tyfESif;xm;aomf

vnf; ,if;wkdYukd pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh ,if;wkdYu &½Sdonfh tcGefb@m

tusKd;tjrwfrsm;udkvnf; pDrHcefYcGJydkifcGifh ½Sdaprnf? okdYr[kwfygu

vnf; txl;ywfouf,SufEG,frI½Sdonf[k ,wdjywfqkdEkdifayrnf[k

tvG,fwulpOf;pm;aumif; pOf;pm;EkdifMuaomfvnf; vufawGUrSm

þokdY r[kwfvSacs/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif obm0o,HZmw

&if;jrpfrsm; ydkifqkdifrIESifh pyfvsOf;í rnfonfhtpkd;&u ykdifonfqkd

onfrSm tm;vkH;wlnDrI r½Sdovkd? Oya'aMumif;? b@ma&;qkdif&m

ESifh EdkifiHa&;qkdif&m ta&;ygrIrsm;rSmvJ wEkdifiHESifh wEkdifiH rwlnDbJ

rsm;pGm uGJjym;jcm;em;Muonfukd awG Y&ygonf/

zuf'&,fEkdifiHwEkdifiHwGif zGJUpnf;ykHyg jy|mef;csuft& obm0

o,HZmw &if;jrpfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í tpkd;&w&yfu t"duwm0ef

½Sdonf[k jy|mef;ay;xm;onfhwkdif tjcm;tpkd;&t&yf&yfwkdYukdvnf;

4if;&if;jrpfrsm; cGJa0rIESifh qufEG,fonfh tjcm;aom vkyfykdifcGifh

tmPmrsm; jy|mef;ay;xm;onfvnf; ½Sdekdifayonf (Oyrmtm;jzifh

obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh rsm;pGm pyfqkdifaom ywf0ef;usif

qkdif&m xdef;odrf;rIudpö&yfrsm;? ajrtokH;jyKrIqkdif&m? tcGefaumufcHrI

qkdif&m vkyfykdifcGifhrsm;)/ ,if;tjyif zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'rsm;rSm

vnf; tcsdefESifhtrQ ajymif;vJwwfaom oabmobm0½Sdovkd?

56

EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh &ifqkdifawGU rdonfhtcgrsKd;wGif ,if;EdkifiH

a&; tiftm;pktvkdt& jyifqifay;&aom oabmvnf; ½Sdayonf/

þ&if;jrpfrsm;ukd pDrHcefYcGJ&mwGif t"duta&;ygonfh vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;

rSm &if;jrpfrsm; wl;azmfcGifhESifh xkwfvkyfcGifhpnf;urf;ESifh pyfvsOf;

aom vkyfief;vkdifpifrsm; csxm;ykdifcGifhyg0ifovkd wzufwGifvnf;

tjcm;vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmrsm; (other jurisdictional handles) uvnf;

&if;jrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJ&mwGif ta&;ygEkdifayonf/ txl;ojzifh ajrokH;

pGJrI cGifhjyKrdefY (land use permits) uJhokdYaom jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;\

vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmtwGif; usa&mufonfh udpörsm;wGif ,if;vkyfykdifcGifh

udk rlwnfí &if;jrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJ&mwGif jynfe,ftpkd;&\ u@

vnf; ay:aygufvmEkdifayonf/ ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;qkdif&m

pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh a'oEÅ& tusKd;pD;yGm;ponfh udpö&yfrsm;

uvnf; jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;ukd &if;jrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJrIwGif yg0ifywfouf

apEkdifayonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh tpkd;&w&yfu &if;jrpfrsm;

pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh pyfvsOf;onfhh t"du vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmrsm;ukd csKyf

ukdifxm;onfhwkdif tjcm;tpkd;&tqifhrsm;uvnf; a&eH pDrHcefYcGJrI

udpö&yfrsm;ESifh ywfoufí tcef;u tcsKdUyg½Sdaernfom jzpfonfukd

awG Y&ayrnf/ þwkduf½kdufr[kwfonfhwqifhcH vkyfykdifcGifhtmPm

rsm;ukd Oya'aMumif;t& azmfjyyg½Sdonfhtwkdif; okH;pGJjcif;rsKd;jzpf

onfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfNyD; &if;jrpfrsm;pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif

aemufaz;wHcg;ayguf? rvG,fayguftaersKd; okH;pGJjcif;r[kwfonf

ukdvnf; rSwfom;&ef vkdtyfygonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm ,if;okdY tpkd;&

t&yf&yf yg0ifywfoufaejcif;aMumifh tpkd;&w&yf\ OD;pD;OD;½GufjyK

aqmif½GufrIukd taESmuft,SufjyK&m ra&mufbJ (zuf'&,ftpkd;&

jzpfap? jynfe,ftpkd;&jzpfap) &if;jrpfrsm;ukd pDrHcefYcGJcGifh&oluvnf;

,if;\ rl0g'rsm;twkdif; aqmif½GufEkdifonf/ ,if;okdY aqmif½GufEkdif

&ef wNydKifeufxJrSmyif ajrtokH;jyKrI? ywf0ef;usifa&;&mESifh a'oEÅ&

tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh ywfoufaom pnf;rsOf;? pnf;urf;? pHEIef;rsm;ESifh

57

udkufnD&ef vkdtyfygonf/

ukef;wGif; o,HZmw (onshore)

zuf'&,fEkdifiHtrsm;pkwGif ajratmufo,HZmwrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;

onfh ykdifqkdifrIukd zGUJpnf;ykH tajccHOya'wGif xnfhoGif;jy|mef;xm;

avh½Sdonf/ okdY&mwGif &if;jrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJrItcGifhtmPmrsm; (powers

of resource management) ESifh tcGefpnf;MuyfcGifhESifh tcGefaumufcH

cGifh (resource revenue determination and collection) qkdonfh

vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmrsm;rSmrl rwluGJjym;jcm;em;Muonf/ atmufwGif

azmfjyxm;onfh Z,m;wGif trsm;pk zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif ukef;wGif;

o,HZmwESifh ywfoufonfh ykdifqkdifrIudk jynfe,frsm;udkom tyfESif;

xm;onfukd awG Y&onf/ okdY&mwGif b&mZD;? ruúqDukd? Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;

ESifh AifeDZGJvm;EkdifiHrsm;wGifrl ukef;wGif;o,HZmwykdifqkdifrItm; A[kd

tpkd;& (zuf'&,ftpkd;&) ukd tyfESif;xm;onfukd awG Y&onf/

tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGifrl þukef;wGif;o,HZmwydkifqkdifrIESifh

pyfvsOf;vmvQif olrsm;ESifhrwl wrluGJjym;jcm;em;onfukd awG Y&rnf

jzpfygonf/ tar&duefEkdifiHwGif awG Y½Sd&m ajrtay:rlwnfí jynfe,f

ykdifajratmufwGif awG YvQif jynfe,fykdifjzpfNyD; A[kdtpkd;&ykdif ajr

atmufwGif awGYvQif A[kdtpkd;&ykdif jzpfonf/ xkdYjyif yk*¾vduykdif

ajratmufwGif awG YvQifrl ,if;ukef;wGif;ajratmuf o,HZmw

&if;jrpfrsm;rSm yk*¾vduykdif jzpfayonf/ &yf½Sm;ESifh ygupöwefEkdifiH

wkdYrSmvnf; trsm;ESifhrwl uGJjym;onfh EkdifiHrsm;jzpfNyD; ukefwGif;

o,HZmwrsm; ykdifqkdifrIrSm zuf'&,fESifh jynfe,frsm;u yl;wGJydkifqkdif

Muonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/

58

AifeDZGJvm; zuf'&,f zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f (A[kd)

EkdifiH

tm*sifwD;em;

MopaMw;vs

b&m;ZD;

uae'g

tdEd´,

rav;½Sm;

ruúqDukd

Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;

ygupöwef

&yf½Sm;

tar&duef

jynfaxmifpk

jynfe,f

jynfe,f

zuf'&,f (A[kd)

jynfe,f

jynfe,f

jynfe,f

zuf'&,f (A[kd)

zuf'&,f

yl;wGJ (Joint)

yl;wGJ (Joint)

jynfe,f^

zuf'&,f^

yk*¾vdu

jynfe,f

jynfe,f

zuf'&,f (A[kd)

jynfe,f

zuf'&,f (A[kd)

zuf'&,f (A[kd)

zuf'&,f (A[kd)

zuf'&,f (A[kd)

zuf'&,f (A[kd)

zuf'&,f (A[kd)

jynfe,f^zuf'&,f

jynfe,f^zuf'&,f

jynfe,f

jynfe,f^zuf'&,f^jrLeDpy,f

jynfe,f

zuf'&,f^jynfe,f

zuf'&,f^jynfe,f

zuf'&,f (A[kd)

zuf'&,f^jynfe,f

jynfe,f

zuf'&,f (A[kd)

jynfe,f^yk*¾vdu

ykdifqkdifrI

(Ownership)

&if;jrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJjcif;

(Resource Management)

&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGef

(Resource Revenue)

tpkd;&w&yf&yfu &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ykdifqkdifonfqkdjcif;jzifh &if;jrpfrsm;

tay: tvkH;pkHpDrHcefYcGJcGifh ½Sdonfqkdaomoabm? ,if;&if;jrpfrsm;rS

&½Sdonfh ckdifaMu;rsm;? tcGefrsm;ukd ,if;tpkd;&w&yfwnf;uyif

&½SdcHpm;Ekdifrnf qkdaomoabmrsKd; roufa&mufay/ zuf'&,fEkdifiH

q,fhESpfEkdifiHteuf ½SpfEkdifiHwGif &if;jrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh ywfouf

onfh t"duvkyfykdifcGifhwm0efukd (&if;jrpfrsm;udk) ykdifqkdifrIESifhtwl wGJ

ay;xm;NyD; (qkdvkdonfrSm &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ykdifqkdifoluyif 4if;&if;jrpf

Z,m; 1 - zuf'&,fEkdifiH q,fhESpfEkdifiHwGif ukef;wGif; o,HZmw

ykdifqkdifrI? pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh a&eHo,HZmwtcGefaumufcHrI

59

rsm;ukd pDrHcefYcGJonfukd qkdvkdNyD;) usefav;EkdifiHwGifrl ,if;okdY

r[kwfonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ tdE´d,ESifh rav;½Sm;EkdifiHwkdY

wGif jynfe,frsm; ydkifqkdifaom &if;jrpfrsm;udk zuf'&,ftpkd;&u

pDrHcefYcGJjcif;? ygupöwefESifh &yf½Sm;wkdYwGif (A[kdESifh jynfe,f) yl;wGJ

ydkifqkdifaom &if;jrpfrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJolrSm zuf'&,ftpkd;&jzpfonf

ukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ okdYjzpf&m ykdifqkdifrIrSm t<uif;rJhoabm

raqmifbJ rwlonfh zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif rwluGJjym;jcm;em;onfh

vkyfukdifaqmif½GufrIykHpHrsm; ½Sdonfukd awG Y&onf/

(A[kdtpkd;&? jynfe,ftpkd;&ESifh a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ponfh) tpdk;&t&yf&yf

Mum; obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;u &½Sdonfh tcGefukd cGJa0&,l

MuonfwGif twdtus rnfodkY rnfykHa0zefcGJa0rI jyKonfqkdonfh

udpö? wGufcsufonfh udpörSm tvGef½IyfaxG;onfh udpö&yfw&yf jzpf

onfhwkdif? EkdifiHwEkdifiHcsif;pDtwGuf a,bk,sobm0ykHpHrSmrl em;

vnfvG,fonf/ ½Sif;vif;onf[k qkd&rnfjzpfygonf/ (twdtus

cGJa0rIqkdonfhudpörSm ,if;tcsdef? ,if;taetxm;wGif ½Sdaom

aps;EIef;rsm;ESifh rl0g'rsm;tay:wGifvnf; rlwnfNyD; tajymif;tvJ½Sd

Ekdifayao;onf/) Z,m;-1wGif zuf'&,fEkdifiH 12 EkdifiHteufwGif

ajcmufEkdifiHwGifom &if;jrpfrsm;udk ykdifqkdifonfh tpkd;&tqifhu

&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGefaiGtrsm;pkukd &½Sdonfukd awGU&rnf jzpf

ayonf/ (þwGifvnf; tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;u ay;aqmifMu

onfh þu@rsm;u ykHrSeftcGef ryg/) tdEd´,? rav;½Sm;ESifh

&yf½Sm;wkdYwGifrl ukef;wGif;o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;ukd jynfe,frsm;?

okdYr[kwf (&yf½Sm;wGif) zuf'&,fESifh jynfe,f yl;wGJ ykdifqkdifonf

qkdonfhwkdif ,if;&if;jrpfrsm;u &½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;ukdrl zuf'&,f

tpkd;&u trsm;pk (okdYr[kwf tm;vkH;vkdkvkd) &½Sdonfudk awGU&rnf jzpf

ygonf/ b&mZD;EkdifiHESifh Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;EkdifiHwkdYwGifrl ,if;okdY r[kwf

bJ ajymif;jyefjzpfygonf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&u ydkifqkdifonfqkdonfh

wkdif ,if;&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGefwGifrl zuf'&,ftpkd;&u &½Sd

60

onfhtcGefxuf jynfe,frsm; (b&mZD;wGif jrLeDpy,frsm;yg yg0if

onf) u &½Sdonfh tcGefu ydkrkdrsm;jym;aeonfukd awG Y&rnf

jzpfygonf/ ,if;teuf &if;jrpfrsm; wnf½Sd?xGuf½Sd&m jynfe,frsm;

ukd txl;OD;pm;ay;xm;onfukdvnf; awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ ,if;

enf;wlyif tar&duef zuf'&,ftpkd;&u jynfe,frsm;wGif ajrtrsm;

tjym; ydkifqkdifxm;onfjzpf&m zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh ,if;ajrrsm;

u xGuf½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;ukd &½SdykdifcGifh½Sdonfhwkdif jynfe,frsm;okdYom

ay;tyfxm;onfukdvnf; awGU&ygonf/

urf;vGef (offshore)

Z,m; 2 wGif urf;vGefa&eHESifh wGif;xGuf obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpf

rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í ykdifqkdifrI? pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh tcGefxGufrsm;ukd

rnfokdY cGJjcm;NyD; &,lokH;pGJMuonfukd azmfjyxm;ygonf/ zuf'&,f

EkdifiHwkdif;wGif zuf'&,f tpkd;&u us,fjyefYonfh pD;yGm;a&;Zkef

tygt0if urf;vGefydkifeufrsm;ukd ykdifqkdifMuayonf/ (ukvor*¾\

yifv,fjyifOya'uGefAif;½Sif;yg jy|mef;csuft&qkdvQif ]xdxda&muf

a&muf} ykdifqkdifMuonf[k qkd&ayrnf/) taMumif;rSm urf;vGef

ydkifeufqkdonfrSm jynfe,frsm;\ e,fedrdwfjyifywGif usa&muf wnf

½SdaeaomaMumifhyif jzpfonf/ okdYjzpf&m urf;vGefae&mrsm;udk xdef;

csKyfpDrHrIESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'u zuf'&,f

tpkd;&rsm;okdYom tyfESif;xm;onfukd awGU&rnf jzpfayonf/

rav;½Sm;EkdifiHwGif urf;vGefudk abmfeD½kduRef;pkjynfe,frsm;u ydkif

qkdifonfhwkdif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u pDrHcefYcGJonfukd om"utaeESifh

awGUEkdifygonf/ ygupöwefekdifiHwGifrl zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif

yl;wGJykdifqkdifEkdif&ef rMumao;rDurS Oya'jyK jy|mef;cJhonfukdvnf;

awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/

61

,if;urf;vGefa'orsm; pDrHcefYcGJa&;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh tcGifhtmPm

rsm;? vkyfykdifcGifhrsm;ukd Oya'jyKa&;t&vnf; ajzavQmhjy|mef;í &yg

onf/ uae'gEkdifiHwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh urf;vGefvkyfykdifcGifh?

pDrHcefYcGJydkifcGifhrsm;ESifh tcGefb@mrsm;ukd uae'gekdifiH\ jynfe,f

ESpfckokdY vTJajymif;ay;tyfcJhonfukd awG YjrifEkdifygonf/ MopaMw;vs

wGifvnf; urf;vGef&if;jrpfrsm; ykdifqkdifrIukd zuf'&,ftpkd;&u xdef;

odrf;xm;onfhwkdif pDrHcefYcGJrIukdrl A[kdESifh jynfe,frsm;tMum;

yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifonfh ykHpHwck zefwD;azmfxkwfNyD; aqmif½Gufvsuf

½Sdonfukd awG YjrifEkdifygonf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk jynfe,frsm;

rSm urf;vGef a&eH&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í xdef;csKyfvkyfykdifcGifh

r½Sdonfhwkdif jynfe,ftcsKdUurl urf;vGef "mwfaiGU xkwfa0onfh

ukrÜPDrsm;twGuf ajr,mtokH;jyKcGifhudk wif;MuyfpGm xdef;csKyf? jiif;

qkdonfh enf;vrf;jzifh jynfe,frsm;bufuvnf; ta&;qkdykdifcGifh

½Sdatmif aqmif½Gufxm;onfukd awG Yjrif&rnf jzpfygonf/ b&mZD;

EkdifiHwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u urf;vGef&if;jrpfrsm;ukd ydkifqkdifNyD; xdef;

csKyfpDrHonf/ okdYaomf jynfe,frsm;ESifh (txl;ojzifh urf;vGef

&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh eD;uyfonfh jynfe,frsm;) ESifh jrLeDpy,frsm;u

,if;&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGeftrsm;pkukd &½Sdonfudk awG Y&onf/

62

Z,m; 2/ zuf'&,fEkdifiH q,fhESpfEkdifiHwGif urf;vGef&if;jrpfrsm;

ykdifqkdifrI? pDrHcefYcGJrIIESifh a&eHo,HZmwtcGef aumufcHrI

ygupöwef

Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;

&yf½Sm;

tar&duef

AifeDZGJvm;

yl;wGJ

zuf'&,f (A[kd)

zuf'&,f (A[kd)

zuf'&,f (A[kd)

zuf'&,f (A[kd)

zuf'&,f

zuf'&,f

zuf'&,f

zuf'&,f

zuf'&,f

zuf'&,f

zuf'&,f^jynfe,frsm;

zuf'&,f

zuf'&,f

zuf'&,f

tm*sifwD;em;

MopaMw;vs

b&m;ZD;

uae'g

tdEd´,

rav;½Sm;

ruúqDukd

zuf'&,f (A[kd)

zuf'&,f (A[kd)

zuf'&,f (A[kd)

zuf'&,f (A[kd)

zuf'&,f (A[kd)

zuf'&,f^

jynfe,frsm;

zuf'&,f (A[kd)

zuf'&,f

yl;wGJ

zuf'&,f

jynfe,f^yl;wGJ

zuf'&,f

zuf'&,f

zuf'&,f

zuf'&,f

zuf'&,f

jynfe,f^

zuf'&,f^jrLeDpy,f

jynfe,frsm;

zuf'&,f

zuf'&,f

zuf'&,f

EkdifiHykdifqkdifrI

(Ownership)

&if;jrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJjcif;

(Resource Management)

&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGef

(Resource Revenue)

tcGefb@mqkdif&m rlabmif - tcGefrsm;ukd rnfokdY aumufcHNyD;

rnfokdY cGJa0oenf;/

&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;aom tcGefukd enf;vrf;rsKd;pkHjzifh aumufcHEkdif

onf/ Oyrm - aumfykda&;½Sif;rsm;\ 0ifaiGcGef (corporation income

taxes)? ckdifaMu; (royalities)? vkyfief;vkdifpiftc (licence fees)? ajrcGef

(land use fees)? ydkYukeftcGef (export taxes) ESifh þu@tay:

63

pnf;Muyfonfh tjcm;tcGeftcrsm;/ ckdifaMu;ESifh pyfvsOf;í ckdifaMu;

qkdonfrSm &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ykdifqkdifol (okdYwnf;r[kwf tpkd;&) xH

ay;tyf&onfh tcGeftjzpf ,lqMuaomfvnf; tcsKdUaom zuf'&,f

EkdifiHrsm;wGif ckdifaMu;rsm;rSm &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ydkifqkdifolr[kwfonfh

tpkd;&rsm;rSwqifh a&muf½SdpD;qif;jcif;rsKd;jzpfNyD; &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ykdif

qkdifonfh tpkd;&yif ckdifaMu;EIef;ukd rowfrSwfEkdifacs/ EkdifiHykdif a&eH

ukrÜPDrsm; ta&;ygonfh (okdYr[kwf vuf0g;BuD; tkyfxm;onfh)

EkdifiHrsm;wGif ckdifaMu;rsm;rSm ,if;ukrÜPDrsm;u pDrHowfrSwfEkdif

onfh b@ma&;pepftwkdif; aqmif½Guf&onfvnf; ½SdNyD; tpkd;&udk

,if;&½Sdonfh tusKd;tjrwfrsm;xJu ay;tyfwifoGif;onfukdvnf;

awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/

a&eHESifh pyfvsOf;onfh tcGeftcrsm;ukd tpkd;&tqifhw&yf&yf (one

order of goverment) u pnf;MuyfowfrSwfí tcGefaumufcHEkdif

onfrSefaomfvnf; ,if;pnf;Muyfonfh aumufcHonfh tpkd;&tqifh

(tpkd;&w&yf) onf ,if;okdY pnf;Muyfekdifjcif;? aumufcHEkdifjcif;

aMumifh ,if;tcGeftctm;vkH;ukd &½Sdodrf;ykdufEkdifonf[kvnf; rqkd

omacs/ taMumif;rSm &if;jrpfrsm;u &½Sdonfh tcGefb@mrsm;udk

cGJa0&mwGif oD;jcm;pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;rsm;? okdYr[kwf b@maiG

cGJa0jcif;qkdif&m vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm; BuD;rm;us,fjyefYpGm ½Sdaejcif;

aMumifhyif jzpfonf/ þpnf;urf;enf;vrf;rsm;rSm zGJUpnf;ykH tajccH

Oya'yg ay;tyfjy|mef;csufrsm;? b@maiGcGJa0jcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;

onfh vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;"avhrsm;ESifh zuf'&,fEkdifiHtwGif; rQwrIjzpf

atmif jyefvnfcGJa0ay;onfh xkH;pH"avhrsm;tygt0if a'owck

ESifh wcktMum;rS t[ (qkdvkdonfrSm orkdif;aMumif;? EkdifiHa&;ESifh

pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m wif;rmrIrsm;u &if;jrpfrsm;? xkwfvkyfonfh

jynfe,frsm;taeESifh ,if;wkdYae&mwGif xGuf½Sdonfh &if;jrpfrsm;rS

&½Sdvmonfh tcGeftwkyfrsm;ukd tjcm;jynfe,frsm; okdYr[kwf A[kdESifh

rQa0vkdonfh taetxm;r½SdonfhtcgrsKd;rsm;) ponfhtaetxm;

64

rsm;ukd xif[yfaeygonf/ tcsKyfqkd&aomf zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;½Sd

tpkd;&ESpf&yftMum; &if;jrpfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh b@mtcGefaumuf

cH&mwGif enf;vrf;rsKd;pkH? vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;? pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsKd;pkH

½Sdaeonfukd xif½Sm;apvkd&if; jzpfygonf/

1/ Derivation

Derivation qkdonfrSm a&eH&if;jrpfrsm; xGuf½Sd&m jynfe,frsm;u

,if;a&eHrS &½Sdonfh tcGefteuf (,if;jynfe,fwGif xGuf½Sdjcif;

aMumifh &½Sdonfh) tcGef&mckdifEIef;udk qkdvkdonf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;

rSm tpkd;&ESpf&yftMum; tcGefb@mvkyfykdifcGifhtmPmESifh pyfvsOf;í

wEkdifiHESifh wekdifiH rwluGJjym; Muovkd (Oyrm ckdifaMu; owfrSwfcGifh

ukd rnfonfh tpkd;&udkom tyfESHxm;onf? tjrwfcGefudk rnfonfh

tpkd;&uom aumuf,lcGifh ½Sdonfponf) A[kdu aumufcHpnf;Muyf

ykdifcGifh½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;ukd jyefvnfcGJa0ay;&mwGifvnf; wEkdifiHESifh

wEkdifiH rwlnD? uGJjym;aom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;? vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;

rsm; ½SdMuayonf/ ,if;okdY wnf½Sdaomfvnf; principle of derivation

onf &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdaom tcGefrsm;ukd oufqkdif&m (&if;jrpfxGuf

½Sd&m) jynfe,frsm;okdY jyefvnfcGJa0ay;tyf&mwGif ta&;BuD;aom

tcef;u@u yg0ifayonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh b&mZD;EkdifiHwGif xkwf

vkyfonfhjynfe,frsm;u ,if; derivation tay: tajccHí &if;jrpf

rsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;\ twkdif;twmw&yfukd &½Sdonf/ tdE´d,

EkdifiHESifh rav;½Sm;EkdifiHwkdYwGifrl ckdifaMu;udkom jynfe,frsm;u

&½SdMuNyD; &yf½Sm;ekdifiHwGifrl &if;jrpfwnf½Sd&m jynfe,frsm;u ,if;

jynfe,frsm;twGif; aumufcH&½Sdonfh &if;jrpftcGefrsm;rS wpkHw&m cGJ

a0&½Sdjcif; r½SdbJ 0ifaiGcGefrS twkdif;twmyrmPwckukd derivation

tay: tajccHí cGJa0&½Sdonf/ okdYjzpf&m principle of derivation

onfvnf; vufawG YtokH;csonfh ae&mwGifomru ykHpHwGifvnf;

uGmjcm;Mu onfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/

65

2/ tcGefaumufcHcGifhtmPmcGJa0jcif;ESifh tokH;jyKjcif;

tcGefrsm; (taxes or levies) rsm;ukd rnfolu pnf;MuyfcGifh½Sdonfqkd

onfhtcsufuvnf; tcGefb@mcGJa0jcif; u@wGif tusKd;ouf

a&mufrI ½SdNyD; tpkd;&t&yf&yftaeESifh rnfokdYaom tcGefrsKd; owfrSwf

xm;½Sdrnfqkdonfh rufvkH;rsm;tay:vnf; oufa&mufrI½Sdonfukd

awG Yonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm zuf'&,ftpkd;&u tcGefw&yf&yfukd

jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;okdY cGJa0ay;tyf&ef wm0ef½SdNyD; tjcm;tcGefw&yf

ukdrl xkdokdYcGJa0ay;tyf&ef rvkdonfhtcgrsKd;wGif? cGJa0ay;&ef rvkdonfh

tcGefrsKd;ukd pnf;MuyfaumufcH&ef A[kdtpkd;&taeESifh ydkrkdpdwf0ifpm;

rnfjzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm ,if;tcGefu &½Sdonfh b@mrsm;ukd

rnfolESifhrQ cGJa0ay;&ef vkdtyfrnf r[kwfjcif;aMumifhyif jzpfonf/

A[kdtpkd;&rsm;taeESifh trsKd;om;ykdif a&eHu@udk tm;aumif;oefrm

ap&ef us,fjyefYonfh b@ma&;qkdif&m enf;vrf;rsm;udkvnf; okH;pGJ

Ekdifonf/ oGif;ukeftcGefrsm;ESifh a&eHoGif;ukefrsm;\ ta&twGuf

qkdif&m xdef;csKyfrIrsm;ukd ,ckacwftcgwGif tokH;rjyKawmhonfh

wkdif? ,cifurl ,if;oGif;ukeftcGefrsm;ESifh ta&twGufxdef;csKyfrI

rsm;u ppfat;umvaESmif;ykdif; q,fpkESpfrsm;wGif 0,f,lolrsm;

twGuf aps;EIef;jrifhNyD; a&eHukrÜPDBuD;rsm;? xkwfvkyfonfh jynfe,f

rsm;? c½kdifrsm; tusKd;½Sdatmif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifh uae'gEkdifiH

wkdY\ a&eHu@rsm;wGif ta&;ygcJhonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/

tdE´d,ESifh ygupöwefuJhokdYaom zGHH YNzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;uvnf; b@ma&;

qkdif&m tcGefrsm; &½SdEkdifonfh &if;jrpfwcktjzpf vnf;aumif;? a'ocH

pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd umuG,fay;onfh enf;vrf;wpfcktjzpf

vnf;aumif;? ,if;wkdYukd tokH;jyKcJhMuonfukd awG Y&ygonf/ 0,f,l

okH;pGJolrsm;tzkdY 0efxkyf0efykd; ydkrkdjzpfaponfhwkdif? a'oqkdif&m

xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm; zGH YNzdK;wkd;wufrIukd t½Sdefjr§ifhwifay;Ekdif

onftjyif qufvufwkd;wufonfh u@rS tpkd;&taeESifh tcGef

66

b@mrsm; wkd;jr§ifh&½SdEkdifonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/

tcsKdUaom zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGifrl ta&;ygaom o,HZmwtcrsm;

rSm tpkd;&\ aiGpm&if;rsm;wGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyjcif; rcH&onf

ukdvnf; awG Y&ygonf/ ,if;okdY jzpf&jcif;rSm ,if;tcGefrsm;ukd

bwf*sufjyify aiGpm&if;rsm;okdY xnfhoGif;vkdufjcif;aMumifhvnf;

jzpfEkdifovkd EkdifiHykdif a&eHukrÜPDrsm;u ,if;tcGefrsm;ukd csKyfukdif

xm;jcif;rsKd;aMumifhvnf; jzpfEkdifayonf/ ,if;tjzpftysufrsKd;rSm

wcgw&HwGif tpkd;&rsm;u &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGeftcrsm;

ukd aumufcHjcif; rjyKbJ jynfwGif;tokH;jyKonfh a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Y

vufvDta&mif;aps;rsm;ukd 0,f,lolrsm;twGuf subsidy taeESifh

aps;avQmhay;jcif;rsKd;aMumifhvnf; jzpfEkdifayonf/ ,if;okdY a&eHESifh

"mwfaiG Yaps;rsm;ukd avQmhay;jcif;rsKd;rSm A[kdtpkd;&ESifh jynfe,ftpkd;&

wkdYtMum; tcGefrsm;ukd rQa0&ef vkdtyfonfh tajctaersKd;½Sdonfh

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;twGuf ta&;BuD;ayonf/ ,if;okdY vkyfvkdufjcif;

aMumifh zuf'&,fESifh jynfe,ftMum; cGJa0&rnfh tcGefrsm;ukd avsmh

enf;oGm;apovkd jynfe,frsm;taeESifhvnf; &if;jrpfrsm;rS tcGef&½

EdkifonfhtcgrsKd;wGif aps;avQmhvkdufjcif;aMumifh ,if;wkdY &½Sdoifhonfh

tcGeftcatmuf avsmhenf;í &½Sdaponf/ a&eHaps;EIef;BuD;jrifhjcif;

rS qif;&Jonfh omrefvlxkukd umuG,fay;&ef zuf'&,fEkdifiHtcsKdU

wGif tpkd;&rsm;u a&eHaps;ukd xdef;csKyfowfrSwf xm;wwfMuonf/

odkYaomf þenf;rSm a&eHu &½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;ukd EkdifiHtaeESifh pDrH

cefYcGJ&mwGifrl jyóemrsm; ay:aygufvmapEkdifonf/

3/ &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh b@maiGrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í ,SOfNydKifjcif;

zuf'&,ftpkd;&uaum jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;uyg a&eHu@wGif tcGef

rsm; pnf;MuyfEkdifonfh ekdifiHrsm;wGif BuHKawG Y&onfh tjcm;tcuftcJ

wckrSm ,if;tcGef pnf;MuyfEkdifonfh tpkd;&tqifhtoD;oD;u NydKif

67

qkdifovm; odkYr[kwf yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufovm;qkdonfh udpöyifjzpf

onf/ jynfe,frsm; u &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ykdifqkdifNyD;? ckdifaMu;rsm;

pnf;Muyfjcif;? vkyfief;vkdifpifxkwfay;jcif;rsm;? aqmif½Gufonfh

tcgrsKd;wGifrl zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh (w&m;0ifcGifhjyKxm;onfh

tcgrsKd;wGif) (ykdYukeftcGefuJhokdYaom) tcGefrsKd;ukd pnf;MuyfEkdifNyD;

o,HZmwtcGeftc\ wpdwfwykdif;ukd &½SdEkdifonf/ xkduJhokdY ykdYukef

tcGefrsKd;u a&eHpdrf;aps;udk usqif; apEkdifaomfvnf; (a&eHaps;us

onfhtavsmuf) jynfe,frsm;u a&eHrS tcGefenf;í &½Sdaomtcg

jynfe,fESifh A[kdtMum; EkdifiHa&;t& wif;rmrIrsm; jzpfay:vmEkdif

ayonf/ txl;ojzifh zGJ Ypnf;ykHjy|mef;csuft& A[kdtpkd;&u tcsKdU

aom tcGefrsm;ukd a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;ESifh cGJa0p&m rvkdtyf

onfh tajctaersKd;wGif okdYr[kwf taxGaxGb@ma&;qkdif&m cGJa0

ay;tyfrI (general fiscal transfer) wGif xnfhoGif;cGJa0ay;p&m

rvkdaom tajctaersKd;wGif jzpfonf/ tpkd;&tqifhqifhonf &if;jrpf

rsm;rS tcGefwkd;jr§ifh&½Sda&;ESifh zGH YNzdK;wkd;wufapa&;twGuf rufvkH;

rsm; zefwD;ay;&ef tcsif;csif;tMum; yl;aygif;aqmif½GufEkdifonf/

Oyrmtm;jzifh tcsKdUaom pufrIu@rsm;twGuf tcGefoD;oefYuif;

vGwfcGifhay;onfh enf;vrf;rsKd;jzpfonf/

tcGefb@mrsm; cGJa0jcif; - &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGefb@mrsm;

onf oD;oefYoabmaqmifaom txl;tcGefb@mrsm;avm/

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh tcGefcGJa0rI (revenue

sharing in general)? txl;tm;jzifh qkd&vQif &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdaom

tcGefcGJa0rIESifh pyfvsOf;í rwluGJjym;aom tawG;tac: t,ltq

rsm; ½SdMuayonf/ okdY&mwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&tm;vkH;yif &if;jrpfrsm;

rS &½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;ukd jynfe,frsm;okdY rQa0ay;jcif;? okdYr[kwf

transfer [kac:onfh vTJajymif;aiG ay;tyfjcif;rsm; aqmif½GufMu

onfcsnf;om jzpfygonf/ tqkdyg vTJajymif;aiGrsm;rSm owfrSwfcsuf

68

ESifh vTJajymif;aiG (conditional) jzpfEkdifovkd owfrSwfcsufrJh vTJajymif;

aiG (unconditional) vnf; jzpfEkdifygonf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiH tawmf

rsm;rsm;wGif ,if;zuf'&,ftpkd;&u vTJajymif;ay;tyfonfh vTJajymif;

aiGrsm; (okdYr[kwf) tcGefb@mcGJa0jcif;rsm;tay: jynfe,frsm;u

txl;trSDo[JjyK&onfh ykHpHrsKd; ½Sdovkd? jynfe,frsm;taeESifh udk,fh

tcGefaiG udk,f½Smí ukd,fhajcaxmufay: udk,f&yfEkdifonfh zuf'&,f

EkdifiHrsm;vnf; ½Sdygonf/ tcsKdUzuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif jynfe,frsm;

tm;vkH; b@ma&;pGrf;&nftaejzifh wEkdifiHvkH; vTrf;NcHKnDrQonfh

trsKd;om;pHw&yf ½Sd&avatmif tcGefukd rQwpGm cGJa0ay;jcif;

(strongly equalizing) ykHpHrsKd;½Sdovkd tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;rSmrl jynfe,f

wjynfe,fESifh wjynfe,f b@ma&; pGrf;&nfrwlnDonfvnf; ½Sd

ayonf (major fiscal dispartities)/ &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGef

b@mcGJa0rI ykHpHwGif a,bk,s csOf;uyfrItjyif tcsKdUzuf'a&;½Sif;

rsm;wGif o,HZmwtcGefb@mrsm;ukd rQa0&ef (okdY) rrQa0&ef txl;

tpDtrHrsm;vnf; ½Sdygonf/ (some federations have special

arrangements for sharing - or not sharing - resource revenues.)

,if;ykHpHESpfrsKd;teuf rnfonfhykHpHukd usifhokH;onfjzpfap t"duus

onfh ar;cGef;rSm obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;

ukd cGJa0jcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;í rnfokdY oabmxm;rnfenf;qkdaom

ar;cGef;ESifh ,if;tcGefrsm;ukd tjcm;tcGefrsm;uJhokdY r[kwfbJ oD;oD;

oefYoefY oabmxm;oifhoavmqkdonfh ar;cGef;rsm;yif jzpfayonf/

txl;tm;jzifh obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm; wnf½Sdonfh jynfe,f

rsm;taeESifh ,if;jynfe,frsm;wGif o,HZmwxkwfvkyfokH;pGJonf

jzpf&m tjcm;o,HZmw rxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;xuf ydkrkdí tcGef

b@mrsm; &½Sdaponfh tusKd;cHpm;cGifh jyKoifh rjyKoifhqkdonfh ar;cGef;

yif jzpfayonf/

jynfe,frsm;u &if;jrpfrsm;udk ydkifqkdifcGifh½Sdonfh zuf'&,fEkdifiH

69

rsm;wGif &if;jrpfrsm; ydkifqkdifonfh jynfe,frsm;u olwkdYonf &if;jrpf

rsm; ydkifqkdifolrsm; jzpfonfESifhtnD olrsm;xuf wyef;omonfh

tcGifhta&;&Sdoifhonf[k jynfe,frsm;u tckdiftrmqkdMuonfvnf;

½Sdygonf/ okdY&mwGif jynfe,frsm; e,fedrdwftwGif; okdYr[kwf eD;uyf

onfh urf;vGefa'orsm;wGif ½Sdonfh zuf'&,ftpkd;&ydkif &if;jrpfrsm;

xkwfvkyfokH;pGJjcif;rS &½Sdonfh tcGefb@mrsm;udk ,if;jynfe,frsm;

u txl;tcGifhta&;taeESifh &oifh&xkdufonf[k awmif;qkdrIrsm;

rSm atmifjrifcJhonfh tjzpfrsKd;½Sdjcif;udk taMumif;jyí jynfe,f

rsm;taeESifhvnf; &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ykdifonfqkd½kHjzifh ,if;&if;jrpfrsm;

\ pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh tcGefb@mukd pDrHcefYcGJEkdifonfh tcGifhtmPm

tm;vkH;ukd jynfe,fu ydkifqkdifonf[k qkd&eff rjzpfEkdifacs/ &if;jrpf

xGuf½Sdonfh jynfe,frsm; taeESifhvnf;olwkdY jynfe,frsm;twGif;

obm0ywf0ef;usif ysufpD;rI? ,if;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh qufpyfonfh

0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;twGuf vkdtyfonfh tajccHtaqmuftODukd

wnfaqmufay;&rIESifh &if;jrpfrsm; ukefcef;onfhtcg pD;yGm;a&;

,kdifvJroGm;ap&ef vkdtyfonfh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;twGufqkdonfh

taMumif;rsm;ukd rlwnfí jynfe,frsm;ukd tcGeftcGifhta&; ykday;

xkdufonf[kvnf; awmif;qkdvkdMuayrnf/

,if;t,ltqukd qefYusifolrsm;uvnf; þokdY jyefvnfacsywkHY

jyefMuayvdrfhrnf/ jynfe,frsm;taeESifh &if;jrpfrsm; ukefqkH;oGm;jcif;

udk pdwfylyef onfqkdvQif ajrBuD;xJ½Sd 4if;&if;jrpfrsm;ukd ydkufqH

(t&if;) tjzpf ajymif;vJNyD; ,if;bPfu twkd;tyGm;awmufavQmuf

xkwfay;aeygvdrfhrnf[k qkdzG,f&m ½Sdonf/ &if;jrpfrsm; wnf½Sdae

onfh jynfe,frsm;taeESifh tvkyftukdif tcGifhtvrf;vnf; tjcm;

jynfe,frsm;xufykdrkd&½SdNyD; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrSvnf; tusKd;tjrwfrsm;

&½SdaeNyDjzpf&m olwkdYtwGuf xyfrHí txl;b@ma&;qkdif&m tcGifh

ta&;rsm; vkdtyfawmhrnf r[kwf[kvnf; qkdaumif;qkdzG,f&m ½Sd

ayonf/ &if;jrpf<u,f0onfh jynfe,frsm;taeESifh tom;wiftusKd;

70

tjrwfrsm;pGm &½SdNyD; <u,f0aom tpkd;&tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh tcGefrsm;

ukdvnf; avQmhcsay;xm;jcif;uJhokdYaom taetxm;rsKd;u vkyfief;

udkifief;rsm;ukd rsm;pGm qGJaqmifEkdifonfjzpfaomaMumifh csrf;omonfh

jynfe,frsm;ESifh qif;&Jonfh jynfe,frsm;tMum; ab;wkduf rnDrQrI

(horizontal imbalance) jzpfay:vmvQif wEkdifiHvkH; pD;yGm;a&; rnDrQykH

ysufrIrsKd; jzpfvmEkdifonf[kvnf; apm'u wufzG,f&m ½Sdygonf/

vufawG YtawG YtBuHKrsm;u ñTefjyonfrSm ,if;okdY t,ltqrsm;?

tjiif;tckHrsm; rnfokdYyif uGJvGJygap? EkdifiHa&;"avhESifh zuf'&,fEkdifiH

½Sd xkH;wrf;pOfvmrsm;u vufawG Yydkrkdta&;ygonfqkdonfhtcsufyif

jzpfygonf/ zGJUpnf;ykHu jynfe,frsm;twGuf txl;tav;ay;xm;

vQif? a'oEÅ& "avhp½kduf vu©Pmrsm; (strong regional identities)

jyif;xefvQif? A[kdcsKyfukdifrI rjzpfEkdifonfh tajctaersm; ½SdaevQif

jynfe,frsm;taeESifh &ykdifcGifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ukd ydkrkdawmif;qkd&ef

tvm;tvm½Sdayonf/ tcsKdUzuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGifrl &if;jrpf½Sdonfh

jynfe,frsm;twGuf b@maiGrsm; ydkrkdcGJa0Ekdif&ef derivation [k

ac:qkdonfh enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh A[kdu aumufcH&½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;ukd

cGJa0ay;onfvnf; ½Sdayonf/

a&eHo,HZmwu &½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;rSm tpkd;&\ t&yf&yftcGef

yrmP\ tenf;i,fom ½Sdaom zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGifrl ,if;a&eH

o,HZmwu &½Sdonfh tcGefcGJa0rIESifh pyfvsOf;í txl;tjiif;yGm;

rIrsKd; r½SdvSacs/ yrmPwpkHw&m ½Sdaom zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGifrl

&if;jrpfwnf½Sdonfh jynfe,frsm;u ,if;jynfe,frsm;\ a'oEÅ&

tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd wkd;jr§ifhvkdrI okdYr[kwf umuG,fvkdrIaMumifh ,if;tcGef

cGJa0rIESifh pyfvsOf;í aqG;aEG;ajymqkd&avh ½Sdygonf/ ,if;enf;tm;

jzifhyif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif jynfe,f e,fedrdwftwGif;½Sd

zuf'&,ftpkd;&ykdif ajrae&mrsm;rS &½Sdonfh a&eH&if;jrpftcGefrsm;ukd

jynfe,frsm;u awmif;qkd&½SdoGm;jcif; jzpfayonf/ ,if;enf;wlpGm

71

yif uae'gEkdifiH½Sd twåvefwpfjynfe,fi,fESpfckukdvnf; (,if;

jynfe,frsm; qif;&Jjcif;ESifh EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m udpö&yfrsm;aMumifh)

urf;vGefa&eH &if;jrpfu &½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;ukd ,if;jynfe,frsm;okdY

ay;tyf&jcif;yif jzpfayonf/ trsKd;om;tqifh (wEkdifiHvkH;tqifh)

wGif ta&;ygrI twkdif;twmtay: rlwnfíao;i,faom? pkpnf;

onfh tusKd;tjrwf (small, concentrated interests) aMumifhyif

tdE´d,? ygupöwefESifh tm*sifwD;em;EkdifiHrsm;wGif jynfe,ftpkd;&

rsm;u A[kdtpkd;&xHrS tcGefqkdif&m tavQmhay;rIrsm;ukd &½Sdjcif; jzpfay

onf/ (qkkdvkdonfrSm wEkdifiHvkH; twkdif;twmtaeESifh &if;jrpfu

&½Sdonfh tcGefu yrmP rajymyavmufonfhtcg zuf'&,ftpkd;&

rsm;u jynfe,frsm;okdY rsufESmomay;? tavQmhay;aphpyfonfukd

qkdvkdjcif; jzpfygonf/)

a&eHu@\ us,fjyefYaom pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;

ukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif;

a&eHu &½Sdonfh tcGefb@mtay: rsm;pGm rSDckd&onfh zuf'&,fEkdifiH

rsm;rSm tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;ESifh EIdif;,SOfvQif rufc½kdpD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m

pDrHcefYcGJrI udpö&yfrsm;wGif ykHpHrwlaom pdefac:rIrsm;½Sdonfukd awG Y&

ygonf/ taMumif;rSma&eHu &½Sdonfh tcGefb@mrsm;onf rwnf

Nidrfjcif;ESifh tcsdefwkdtwGif; ajymif;vJoGm;Ekdifjcif;wkdYaMumifhyif jzpf

ayonf/ xkdYjyif zuf'&,fEkdifiHtcsKdU½Sd a&eH&if;jrpfu &½Sdonfh tcGef

b@mtay: txl;rSDckd&aom jynfe,frsm;taeESifhvnf; b@ma&;

qkdif&m pDrHcefYcGJrIwGif txl;oD;oefY oabmaqmifonfh pdefac:rI

rsm;ESifh BuHKawG Y&ygonf/

,if;uJhokdY pdefac:rIrsm;wGif tjcm;u@rsm;tay: tav;rxm;ekdif

bJ a&eHtay:om rSDckd&onfh a&eHusdefpm okdYr[kwf 'wfcsfa&m*g

]Dutch disease} qkdaom pdefac:rIrsKd; jzpfonf/ aumif;rGefaom

72

t&nftaoG;jrifh tkyfcsKyfrI (good quality governance) ½Sdaom?

a&vwfrS a&½Snf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI rl0g'okdY tm½kHpkdufaom pD;yGm;a&;

jzefYusufrI½Sdaom EkdifiHrsm;wGifrl a&eH<u,f0csrf;omrIonf trSef

wu,f ta&;BuD;onfh &wemwyg;ozG,f jzpfEkdifygonf/ okdYaomf

aumif;rGefaom tkyfcsKyfrIqkdonfrSm a&eH<u,f0onfh zGH YNzdK;qJEkdifiH

rsm;tzkdY tcgcyfodrf; vG,fulonfh udpör[kwfay&m a&eHonfyif

vQif ta[moduHjzpfrI (waste)? tusifhysufjcpm;rI (corruption)?

tedrfhtjrifh oHo&mESifh tvGef tuJrSDckdvmrIrsKd;ukd vuf,yfac:

ovkd jzpfwwfygonf/

b@ma&;qkdif&m pDrHudef;a&;qGJrI (fiscal planning) wGif t"du tBuD;

qkH; tcuftcJrSm a&eHaps;EIef; raocsmjcif;ESifh a&eHu &½Sdonfh tcGef

rsm; raocsmjcif;yif jzpfayonf/ &if;jrpftay: rSDckd&onfh pD;yGm;a&;

½Sdaeaom ae&mrsKd;wGif vlokH;ukefypönf; aps;EIef;jrifhwufvmrIrsKd;

ay:aygufonfh tcsdefwGif tBuD;tus,f zdtm;rsm; ½SdaomaMumifh

tpkd;&tokH;p&dwfrSmvnf; wufvkdufusvkdufjzpfav&m ekdifiHtae

ESifhvnf; wnfNidrfrI r½SdvSay/ ,if;okdY aps;EIef;rsm; ½kwfw&uf

jrifhrm;jcif;onf txdemavmufonfh aygufuGJrIrsm; aemufqufwGJ

ay:xGufvmNyD; b@ma&;qkdif&m tokH;p&dwfjzwfawmufrIrsm;ESifh

BuHKawG Y&ayonf (major fiscal cuts)/ a&eH<u,f0onfh zuf'&,f

EkdifiHrsm;tzkdY A[kdtpkd;&ESifh jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;tMum; b@ma&;

rl0g'rsm; tjyeftvSef n§dEIdif;xm;jcif; r½SdrIaMumifh ay:vmaom

aemufxyfjyóemudkvnf; &ifqkdif&Ekdifonf/ txl;ojzifh vTJajymif;

aiGpepfrsm; ckdifckdifrmrmr½SdvQif þjyóemrSm ydkrkd qkd;½Gm;ygonf/

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif b@ma&;qkdif&m tpDtrHrsm;u A[kdtpkd;&

rsm;xuf jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;ukd ydkrkdckdifrmonfh tcGefb@mrsm; &½Sd

apygonf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiH tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif jynfe,frsm;tae

ESifh a<u;NrD; acs;iSm;EkdifrItenf;i,fom ½SdNyD; ,if;twuftusjref

73

onfh b@ma&; tajctaeudk pDrHcefYcGJ&ef zuf'&,ftpkd;&u wm0ef

,l&avonf/ tpkd;&tokH;p&dwfqkdif&m udpö&yfrsm;wGifvnf;

jynfe,frsm;u ydkrkdwnfNidrfonfh tpkd;&tokH;p&dwfqkdif&m wm0efrsm;

(stable spending responsibilities) ½Sdayonf/ Oyrm - tajccH

ynma&;ESifh vlrIa&;qkdif&m 0efaqmifrIrsm;/ odkYjzpf&m jynfe,f

rsm;okdY vTJajymif;aiGrsm; ay;tyfonfh pepfukd pepfwus ykHpH

azmfxkwfxm;jcif;? 'DZkdif;qGJxm;jcif;rSm txl;ta&;BuD;onfukd awG Y

&rnf jzpfygonf/ ,if;okdY vTJajymif;ay;tyfrIrsm;u yrmP

wpkHw&m BuD;rm;vmonfhtcg ,if;vTJajymif;aiGrsm;\ yrmPonf

cefYrSef;wGufcsufEkdifonfh tajctae½SdxkdufNyD; tajccHtpDtrHrsm;

twGuf ykHrSefvTJajymif;ay;rI ½Sdoifhayonf/

&if;jrpfrS xGuf½Sdonfh tcGefb@mrsm;ukd zuf'&,ftpkd;&u aumuf

cHNyD; a'oqkdif&m jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;ESifh cGJa0ay;onfh zuf'&,f

EkdifiHrsm;wGif zuf'&,ftpdk;&bwf*sufonf a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Ytay:

cefYrSef;wGuf csufxm;onfh aps;EIef;tay: tajccHa&;qGJayrnf/ ,if;

aps;EIef;ESifhyifvQif jynfe,frsm;okdY a&eH&if;jrpftcGefrsm;ukd ueOD;

cGJa0ay;tyfrIrsm; jyKvkyfayrnf/ rSef;onfhaps;EIef;enf;oGm;vQif

zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh tcGefrsm;pGm vuf0,fusef½SdrnfjzpfNyD;

tcsKdUw0ufukd EkdifiHwGif wif½Sdaeonfh a<u;NrD;rsm; ay;qyfEkdifrnf

jzpfNyD; EkdifiHh&efykHaiGrsm; xlaxmifEkdifrnf/ txl;ya&m*sufrsm; aqmif

½GufEkdifayrnf/ jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;twGufvnf; xyfaqmif;ay;tyf

rIrsm; aemufykdif;wGif jyKvkyfEkdifrnf jzpfonf/ okdYaomf rarQmfvifhbJ

tcGefrsm;pGm ykd&jcif;rsKd; r[kwfbJ wrifoufoufaps;ESdrfNyD;

jynfe,frsm;ukd tcGefcGJa0ay;jcif;rsKd;jzpfvQif jynfe,frsm;\

bwf*sufvkyfief;pOfudk ykHysufapekdifNyD; tcGefcGJa0rItay: rlwnfí

EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m wif;rmrIrsm; jzpfay:vmayvdrfhrnf/

74

bwf*sufjzpfpOfwGif ,if;uJhokdY vlokH;ukefypönf;rsm; aps;EIef;

tajymif;tvJukd tqifajyacsmarG Yatmif pDrHEkdifonfh enf;vrf;

w&yfrSm wnfNidrfa&; &efykHaiG (stabilization fund) w&yfukd wnf

axmifxm;onfh enf;vrf;yif jzpfayonf/ ,if;&efykHaiGukd tpkd;&

okdYr[kwf A[kdbPfu xlaxmifxm;NyD; &if;jrpfrsm;u&½Sdonfh tcGef

b@mtajymif;tvJrsm;\ tEÅ&m,frS jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;ukd um

uG,fEkdif&ef jzpfayonf/ ESpfpOf &okH;rSef;ajcaiG pm&if;yg cefYrSef;

aps;EIef;xuf ykdrkdí tcGefrsm; &½SdvQif ykdvQHtcGefukd bkH&efykHaiGokdY

vTJajymif;ay;NyD; cefYrSef;aps;EIef;atmuf avsmhenf;í tcGef&½Sdonfh

tcg xkdkbkH&efykHaiGrS xkwf,lokH;pGJEkdifonf/ xkduJhokdY xkwf,lokH;pGJ

jcif;jzifh vlokH;ukefypönf;rsm;qkdif&m aps;EIef;rsm; twuftusMurf;

vQif tpkd;&taeESifh ykHrSeftqifhw&yfukd xdef;odrf;xm;Ekdif&ef

&nf½G,f&if; jzpfaomfvnf; zuf'&,fEkdifiHwEkdifiHtwGuf aoao

csmcsm a&;qGJxm;ygvQif jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;xH ydkrkdonfh tcGefrsm;

ukd BudKBudKwifwif rSef;qNyD; cGJa0ay;Ekdifonfh ta&;ygaom tcef;

u@w&yfukdvnf; &½SdapEkdifonf/

tusifhysufjcpm;rI? yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh wm0efcHrI (Corruption,

Transparency and Accountability)

&if;jrpfcsrf;om<u,f0rI (txl;ojzifh a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Y) ESifh tusifh

ysufjcpm;rIwkdYrSm trsm;tm;jzifh ywfoufqufEG,favh ½Sdygonf/

taMumif;rSm jynfolvlxkxHu aumufcH&½Sdonfh tcGefb@mukd

tvGJokH;jcif;? bkH;jcif;xuf a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Yu &½Sdonfh tcGefb@m

ukd tvGJokH;&ef? tusifhysuf jcpm;&efu tDvpftvTmtzkdY ydkrkdvG,ful

onfhtwGufaMumifhyif jzpfonf/ ,if;enf;wlyif &if;jrpfrsm;ESifh

qufpyfonfh ukrÜPDrsm;uvnf; tvG,fwul tusifhysufjcpm;

Ekdifayonf/ taMumif;rSm &if;jrpfrsm;xkwfvkyf&ef olYxufig

tNydKiftqkdif BudK;pm;Mu&ovkd? vkyfukdif&mwGifvnf; ukrÜPDtwGuf

75

ydkrkdaumif;rGef? wGufajcukdufonfh tajctaersm; &½Sdatmif BudK;pm;

Mu&jcif;aMumifhyif jzpfayonf/

tusifhysufjcpm;rIykHpHrsm;rSm yk*¾vducsrf;om<u,f0rItwGuf jcpm;

jcif;omrubJ jynfolykdif tcGefb@mrsm;ukd tokH;csNyD; a½G;aumuf

yGJrormrIrsm;ESifh w&m;r0if ygwD&efykHaiGrsm;tjzpfokdY ajymif;vJ

a&muf½SdoGm;Ekdifjcif;txd yg0ifygonf/ þvufawG Yjzpf&yfrsm;u

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;taeESifh wjynfaxmifpepftpdk;&rsm;xuf ydkí

tusifhysufjcpm;&ef vG,fulayovm;qkdonfh ar;cGef;ay:aygufvm

aponf/ &if;jrpfrsm; <u,f0onfh EkdifiHrsm;taeESifh wjynfaxmif

pepfESifh tkyfcsKyfonfjzpfap? zuf'&,f pepfESifh tkyfcsKyfonfjzpfap?

ykdrkdyGifhvif;jrifomrI½SdNyD; ykdrkdwm0efcHrI½Sdonfh 'Drkdua&pDykHpHrsKd; (tm;

aumif;aom txdef;taxpepfrsKd;) ydkí vkdtyfayovm;qkdonfh

ar;cGef;vnf; ay:aygufvmonfukd awG Y&ayonf/

yGifhvif;jrifomrI (transparency) ESifh wm0efcHrI (accountability)

wkdYrSm eD;uyfqufpyfrI ½Sdonfhwkdif oD;jcm;pDjzpfonfh t,ltq

ESpf&yfjzpfayonf/ yGifhvif;jrifomrIrSm &½SdEkdifonfh owif;rsm;\

vTrf;NcHKEkdifrI (scope) ESifh t&nftaoG; (quality) ESihf ywfoufquf

EG,fNyD; wm0efcHrIqkdonfrSmrl tpkd;&½kH;t&m½Sdrsm; (tkyfcsKyfa&;jzpfap?

Oya'jyKa&;jzpfap) ESifh ,if;tpkd;&½kH;rsm;ukd xdef;n§dapmifhMunfhonfh

rJqE´½Sifrsm;ESifh tpkd;&½kH;rsm;tMum; ywfoufqufEG,frI jzpfay

onf/ auseyfzG,f&m ½Sdonfh wm0efcHrI ay:aygufvmap&ef yGifhvif;

jrifomrIrSm r½Sdrjzpfonfh tajctaew&yf jzpfayonf/ zuf'&,f

EkdifiHrsm;wGif wm0efcHrIqkdonfrSm tpkd;& (tkyfcsKyfa&;r@dKif) u Oya'

jyKa&;r@dKifokdY wm0efcHrI? a½G;aumufcHEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;u ,if;wkdY

\ rJqE´½Sifrsm;xH wm0efcHrIESifh (tajctaetcsdeftcgtay: rlwnf

í) jynfe,frsm;u (conditional grants qkdonfh A[kdu jynfe,f

okdY csxm;ay;onfh owfrSwfcsufESifh vTJajymif;aiGrsm;twGuf)

76

zuf'&,ftpkd;&rsm;okdY wm0efcHrIrsm;ukd qkdvkdjcif; jzpfayonf/

zuf'&,fpepfwGif ykdí tusifhysufjcpm;rI½Sdonf[k a,bk,srSwf

csufjyK&efrSm cufcJonfhwkdif a&eH<u,f0 csrf;omrIu (txl;ojzifh

EkdifiHa&;t& wm0efcHrI tuefYtowf½Sdonfh? qif;&Jonfh vlYtzJG Y

tpnf;rsm;wGif) tusifh ysufjcpm;rI ykdrkdjzpfay:aprnfh tvm;tvm

rsm; ½SdonfqkdonfhtcsufrSm xif½Sm;ygonf/ A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmhcs

jcif; (decentralization) onf tm;aumif;aom EkdifiHa&;t& wm0efcH

EkdifrIESifh wGJpyfvQif tusifhysufjcpm;rI avsmhenf;jcif;ESifh ywfouf

qufEG,frI½Sdonfukd awGU&onf/ tjynfjynfqkdif&m yGifhvif;jrifom

rItzGJ Y (transparency International) taeESifh zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;

tygt0if urÇmhEkdifiHrsm;\ tusifhysufjcpm;rI tajctaersm;ukd

ESpfpOf pm&if;jyKpkxkwfjyefavh½Sd&m zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;ESifh wjynfaxmif

pepfEkdifiHrsm;ukd EIdif;,SOfvQif zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;u ydkí tusifh

ysufjcpm;onf? wjynfaxmifEkdifiHrsm;u ykdí tusifhysufjcpm;onf

[lí rqkdEdkifaMumif; awG Y½Sd&rnf jzpfygonf/

pifppftcGefcGJa0rIqkdif&m pm&if;r½Sif;vif;rIu zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;

wGif aemufxyfzdtm;wck xyfrHay:aygufaponf/ wjynfaxmif

pepfwGif tpkd;&w&yftwGif; yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh wm0efcHrIukd wkd;

jr§ifhay;Ekdifrnfh tifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm; (institutional checks and

balance) ½SdNyD; zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;taejzifhvnf; tpkd;&t&yf&yfrsm;

tMum; yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh wm0efcHrIukd wkd;jr§ifhay;&ef tqkdyg

tifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm;jzifh aqmif½GufEkdifygonf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;

wGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u pnf;MuyfNyD; aumufcHaom tcGefb@m

rsm;ukd jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;ESifh cGJa0&avh½Sd&m jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;

taeESifh ,if;wkdYtwGuf tusKd;tjrwf½Sd&mjzpfaom zuf'&,ftcGef

aumufcHrIqkdif&m udpö&yfrsm;wGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&\ yGifhvif;jrifomrI

ukd txl;pdwf0ifpm;Muayonf/ ,if;enf;wlyif zuf'&,ftpkd;&

77

rsm;taeESifhvnf; ,if;wkdY vTJajymif;ay;vkdufaom owfrSwfcsufrJh

vTJajymif;aiGrsm;ukd jynfe,frsm;u rnfokdY rnfykH okH;pGJonfukd

okH;oyf&ef tcGifhtmPmr½Sd jzpfMuavonf/ &if;jrpfrsm;rS tcGef

b@mwkd;wuf&½SdvmonfESifhtrQ zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;twGuf yGifhvif;

jrifomrI½Sdaom? wm0efcHrI½Sdaom enf;vrf;rsm;ukd ykdrkdwkd;jr§ifhpOf;pm;

vmMu&ayonf/ b&m;ZD;EkdifiHwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;& pnf;Muyfaom

tcGefrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;u zuf'&,ftpkd;&

ukd wm0efcHrI ½Sd&ayonf/ þykHpHrSmvnf; rkd',fwckjzpfygonf/

aemufwenf;rSm tjyeftvSeftxdef;taxvkyfonfh enf;vrf;

jzpfonf (mutual checks and balances)/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&\

aiGpm&if;rsm; yGifhvif;jrifomrI½Sdap&ef zuf'&,ftpkd;&u jynfe,f

tpkd;&rsm;ukd tmrcHxm;&ovkd (,if;okdY tmrcHxm;jcif;jzifh

jynfe,frsm;taeESifh yGifhvif;rQwonfh b@mcGJa0rIrsm;ukd &½SdMu

ayonf/) jynfe,ftpkd;&aiGpm&if;rsm;ukdvnf; A[kdtpkd;&\ vkyfxkH;

vkyfenf;rsm;twkdif; vkdufemNyD; yGifhvif;jrifomrI ½Sdap&ef aqmif

½Gufay;&ayonf/

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Yqkdif&m pDrHcefYcGJrI - urÇm

wvTm;rS om"ursm;

zuf'&,ftkyfcsKyfrI pepfwGif ykHpHwykHpHwnf;? rkd',fwckwnf; r½Sd

ouJh okdYyif zuf'&,fEkdifiHwkdif;wGif olYenf; olY[efESifh a&eH&if;jrpf

rsm;u &onfhtcGefrsm;ukd pDrHcGifh? enf;pOfzGH YNzdK;ydkifcGifhESifh cGJa0ykdifcGifh

pepfrsm; oD;jcm;pD ½SdMuayonf/ EkdifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif yx0D

taetxm;? pD;yGm;a&; tajctaeESifh ,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m reD;½kd;pGJ ½SdrI

rsm; ½Sdaomfvnf; þEkdifiHrsm;\ zuf'&,ftawG YtBuHKrsm;rS &½Sd

xGufay:vmonfh oifcef;pmrsm;ukdrl uREkfyfwkdYtaeESifh em;vnf

oabmayguf&efESifh ,if;tawUGtBuHKrsm;ukd oufqkdif&m tajctae

tay: wifMunfh? jrifMunfhEkdif&efvnf; ta&;BuD;aMumif; txl;

78

xif½Sm;ygonf/ atmufazmfjyyg EkdifiHtoD;oD;\ tajctaersm;rSm

NyD;jynfhpkHonf r[kwfonfhwkdif &if;jrpfrsm;ukd rnfokdYrnfykH ydkifqkdif

Muonf? pDrHcefYcGJMuonfESifh cGJa0Muonfukdrl tMurf;zsif; ykHazmf

jyEkdif&eftwGuf jzpfygonf/

tm*sifwD;em;

tm*sifwD;em;rSm A[kdESifh awmiftar&duwGif pwkw¬trsm;qkH; a&eH

xkwfvkyfonfhEkdifiHjzpfNyD; obm0"mwfaiG Y 'kwd,trsm;qkH; xkwf

vkyfonfh EkdifiH jzpfonf/ tm*sifwD;em;onf ,if;a'owGif;

[kduf'½kdumAGef aps;uGufwGif ta&;ygonfh ae&mwGif ½Sdonf/

2011 pm&if;rsm;t& tm*sifwD;em;wGif reserve taeESifh a&eHpnf

oef;ESpfaxmifhig;&m ½SdNyD; obm0"mwfaiG Y ukArDwm 0.3 x&DvD,H

½Sdonf/ 2011 wGif obm0"mwfaiG Y ukArDwm oef;axmifaygif;

38.8 rDwm xkwfvkyfNyD; w&ufvQif a&eHMurf; pnfaygif; 607000

pnf xkwfvkyfcJhonf/

a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Yqkdif&m ykdifqkdifcGifhtygt0if owåKwGif;qkdif&m

tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd xGuf½Sdonfh ae&ma'otay: rlwnfí jynfe,f

rsm;u jzpfap? A[kdtpkd;&u jzpfap ykdifqkdifonf/ ,if;rSm yk*¾vdu

ykdifqkdifcGifhESifh oD;jcm;pDjzpfonf/ 1994 ckESpf zuf'&,fzGJ Ypnf;ykH

jyifqifcsuft& obm0 o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm; ([kduf'½kdumbGef

&if;jrpfrsm;tygt0if) ukd wnf½Sd&m jynfe,frsm;u ykdifqkdifygonf/

2007 wGif urf;rS 12 rkdiftuGm {&d,m½Sd a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Yokduf

rsm; tygt0if jynfe,frsm; ykdifeuftwGif;½Sdaom a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Y

okdufrsm; tm;vkH;\ t&yf&yf vkyfykdifcGifhukd A[kdtpkd;&u ,if;

oufqkdif&m jynfe,ftoD;oD;odkY vTJajymif;ay;tyfcJhygonf/

Argentine continental shelf (tm*sifwD;em;urf;OD;a&wdrfydkif;) wGif

wnf½Sdaom a&eHokdufrsm;ESifh urf;rS 12 rkdiftvGef½Sd a&eHokdufrsm;

79

udkrl zuf'&,ftpkd;&\ oD;oefY vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmtjzpf owfrSwf

xm;ygonf/

jynfe,frsm;u &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ykdifqkdifNyD; ckdifaMu;rsm; pnf;Muyfjcif;?

vkyfief; vkdifpifaMu;rsm; &½Sdjcif; ½Sdonfhwkdif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u

vnf; ykdYukeftcGefukd pnf;MuyfEkdifayonf/ ykdYukeftcGefrSm (tjcm;

tcGefrsm;ESifh rwl) jynfe,frsm;ukd cGJa0ay;p&mrvkdbJ &if;jrpfrsm;rS

&½Sdonfh tcGefb@m\ wpdwfwykdif;ukd A[kdtpkd;&twGuf &½SdapNyD;

jynfe,ftpkd;&&½Sdaom ckdifaMu;rsm;ukd avsmhenf;aponfjzpf&m

jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;ESifh A[kdtpkd;&tMum; wif;rmrI wjznf;jznf; jrifh

wufvmvsuf ½Sdygonf/

MopaMw;vs

MopaMw;vsEkdifiHwGif ukef;wGif;a&m? urf;vGefa'owGifyg a&eHESihf

"mwfaiG Y&if;jrpfrsm; jynfe,frsm;ESifh ajrmufykdif;a'orsm;wGif ysHUESHY

wnf½dSonf/ a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Yu@rSm MopaMw;vs pD;yGm;a&;\

t"duusaom tpdwftykdif;w&yf jzpfygonf/ MopaMw;vsEkdifiH

\ a&eHxkwfvkyfrIrSm 1980 rS pwifí wjznf;jznf;wkd;wufvmcJhNyD;

2000 jynfhESpfwGif tjrifhrm;qkH; a&muf½SdcJhavonf/ vuf½Sdtajctae

wGifrl a&eHxkwfvkyfrI usqif;vsuf ½Sdygonf/ MopaMw;vsEkdifiH

rSm "mwfaiG Yokdufrsm;vnf; <u,f0NyD; vuf½Sd urÇmYobm0"mwfaiG Y

vkdtyfcsuf\ 70 &mckdifEIef;cefYrSm MopaMw;vswGif jzpfay:wnf½Sd

vsuf ½Sdygonf/ (yrmPtm;jzifh "mwfaiG Yokduf ukAayaygif;

x&DvD,H 400 aywnf½Sdonf[k cefYrSef;&ygonf/)

jynfe,frsm;ESifh txl;e,fajrrsm; (territory) rsm;rSm ,if;wkdY ykdifeuf

twGif; wnf½Sdaom a&eHokdufrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom vkyfykdifcGifhukd

ydkifqkdifMuygonf/ ,if;okdY jzpfonfESifhtnD yk*¾vduykdif½Sifrsm; r½SdbJ

80

oufqdkif&m tpkd;&rsm;u a&eHxkwfazmfa&;? xkwfvkyfa&;ESifh pyfvsOf;

aom pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;rsm; xkwfjyefNyD; pDrHcefYcGJMuygonf/

zuf'&,f0efBuD;u OD;aqmifrIu@wGif ½Sdonfhwkdif MopaMw;vs

taeESifh urf;vGef&if;jrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJa&;twGuf A[kdESifh jynfe,f

yl;aygif;tpDtrHw&yf csrSwfxm;NyD; jzpfonf[k od&ygonf/

MopaMw;vsEkdifiHwGif b@ma&;qkdif&m rQwrI½Sdatmif cGJa0ay;

onfh pepfw&yf ckdifrmtm;aumif;pGm wnf½Sdonfjzpf&m a&eHxkwf

vkyfonfh jynfe,frsm; &½Sdonfh b@ma&;qkdif&m tm;omcsufrsm;rSm

ydkrkdus,fjyefYonfh oabmaqmifaom b@ma&;vTJajymif;rIrsm;tm;

jzifh y,fzsufxm;NyD; jzpfonfukd awG Y&onf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&tae

ESifh jynfe,f toD;oD;\ b@ma&;qkdif&m pGrf;aqmif&nf (fiscal

capacity) ESifh tokH;p&dwfvkdtyfcsufrsm;tay: us,fus,fjyefYjyefY

tajccHwGufcsufNyD; jynfe,frsm;okdY b@maiGvTJajymif;ay;rI jyKvkyf

onf/ tcsrf;omqkH; jynfe,frsm;yifvQif tcGefb@myrmP

trsm;pkukd zuf'&,ftpkd;&cGJa0ay;rIu &½Sdonf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&

taeESifh ,if;okdY cGJa0ay;&jcif;taMumif;rSm jynfe,frsm;tm;vkH;

wEkdifiHvkH; twkdif;twm b@ma&;qkdif&m pGrf;aqmif&nfESifh tokH;

p&dwfqkdif&m pHw&yfESifhtnD jzpfap&ef cGJa0ay;jcif;yif jzpfonf/

okdYjzpf&m MopaMw;vs½Sd jynfe,frsm;taeESifh &if;jrpfrsm;u &½Sdonfh

b@mrsm;rSm jynfe,ftoD;oD;\ b@ma&;qkdif&m ukd,fykdifpGrf;

aqmif&nfukd jrifhrm;aponfhwkdif a&½Snfb@ma&;qkdif&m pGrf;aqmif

&nfukdrl xl;xl;jcm;jcm; wkd;jr§ifhay;Ekdifjcif; r½Sdacs/

b&mZD;

ukef;wGif;? urf;vGef owåK&if;jrpfrsm;tm;vkH;ukd (azmfxkwfawG Y½Sd

jcif; rjyKrD uwnf;uyif) zuf'&,ftpkd;&u ykdifqkdifonf/ urf;vGef

&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh &if;jrpftcGefrsm;ukd jynfe,frsm; (txl;ojzifh

81

uyfvsufwnf½Sdonfh jynfe,frsm;) ESifh jrLeDpy,frsm;u trsm;pk

&½SdMuonf/

a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Ywl;azmfjcif;? xkwfvkyfa&mif;csjcif;vkyfief;rsm;rSm

zuf'&,f tpkd;&uom vkyfykdifcGifh½Sdaom vkyfief;rsm; jzpfonf/

okdY&mwGif zuf'&,f tpkd;&taeESifh toD;oD;? n§dEIdif;NyD; EkdifiHykdif

a&eHESifh "mwfaiG YukrÜPDrsm;okdY jzpfap? yk*¾vduukrÜPDrsm;okdY jzpfap

vTJajymif;ay;tyfEkdifonf/ yk*¾vduykdif ajrrsm;rSm a&eHESifh obm0

"mwfaiG Y wkl;azmf&½SdvQifrl xkdajrydkif½Sifrsm;taeESifh ESpfpOf a&eHESifh

"mwfaiG YxkwfvkyfrI\ 1 &mckdifEIef;ukd cHpm;&,lykdifcGifh½Sdonf/

xkwfvkyfonfh jynfe,frsm;taeESifh &if;jrpftcGefrsm;ukd derivation

tay: tajccHNyD; cGJa0&½Sdonf/ iSm;&rf;crsm;ukd jynfe,frsm;ESifh

jrLeDpy,frsm; rwlnDonfh tcsKd;tpm;rsm;ESifh &½SdMuonf/ (ckdifaMu;

\ 70 &mckdifEIef;? txl;owfrSwfaumufcHonfhtcGef\ 50 &mckdifEIef;?

0ifaiGcGef\ 48 &mckdifEIef;)/ b&mZD;EkdifiH\ tBuD;qkH; zufpyfa&eH

ukrÜPDBuD;jzpfonfh ywfx½kdb&ufpf (Petrobras) rS &½Sdonfh tusKd;

tjrwfukdom zuf'&,ftpkd;&u &½Sdonf/ ,if;okdY derivation

principle tay: tajccHwGufcsufNyD; cGJa0ay;jcif;u tvsm;vkduf-

ab;wkdufb@ma&;rnDrQrI (horizontal fiscal imbalance) ukd w

jznf;jznf; BuD;xGm;vmaponf/ jynfe,frsm;ESifh jrLeDpy,frsm;okdY

cGJa0ay;aom tcGefb@mrSm a':vm 7 bDvD,Hausmf½SdNyD jzpfaomf

vnf; ,if;yrmP\ 80 &mckdifEIef;rSm &D,kd 'D *seJ½kd; (Rio de Janeiro)

ESifh tufpfyD&Dwkd qefwkd; (Espirito Santo) jynfe,fpku &½Sdonfukd

awG Y&rnf/ ,if;jynfe,fESpf&yfrSm ysrf;rQ b&mZD;jynfe,frsm;ESifh

EIdif;,SOfvQif ykdrkdcsrf;om<u,f0Muonfukd awG Y&rnf/

82

uae'g

uae'gEkdifiHwGif jynfe,frsm; (provinces) u ukef;wGif; &if;jrpf

rsm;ukd ykdifqkdifNyD; pDrHcefYcGJonf/ ,if;u &onfh tusKd;tjrwfrsm;

ukdvnf; cHpm;onf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&u 0ifaiGcGefudk rlwnfNyD; tcGef

rsm;ukd aumufcHonf/ (2020 wGif 0ifaiGcGefa':vm bDvD,H 50

aumufcH&½Sdrnf [k cefYrSef;xm;onf) jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;u ckdifaMu;

rsm;? vkyfief;vkdifpifaMu;rsm;ESifh tjcm;tcGefrsm;ukd aumufcHonf/

(2020 wGif a':vm bDvD,H 70 aumufcH&½Sdrnf[k cefYrSef;xm;

onf)/ urf;vGef&if;jrpfrsm;ukd zuf'&,f tpkd;&u ydkifqkdifaomfvnf;

(zGJ Ypnf;ykHt& r[kwfbJ) Oya'rsm; jy|mef;jcif;tm;jzifh ,if;urf;vGef

xkwfvkyfrI aqmif½Gufvsuf½Sdonfh jynfe,f ESpfjynfe,fokdY xda&muf

aom pDrHcefYcGJrI wm0efESifh tcGefb@mcHpm;cGifhukd tyfESif;xm;onf/

uae'gEkdifiHtaeESifh qif;&Jaom jynfe,frsm;ukd wEkdifiHvkH;tqifh

b@ma&;qkdif&m pGrf;aqmif&nfpHtajctaew&yftxd a&mufap&ef?

rQwa&; tpDtrHw&yf azmfxkwfpDpOfxm;onf/ a&eH<u,f0onfh

jynfe,frsm;\ b@ma&; tm;omcsuf (txl;ojzihf t,fAmwm

jynfe,f) u EkdifiHa&;qkdif&mt"du jyóemw&yftjzpf ay:ayguf

vmatmifxd rBuD;rm;acs/ okdY&mwGif 1979 ckESpf 'kwd,a&eHa½Smhcf

(second oil shock) wGif t,fAmwmjynfe,f\ tcGefb@mrsm;rSm

wEkdifiHvkH; ysrf;rQ\ ESpfqausmf jzpfoGm;jcif;aMumifh zuf'&,ftpkd;&

taeESifh tusyf½kdufp&m jzpfcJh&onf/ xkdYaMumifh zuf'&,ftpkd;&

taeESifh o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh b@mrsm;ukd jyefvnf

&,l&ef vlBudKufrrsm;vSonfh ykdYukefftcGef aumufcHjcif;jzifh aqmif

½GufcJh&onf/ ,if;tajctaeu t,fAmwmESifh zuf'&,ftpkd;&

tMum; jyif;xefonfh EkdifiHa&;wif;rmrIukd jzpfay:apcJhNyD; 1982 ckESpf

wGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh a&eHtay: ykdYukeftcGef aumufcHykdifcGifh

r½Sdap&qkdonfh zGJUpnf;ykHtajccH Oya'jyifqifrI w&yfudk jzpfay:ap

83

cJhonf/ okdY&mwGif jynfe,frsm;tMum; b@ma&;qkdif&m rnDrQrI

jyefvnfay:aygufvmcJhNyD; þwBudrfwGifrl aps;EIef;jrifhrm;vmjcif;?

t,fAmwmjynfe,f\ xkwfvkyfrIyrmP wkd;wufvmjcif;ESifh &if;jrpf

<u,f0onfh jynfe,fopfrsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;wkdYaMumifh jzpfonf/

tdE´d,

tdE´d,EkdifiHwGif ukef;wGif; o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;ukd jynfe,frsm;u

ydkifqkdifonf/ okdYaomf A[kdtpkd;& (zuf'&,ftpkd;&) u pDrHcefYcGJonf

jzpf&m? 4if;&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh b@maiGtrsm;pkukd A[kdtpkd;&u

&½Sdonf/

a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;u ckdifaMu; yrmPw&yfukdom &½Sdonf/

okdYaomf ,if;ckdifaMu;EIef;xm;ukd A[kdtpkd;&u qkH;jzwfonf/

zuf'&,ftpkd;&uvnf; ,if;ckdifaMu;EIef;xm;ukd wwfEkdiforQ avQmh

Ekdif&ef BudK;pm;onf/ ,if;okdY ckdifaMu;avQmhjcif;jzifh jynfe,frsm;

ukdvnf; avQmhí cGJa0ay;&rnfjzpfaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ ,if;okdY

ckdifaMu;EIef;ukd avQmhxm;jcif;jzihf zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh jynfe,f

rsm;ESifh cGJa0p&mrvkdonfh tjcm;tcGefrsm; (Oyrm - a&eH tusKd;cGef

petroleum profit tax) ukd pnf;Muyf&ef tajctae ay;vmonf/

a&eHu@rSm tdE´d, b@ma&;\ t"du u@BuD;w&yfjzpfNyD;

jynfaxmifpk tpkd;&twGufa&m? jynfe,frsm;twGufyg ta&;ygaom

b@ma&; &if;jrpfw&yfjzpfonf/ 2000 jynfhESpfwGif urf;vGef?

ukef;wGif; a&eHESifh "mwfaiG YrS jynfaxmifpktpkd;& &½Sdonfh tcGef

b@mrSm tcGefr[kwfaom tjcm;b@m\ 35 &mckdifEIef;xd wkd;jr§ifh

&½SdcJhNyD; ,if;rSm pkpkaygif; tcGefb@m\ 7 &mckdifEIef; jzpfonf/ þ

u@ukd ajzavQmhay;jcif;ESifh ruf½kdpD;yGm;a&;tr,fpkHvmapjcif;wkdYu

,if;yrmPukd jynfaxmifpktpkd;&\ tcGefr[kwfaom tjcm;b@m

84

\ 10 &mckdifEIef;ESifh t&yf&yf tcGefb@m\ 2.5 &mckdifEIef;okdY avQmh

csvmEkdifcJhonfukd awG Y&rnf/ tcsKdU jynfe,frsm;twGufrl þu@

rSm ta&;ygaom &if;jrpfw&yf jzpfvsuf ½Sdonf/ 2005 ckESpfwGif cGJa0

&½Sdonfh ckdifaMu;rsm;rSm xkwfvkyfonfh jynfe,frsm;\ ukd,fykdif

tcGefb@m\ 25 &mckdifEIef; xd ½Sdonfukd awG Y&onf/

rav;½Sm;

tdE´d,EkdifiHrSmuJhokdYyif rav;½Sm;EkdifiHwGifvnf; ukef;wGif; a&eH

&if;jrpfrsm;ukd jynfe,frsm;u ydkifqkdifaomfvnf; A[kdtpkd;&uyif

pDrHcefYcGJonf/ xkdYjyif urf;vGef&if;jrpfrsm;ukd abmeD,kduRef;pkrsm;u

ykdifqkdifonfhwkdif urf;vGef&if;jrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJrIukd zGJ Ypnf;ykHt& A[kd

tpkd;&okdY tyfESif;xm;onf/ þokdY jynfe,frsm;u a&eH&if;jrpf

rsm;ukd ykdifqkdifonfqkdonfhwkdif A[kdcsKyfukdifrI jyif;xefjcif;u

rav;½Sm; zuf'a&;½Sif;EkdifiH\ taxGaxGA[kdcsKyfukdifrI oabm

obm0ukd xif[yfaejcif;vnf; jzpfonf/ qkdcJhygtwkdif; ,if;

tajctaersKd;wGif ajr,mtokH;jyKcGifhESifh pyfvsOf;onfh vkyfykdifcGifh

rsKd;u jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;udk tcsKdUaom qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif ta&;yg

aom tcef;u@w&yfu yg0ifEkdif&ef xdef;n§day;aeonfukdvnf;

awG Y&ygonf/ ,if;okdYaom vkyfydkfifcGifhqkdif&m rQajcrsm;u &if;jrpf

rsm;? pDrHcefcGJrIwGif ta&;ygvmonfukdvnf; awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/

rav;½Sm;EkdifiHwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u tcGeftrsm;pk (tm;vkH;eD;yg;)

ukdyif &½Sdonf[k qkd&rnfjzpfNyD; a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;ukd

ckdifaMu;tcsKdUukdom cGJa0ay;onfukd awG Y&ygonf/ zuf'&,f

tpkd;&uyif ,if;ckdifaMu;EIef;ukd qkH;jzwfay;onf/ (vuf½SdwGif 10

&mckdifEIef;jzpfonf/) ,if;ckdifaMu;rsm;ukd a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,f

rsm;ESifh zuf'&,ftpkd;&tMum; tnDtrQ cGJa0onf/ jynfe,f

rsm;rSm A[kdtpkd;&ESifh EIdif;,SOfvQif vkyfaqmif&onfh tcef;u@

85

enf;yg;onfjzpf&m þtenf;i,faom ckdifaMu;tcGefrsm;uyif a&eH

xGufonfh jynfe,fokH;ckudk tjcm;jynfe,frsm;xuf b@ma&;tm;

jzifh ydkrkdckdifrmawmifhwif;aponfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfonf/ BuD;rm;

onfh jynfe,f tus,ft0ef;? zGH YNzdK;rI tajctae edrfhusrIESifh vlOD;a&

enf;yg;rIwkdYtay: rlwnfívnf; A[kdtpkd;&u cGJa0ay;onfjzpf&m

,if;wkdY\ wOD;csif; cGJa0&½Sdonfhfh tcGefyrmPrSm a&eH rxGufonfh

jynfe,frsm;½Sd wOD;csif;&½Sdonfh tcGefyrmPxuf okH;qrS ajcmufq

txd ydkrkdrsm;jym;onfukd awG Y&ygonf/

ruúqDukd

ruúqDukdrSm 2013 udef;*Pef;rsm;t& a&eHpnfaygif; 10 bDvsH

xGuf½SdEkdifonfh a&eHokdufrsm;½SdNyD; vuf½Sdtajctae cefYrSef;csufrsm;

t& a&eHpnfaygif; 125 bDvsHxdyif xGuf½SdEkdifonf[k qkdygonf/

&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI avsmhus vmjcif;u ruúqDukdEkdifiHukd a&eHxkwfvkyf

onfh EkdifiHtqifh ajcmufrS ukd;okdY usqif;apcJhonfjzpf&m vuf½Sd

or®w tef&pf yDnm Ekdifwkd tpkd;&u jynfwGif;jynfy yk*¾vduu@

ukd a&eHu@wGif tvkyfvkyfudkifcGifhjyKjcif;jzifh jyKjyifajymif;vJEkdif&ef

BudK;pm;vsuf ½Sdayonf/ ruúqDukdEkdifiH\ zGJUpnf;ykHt& vuf½Sd

tajctaetwGuf a&eHu@wGif yk*¾vdu vkyfukdifcGifhukd cGifhrjyKacs/

ruúqDukdEkdifiH zGJUpnf;ykH yk'fr 27 u ruúqDukdEkdifiHwGif ½Sdonfh

[kduf'½kdumAGef &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ruúqDukd ekdifiHvkH;u ykdifqkdifonf

[k azmfjyxm;NyD; yk*¾vduu@ukd rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ yg0ifywf

oufcGifh rjyKacs/ a&eHESifh pyfvsOf;onfh udpö&yft00ukd ruúqDuef

zuf'&,ftpkd;&u xdef;csKyfxm;NyD; EkdifiHykdif a&eHukrÜPD (Pemex)

ukd wnfaxmifxm;onf/ ½SmazGjcif;ESifh xkwfvkyfjcif; vkyfief;rsm;

tm;vkH;ukd EkdifiHawmfuom vkyfykdifcGifh½Sdonfh vkyfief;rsm;tjzpf tcGifh

tmPmtyfESif;xm;NyD; ,if;vkyfief;rsm;tm;vkH;ukd EkdifiHykdif Pemex

86

a&eHukrÜPDuom aqmif½Gufonf/ okdY&mwGif Pemex ukrÜPDtae

ESifh a&eH½SmazGjcif;ESifh xkwfvkyfjcif; vkyfief;pOfwGif 0efaqmifrI

vkyfief;rsm; &,laqmif½Guf&ef vkdtyfygu yk*¾vduukrÜPDrsm;xHrS

,if;0efaqmifrIrsm; &,lykdifcGifh ½Sdavonf/ okdY&mwGif ,if;ukrÜPD

taeESifh 0efaqmifrIay;tyfjcif;uwGifom yg0ifEkdifrnf jzpfNyD; a&eH

ESifh obm0"mwfaiG Yqkdif&m vkyfief;rsm; vkyfykdifcGifh r½Sdovkd a&eH

okdufrsm;rS &½Sdrnfh tusKd;tjrwfrsm;udkvnf; cHpm;ykdifcGifh r½Sday/

,if;ukrÜPDrsm;ukd iSm;&rf;&m wGifvnf; aiGaMu;jzifhom tcaMu;aiG

ay;&rnfjzpfNyD; Pemex \ tusKd; tjrwfrsm;ukd ckdifEIef;jzifh cHpm;cGifh

r½Sdovkd a&mif;cs&rItay: rlwnfí tusKd;cHpm;cGifhvnf; r½Sday/

Pemex ukrÜPDESifh pyfvsOf;onfh (a&eHvkyfief;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh) tcGef

tcrsm;ESifh ckdifaMu;rsm;rSm zuf'&,ftpkd;&bwf*suf\ 35 &mckdifEIef;

yif ½Sdonf/ a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;rSmrl a&eHxkwfvkyfrIrS

tusKd;tjrwf r&½Sdoavmufyif jzpfonf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&u ,if;

&if;jrpfrsm;u &½Sdonfh tcGefb@mrsm;ukd tjcm;tcGefb@mrsm;

ESifh aygif;pyfNyD; jynfe,frsm;tm; cGJa0ay;onf/ cGJa0ay;&mwGif

vnf; a&eHxGufaom jynfe,frsm;twGuf txl;cGJa0ay;jcif;rsKd;

r½Sdacs/ okdY&mwGif a&eHaps;aumif;í cefYrSef;wGufcsufxm;onfh aps;

xuf ausmfvGef&½SdvQifrl ,if;a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;taeESifh

a&eHu &onfh tcGefyrmP tenf;i,fukd tydkaqmif;&½Sdygonf/

okdY&mwGif ,if;okdY &½Sdonfh yrmPrSm txl;ajymyavmufonf r½Sdyg/

Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;

EkdifiH\ ydkYukefwefzkd; 95 &mckdifEIef;rSm a&eHu@u xGuf½Sdonfjzpf&m

Ekdif*sD;&D;,m; pD;yGm;a&;rSm a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Yu@u txl;ta&;ygonf/

a&eHokdufrsm;u a&eHpnf bDvsHaygif; 37.2 bDvsH xGuf½Sdrnf[k

twnfjyKEkdifNyD; tmz&duwGif tBuD;qkH;a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Yxkwfvkyf

87

onfh EkdifiHjzpfonf/ urÇmay:wGif eHygwf 11 tBuD;qkH; jzpfonf/

xkdYjyif Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;EkdifiHonf obm0"mwfaiG Yokdufrsm;rS "mwfaiG Y

ukAay x&DvD,efaygif; 187 x&DvD,H xkwfvkyfay;Ekdifrnf jzpfNyD;

,if;aMumifhyif tmz&duwGif tBuD;qkH;"mwfaiG Yokduf ykdifqkdifonfh

EkdifiHjzpfNyD; urÇmay:wGif owår tBuD;qkH;"mwfaiG Yokduf wnf½Sdonfh

EkdifiH jzpfonf/

zGJ Ypnf;ykH tajccHOya'u zuf'&,ftpkd;&tm; a&ay:a&atmuf

a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Y&if;jrpfrsm; ykdifqkdifcGifh jyKxm;ovkd pDrHcefYcGJykdifcGifh

tyfESif;xm;onfukdvnf; awG Y&onf/ okdY&mwGif jynfe,frsm;u

zuf'&,ftpkd;& &½Sd onfxuf ykdrkdaom cGJa0ay;rIrsm;ukd &½SdMuNyD;

"mwfaiG YxGufonfh jynfe,f rsm;ukdvnf; ykdí OD;pm;ay;xm;onfukd

awG Y&ayonf/

a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;u ,if;wkdYESifh eD;uyfpGm wnf½Sdonfh

urf;vGef (a&wdrfykdif;) ESifh ydkifeuftwGif; xGuf½Sdonfh tcGefyrmP

\ 13 &mckdifEIef;&½SdMuonf/ usefaom tcGefrsm;ukd tjcm;tcGef

t&yf&yfESifh aygif;NyD; vlOD;a&? jynfe,frsm;tMum; nDrQapa&;?

jynfwGif; tcGefxGufEIef;? ajr{&d,mtus,ft0ef;ESifh vlOD;a& xlxyfrI

wkdYtay: rSDwnfNyD; cGJa0ay;onf/ tqkH;owf&v'frSm a&eHxGuf

onfh jynfe,fu t&yf&yftcGefrsm;\ 50 &mckdifEIef;ukd cGJa0&½Sd

MuNyD; a&eHrxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;ESifh EIdif;pmvQif wOD;csif; &½Sd

onfh EIef;xm;tm;jzifh okH;qcGJ (350 &mckdifEIef;) omvGefonfukd

awG Y&rnf jzpfonf/

okdY&mwGif Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;EkdifiH tawG YtBuHKt& derivation tay:

tajccHonfh tcGefb@mrQa0jcif;onf &if;jrpfcsrf;om<u,f0rIukd

OmPftajrmftjrif½Sd½Sd okH;pGJrnf[k uHaouHr ajymí r&onfukd

awG Y&onf/ a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;u tjcm;jynfe,frsm;xuf

88

rsm;pGm omvGef&½SdNyD; ,if;okdY &½Sdonfhwkdif tusifhysufjcpm;rIESifh

ta[moduHjzpfrItwGufom OD;wnfoGm;onfukd awG Y&ygonf/

vlom;t&if;jrpfzGH YNzdK;rI edrfhusaejcif;? ywf0ef;usif ysufqD;jcif;?

tajccHtaqmuftODD vkdtyfaeao;jcif;ESifh jynfolYa&;&m 0efaqmif

rIrsm; tqifhedrfhusaejcif;wkdYu jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;taeESifh &½Sdonfh

tcGefrsm;ukd rnfokdYrnfykH okH;pGJonfESifh pyfvsOf;NyD; wm0efcHrI r½Sd

onfhtcsufukd xif[yfaponf/

ygupöwef

ygupöwefEdkifiHu aeYpOfa&eHpdrf; pnfaygif; 60000 pnfxkwfvkyf

NyD; aeYpOf okH;pGJrIrSm 400000 pnf½Sdonfjzpf&m a&eHtBuD;tus,f

wifoGif;onfh EkdifiHwekdifiHjzpfvmonf/ aemufqkH;awG Y½SdrIrsm;t&

ygupöwefonf tem*wfwGif a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiGUtBuD;tus,f

wifykdYEkdifrnf[k arQmfvifhxm;Muonf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk pGrf;tif

qkdif&m owif;tcsuftvuftzGJUu rMumao;rDuyif ygupöwef

taeESifh ukAayaygif; 105 x&DvD,H½Sdonfh "mwfaiG Y (shale gas) ESifh

a&eHpnfaygif; 9 bDvD,H wifykdYvmEkdifrnf[k cefYrSef;xm;onf/ ,cif

rawG Y½Sd&ao;onfh a&eH&if;jrpfrsm;vnf; ½Sdaeao;onf/ vuf½Sd

tajctaewGif ygupöwefonf a&eH wifoGif;rItay: rsm;pGm rSDckdae&

NyD;? b@ma&;qkdif&m pDrHcefYcGJ&mwGif ygupöwef jynfwGif;a&eHaps;

ukd tpkd;&u t½IH;cH xdef;n§dae&onfjzpf&m (jynfwGif; xkwfvkyfrIrS

&½Sdonfh tcGeftaumufukd wkd;jr§ifhjcif;? ajymif;vJjcif;xuf) ,ckuJhokdY

rxd&ao;? rwkdY&ao;onfh a&eH&if;jrpfokdufrsm; awG Y½Sdygu ygupöwef

EkdifiH\ rufc½dkpD;yGm;a&;wnfNidrfrIudk wkd;wufaprnf jzpfonf/

ygupöwefEkdifiH½Sd ukef;wGif;&if;jrpfrsm;ukd A[kdtpkd;&ESifh jynfe,f

tpkd;&rsm;u yl;wGJykdifqkdifMuonf/ okdYaomf ,if;wkdYukd zuf'&,f

tpkd;&uom pDrHonf/ rMumao;rDu zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ukd

89

ajymif;vJcJhNyD; urf;vGef&if;jrpfrsm;ukdyg yl;wGJykdifqkdifonfh pepfukd

pwifusifhokH;vmcJhNyD jzpfonf/ tjcm;zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;uJhokdY

r[kwfbJ? ygupöwefEkdifiHwGif a&eHxGufonfh ae&mrsm;rSm vlOD;a&

t& rsm;jym;onfh (okdYaomf vlrsm;pkr[kwfao;bJ? vlenf;pktjzpf

om ½Sdaeao;onfh) c½kdifrsm;wGif wnf½Sdvsuf ½Sdaeayonf/

ygupöwefwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;u EIef;xm;owfrSwf pnf;Muyfí

aumufcHaom tcsKdUtcGefrsm;ukd A[kdESifh jynfe,fcGJa0usifhokH;jcif;

jzifh a'gifvkduf b@ma&; rnDrQrIukd jznf;jznf;csif; jyif,lvsuf ½Sd

onf/ vuf½Sdaqmif½Gufaeonfh rQwa&; tpDtpOftjyif derivation

enf;pOfukd okH;í &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdvmonfh tcGefrsm;ukd cGJa0ay;

rIvnf; ½Sdygonf/ taumufcGefESifh obm0"mwfaiG Yu &½Sdonfh

ckdifaMu;ukd ,if;"mwfaiG Yokdufrsm;½Sd&m jynfe,frsm;okdY cGJa0ay;yg

onf/ ,if;okdY cGJa0ay;&mwGif tjcm;tcGefcGJa0ay;rI enf;vrf;pOf

rsm;ESifh pyfqkdifjcif; r½SdbJ tvGwfcGJa0ay;jcif; jzpfonf/

&yf½Sm;

ygupöwefEkdifiHuJhokdYyif &yf½Sm;EkdifiHrSmvnf; &if;jrpfrsm; ykdifqkdifrIukd

A[kdtpkd;&ESifh jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;tm; cGJa0ay;tyfxm;aomfvnf;

zuf'&,ftpkd;&uyif pDrHcefYcGJygonf/ 'Drkdua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;

a&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;twGif; A[kdcsKyfukdifrIukd avQmhcsonfh decentralization

aqmif½GufcJhonf/ okdYaomf ,if;aemufwGifrl zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'

ukd vGefcJhonfh q,fESpftwGif; qufwkduf jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;

jyKvkyfvmcJhNyD; zuf'&,ftpkd;&tm; a&eHu@ukd pDrHcefYcGJonfh tcGifh

tmPmtawmfrsm;rsm;ukd zGJUpnf;ykHt& tyfESif;xm;onf/

&yf½Sm;wGif wcsKdU jynfe,frsm;ü o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm; pka0;wnf½SdaeNyD;

ao;i,faom jynfe,fESpfcku a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiGU xkwfvkyfjcif;

90

ukd vTrf;rkd;xm;onf/ xkdaMumifh o,HZmwxkwfvkyfjcif;rS &½Sdaom

b@mt&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd armfpukdrS csKyfukdifxm;jcif; jzpfonf/

jynfe,frsm;u &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ykdifqkdifonfhwkdif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u

trsm;pk (tm;vkH;eD;yg;) jzpfonfh ukef;wGif; o,HZmwtcGefrsm;ukd

&½Sdonf/ derivation tay: tajccHonfh cGJa0rIvnf; r½Sdacs/ a&eH

xGufonfh jynfe,frsm;rSm a&eHo,HZmwu &½Sdonfh tcGefb@m

rsm;ukd r&aomfvnf; &yf½Sm;EkdifiH\ b@ma&;pepft& 0ifaiGcGef

(wOD;csif;pDrS &½Sdonfh 0ifaiGcGefESifh aumfykda&;½Sif;rsm;rS &½Sdonfh 0ifaiG

cGefrsm;) jrifhrm;onfh a'orsm;twGuf tcGeftcsKdUukd cGJa0ay;onfh

derivation principle rsm;½Sd&m a&eH&if;jrpfrsm;½Sdonfh jynfe,frsm;

twGuf tcGeftcsKdU &½Sdonf[krl qkdEkdifayonf/ t&yf&yfrQwa&;

qkdif&m vTJajymif;ay;tyfrIrsm; tm;vkH;&½SdNyD;aemuf wGufcsufMunfh

rnf qkdvQif a&eHxGufonfh ao;i,fonfh a'orsm;onf armfpukd

ESifh pdefYyDwmpbwfeD;eD; tcGefb@maiGrsm; &½SdaeNyD; ,if;&½Sdonfh

tcGefrsm;rSm a&eHrxGufonfh a'orsm;ESifh EIdif;pmvQif ig;qrQ

ykdrkd rsm;jym;vmonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfayonf/

tar&duefjynfaxmifpk

tar&duefjynfaxmifpkonf urÇmay:wGif wwd,tBuD;qkH; a&eH

xkwfvkyfa&mif;csonfh ekdifiHjzpfNyD; obm0"mwfaiG Yvnf; twkdif;twm

wcktxd us,fus,fjyefYjyefY xkwfvkyfa&mif;csonf/ EkdifiHrS xkwfvkyf

a&mif;csonfh a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiG Yrsm;tm;vkH;ukd jynfwGif;ü

okH;pGJNyD; jynfwGif;0,fvkdtm;ukd jznfhwif;&ef ukefMurf; jzpfonfh

a&eHESifh tjcm;a&eHxGuf ypönf;rsm;ukd EkdifiHjcm;rS tajrmuftjrm; wif

oGif;ae&onf/ a&eHrSm trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;t& EIdif;pmvQif &mckdifEIef;

tenf;i,fom ½Sdonf[k qkd&onfhwkdif yrmPrSm BuD;rm;onf/

tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Yxkwfvkyfa&mif;csrIukd

91

pDrHcefYcGJrIrSmrl Oya'aMumif;t&aum? b@ma&;qkdif&m vkyfxkH;vkyf

enf;rsm;t&yg wausmif;w*gxmqkdovkd uGJjym;jcm;em;onf/ a&eH

ESifh "mwfaiG Yudk yk*¾vdu ydkifqkdifEkdifovkd aumfykda&;½Sif;rsm;? Xmae

tif'D,ef; rsKd;EG,fpkrsm;? a'oEÅ&? jynfe,frsm;ESifh zuf'&,ftpkd;&

u ykdifqkdifonfvnf; ½Sdonf/ ,if;tqifhqifh tpkd;&rsm;u ukd,fykdif

tcGefEIef;xm;rsm;jzifh udk,fwkdifpnf;MuyfEkdifovkd? twkdif;twmwck

txd Oya'rsm;ESifh vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;ukdvnf; a&;qGJxkwfjyefEkdif

Muonf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&u EkdifiHw0Srf;½Sd a&eH? "mwfaiG YESifh owåK

wGif;ukrÜPDrsm; vkdufem&rnfh pnf;urf;rsm; vkdufemap&ef xdef;n§d

apmifhMuyfonfhwkdif? zuf'&,ftpkd;&u zuf'&,fykdif ajrae&mrsm;rS

xGuf½Sdonfh obm0o,HZmwrStcGefukdom &½SdEkdifonf/ (okdY&m

wGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u aumfykd&dwf0ifaiGcGefukdrl &½Sdonf/)

a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiG Yqkdif&m Oya'rsm;rSmvnf; jynfe,frsm;

tvkduf uGJjym;jcm;em;aomfvnf; txufazmfjycJhonfh ykdifqkdifrI

obm0rSmrl jynfe,fwkdif;tm;vkH;twGuf twlwlyif jzpfonf/

ajrykdifqkdifolwOD;taeESifh (wpkHw&m oabmwlnDcsuf okdYr[kwf

aqmif½GufrIrsKd;jzifh cGJa0xm;jcif; r½SdvQif) ,if;ajratmuf½Sd owåK

wGif;xGuf ypönf;rsm;ukdyg ykdifqkdifEkdifonf/ ajra&mif;cs? 0,f,l?

vTJajymif;ouJhokdYyif ajratmuf½Sd a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Yqkdif&m ykdifqkdifrI

ukd cGJa0a&mif;csEkdifovkd 0,fvnf; 0,f,lEkdifonf/ vTJajymif;ay;

tyfydkifcGifhvnf; ½Sdonf/

tar&duefpepfrSm ajymif;vJjyifvG,f½Sdonfh pepfvnf; jzpfonf/

tb,faMumifhqkdaomf a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;taeESifh ,if;wkdY

\ e,fedrdwftwGif;½Sd zuf'&,ftpkd;&ydkif ajrae&mrsm;rSm xGuf½Sd

onfh a&eHtcGefrsm;ukdyif &atmif awmif;qkdEkdifaomaMumifh jzpf

onf/ urf;vGef&if;jrpfrsm;rSmrl zuf'&,ftpkd;&rsm;u &½Sdonfh tcGef

b@mrsm;ukdyg cGJa0ay;apvkdonfhtavsmuf urf;vGefow¬Kokduf

92

rsm; wl;azmf&mwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh ajrukd xda&mufpGm

rokH;Ekdifatmif jynfe,frsm;u wm;jrpfonfh enf;vrf;jzifhvnf;

ta&;qkdykdifcGifh ½SdMuayonf/

AifeDZGJvm;

AifeDZGJvm;EkdifiHrSm urÇmay:wGif 'kwd,trsm;qkH; a&eH&if;jrpfrsm;½Sd

onfh EkdifiHjzpfonf/ a&eHu &½Sdonfh tcGeftcrsm;tay:wGif rsm;pGm

rSDckd&onf/ tpkd;&0ifaiG\ 45 &mckdifEIef; (cefYrSef;) rSm a&eHrS &onfh

tcGefjzpfonf/ ykdYukef\ 95 &mckdifEIef;rSm a&eHo,HZmwwl;azmf

onfh vkyfief;ujzpfNyD; 2010 jynfhESpfEkdifiHvkH; tom;wifxkwfvkyf

rI wefzkd; (*sD'DyD) \ 20 &mckdifEIef; ½Sdonf/

AifeDZGJvm;EkdifiH a&eHxkwfvkyfa&;rS &½Sdonfh tcGefb@mrsm;ukd a&eH

xGufonfh jynfe,frsm;u r&½SdMuoavmufyif jzpfonf/ zuf'&,f

tpkd;&rSmvnf; edrfhyg;onfh cefYrSef;wefzkd;rsm;tay:rlwnfí bwf*suf

ukd a&;qGJNyD; ,if;bwf*sufwGifjynfe,frsm;twGuf ueOD; cGJa0ay;rI

rsm; yg½Sdonf/ ,if;aemufwGifrS xyfwkd;cGJa0ay;rIrsm; jyKvkyfonf/

okdY&mwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u a&eH&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh b@m

trsm;pkukd ukdifwG,fokH;pGJNyD;? aiGaMu;azmif;yGrI jrifhrm;onfhtcgwGif

zuf'&,ftpkd;&uom tusKd;tjrwf&½Sdonfukd awGU&onf/

AifeDZGJvm;EkdifiH\ txl;cGJa0ay;rIrsm; Oya'u jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;

okdY t&yf&yfrQwa&;rlt& vTJajymif;ay;rIrsm; ay;tyf&ef zefwD;xm;

onf/ xkdYjyif a&eHESifh "mwfaiG YrS &½Sdonfh tcGefb@mrsm;ukd xyfwkd;

cGJa0ay;rIvnf; jyKvkyfonf/ ,if;Oya't& jynfe,frsm;ESifh A[kd

tpkd;&½kH;pkduf&m c½kdifwkdYtwGuf (a&eHrS &½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;a&m? a&eH

r[kwfonfh tjcm;tcGefrsm;ukdyg) &½Sdonfh ykHrSefb@ma&;0ifaiG\

20 &mckdifEIef;ukd cGJa0ay;tyfonf/ ,if;odkfY cGJa0ay;tyf&mwGif xkd

93

20 &mckdifEIef; yrmP\ 30 &mckdifEIef;udk jynfe,frsm;tm; wef;wl

nDrQpGm cGJa0ay;NyD; 70 &mckdifEIef;ukdrl vlOD;a&ESifh cGJa0ay;tyfonf/

xkdYjyif zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh a&eHu &½Sdonfh tcGef0ifaiG\

tenf;qkH; 25 &mckdifEIef;udk jynfe,frsm;odkY cGJa0ay;tyf&ef wm0ef

½Sdonf/ ,if; 25 &mckdifEIef;teuf 42 &mckdifEIef;udk jynfe,ftpkd;&

rsm;okdY cGJa0ay;tyfNyD; jrLeDpy,frsm;twGuf 28 &mckdifEIef;ESifh a'o

aumifpDrsm; (community councils) twGuf 30 &mckdifEIef; cGJa0ay;

tyfonf/

ed*kH;

qkdcJhyg pum;tpOft& zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;onf zuf'&,fpepfusifh

okH;jcif;aMumifh tkyfcsKyfpDrH&ef cufcJonf r[kwfbJ tkyfcsKyfpDrH

&ef cufcJaomaMumifh zuf'&,fpepfusifhokH;&jcif;yifjzpfonf qkd

onfh tcsufrSm xif½Sm;NyD; jzpfygonf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;\ tawG Y

tBuHKrsm;u ñefjyaeonfrSm ,if; tcuftcJrsm;onf ykHpHpkH? u@pkH

rSm ay:xGufvmjcif;jzpfonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ tcsKdUEkdifiH

rsm;rSm 'Drkdua&pD tm;enf;onfh EkdifiHrsm; jzpfNyD; tmPmcGJa0jcif;ESifh

pyfvsOf;í qlBuHKedrfhjrifh rsKd;pkHorkdif;aMumif;rsm; ½SdcJhonfh EkdifiHrsm;

vnf; ½Sdovkd tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;rSm 'Drkdua&pDpepfESifh tom;usNyD; EkdifiH

rsm; jzpfMuygonf/ tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;rSm (vlrsKd;? bmompum;tm;jzifh)

rsm;pGmuGJjym;jcm;em;jcif; r½SdvSbJ tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;rSmrl vlrsKd;pkH? bmom

pum;pkH? ya'ompkH½SdonfhtavQmuf ajz½Sif;rIenf;vrf;rsm;rSmvnf;

ajymif;vG,f jyifvG,f½Sdonfh enf;vrf;rsm;jzpf&ef vkdNyD; EkdifiHa&;t&

tavQmhay;aphpyfEkdif&ef vkdrnf jzpfygonf/

EkdifiHwEkdifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;u@onf ,if;EkdifiH\ a&eHobm0o,HZmw

tay: rSDckd&rI BuD;rm;ygu ,if;EkdifiH½Sd zuf'&,ftpkd;&taejzifh

a&eHu@ukd A[kdxdef;csKyfrIatmuf xnfhoGif;&ef vkdvm;NyD; zuf'&,f

94

tpkd;&uom b@ma&;t& pDrHcefYcGJrIrsm;ukd jyKvkyfavh½Sdonfqkdonf

tcsufrSmvnf; xif½Sm;ygonf/ wzufwGifvnf; a&eHu@u EkdifiH

pD;yGm;a&;twGuf ta&;ygrI avsmhenf;onfh EkdifiHrsm;wGifrl zuf'&,f

tpkd;&ESifh jynfe,frsm;tMum; &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGefESifh pyfvsOf;

onfh wm0efrsm;ESifh cGJa0rIrsm; jyKvkyfonfh ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;½Sdonfukd

awG Y&rnfjzpfNyD; tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;wGifrl jynfe,frsm;u twkdif;twm

wckxd xdef;csKyfpDrHykdifcGifh ½Sdonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/

Z,m;rsm;ukd avhvmMunfh½IvQif a&eHo,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm; ykdifqkdifrI

ESifh pyfvsOf;í tpkd;&tqifhqifhtMum; cGJa0ay;rIykHpHtrsKd;rsKd; ½Sdonf

ukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ ,if;enf;wlyif pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh pyfvsOf;í

vnf; ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd; ½Sdonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ tcGefrsm;ukd

qkH;jzwfykHESifh cGJa0ykHvnf; trsKd;rsKd; axGjym;onfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfyg

onf/ &if;jrpfrsm;tay: tvGeftrif;rSDckd&rIu tpkd;&rsm;ukd a&eH

u@pDrHrIESifh tcGefaumufrIwGif t"du tcef;u@rS yg0ifaponf

ukd awG Y&rnf jzpfovkd wekdifiHvkH; vlaerItqifhtwef;jrifhrm;onfh

EkdifiHrsm;ESifh a&eHu@rSm EkdifiHvkH; pD;yGm;a&;\ rajymyavmufaom

yrmPom ½Sdaom EkdifiHrsm;wGifrl þudpörSm txufqkdcJhyg ykHpHavmuf

ta&;rBuD;onfudkvnf; awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ qkdcJhyg EkdifiHrsm;wGif

(tcsKdUzuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif tvkyfjzpfaeovkd) &if;jrpfwnf½Sd&m

jynfe,f^a'oukd vkyfykdifcGifh? pDrHykdifcGifhay;jcif;onf toifhawmfqkH;

jzpfEkdifygonf/ zuf'&,fpepfwGif ajymif;vG,fjyifvG,f½Sdjcif;

(flexibility) rSm EkdifiHa&;tm;jzifh usufoa&w&yfyifjzpfNyD; ,if;

ajymif;vG,f jyifvG,f½Sdjcif;u EkdifiHrsm;ukd rnfonfhtpkd;&u &if;jrpf

rsm;ukd ykdifqkdifrnf? pDrHcefYcGJrnf? tcGefrsm;ukd rnfokdYrnfykH pDrHrnf

qkdonfh udpö&yfrsm;udk EkdifiH\ orkdif;aMumif;ESifh tajctaersm;

ukd xif[yfaponfh enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh n§dEIdif;Ekdif&ef tcGifhtvrf;tjzpf

ay:aygufaponfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/

95

rwlnDaom zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;u &if;jrpftcGefrsm; cGJa0jcif;ukd

rwlnDaom ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh ukdifwG,faqmif½GufMuonfukd awG Y&

rnf jzpfygonf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHwEkdifiH\ a'orsm;twGif; b@m

a&;qkdif&m rnDrQrIrsm; r½Sdoifh[lí tqkdjyK jiif;ckHMuonfhwkdif tcsKdU

EkdifiHrsm;wGif ,if;okdY rnDrQrIrsm;tay: EkdifiHa&;t& onf;cHrIrsm;

½Sdonfukdvnf; awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,f

rsm;u a&eHrxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;xuf b@ma&;qkdif&m tusKd;

tjrwfrsm; ydkrkd&½Sdonf qkdonfrSmvnf; zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;\ orkdif;

aMumif;? rlvtajccHtcsufrsm;? zGJUpnf;ykH tpDtrHrsm;ESifh EkdifiHwGif;

½Sd jynfe,frsm;\ oabmobm0ukd vufcHem;vnfEkdifonfh EkdifiHa&;

,Ofaus;rIrsm;ukd xif[yfjcif;[kvnf; qkdEkdifrnf jzpfygonf/ uGJvGJ

onfh ykHpHtm;jzifh tcsKdUzuf'&,fekdifiHrsm;rSm zGJUpnf;ykHESifh EkdifiHa&;

,Ofaus;rIt& ½Sdonfh (a&eHtygt0if) obm0o,HZmwrsm;ESifh

,if;wkdY\ tcGefrsm;ukd jynfe,frsm;tm;vkH;twGuf wef;wl&nfwl

½Sdoifhonf qkdonfh t,ltq ½SdMuayonf/

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;\ oabmobm0t&yif wEkdifiHvkH; tusKd;pD;yGm;

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