AP Biology Guided Reading Questions Chapters 27-34

Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archaea1. What are the three most common shapes of prokaryotes?2. How does a cell wall help a prokaryote survive? (three ways)3. Define the following terms:

a. Peptidoglycanb. Gram stainc. Gram-positived. Gram-negativee. Capsulef. Fimbriaeg. Pili

4. Explain the movement of prokaryotes. (Be sure to include taxis)5. Where do prokaryotes store their chromosome?6. What is the purpose of having a plasmid and why is this essential?7. Describe the process of the creation of an endospore and why this helps the prokaryote.8. Discuss a few ways in which prokaryotes adapt to their environment.9. Explain in detail the different modes of nutrition in a prokaryote. Be sure to include energy sources, carbon sources, and an

example of the organism that uses this mode.10. Compare and contrast the three metabolic relationships to oxygen.11. How does nitrogen fixation help prokaryotes become mostly self-sufficient?12. Give an example of metabolic cooperation.13. Compare and contrast the three domains, bacteria, archaea and eukarya.14. Define the following terms

a. Biofilmsb. Extremophilesc. Extreme thermophilesd. Extreme haplophilese. Methanogensf. decomposers

15. Describe, in full, all symbiotic relationships.16. Compare and contrast exotoxins and endotoxins.17. Explain bioremediation and how it helps nature by using prokaryotes

Chapter 28: Protists1. What is meant by the statement that Protista Kingdom is paraphyletic?2. Why is the term protist still used?3. What are the four main areas of protist diversity?4. What is endosymbiosis? What is secondary symbiosis?

Label the diagram below to trace the evolution of protists.

5. Do concept check 28.1 - #2 – check you answer and be able to explain.6. What are the basic characteristics of diplomonads?7. What are the basic characteristics of parabasalids?8. What types of organisms are included in the Euglenozoans?9. What human disease is associated with the kinetoplastids?

10. Label the diagram of the Euglenid below

11. What are the three groups of Alveolata?12. Label the diagram of Plasmodium – an apicomplexan

13. What are the Ciliates named for? Label the two diagrams below concerning structure and function of Paramecium caudatum.

14. What types of organisms are in the clade Stramenopila?15. What are the differences between oomycetes and fungi? 16. Label the diagram below of the life cycle of a water mold.

17. What adaptation do Diatoms have against predation – how does physics play a role?18. What are the general characteristics of golden algae?19. Define the following term concerning algae:

a. Thallusb. Holdfastc. Stiped. Blades

20. Are the structures above homologous or analogous to plant organs? Explain your choice.21. What is meant by the term alternation of generations>22. Label the diagram of the life cycle of Laminaria.

23. What does heteromorphic mean?24. What are the general characteristics of Forams?25. What are Radiolarians known for?26. What organisms are included in the Amoebozoans?27. Label the following diagram of a plasmodial slime mold.

28. Label the following diagram of a cellular slime mold.

29. What is the difference between a plasmodial slime mold and a cellular slime mold?30. What are some of the general characteristics of red algae?31. What are the two main divisions of green algae?32. What were the three mechanisms that larger size and greater complexity evolved in the chlorophytes?

33. Label the life cycle below of the Chlamydomonas.

Chapter 29: Plant Diversity – Land1. List and describe the four traits that land plants share with charophyceans.2. What resource did plants need to find a way to conserve to move to land?3. Why is the text using the definition of embryophytes for inclusion in the plant kingdom?4. What are the five derived traits that appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophyceans?5. Thinking back to our chapter on classification – how is the clade terminology using primitive and derived traits a clear way

of studying the evolution of plants?6. What is a cuticle?7. What are secondary compounds and how are they an advantage to plants? Give some examples.8. Use the diagram below to view plant evolution in broad terms.

9. What general characteristics could you infer about plants that lack vascular tissue?10. What general characteristics could you infer about plants that have a vascular system?11. What is the alternative to having a seed?

As you read about plant life cycles consider these questions:Is the gametophyte dependent on the sporophyte?Is the sporophyte dependent on the gametophyte?Doe the organism spend a greater part of the life cycle as haploid or diploid?Notice the trends.

12. What are the three phyla represented by the Bryophytes?13. Define the following terms:

a. Protonemab. Gametophorec. Rhizoidsd. Foote. Setaf. Capsuleg. Calyptrah. Peristomei. Stomata

14. Complete the following diagram representing the life cycle of a moss.

15. What are some of the ecological and economic benefits of moss? List at least three.16. What was the dominant life cycle in Seedless Vascular Plants?17. Define the following terms:

a. Xylemb. Tracheidsc. Lignind. Phloeme. Rootsf. Leavesg. Microphylls

18. MegaphyllsComplete the diagram below outlining the life cycle of a fern.

19. Define the following terms:a. Sporophyllsb. Soric. Strobilid. Megasporese. Microspores

20. What is the difference between a plant being homosporous and heterosporous?21. What effect did the development of the first forests have on carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

Chapter 30: Plant Diversity – Seeds1. What are some of the advantages to having a reduced gametophyte in plants?2. Define the following terms:

a. Integuments

b. Ovulec. Pollen grainsd. Pollinatione. Seed

3. What are the evolutionary advantages to seed formation?4. What does the term Gymnosperm mean?5. Are all conifers gymnosperm?6. What are progymnosperms?7. Complete the diagram below of the life cycle of a pine.

8. What is the common name of Angiosperms?9. Define the following terms:

a. Flowerb. Sepalsc. Petalsd. Stamene. Filamentf. Antherg. Stigmah. Stylei. Ovaryj. Receptaclek. Pistill. Fruitm. Pericarpn. Micropyleo. Cross-pollination

10. What is the alternate term for the gametophyte in angiosperms? 11. What is double fertilization?12. What is a cotyledon?13. What function does the endosperm serve?

14. Complete the diagram below of the life cycle of an angiosperm.

15. Some gymnosperms also have double fertilization – is this homologous or analogous?16. Why do we now know that monocot and dicot classification of angiosperms does not completely reflect the evolution of

these plants? What is the newer classification system?17. How does the development of angiosperms and animals in the same time frame meet the definition of coevolution?18. How does human welfare depend on seed plants?19. Why should we worry about destroying the tropical rain forest?

Chapter 31: FungiThe concept that gives students the most difficulty in this chapter is the varying life cycles. First focus on the diagram on page 639 and then move on to the other cycles.

1. How do fungi acquire their nutrients?2. What are exoenzymes and how does surface area connect with this concept?3. Define the following terms concerning the body structure of fungi:

a. Hyphaeb. Chitinc. Myceliumd. Septae. Coenocyticf. Haustoriag. Mycorrhizae

4. What is the difference between ectomycorrhizal fungi and endomycorrhizal fungi?5. What are the signaling molecules that assist in sexual reproduction of fungi called?6. Define these terms associated with sexual reproduction in fungi:

a. Plasmogamyb. Heterokaryonc. Dikaryoticd. Karyogamy

7. Complete the following diagram that represents a generalized life cycle of a fungi.

8. How do molds and yeast reproduce?9. How is it believed that fungi evolved?10. Complete the diagram below concerning the phylogeny of fungi.

11. What about chytrids are unique among fungi?12. What are the general characteristics of Zygomycetes?13. Complete the following diagram of the life cycle of the zygomycete.

14. Why is a zygosporangium, despite being 2n, not a typical zygote?15. What are microsporidida?16. What type of endomycorrihzae do glomeromycetes have and what is special about it?17. What are the general characteristics of Ascomycetes? What is their common name?18. What are Ascomycetes asexual spores called?19. Complete the following diagram of the life cycle of an ascomycete.

20. What are the general characteristics Basidiomycetes?21. Complete the following diagram of the life cycle of a basidiomycete.

22. What are the three broad categories of symbiotic relationships between fungi and other organisms – list and DESCRIBE them below.

a.b.c.

23. What are some examples of plant and animal diseases due to fungi?24. What are some practical uses of fungi?

Chapter 32: Animal Diversity1. Define the following terms:

a. Cleavageb. Blastulac. Gastrulad. Larvae. Metamorphosis

2. Label the diagram below of early embryonic development

3. What is believed to be the common ancestor of living animals?4. What are two hypotheses for the Cambrian Explosion?5. Define the following terms with regard to animal body plans.

a. Gradeb. Body planc. Radial symmetryd. Bilateral symmetrye. Dorsalf. Ventralg. Anteriorh. Posteriori. Cephalizationj. Germ layersk. Endoderml. Ectoderm

m. Archenteronn. Diploblastico. Triploblasticp. Mesodermq. Body cavityr. Coeloms. Pseudocoelomatet. Coelomateu. Acoelomate

6. Color and label the following diagram

7. Use the unlabeled diagram to compare and contrast protostomes and deuterostomes development.

8. What is the difference between determinate cleavage, radial cleavage and indeterminate cleavage?9. What is the difference between schizocoelous and enterocoelous?10. What are the 5 points of agreement on animal phylogeny?

a.b.c.d.e.

11. Studying the two phylogenic trees on pages 662-663 – what is the basic disagreement – what does the molecular data tell us? Use the following vocabulary in your response: ecdysozoans, lophotrochozoans, lophophore and trochophore larva. Points will be deducted if you do not use all of these terms.

Chapter 33: InvertebratesAs you read, focus on the trends, the increasing complexity of the organisms and the adaptations to their environment.

1. Use the diagram below to label the anatomy of a sponge.

2. What is the difference between a polyp and a medusa?3. Label the diagram below representing the life cycle of Obelia.

4. Label the diagram below of a planaria

5. Describe the life cycle of the blood fluke.6. What are the key characteristics of the two phyla of lophophorates7. What are the three main parts of a mollusk, list and describe?8. What are the two main groups in the phlym annelid, describe the characteristics of each group.9. Describe each of the groups found in ecdysozoans. Be sure to include key characteristics for each group.10. Describe each of the groups found in deuterostomia. Be sure to include key characteristics for each group.

Chapter 34: Vertebrates1. We are vertebrates. What phylum do we belong to?2. What other phylum might be considered our close relatives? Why?3. What are the four key characteristics of chordates? Explain each one.4. What is a notochord?5. Which embryonic layer forms the nerve chord?

6. Pharyngeal gill slits develop into what structures in fishes? In tetrapods?7. Describe a lancet and what chordate characteristics they display.8. What is the oldest lineage of vertebrates? They are jawless parasitic fish with a skeleton made of ? 9. What does Gnatho and stome mean? From what structure did jaws evolve?10. What animals are in chondrichthyes? What does chondrichtyes mean? What materials makes up their skeleton?11. How do bony fish of Osteichyes breathe?12. What is the function of the swim bladder?13. What does tetrapod mean?14. What animals are found in amphibia? What does amphibian mean?15. How do tadpoles breathe? What are the two ways that adult frogs breathe?16. Fertilization in amphibians is . The eggs lack a shell, and mortality is very high.17. What factors tie amphibians to a life near water?18. What is an amniotic egg? How has it enabled animals to occupy a wider ranger of terrestrial habitats than amphibians can?19. What groups have an amniote egg?20. Explain the role of each extraembryonic membrane seen in an amniotic egg.21. List reptile characteristics.22. What is the body covering of a reptile? How does this enable it to live more terrestrial life?23. What is internal fertilization?24. What does ectothermic mean?25. What are four avian adaptations for flight?26. Make a list of at least five traits of mammals.27. Compare and contrast the three groups of mammals: Monotremes, Marsupials, Eutherians.28. What features are unique to primates only?