UNIT 3: Development of the WestChapter 3: The Northwest The Fur Trade: The Hudson’s Bay Company Founded in 1670Explorers ________________________ and __________________________ created the HBC_________________________ gave them a ___________________They had exclusive rights to all the land that had rivers going into the Hudson BayThis land was called _____________________

“Stay by the Bay” The HBC __________________________________________- (where they joined the Bay)Traders and Native trappers travelled long distances to reach the_____________This was called “________________________” policy

The Fur Trade: The North West Company In the middle of the 1700s, fur traders from ____________________ (Lower Canada) built ____________________________ along rivers of the NorthwestThey could go deeper into the ____________________________Some Native traders preferred to trade with these traders instead of the HBC… why?

In 1763, ____________________________ ________________________________________They created the ________________________ in 1783, and kept ________________________The home base was in MontrealHivernants (_______________________________) They were North West Company partners who worked and lived in the Northwest all year

HBC vs. NWC Who should have been more successful? Why?

Getting around the Northwest Voyageur: ____________________________________________________________________Portage: ______________________________________________________________________Voyageurs would portage between rivers

The Impact of the Fur Trade The Fur Trade changed the way of life of Native Canadians___________________________________________________

_____________________________ ______________________________________________They could use the furs to get valuable goods and food Some fur animals were hunted _______________________________________________They caught diseases from Europeans, many Natives died

First Nations Women Women were important in the fur tradeThey:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

A New People European __________________________________ _________________________________The marriages made relations strongerIt also created a new people: ________________________________

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The Métis As more and more marriages happened between fur traders and Native women, it became more accepted

Besides creating families, marriages also ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The marriages were difficult choices, _________________________________________They had to leave their families and live at the _______________

The Northwest Company encouraged the marriages: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Hudson’s Bay Company discouraged the marriages: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________ ___________!

But by the end of the 1700s, ___________________________________ Métis: Children of the Fur Trade A ____________________________ from the marriagesThe name came into use around 1810 from French and Native languages. It comes from the French word for “__________________”They spoke “_____________”, __________________________________________________Many Metis still speak “________________”, ____________________________________________________________________________________________

There were British (________________________) Métis also

They spoke a language called “______________” (English, Gaelic and Cree), but no one speaks it anymore

Settling at Red River By 1810, many Métis settled in the _____________________ (Southern Manitoba)Their way of life was a combination of cultures The Red River Valley had excellent land for farming__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Bison Hunt The Métis hunted BisonThey would use all of the animal: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

They made ______________: dried meat and fat and berriesIt was high in calories and protein, easy to carry and storeThe North West Company traded for it

The bison hunt was an important _____________ __________, not just a huntMétis women, children drove________________________________

Men rode buffalo runners: ________________________________________________________________

The hunt was very dangerous, sometimes people died____________________________________________________________________________

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The Selkirk Settlement

1812: European colonists arrived where the _____________ and

__________________meet (now Winnipeg)

This would affect ____________

___________________________

The Earl of Selkirk Earl: British ____________________:

(_____________________________________________) The Earl of Selkirk was from Scotland

He was a liberal democrat: ___________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

He wanted to help ________________________________

In Scotland, _________________________________ from their farms for ____________

______________brought more money than rent from farmers

The famers had to make a choice: __________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Selkirk made colonies in PEI and Upper Canada

He became one of the ______________of the HBC, and wanted to create a colony

__________________________________ Why did The Earl of Selkirk choose the Red River Valley?

There were two reasons:

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

Selkirk thought he could help both the farmers (_____________________________)

and the HBC (_____________________________)

In 1811, the HBC gave Selkirk 300,000 km2 at Red River to make a colony

It was part of Rupert’s Land, so did the HBC and Selkirk have a right to do this?

The Selkirk Settlement

Between 1811 and 1814, ___________________________________ arrived They had to stay at Fort ____________________ near the Valley during the

winter They tried to farm in the spring, but failed ______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

The Pemmican Proclamation Miles Macdonell, leader of the colonists, made the law

“________________________________________”

This _____________________________ of pemmican from the Red River for one year

Macdonell wanted to _____________________________________________

This angered the Metis and NWC. Why?

The Metis: ______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

The NWC: ______________________________________________________

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The North West Company Strikes Back Summer 1814: The NWC asked the Métis to

_________________________________

________________________________________________________

They NWC and the Métis harassed the colonies: _______________________________________________________________________

Soon, all of the colonists had left

“A new nation under their leaders are coming forward to clear their native soil of intruders and assassins.”

– Alexander Macdonell, NWC employee

The Battle of Seven Oaks... or The Victory at Frog Plain?

The Battle of Seven Oaks Colin Robertson: ______________________

He brought British colonists back to the Red River Valley

He wanted to ____________________________________________ until the arrival of...

Robert Semple: _____________________________________

He didn’t listen to Robertson, and ____________________________________________

The NWC considered this ______________________________.

May 1816: Cuthbert Grant led some Métis to ___________________________________________________________

He ______________________________________________________________________

But Grant and the Métis were ________________________________________________

Robert Semple rode on horses to meet the Métis

But the Métis _____________________________________________________________

Semple did not notice what the Métis were doing

Grant tried to___________ ( ______________________________________), but others argued and a colonist fired at the Métis

A gun fight lasted for 15 minutes: __________________________________________, ________________________________________________________________________

Most historians call it ____________________________

The Métis call it ______________________________________. It is a very important moment for Métis history.

Cuthbert Grant allowed the surviving colonists to ______________________________

Lord Selkirk heard about the battle, and brought ______________________________ to protect him

Mercenary: __________________________

With help from the mercenaries, Selkirk ____________________________________, and later ___________________________________

Colonists now returned to the area

In 1817, Selkirk ___________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Selkirk thought his job was done, and the Red River Valley would be left in peace... ________________________.

Merger of the HBC and NWC

By 1820, both companies were _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

There were not enough furs in the Northwest to support 2 companies

In 1821, the British government forced companies to merge (______________________________________________), and keep the name the HBC

Changes in the Organisation

The new HBC downsized: __________________________________________________

The Métis were the main suppliers of ____________________________

First Nations were employed as _____________________________________________

They mostly used __________________for transportation

York Boats

Named after the _________________________ HBC headquarters in the Northwest

They were bigger than canoes. Advantages? Disadvantages?

The Red River Valley, 1821-1860

The Red River Valley became peaceful for several decades

It was isolated, but very self-sufficient: _______________________________

The population was Métis, Scottish colonists, Swiss mercenaries, employees of the new HBC

The Métis made _________________________________________

George Simpson

He was a sugar trader, and became __________________________in North America, and then head of the whole HBC

He didn’t know much about furs or the Northwest, but he was a great businessman

Instead of controlling the business from an office in Montreal, ___________________________________________________________________________________________

George Simpson, like most HBC employees, had ______________________________

However, like many HBC employees, he planned to _____________ his Métis wife with a ___________________________.

In 1830, he married his _______________________________________ and brought her to the Red River Settlement

Frances Simpson

Frances Simpson was a social “______________” (upper class)

She was a racist and a SNOB! She would not speak to any Métis

This was a stupid idea: _____________________________________________________

Frances Simpson’s _____________________________________was common outside of the Northwest

But inside Northwest, fur trade society was very ______________ of racial and cultural differences

In spring 1832, the Simpson’s infant son died, and the left the Red River Valley to live in Montreal, never returning to the Northwest

Le Commerce est libre! Vive la liberté!

In the 1840s, Red River colonists began expanding into what is now USA states ________________, ________________,, and ________________,

The Métis saw this as an _____________________________________

HBC law said they could not _______________________, but many Métis did anyways

In 1849, 4 Métis were charged with ________________________________, and one, _______________________, went to trial (court)

Hundreds of Métis went to watch the trial

The judge told the jury they should find him _____________, and they did!

The crowd of Métis became very angry, and the court quickly ____________ Sayer without __________________

____________________ was in effect in the Red River Valley

“Le Commerce est libre! Vive la liberté!” - Business is open! Long live freedom!

- Now do questions #1-4 on page 154

THE RED RIVER REBELLION

The Red River Settlement in the 1860s By the 1860s,

______________________________________________________________ More colonists moved into the area, mostly from Canada West There were increasing economic problems:

______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________

Most new colonists were members of the Orange Order:

_____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________

They discriminated against the French Métis because _________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

They discriminated against the English Métis because _________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

“Doctor” John Christian Schultz Not a real Doctor. He had a store and newspaper at Red River He created an anti-Métis group called the

“___________________________________” Read his quote on page 155

Canada Purchases Rupert’s Land HBC:

____________________________________________________________________ Confederation supporters like

___________________________________________ wanted Canada to stretch from coast to coast

They planned to give control of Rupert’s Land to Canada No one asked the people living in the Red River Settlement

(______________________________________________________________________)

In 1868, after Confederation, ____________________________________ arrived into the Red River Valley to survey the area

They thought that the Métis farms beside the rivers were not ____________________

November 1869, The Canadian Government took control of Rupert’s Land and joined it with the North-Western Territory

In1870, the whole area was renamed the _________________________________

Louis Riel and the Red River Resistance

(A.K.A. The Red River Rebellion)

Louis Riel was from the Red River area He was sent to Montreal to become a _____________________

He was fluent in both English and French, and an excellent _______

Louis Riel

At 24 years old, he would become the leader of the Red River Resistance

Hudson’s Bay had sold Rupert’s land to Canada, and ___________________________were measuring Métis land without asking them

October 1869: _________________________________________

Riel and other Métis came to tell them they were ______________ and they should stop

One Métis __________________________________________, and forced them to leave

Riel formed the ________________________________ to fight for Métis land and rights

The Provisional Government William McDougall was the _______________________

of the North-West Territories The National Métis Committee’s first act was to tell him GO AWAY He ignored them, and the next day the Committee

______________________________, and took their _______________________________

Actually, Riel and the Committee did not want to ________________________________

If they could have Métis rights protected, they would join Confederation

So they made a provisional government so they could negotiate to enter Confederation

____________________________ = ____________________________ _____________________________ sent a letter to McDougall telling him to

do nothing But before it arrived, McDougall entered the Northwest from the US

and claimed himself _____________________________________, and then ran away back to the US

This mean Riel’s provisional government should actually be the real government!

Because McDougall claimed himself governor, the HBC was no longer in control

But because he left to the United States, _____________________________________

Law of Nations says the people in any nation without a government have the right to ___________________________________________________________

SO ______________________________________________________!!! They had “_________________________________”

:___________________________________________________________________

Riel Takes Action Riel arrested John Schultz (the fake doctor) and 48 other people from

his Canadian Party He put them in prison in _______________________________

The Canadian government agreed to meet Métis representatives in Ottawa,

But Shultz and others _________________________ They were stopped, and Riel executed _______________________, one of

the prisonersREAD about the execution on page 159

Do you think Riel was right in executing Thomas Scott for treason? Explain.

The Execution of Thomas Scott Examine this picture. Who do you think drew it? What do you think is

their opinion?

People in Ottawa were furious over about the Métis and the execution of Thomas Scott

John A. Macdonald, the 1st Prime Minister was ________________________________

He didn’t give all the land to the Métis, but he did give them enough to create…

… the province of __________________________. It became part of Confederation in _____

Still, John A. Macdonald still sent some soldiers to Red River He didn’t treat Riel or his group like a

___________________________________ Riel _____________________________________________ Don’t worry… he’ll be back ;) (And

still pissed off!)