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POWERPOINT PRESENTATION TO THE BAROSSA VALLEY ARCHIVES & HISTORICAL TRUST ON THE E.H. COOMBE MONUMENT

Slide Text Visuals

1 In Tanunda, there is a white marble monument dedicated to Ephraim Henry Coombe but the inscription is obscure and does not give any real insight into Coombe’s life or why the monument was erected.1 An explanatory plaque next to it hints at persecution of the German-speaking community in the Barossa and Coombe’s defence of them during WWI.2 In the research for this presentation I have attempted to find out who Coombe was, what relationship he had with this community and why he was important enough to deserve a monument dedicated to his memory.

Photo of monument3 with text introducing topic and Presentation to the Barossa Valley Archives & Historical Trust.

2 Photo of explanatory plaque next to monument.4

3 Coombe was born in Gawler in August 1858 and died at Semaphore in April 1917.5 6 He attended St. George’s Day School7 and worked his way up through various jobs before becoming a journalist, Editor at the Bunyip Newspaper8 and Member of Parliament.9 He was heavily involved in his community from a very young age and held many positions in clubs and on committees.10 Coombe married Sarah Heywood in 1880, as shown in this entry in the SA Register newspaper, 11 and they had six children.12 13

Photo of St. George’s Day School14

4 Photo of Bunyip office15

5 Photo of Wedding announcement from SA Register newspaper16

6After two failed attempts to enter Parliament in 1896 and 1899,17 Coombe ran as an Independent and was elected as Member for Barossa in 1901.18 He was seen as progressive and ran as a member of the Liberal and Democratic Union in the elections of 1906 and 1910, winning the seat of Barossa. In 1910, he broke from the LDU and ran as an Independent in the 1912 elections but was defeated.19 He re-entered the House of Assembly as a United Labor Party candidate in 1915 until his death. He held many key positions including Chairman of Committees, Whip, Minister of Agriculture and Commissioner of Crown Lands & Immigration.20 21 22

Photo of Coombe taken by the Quiz when he was elected in 190123

Photo of Coombe, MP24

7 Photo of 1909 Peake Ministry with Coombe circled25

8 Coombe was able to use his role in Parliament to influence and debate key Bills that affected the people of the Barossa.26 27 28 29 30 31 One example was the Royal Commission on Wheat Marketing that he chaired in 1908-1909.32 This was important to Barossa farmers because it recommended changes to the way wheat was being handled that were fairer and more profitable for the farmer. 33 34 35

Scan of 1908 Parliamentary Debate, p. 107536

Coombe’s quote circled

9 Coombe also played an important role in bringing the railway to the Barossa Valley. From 1901-1911, he fought to change the route to include Tanunda, Nuriootpa and Angaston so that the people from the area could transport their goods to ports and markets quickly as well as travel around and out of the Valley.37 38 During this time, Coombe came to value the hardworking and loyal nature of the Barossa community as seen in this quote. 39

Photos of cover of The Barossa District: Gawler-Angaston Railway Opening souvenir booklet40 and this quote:

Quote: “They (the district of Barossa) had people who had distinguished themselves in the past by their progressiveness and by their determination and enterprise; people who were not only working for themselves, but for the best interests of South Australia, and who were laying the foundation of industries which would attain vast proportions in the near future.” – E.H. Coombe41

10 Coombe also stood up for the German-speaking community when war was declared against Germany in July 1914.42 Where they had been previously highly regarded and valued as members of society, this community was now regarded with suspicion and fear, even though many families had been living in Australia for generations or were naturalized citizens.43 44

Title from Harmstorf article: Australians or Aliens (and barbed wire) plus picture of farmers on page 2 of article.45

11 The War Precautions Act was passed on 29th October 1914 giving Commonwealth and State governments the power to “inspect, arrest, detain, imprison and limit the activities of people of ‘enemy origin’.”46 Some people and organisations used sections of the Act to “settle old scores”47 and to seek revenge for losses in the war by gradually taking away the democratic rights of the German-speaking population.48

Section 5 of War Precautions Act. 49

12 As suspicion of German-speakers grew, many organisations such as schools, churches and social clubs came under close scrutiny.50 People were particularly suspicious of Lutheran

Australian Natives’ Assoc. letter55 with quote from letter in bigger type on side.

schools which they thought were trying to “turn their children out as Germans”51 and promote anti-British feeling. In South Australia, a letter of concern from the Australian Natives’ Association52 to the Premier eventually resulted in the Education Bill of 1915 which enforced inspections of Lutheran schools and limited the amount of German spoken in them.53 54

13 As many of these schools were in Coombe’s district of Barossa, he had the opportunity to stand against the Education Bill in the House of Assembly. He presented a letter from the Lutheran church declaring their loyalty to the British Crown and concerns that their church schools were being discriminated against on religious grounds.56 The Lutheran community, whose ancestors had left Prussia in the mid-1800’s to escape religious persecution, were insulted that they were experiencing it again in their new homeland where they had contributed so much.57 58 Unfortunately, Coombe’s stand was unsuccessful and the Bill was passed.59

Quote from Education Bill debate:“I have sympathy for any people who feel strongly on the question of religion, and where their religious liberty is threatened, I am a strong opponent of it. It does not matter to me what the religion is or who the people are, but surely we can do justice to people who are British subjects.” – E.H. Coombe60

14Tanunda Lutheran School, or Langmeil Lutheran School as it was known then,61 was in Coombe’s electorate and was inspected to check that the required four hours of English was being taught and that students were patriotic.62

Photo of Schulz & students63

15 Photo of students picking olives for war effort64

16 J.F.W. Schulz was the head teacher at Langmeil and a 1916 Inspection Report notes that the children were well-taught and that Schulz was regarded as being “a fine man by some English people.”65

Photo of Inspection Register report66 with two quotes from report in bigger type on side.

17 As Australians became outraged by the atrocities the Germans were committing overseas, they were not content by just restricting the speaking of German in schools.67 68 Some politicians such as Mr. Southwood wanted the “German element”69 eliminated from the State. In 1916 an Amendment to the 1915 Education Act was proposed giving the government powers to close Lutheran schools.70 71

Quote from Education Amendment Bill debate:“The retention of German schools is not conducive to the best interests of the British Empire…. We desire to cut out the pernicious influence of the German race from amongst us. There are too many of the enemy in South Australia.” – Mr. Southwood72

18 Again, Coombe was the only politician to stand against this Bill.73 74 75 He was not successful, however and the Education Amendment Act was passed on 16 November 1916.76 77 Forty-nine Lutheran schools were closed and only one Lutheran teacher kept on by the Education

Quotes from debate:“This Bill savors of religious persecution…”“This is an attempt to introduce a new system

Department, forcing the others into unemployment and poverty.78 79 Langmeil Lutheran School in Coombe’s electorate was one of those schools.

which will cause ill-feeling among citizens of German parentage.”“I object entirely to a class of the community such as German-Australians being singled out for this treatment.” – E.H. Coombe80

19

For some politicians, this was not going far enough and in August 1916 it was proposed that all German place names should be wiped out. Again, Coombe strongly opposed this, as seen here, although unsuccessfully.81 As a result the Nomenclature Act of 1917 was passed giving the Government powers to replace German names with Anglicised or Aboriginal names. In total sixty-nine South Australian place names were changed, 14 of them from Coombe’s district.82 83

Quote from 1916 debate p.53584

“Why do you want to wipe out the name of Krichauff, who was one of our earliest colonists, a worthy man, and the father of the Agricultural Bureau system?” – E.H. Coombe

20 Page 1 of the Nomenclature Act 191785

21 List of Barossa place names and what they were changed to.86

22

These were not the only restrictions on German-speaking Australians. Coombe came to their defence again when their voting rights were violated.87 Large casualty numbers meant that more men were needed to fight and in October 1916 the Federal Government held a Referendum which they hoped would give them the power to conscript men to serve overseas.88 89

Photo of ‘The Test of True Australians’ war poster from State Records 90

Photo of ‘Who Goes There’ war poster91

23 Referendum Question:Are you in favour of the Government having, in this grave emergency, the same compulsory powers over citizens in regard to requiring their military service, for the term of this War, outside the Commonwealth, as it now has in regard to military service within the Commonwealth?92

24 Under Section 9 of the Military Service Referendum Act, officers at voting booths were given powers to question any voter they suspected of being of enemy origin.93 Their votes were collected, marked as ‘Section 9’, then sent to a tribunal that decided on the loyalty of that

Photo of ballot paper with ‘Section 9’ stamped across it95

person. If it was decided that voter was disloyal, they were investigated further and their vote was not counted.94

25 For German-speaking people who were born here, they felt like Australia had rejected them without legal or moral reason, simply because of their German heritage.96 97 Some families had sons fighting and dying in the war98 as shown on the Tanunda Memorial where six of the eight names are of German descent.99 100

Photo of the Tanunda War Memorial101 and close-up of same photo showing names.

26

Coombe was upset by the marking of votes which he believed singled-out people of German descent, most of whom were loyal citizens of Australia.102 In many people’s opinion this established Coombe as pro-German, disloyal to the Empire and against the war effort; even though he had three sons fighting overseas.103 For many, this opinion was confirmed when he joined the Anti-Conscription campaign arguing that voluntary service was the best way to win the war.104 105 106 107

Coombe’s quote about earmarking of votes from ‘Barossa News’, 2nd March 1917108

27 Photos of Coombe’s 3 sons from Gawler WWI Honour Roll website109

28 Scan of: The Advertiser. 1916. Militarism Condemned110 and quote from article in bigger type on side.

29 This made Coombe a target and in 1917 he was prosecuted by the Commonwealth Government for making statements that were contrary to Regulation 43 of the War Precautions Act.111 Twelve key businessmen and community leaders of German descent from the Barossa testified for Coombe during his trial which was risky given the charges and the fact that the trial was held during wartime.112 113 114

Scan of: The Advertiser. 1917. Anti-Conscription Cases115 and quote from article in bigger type on side.

30 Coombe was found ‘not guilty’ on the first charge of making statements likely to prejudice recruiting116 but was found ‘guilty’ on the second charge of attempting to cause disaffection among the civilian population and fined £10 and costs.117 118

Scan of: Barossa News. 1917. The Court Cases119 and quote from article in bigger type on side.

31 Coombe suffered a stroke while speaking at a political rally and died several days later. It was noted in the press that the accusations made at his trial, as well as being called a “rebel” and “disloyal” in Parliament,120 troubled Coombe and contributed to his early death.121 Coombe was buried at Willaston Cemetery122 on 7th April 1917 and his funeral was the

Scan of: Daily Herald, 1917. Mr. E.H. Coombe, MP. P.4127

largest ever seen in Gawler. Representatives from all the committees he was involved in, politicians, friends and family all attended.123 124 Obituaries run in newspapers across the country agreed that Coombe was “entertaining, kind, cheery, profound in thought, practical and highly respected by friend and foe alike.”125 126

32 Willaston Cemetery photo128

33 Max Riedel, a friend who also ran for Barossa District with Coombe in 1915,129 decided that a monument should be erected to acknowledge the good Coombe did for “the State, the Barossa and those of German descent.”130 From 1918-1930 he worked to raise funds and gather support for the monument.131 This was difficult, even among the Barossa community who, in the years straight after WW1, did not want to be reminded of their German descent.132

Scan of: The Mail, 1928. Uncompleted Memorial. P.1133

34 Scan of: The Mail, 1919. Tanunda Memorial.134

35 Julius Henschke, a well-known Barossa sculptor, was commissioned to build the monument.135 A supporter of Coombe, he also gave a corner of his land, free of charge, for the monument to be built on. Max Reidel paid the transfer charges. The title for this land is unique because it is for the smallest block ever seen by the Lands Titles Office at just 5.63m2.136

Julius Henschke photograph from Richardson book.137

36 Scan of Certificate of Title138 with drawing of block and land area circled.

37 The building of the monument was delayed for almost 13 years. One reason was debate over the wording of “we crowned him in 1901 and all that is evil in man crucified him in 1917”.139 ‘Crowned’ referred to Coombe’s crowning with a laurel wreath when he was elected to Parliament in 1901 and was not objected to.140 However, as devout Christians, many supporters objected to the word ‘crucified’ which they thought made Coombe equal to Christ.141 Max Riedel thought ‘crucified’ was appropriate because of the way Coombe was persecuted for defending people of German descent142 and this wording was eventually inscribed on the monument.143

Photograph of wording on monument144 with ‘crowned’ and ‘crucified’ underlined.

38 The completed monument was unveiled on 2 March 1930 and the ceremony was attended by Coombe’s family, friends, supporters and members of the German-speaking community.145

Article: Bunyip. 1930. Unveiling of Coombe Memorial at Tanunda146 with quote from article in bigger type on side.

39 The purpose of monuments is to act as an enduring memorial that reminds us of a particular person and what he or she stood for. They should honour the person they memorialize and

Photo of Coombe147 from Geoff Coombe

they should also inspire the community in which they stand. From this research I believe the E.H. Coombe Monument does this.

40

From the time he was elected to the House of Assembly, Coombe supported the people in the Barossa electorate but it was when World War I broke out that his true character and philosophy about life came through. Seen here, it was based on service to others and the right of everyone to be treated equally.148 Coombe stood up for Australians of German descent, often alone, because he believed in and practised this philosophy in everyday life. The monument not only honours the man and his work for this community but it is also a reminder and challenge to us to do the same today.

Quote: “The secret of happiness was giving out the best you had. The greatest asset to the country was its manhood and womanhood and the capacity for good in them.” – E.H. Coombe149

41 Monument photo150 with the following text:The E.H. Coombe Monument - Located on the corner of Murray and Julius Streets, Tanunda.151 152

TIME: 11:31

End Notes

1 Markey, J. 2013. E.H. Coombe Monument. Photograph. Tanunda, South Australia.2 Markey, J. 2013. Explanatory Plaque next to E.H. Coombe Monument. Photograph.

Tanunda, South Australia.3 Markey, J. 2013. E.H. Coombe Monument. Photograph. Tanunda, South Australia.4 Markey, J. 2013. Explanatory Plaque next to E.H. Coombe Monument. Photograph.

Tanunda, South Australia.5 Ancestry.com. 2010. Australia Birth Index, 1788-1922, [database on-line]. Provo, Utah.

Available at: http://trees.ancestry.com.au/tree/63715277/person/44108304256 [Accessed: 12 Dec 2013].

6 Ancestry.com. 2010. Australia Death Index, 1787-1985, [database on-line]. Provo, Utah. Available at: http://trees.ancestry.com.au/tree/63715277/person/44108304256 [Accessed: 12 Dec 2013].

7 Coombe, E. H. 1910. History of Gawler, 1837-1908. Gawler [S. Aust.]: Gawler Institute. P.143

8 Coombe, E. H. 1910. History of Gawler, 1837-1908. Gawler [S. Aust.]: Gawler Institute. P.140

9 Coombe, E. H. 1910. History of Gawler, 1837-1908. Gawler [S. Aust.]: Gawler Institute. P.6410 Coombe, E. H. 1910. History of Gawler, 1837-1908. Gawler [S. Aust.]: Gawler Institute. Pp.

148, 157, 200, 208, 211, 214, 215, 217, 221, 227, 233, 241, 244, 247, 250, 253, 256, 312, 313

11 SA Register. 1880. Marriages: Coombe - Heywood. [online] 9 March. Available at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43103387 [Accessed: 5 Dec 2013].

12 Bunyip. 1917. The Late Mr. E.H. Coombe, MP. [online] 13 April. Available at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article100412485 [Accessed: 8 December 1913].

13 Jaensch, D. 1981. Coombe, Ephraim Henry (1858-1917). Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol. 8 [online] Available at: http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/coombe-ephraim-henry-5768 [Accessed: 4 December 2013].

14 State Library of SA. 1884. St George School, Gawler. [image online] Available at: images.slsa.sa.gov.au/mpcimg/22000/B21926.htm [Accessed: 16 Dec 2013].

15 Bunyip Newspaper Offices. n.d. Photograph. Gawler, South Australia: Gawler Public Library History Collection.

16 SA Register. 1880. Marriages: Coombe - Heywood. [online] 9 March. Available at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43103387 [Accessed: 5 Dec 2013].

17 Daily Herald. 1917. Mr. E.H. Coombe, MP. [online] 6 April. Available at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article105399920 [Accessed: 4 December 2013].

18 Parliament, S. A. 2007. Statistical Record of the Legislature 1836-2007. Adelaide: T. Goodes. Pp. 64-68, 70, 100, 102, 114, 117, 121, 123, 174, 176


20 Parliament, S. A. 2007. Statistical Record of the Legislature 1836-2007. Adelaide: T.

http://trees.ancestry.com.au/tree/63715277/person/44108304256


Goodes. Pp. 64-68, 70, 100, 102, 114, 117, 121, 123, 174, 17621 Parliament.sa.gov.au. 2014. House of Assembly. [online] Available at:

http://www.parliament.sa.gov.au/education/students/peopleinparliament/Pages/HouseofAssembly.aspx [Accessed: 13 Jan 2014].


23 Quiz and Fruhling. 1901. ‘Mr. E.H. Coombe - Seconder of the Address in Reply in the Assembly’. Quiz, 31 July, p. 7.

24 Coombe, E.H. n.d. Photograph. Gawler, South Australia: Gawler Public Library History Collection.

25 State Library of SA. 1909. The Peake Ministry. [image online] Available at: images.slsa.sa.gov.au/mpcimg/10250/B10189.htm [Accessed: 12 Dec 2013].

26 South Australia Parliament. 1901. Official Reports of the Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), House of Assembly. South Australia: W.K. Thomas, Adelaide. Pp.407-409, 481-484

27 South Australia Parliament. 1908. Official Reports of the Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), House of Assembly. South Australia: J.L. Bonython & Co., Adelaide. Pp. 1075-1077

28 South Australia Parliament. 1915. Official Reports of the Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), House of Assembly. South Australia: R.E.E. Rogers, Govt. Printer, p. 1117-1118

29 South Australia Parliament. 1916. Official Reports of the Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), House of Assembly. South Australia: K.M. Stevenson, Govt. Printer, p. 532-535


31 South Australia Parliament. 1916. Official Reports of the Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), House of Assembly. South Australia: K.M. Stevenson, Govt. Printer, p. 1885

32 Zalums, E. 1975. A bibliography of South Australian Royal Commissions, Select Committees of Parliament and Boards of Inquiry, 1857-1970. Bedford Park, S.A.: [E. Zalums]. Pp. 89, 92, 96, 98, 103, 104

33 Hollamby, G. 1990. Wheat Growing in South Australia. [pdf] Adelaide: Australian Wheat Board, p. 1, 12.


35 South Australia Parliament. 1908. Official Reports of the Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), House of Assembly. South Australia: J.L. Bonython & Co., Adelaide. Pp. 1075-1077

36 South Australia Parliament. 1908. Official Reports of the Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), House of Assembly. South Australia: J.L. Bonython & Co., Adelaide. Pp. 1075

37 Barossa News Ltd. 1911. The Barossa District: Gawler - Angaston Railway Opening. [Souvenir Booklet]. Angaston, South Australia. Pp. 23, 25

38 Sallis, R. 2000. Railways in the Barossa Valley. Adelaide, South Australia: Openbook Publishers. Pp. 62, 123

39 South Australia Parliament. 1901. Official Reports of the Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), House of Assembly. South Australia: W.K. Thomas, Adelaide. Pp.407-409, 481-484

40 Barossa News Ltd. 1911. The Barossa District: Gawler - Angaston Railway Opening. [Souvenir Booklet]. Angaston, South Australia. P.1

41 South Australia Parliament. 1901. Official Reports of the Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), House of Assembly. South Australia: W.K. Thomas, Adelaide. p.484

42 Leader-Elliott, L. 2002. ‘Changing Heritage, Changing Values, Memories of Two World Wars in the Barossa Valley’. 20th Century Heritage - Our Recent Cultural Legacy, pp. 109-115. Available at: https://dspace.flinders.edu.au/jspui/bitstream/2328/690/1/Leader-ElliottC20Heritage2002.pdf [Accessed: 13 Jan 2014].

43 Harmstorf, I. 1982. ‘Australians or Aliens - How safe are the democratic rights of Australians of non-British descent?’ Speakers Corner, Vol. 1982 (Issue 8).

44 Pouw-Bray, A., n.d., ‘Xenophobia in South Australia 1910-1918’. History Conference, Available at: http://www.history.sa.gov.au/chu/programs/history_conference/History%20Conf%2007/XENOPHOBIA%20IN%20SOUTH%20AUSTRALIA%201910%20-%20Alex%20Pouw-Bray.pdf [Accessed: 13 Jan 2014].


46 Commonwealth of Australia. 1914. War Precautions Act 1914. [pdf] Canberra: Commonwealth Government. Available through: Australian Government ComLaw http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C1914A00010 [Accessed: 9 Feb 2014].


48 Leader-Elliott, L. 2002. ‘Changing Heritage, Changing Values, Memories of Two World Wars in the Barossa Valley.’ 20th Century Heritage - Our Recent Cultural Legacy, pp. 109-115. Available at: https://dspace.flinders.edu.au/jspui/bitstream/2328/690/1/Leader-ElliottC20Heritage2002.pdf [Accessed: 13 Jan 2014].

49 Commonwealth of Australia. 1914. War Precautions Act 1914. [pdf] Canberra: Commonwealth Government. Available through: Australian Government ComLaw http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C1914A00010 [Accessed: 9 Feb 2014].

50 Pouw-Bray, A., n.d., ‘Xenophobia in South Australia 1910-1918.’ History Conference, Available at: http://www.history.sa.gov.au/chu/programs/history_conference/History%20Conf%2007/XENOPHOBIA%20IN%20SOUTH%20AUSTRALIA%201910%20-%20Alex%20Pouw-Bray.pdf [Accessed: 13 Jan 2014].

51 South Australia Parliament. 1915. Official Reports of the Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), House of Assembly. South Australia: R.E.E. Rogers, Govt. Printer, p.1118

52 State Records of SA. 1914. Australian Natives' Assoc. - Alleged lack of education in English Language at German Private Schools in SA. [Letter]. Correspondence Files - Chief Secretary's Office, GRG24/6/575/1344/1914. State Records of SA, Gepps Cross, South Australia.


54 Hentschke, B. 1973. ‘The compulsory closure of South Australia's German-speaking schools

in World War 1’. Pivot, Vol. 1 (No. 2), pp. 16-19.55 State Records of SA. 1914. Australian Natives' Assoc. - Alleged lack of education in English

Language at German Private Schools in SA. [Letter]. Correspondence Files - Chief Secretary's Office, GRG24/6/575/1344/1914. State Records of SA, Gepps Cross, South Australia.


57 Hentschke, B. 1973. ‘The compulsory closure of South Australia's German-speaking schools in World War 1’. Pivot, Vol. 1 (No. 2), pp. 16-19.


59 Barossa News. 1916. ‘Teaching in German’. Barossa News, 10 November.60 South Australia Parliament. 1915. Official Reports of the Parliamentary Debates (Hansard),

House of Assembly. South Australia: R.E.E. Rogers, Govt. Printer, p. 1117-111861 Mugford, R., [email protected] 2014. Another Question. [email] Message to

Markey, J. ([email protected]). Sent 18 February 2014.62 Inspector's Register. 1916. Annual Inspection - Tanunda Lutheran School June 13th 1916.

[Register].63 Unknown. 1917. Langmeil Lutheran School. Photograph. Tanunda, South Australia:

Tanunda Lutheran School History Collection.64 Unknown. C.1916. Picking Olives for the War Effort. Photograph. Tanunda, South Australia:

Tanunda Lutheran School History Collection.65 Inspector's Register. 1916. Annual Inspection - Tanunda Lutheran School June 13th 1916.

[Register].66 Inspector's Register. 1916. Annual Inspection - Tanunda Lutheran School June 13th 1916.

[Register].67 Hentschke, B. 1973. ‘The compulsory closure of South Australia's German-speaking schools

in World War 1’. Pivot, Vol. 1 (No. 2), pp. 16-19.68 Pouw-Bray, A., n.d., ‘Xenophobia in South Australia 1910-1918’. History Conference,

Available at: http://www.history.sa.gov.au/chu/programs/history_conference/History%20Conf%2007/XENOPHOBIA%20IN%20SOUTH%20AUSTRALIA%201910%20-%20Alex%20Pouw-Bray.pdf [Accessed: 13 Jan 2014].






74 Bunyip. 1930. Unveiling of Coombe Memorial at Tanunda. [online] 7 March. Available at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article96666149 [Accessed: 11 December 2013]. P.10




78 Hentschke, B. 1973. ‘The compulsory closure of South Australia's German-speaking schools in World War 1’. Pivot, Vol. 1 (No. 2), p.19.

79 Pouw-Bray, A., n.d., ‘Xenophobia in South Australia 1910-1918’. History Conference, Available at: http://www.history.sa.gov.au/chu/programs/history_conference/History%20Conf%2007/XENOPHOBIA%20IN%20SOUTH%20AUSTRALIA%201910%20-%20Alex%20Pouw-Bray.pdf [Accessed: 13 Jan 2014].



82 Govt. Of South Australia. 1917. Nomenclature Act, 1917. [pdf] Adelaide: Government of South Australia. Available through: Australasian Legal Information Institute http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/num_act/na1284o1917196/ [Accessed: 13 Feb 2014].

83 Leadbeater, M. 2014. German Place Names in South Australia. [online] Available at: http://www.ach.familyhistorysa.info/germanplacenames.html [Accessed: 8 Feb 2014].

84 South Australia Parliament. 1916. Official Reports of the Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), House of Assembly. South Australia: K.M. Stevenson, Govt. Printer, p.535

85 Govt. Of South Australia. 1917. Nomenclature Act, 1917. [pdf] Adelaide: Government of South Australia. Available through: Australasian Legal Information Institute http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/num_act/na1284o1917196/ [Accessed: 13 Feb 2014].

86 Leadbeater, M. 2014. German Place Names in South Australia. [online] Available at: http://www.ach.familyhistorysa.info/germanplacenames.html [Accessed: 8 Feb 2014].

87 South Australia Parliament. 1916. Official Reports of the Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), House of Assembly. South Australia: K.M. Stevenson, Govt. Printer, p.1515-1517, 1525-1526

88 Commonwealth of Australia. 1916. Military Service Referendum Act 1916. [pdf] Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. Available through: Australian Government ComLaw http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C1916A00027 [Accessed: 2 Feb 2014].

89 Parliamentary Library. 2014. 43rd Parliament - Parliamentary Handbook of the Commonwealth of Australia 2011 - Part 5 Referendums and Plebiscites. [e-book] Commonwealth of Australia. p. 373, 398, 399. Available through: Australian Dept. of

Parliamentary Services, Parliamentary Library http://australianpolitics.com/downloads/parliament/2011-02_parliamentary-handbook_preliminary.pdf [Accessed: 2 February 2014].

90 State Records of SA. 1916. The Test of True Australians!. [Poster]. World War 1 Recruitment and War Effort Posters - State War Council, GRG32/16/4/27. State Records of SA, Gepps Cross, South Australia.

91 State Records Of SA. 1916. Who Goes There? [Poster]. World War 1 Recruitment and War Effort Posters - State War Council, GRG32/16/4/28. State Records of SA, Gepps Cross, South Australia.




95 National Archives. 1916. Referendum 1916 Ballot Paper. [image online] Available at: http://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/DetailsReports/ItemDetail.aspx?Barcode=5111885 [Accessed: 4 February 2014].


97 Heuzenroeder, P. 2014. Interview on E.H. Coombe and Moritz Heuzenroeder. Interviewed by Jonathan Markey [in person] 17 Mill Street, Tanunda, 16 January 2014.

98 Barossa News. 1918. ‘Our Scroll of Fame’. Barossa News, Friday 14 June, p. 1.99 Markey, J. 2014. Tanunda War Memorial. Photograph. Tanunda, South Australia.100 Ross, D. 2014. Interview on E.H. Coombe and the Coombe Monument. Interviewed by

Jonathan Markey [in person] 195 Basedow Road, Tanunda, 13th January 2014.101 Markey, J. 2014. Tanunda War Memorial. Photograph. Tanunda, South Australia.102 Barossa News. 1917. ‘The Court Cases’. Barossa News, 2 March.103 Gawler WWI Honour Roll. 2014. Section C. [online] Available at:

http://gawlerworldwar1.weebly.com/c.html [Accessed: 20 Jan 2014].104 Barossa News. 1917. ‘The Court Cases’. Barossa News, 2 March.105 Daily Herald. 1917. Mr. E.H. Coombe, MP. [online] 6 April. Available at:

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article105399920 [Accessed: 4 December 2013].106 The Advertiser. 1917. Anti-Conscription Cases. [online] 27 February. Available at:

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5565406 [Accessed: 12 December 2013]. P7, 8107 The Advertiser. 1916. Militarism Condemned. [online] 27 July. Available at:

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article6452315 [Accessed: 11 December 2013]. P.7

108 Barossa News. 1917. ‘The Court Cases’. Barossa News, 2 March.109 Gawler WWI Honour Roll. 2014. Section C. [online] Available at:

http://gawlerworldwar1.weebly.com/c.html [Accessed: 20 Jan 2014].110 The Advertiser. 1916. Militarism Condemned. [online] 27 July. Available at:

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article6452315 [Accessed: 11 December 2013]. P.7111 Commonwealth of Australia. 1914. War Precautions Act 1914. [pdf] Canberra:

Commonwealth Government. Available through: Australian Government ComLaw http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C1914A00010 [Accessed: 9 Feb 2014].

112 The Advertiser. 1917. Anti-Conscription Cases. [online] 27 February. Available at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5565406 [Accessed: 12 December 2013]. P7, 8

113 Barossa News. 1917. ‘The Court Cases’. Barossa News, 2 March.114 Heuzenroeder, P. 2014. Interview on E.H. Coombe and Moritz Heuzenroeder. Interviewed

by Jonathan Markey [in person] 17 Mill Street, Tanunda, 16 January 2014.115 The Advertiser. 1917. Anti-Conscription Cases. [online] 27 February. Available at:

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5565406 [Accessed: 12 December 2013]. P7, 8116 The Advertiser. 1917. Anti-Conscription Cases. [online] 27 February. Available at:

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5565406 [Accessed: 12 December 2013]. P7, 8117 Barossa News. 1917. ‘The Court Cases’. Barossa News, 2 March.118 Jaensch, D. 1981. Coombe, Ephraim Henry (1858-1917). Australian Dictionary of

Biography, Vol. 8 [online] Available at: http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/coombe-ephraim-henry-5768 [Accessed: 4 December 2013].

119 Barossa News. 1917. ‘The Court Cases’. Barossa News, 2 March.120 South Australia Parliament. 1916. Official Reports of the Parliamentary Debates (Hansard),

House of Assembly. South Australia: K.M. Stevenson, Govt. Printer, p. 1885121 Jaensch, D. 1981. Coombe, Ephraim Henry (1858-1917). Australian Dictionary of

Biography, Vol. 8 [online] Available at: http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/coombe-ephraim-henry-5768 [Accessed: 4 December 2013].

122 Markey, J. 2014. Gravestone of E.H. Coombe – Willaston Cemetery. Photograph. Tanunda, South Australia.

123 The Mail. 1917. Late Mr. Coombe, MP - Largely Attended Funeral. [online] 7 April. Available at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59426186 [Accessed: 8 December 2013].





128 Markey, J. 2014. Gravestone of E.H. Coombe – Willaston Cemetery. Photograph. Tanunda, South Australia.

129 The Mail. 1919. Mr. Riedel's Version. [online] 27 December. Available at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article63768408 [Accessed: 3 Feb 2014].

130 The Mail. 1919. Tanunda Memorial. [online] 27 December. Available at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article63768412 [Accessed: 3 Feb 2014].

131 The Mail. 1928. Uncompleted Memorial. [online] 28 April. Available at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58547329 [Accessed: 13 December 2013].


133 The Mail. 1928. Uncompleted Memorial. [online] 28 April. Available at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58547329 [Accessed: 13 December 2013].


135 Richardson, D. 2000. Julius Henschke, Barossa Valley Sculptor. Mt. Barker, South Australia: D. Richardson. P.7.

136 Certificate of Title. 1923. [Scan of original Title Document]. Vol. 1296, Folio 143, Barossa Council, Nuriootpa.

137 Richardson, D. 2000. Julius Henschke, Barossa Valley Sculptor. Mt. Barker, South Australia: D. Richardson. P.2


139 Transcript of Inscription, 2013, E.H. Coombe Monument, Tanunda, South Australia, 7 December 2013

140 Quiz. 1901. A Laurel Crowned Politician. Quiz, 20 June, p. 4.141 Ross, D. 2014. Interview on E.H. Coombe and the Coombe Monument. Interviewed by

Jonathan Markey [in person] 195 Basedow Road, Tanunda, 13th January 2014.142 Bunyip. 1930. Unveiling of Coombe Memorial at Tanunda. [online] 7 March. Available at:

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article96666149 [Accessed: 11 December 2013]. P.10143 Transcript of Inscription, 2013, E.H. Coombe Monument, Tanunda, South Australia, 7

December 2013144 Markey, J. 2013. E.H. Coombe Monument. Photograph. Tanunda, South Australia.145 Bunyip. 1930. Unveiling of Coombe Memorial at Tanunda. [online] 7 March. Available at:

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article96666149 [Accessed: 11 December 2013]. P.10146 Bunyip. 1930. Unveiling of Coombe Memorial at Tanunda. [online] 7 March. Available at:

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article96666149 [Accessed: 11 December 2013]. P.10147 Hammer, W. n.d. Ephraim Henry Coombe. [Photograph]. From the collection of Geoff

Coombe, Bridgewater, South Australia.148 Bunyip. 1917. The Late Mr. E.H. Coombe, MP. [online] 13 April. Available at:

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article100412485 [Accessed: 8 December 1913].149 Bunyip. 1917. The Late Mr. E.H. Coombe, MP. [online] 13 April. Available at:

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article100412485 [Accessed: 8 December 1913].150 Markey, J. 2013. E.H. Coombe Monument. Photograph. Tanunda, South Australia.


152 Markey, J. 2014. Location of E.H. Coombe Memorial. Map. Tanunda, South Australia.

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