Are there 131 papers that show that vaccines cause autism? Page 1 of 52

Are there 131 Papers That Support Vaccine/Autism Causation? Papers 1-30 Evaluated.

In a Scribd document called "130 Research papers supporting Vaccine/Autism Causation", Ginger Taylor makes the following claim: Mainstream research has found that vaccines and their ingredients can cause the underlying medical conditions that committed physicians and researchers are commonly finding in children who have been given an autism diagnosis. These conditions include gastrointestinal damage, immune system impairment, chronic infections, mitochondrial disorders, autoimmune conditions, neurological regression, glial cell activation, brain inflammation, damage to the blood–brain barrier, seizures, synaptic dysfunction, dendritic cell dysfunction, mercury poisoning, aluminum toxicity, gene activation and alteration, glutathione depletion, impaired methylation, oxidative stress, impaired thioredoxin regulation, mineral deficiencies, impairment of the opioid system, endocrine dysfunction, cellular apoptosis, and other disorders.We will ignore that few or none of the "medical conditions" Taylor lists are exclusive to autism, or are included in the diagnostic criteria for autism. This is the Nth iteration of a "list of papers supporting the vaccine-autism link" that Taylor has published. I've lost count of the iterations. I first debunked Taylor's list   back in August 2013, when she only had 76 papers on the list. Ginger Taylor, the person who has been publishing these lists, has been a loud voice in the "vaccines do too cause autism" movement, and has been since 2004.  She has been known

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to make much of her "scientific background" as a marriage and family therapist but she actually was a paid political operative.  Nonetheless, this list keeps being cited, mostly by the scientifically naive, as "proof" that vaccines can be causal in autism, and latterly, that the CDC is covering something up.

    By 2016 the list was up to 124 papers, and while I wrote about the list, two science bloggers did the heavy lifting of analyzing the papers.  The Logic of Science blog, written by a PhD candidate in biology, published Vaccines and autism: A thorough review of the evidence.  Then at Stories from the Trauma Bay,  a physician who is a trauma surgeon published 124 papers that DO NOT prove vaccines cause autism. Before we set off on looking at each of the papers, let me remind readers  (or tell readers for the first time) about some background.  The US has, as many countries do not, a National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (NVICP). That is to say, the US recognizes that, very rarely, someone getting a vaccine might suffer an injury, from the vaccine itself or from the process of being vaccinated, and has set up a compensation program, funded by a surcharge on all vaccines. Starting in about 2001, parents began filing claims with NVICP that their children's autism had been caused by vaccines. Claims went from a few hundred a year to thousands.    In 2002,  NVICP, acting with a panel of parent-claimaints and their attorneys (the Petitioners Committee), agreed to hear test cases, selected by the petitioners, on their three theories on how vaccines could be causal in autism:

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Theory 1: a combination of MMR  and Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines could cause autism

Theory 2: Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines alone could cause autism 

Theory 3: MMR vaccines alone could cause autism. These collectively were known as the Omnibus Autism Proceeding. http://www.vaccinateyourbaby.org/safe/autism/omnibus_proceeding.cfmThe Petitioners Committee selected three test cases for each of the theories -- children whose cases they thought best made the case for their argument. However,the Petitioners Committee agreed, in 2008, that the test cases and hearings on Theory 1 would suffice for Theory 3 as well. Both documents and hearings on the three theories were exhaustive. On February 12, 2009, NVICP found that Theory 1 was not supported by the weight of the evidence including expert testimony.  On On March 12, 2010,  NVICP found that Theory 2 was not supported by the weight of the evidence including expert testimony.  

Now, science isn't decided by legal rulings. However, these rulings were supported by science. The other thing about the NVICP is that the standard of evidence required in cases adjudicated there is much less than in other courts -- 50% plus a feather (the Althen standard).Another ground-laying episode:  there are hierarchies of evidence: how strong a claim is.  Logic of Science's pyramid is one of the clearest I've found, so I'm sharing it here.

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The image is of a pyramid.  Let me lay out the levels, from strongest to weakest:

Level 1: meta-analyses and systematic reviews Level 2: Error! Hyperlink reference not

valid. (RTCs) Level 3: Cohort studies Level 4: Case-control studies Level 5: Cross-sectional studies Level 6: Animal trials and in-vitro studies (the short

version is that both animal studies -- studies using living animals such as mice and monkeys -- and in vitro -- studies using cells grown in containers (hence, in vitro, Latin for glass) -- do not generally translate robustly to humans.  The failure rate may be as hhigh as 97%.

Level 7: Case reports, opinion papers, and lettersStudies specifically on the relationship between the vaccine ingredient thimerosal and autism:

a cohort study with 446,695 children that compared those who received vaccines with

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thimerosal to those who received vaccines without thimerosal (Hviid et al. 2003).

a cohort study with 124,170 children (Verstraeten et al. 2003)

a case-controlled trial with over 1,000 children (Price et al. 2010)

a meta-analysis with 1.2 million children (Taylor et al. 2014), 

These studies make a very strong case that thimerosal does not cause autism.  So do the studies that show that autism rates did not drop after thimerosal was removed from vaccines (Madsen et al. 2003; Schechter and Grether 2008). On to the studies that Ms. Taylor claims "support the vaccine-autism link". ( This is going to be long. )I used this numbering system "131 papers number: X. 124 papers number: Y. 72 papers number: Z", because Ms. Taylor likes to shuffle the order of the papers from iteration to iteration. It helps me keep clear which papers are new and which are just in a different order.131 papers number: 1.  124  papers number: 1. 72 papers number: 0  Verstraeten TM, Davies R, Gu D, DeStefano F. Increased risk of developmental neurologic impairment after high exposure to thimerosal-containing vaccine in first month of life.   Division of Epidemiology and Surveillance, Vaccine Safety and Development Branch, National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1999.  This is Phase I of a planned 2-phase study.  This first phase was presented at the 2000 Simpsonwood conference, and problems and shortcomings in the data were throughly discussed at that conference, leading the Verstraeten team to look more closely at the data.   The second phase of the was published in 2003, Safety of thimerosal-containing vaccines: a two-phased study of computerized health maintenance organization databases.  It is at the least misleading to list only the first phase.  The true story of Simpsonwood and the evolution of the Verstraeten papers is covered in depth in Paul Offit's Autism's False

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Prophets,  Emily Willingham reviews the facts in a Forbes article,  Is The CDC Hiding Data About Mercury, Vaccines, And Autism? and a longer, more detailed blog post byLindsay Beyerstein Simpsonwood, thimerosal, and vaccines   (II)l Thimerosal is no longer used in US pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism (see Hurley 2010, Price 2010, Yoshimasu 2014,   Taylor 2014). Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 2.  124  papers number: 0. 72 papers number: 0  Mawson AR, Bhuiyan AR, Ray BD, and Jacob B, Pilot comparative study on the health of vaccinated and unvaccinated 6- to 12- year old U.S. children   Transl Sci 3: DOI: 10.15761/JTS.1000186, April 24, 2017 This study has been retracted by the first journal that published it, and now has been retracted by the second, pay to publish journal. That's how bad it is. Chad Hayes is a pediatrician.  He's given  this paper a close reading . Also see  VaccinesWork blog post,  Respectful Insolence blog post,  Kidnurse blog   post. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 3.  124  papers number: 2. 72 papers number: 1 . Hepatitis B vaccination of male neonates and autism diagnosis, NHIS 1997-2002  Gallager CM, Goodman MS, Hepatitis B vaccination of male neonates and autism diagnosis, NHIS 1997-2002. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2010;73:(24):1665-77.Very weak study with numerous flaws.  Debunked at (among others):

http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2009/09/17/another- weak-study-proves-vaccines-cause-autism/

http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2010/09/16/autism- causation-and-the-hepatitis-b-vaccine-no-link/

http://www.harpocratesspeaks.com/2013/05/mind- institute-no-difference-in.html

http://lizditz.typepad.com/i_speak_of_dreams/2012/07/1- hepatitis-b-vaccination-of-male-neonates-and-autism-diagnosis-nhis-1997-2002-2010.html

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Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. A related study from 2008 by the same team is discussed as paper #78131 papers number: 4.  124  papers number: 3. 72 papers number: 0.   Branch DR, Gender-selective toxicity of thimerosal. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2009Mar;61(2):133-6. Epub 2008 Sep 3.  Study in highly inbred mice; mice may not model human response.  Exposure to thimerosal in vaccines does not cause autism.   Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 5.  124  papers number: 4. 72 papers number: 0. Ekstrand J, Nielsen JB, Havarinasab S, Zalups RK, Söderkvist P, Hultman P. Mercury toxicokinetics--dependency on strain and gender. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2010 Mar 15;243(3):283-91. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.08.026. Epub 2009 Sep 2.  Another mouse study; mice may not model human response. Exposure to thimerosal in vaccines does not cause autism  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism131 papers number: 6.  124  papers number: 5. 72 papers number: 0.  Rubenstein E, Wiggins LD, and Lee LC A Review of the Differences in Developmental, Psychiatric, and Medical Endophenotypes Between Males and Females with Autism Spectrum Disorder J Dev Phys Disabil. 2015 Feb; 27(1): 119–139. The study nowhere mentions vaccines.  While autism spectrum diagnoses are more common in males, yet males and females probably have equal vaccine exposure. This would point to a genetic root for autism.  (Note: females may be underdiagnosed, based on older assumptions about autistic behavior.)  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism131 papers number: 7.  124  papers number: 0. 72 papers number: 0.   Haley BE, Mercury toxicity: Genetic susceptibility and synergistic effects Medical Veritas 2 (2005) 535–542  This paper, published in a short-lived fringe medical journal by a professor of chemistry is all circular reasoning. In 2006, Judge Beaty ruled on Haley's "expert opinion" relative to thimerosal and autism:  "The Court has appropriately taken this information into account, but nevertheless finds that Dr.

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Haley's report does not state an expert opinion that thimerosal causes autism, rather just that he has a theory, ... about how such a thing could happen. At best, he expressed "strong belief" that the cause of "neurodevelopmental disorders in infants" is exposure to an organic-mercury compound such as thimerosal Exposure to thimerosal in vaccines does not cause autism.    Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism 131 papers number: 8.  124  papers number: 10. 72 papers number: 0.  Yassa HA Autism: a form of lead and mercury toxicity   Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2014 Nov;38(3):1016-24. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.10.005. Epub 2014 Nov 6. First, this paper assumes that lead, or mercury, or both, can cause autism. No. Second, there is no, none, zero lead in vaccines. The paper is based on blood and hair samples of Egyptian children, and posits that behavioral changes in children after chelation "prove" the theory. . There is no evidence that chelation is a valid treatment for autism. Exposure to thimerosal in vaccines does not cause autism.   Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism  131 papers number: 9.  124  papers number: 6. 72 papers number: 2.  Tomljenovic L, Shaw CA.Do aluminum vaccine adjuvants contribute to the rising prevalence of autism?  J Inorg Biochem. 2011 Nov;105(11):1489-99. doi: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.08.008. Epub 2011 Aug 23.Fatally flawed “study” – junk science.  Debunked at:

http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2013/07/10/comment-on- do-aluminum-vaccine-adjuvants-contribute-to-the-rising-prevalence-of-autism/

http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2011/12/08/and- global-warming-is-caused-by-the-decr/ In particular, note:the authors are plotting ASD incidence in each year (1991-2008) against total aluminium content for the pediatric schedule *in that year*. Not (as you might expect) the aluminium exposure for the ASD cases themselves, according to the pediatric schedules of 6 to 21 years previously, but no, that same year.

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In effect they are looking for a correlation between the number of people who developed ASD decades earlier, and the number of vaccinations given to other children, in the current year. This is an interesting model of causality!

Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 10.  124  papers number: 8. 72 papers number: 0.  Shaw CA, Li Y, Tomljenovic L. Administration of aluminium to neonatal mice in vaccine-relevant amounts is associated with adverse long term neurological outcomes.   J  Inorg Biochem. 2013 Nov;128:237-44. doi: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.07.022. Epub 2013 Jul 19.Nov;128:237-44. doi: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.07.022. Epub 2013 Jul 19. Note: here Ginger Taylor moves, without a signal to readers,  from "mercury in vaccines causes autism" to "aluminum in vaccines causes autism".  This silent goal-post shifting should set off your "they are talking through their hats" sensors, if nothing else has before. Back to the weaknesses of the Shaw et al. paper: 1. It's a mouse paper. Mice may not model human response. 2.  the trauma surgeon observes:  "this is a study on mice given "high" or "low" doses of subcutaneous aluminum.  They exhibit some vague differences on certain mice tests.  Does this translate to humans?  Hardly."  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 11.  124  papers number: 0. 72 papers number: 0 . Shaw CA, Seneff S., Kette SD, Tomljenovic L, Oller JW jr, and Davidson RM Aluminum-Induced Entropy in Biological Systems: Implications for Neurological Disease Journal of Toxicology, Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 491316, 27 pages This paper uses VAERS data to argue that aluminum adjuvants in vaccines cause "entropy in living organisms by disrupting all levels of structure from water molecules through all biosemiotic systems".   Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 12.  124  papers number: 9. 72 papers number: 0 a Nevison CD, A comparison of temporal trends in United States autism prevalence to trends in

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suspected environmental factors Environ Health. 2014; 13: 73. This paper is not a study, but speculation about increases  in environmental factors correlating with autism increase. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 13.  124  papers number: 0. 72 papers number: 0  Blaurock-Busch E, Amin OR, Dessoki HH, and Rabah T. Toxic Metals and Essential Elements in Hair and Severity of Symptoms among Children with Autism Maedica (Buchar). 2012 Jan;7(1):38-48. Found that 44 autistic children had elevated levels of some metals not found in vaccines. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 14.  124  papers number: 12. 72 papers number: 0 ] Yasuda H, Tsutsui T. Assessment of infantile mineral imbalances in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs).  Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013 Nov 11;10(11):6027-43. doi: 10.3390/ijerph10116027. This paper has some interesting findings relative to micronutrient deficiencies in autism, but it has nothing to do with vaccines. In fact, vaccines aren't mentioned in the paper. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 15.  124  papers number: 12. 72 papers number: 4    Singh VK, Lin SX, Newell E, Nelson C.Abnormal measles-mumps-rubella antibodies and CNS autoimmunity in children with autism.  J Biomed Sci. 2002 Jul-Aug;9(4):359-64.J Biomed Sci. 2002 Jul-Aug;9(4):359-64.. Using  blood products  from typically developing children and autistic children, the authors claimed to have found a protein unique to the measles vaccine in more than half of the autistic children. This finding has never been replicated. As Paul Offit wrote on page 45 of Autism's False Prophets,...a closer look at Singh's science revealed two critical flaws: children with autism didn't have nerve damage and, according to measles experts, the test that Singh had used to detect measles antibodies didn't detect them.Other leading scientists have criticized Singh's research.

Multiple studies in multiple countries with tens of thousands

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of subjects have repeatedly failed to find an association between measles vaccine and autism.

http://www.immunizationinfo.org/issues/iom-reports/ measles-mumps-rubella-vaccine-and-autism

http://www.immunizationinfo.org/science/no-evidence- mmr-vaccine-causes-autism

Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 16.  124  papers number: 14. 72 papers number: 3 .  Molina V, Shoenfeld Y. Infection, vaccines and other environmental triggers of autoimmunity. Autoimmunity. 2005 May;38(3):235-45. Nothing to do with autism; also seems to be a discursive paper rather than a “research study”.  Does not attempt to explain why autoimmune diseases more common in females, but autism more common in males.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 17.  124  papers number: 15. 72 papers number: 0. Deisher TA, Doan NV, Omaiye A, Koyama K, and Bwabye S. Impact of environmental factors on the prevalence of autistic disorder after 1979 Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, Vol.6(9), pp. 271-284, September 2014l.  Faulty statistics make this paper unreliable. See this post from statistician William Briggs, this post at The Rational Catholic, and this post by mathematician Mark Chu-Carroll    Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 18.  124  papers number: 16. 72 papers number: 4. Delong G.,A Positive Association found between Autism Prevalence and Childhood Vaccination uptake across the U.S. Population  J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2011;74(14):903-16. doi: 10.1080/15287394.2011.573736.Junk “science” debunked here, for starters

http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2011/07/08/a-positive- association-found-between-autism-prevalence-and-childhood-vaccination-uptake-across-the-u-s-population-2/

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http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2011/06/11/speech- impairment-and-autism-inseparable/"The "vaccination rate" (they have a very odd definition) goes up dramatically in the first two years of the study. The "autism+SLI rate" does not. If there were a real association between the two, it would be clear in those first columns of data.

http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2012/03/07/conflicts-of- interest-in-vaccine-safety-research/

http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2011/06/08/more-bad- science-in-the-service-of-the-discredited-idea/

http://neuroskeptic.blogspot.com/2011/05/vaccines- cause-autism-until-you-look-at.html "My conclusion is that this dataset shows no evidence of any association. The author nonetheless found one. How? By doing some statistical wizardry."

http://biologyfiles.fieldofscience.com/2011/06/gayle- delong-safeminds-board-member-and.html "The acceptance and publication of this paper appear to have been careless to an extreme. I'd like to know who the reviewers were."

Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 19.  124  papers number: 21. 72 papers number: 48.  Olczak M, Duszczyk M, Mierzejewski P, Majewska MD. 2009 Neonatal administration of a vaccine preservative, thimerosal, produces lasting impairment of nociception and apparent activation of opioid system in rats.   Brain Res. 2009 Dec 8;1301:143-51. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.003. Epub 2009 Sep 9. Rat study on injected thimerosal (no longer used in U.S. childhood vaccines except for some influenza vaccines) in concentrations higher than formerly found in vaccines. Note: lead researcher M Dorota Majewska seems to have specialized in rat studies that show thimerosal damage. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 20.  124  papers number: 0. 72 papers number: 0.. Chen YN, Wang J, Zhang J, Li SJ, He L, Shao DD, Du HY. Effect of thimerosal on the

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neurodevelopment of premature rats. World J Pediatr. 2013 Nov;9(4):356-60. doi: 10.1007/s12519-013-0443-z. Epub 2013 Nov 14. Rat study on injected thimerosal (no longer used in U.S. childhood vaccines except for some influenza vaccines) in concentrations higher than formerly found in vaccines. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 21.  124  papers number: 18. 72 papers number: 0.   Li X, Qu F, Xie W, Wang F, Liu H, Song S, Chen T, Zhang Y, Zhu S, Wang Y, Guo C, Tang TS. Transcriptomic Analyses of Neurotoxic Effects in Mouse Brain After Intermittent Neonatal Administration of Thimerosal. Toxicol Sci. 2014 Apr 4. [Epub ahead of print] Mouse study on injected thimerosal (no longer used in U.S. childhood vaccines except for some influenza vaccines). Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 22.  124  papers number: 19. 72 papers number: 57. Olczak M, Duszczyk M, Mierzejewski P, Wierzba-Bobrowicz T, Majewska MD.Lasting neuropathological changes in rat brain after intermittent neonatal administration of thimerosal .   Folia Neuropathol. 2010;48(4):258-69. Rat study on thimerosal (no longer used in U.S. childhood vaccines except for some influenza vaccines), concentrations higher than formerly found in vaccines. Note: lead researcher M Dorota Majewska seems to have specialized in rat studies that show thimerosal damage. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 23.  124  papers number: 19. 72 papers number: 58.  Olczak M, Duszczyk M, Mierzejewski P, Meyza K, Majewska MD.  Persistent behavioral impairments and alterations of brain dopamine system after early postnatal administration of thimerosal in rats. Behav Brain Res. 2011 Sep 30;223(1):107-18. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.04.026. Epub 2011 Apr 28. Rat study on thimerosal (no longer used in U.S. childhood vaccines except for some influenza vaccines), concentrations higher than formerly found in vaccines. Note: lead researcher M Dorota Majewska seems to have specialized in rat studies that show thimerosal damage. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

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131 papers number: 24.  124  papers number: 21. 72 papers number: 5. . Sharpe MA, Taylor LG, Baskin DS  B-Lymphocytes from a Population of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Unaffected Siblings Exhibit Hypersensitivity to Thimerosal   J Toxicol. 2013;2013:801517. doi: 10.1155/2013/801517. Epub 2013 Jun 9. In vitro study, thimerosal (no longer used in U.S. childhood vaccines except for some influenza vaccines), concentrations higher than formerly found in vaccines. Only 11 families studied. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 25.  124  papers number: 22. 72 papers number: 0.  Sharpe MA, Livingston AD, and Baskin DS Thimerosal-Derived Ethylmercury Is a Mitochondrial Toxin in Human Astrocytes: Possible Role of Fenton Chemistry in the Oxidation and Breakage of mtDNA J Toxicol. 2012; 2012: 373678. Published online Jun 28, 2012. doi: 10.1155/2012/373678.  In vitro study, thimerosal (no longer used in U.S. childhood vaccines except for some influenza vaccines), concentrations higher than formerly found in vaccines.  See discussion here.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 26.  124  papers number: 23. 72 papers number: 0.  Zhang QB, Gao SJ, Zhao HX. Thioredoxin: A novel, independent diagnosis marker in children with autism. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2014 Nov 26. pii: S0736-5748(14)00191-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.11.007. Thioredoxin is a redox-regulating protein which is a marker for oxidative stress. Of the 180 subjects, the 80 autistic children were found to have higher blood levels of thioredoxin. Vaccines are not mentioned in the paper. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 27.  124  papers number: 24. 72 papers number: 0.  Carvalho CM, Chew EH, Hashemy SI, Lu J, Holmgren A. Inhibition of the human thioredoxin system. A molecular mechanism of mercury toxicity. J Biol Chem. 2008 May 2;283(18):11913-23. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M710133200. Epub 2008 Mar 4.  In vitro study using mercuric chloride (HgCl(2)) and monomethylmercury (MeHg), which are  not the mercury

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species used in vaccines. This has nothing to do with vaccines. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 28.  124  papers number: 25. 72 papers number: 0. Carvalho CM, Lu J, Zhang X, Arnér ES, Holmgren A. Effects of selenite and chelating agents on mammalian thioredoxin reductase inhibited by mercury: implications for treatment of mercury poisoning. FASEB J. 2011 Jan;25(1):370-81. doi: 10.1096/fj.10-157594. Epub 2010 Sep 1. This is a paper about treating mercury poisoning, that is, exposure to mercury at high doses such as found in industry. Does not mention vaccines or autism.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 29.  124  papers number: 26. 72 papers number: 7.  Singh VK, Lin SX, Yang VC.Serological association of measles virus and human herpesvirus-6 with brain autoantibodies in autism. . Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1998 Oct;89(1):105-8.Note that this paper is from 1998. Singh’s work has not been replicated. Multiple studies in multiple countries with tens of thousands of subjects have repeatedly failed to find an association between measles vaccine and autism.

http://www.immunizationinfo.org/issues/iom-reports/ measles-mumps-rubella-vaccine-and-autism

http://www.immunizationinfo.org/science/no-evidence- mmr-vaccine-causes-autism

Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism131 papers number: 30.  124  papers number: 27. 72 papers number: 0.   James JS, Cutler P Melnyk S, Jernigan S, Janak L Gaylor DW, Neubrander JA, Metabolic biomarkers of increased oxidative stress and impaired methylation capacity in children with autism Am J Clin Nutr December 2004 vol. 80 no. 6 1611-1617 http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/80/6/1611.full Paper does not mention vaccines.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism

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131 papers number: 31.  124  papers number: 0. 72 papers number: 0. Khaled EM, Meguid NA, Bjørklund G, Gouda A, Bahary MH, Hashish A, Sallam NM, Chirumbolo S, El-Bana MA. Altered urinary porphyrins and mercury exposure as biomarkers for autism severity in Egyptian children with autism spectrum disorder. Metab Brain Dis. 2016 Dec;31(6):1419-1426. Epub 2016 Jul 13 It is an article of faith, based on the following Nataf study, that porphyrins can be used to give a very accurate measure of how much mercury (or other metals) are in someone’s system. It has not been so established.Thimerosal is no longer used in US pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism (see Hurley 2010, Price 2010, Yoshimasu 2014,   Taylor 2014).   Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

 

131 papers number: 32.  124  papers number: 28. 72 papers number: 0 Nataf R, Skorupka C, Amet L, Lam A, Springbett A, Lathe R, Porphyrinuria in childhood autistic disorder: implications for environmental toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2006 Jul 15;214(2):99-108. Epub 2006 Jun 16. This paper was widely discussed when it was first published.  See summary here, and a detailed analysis at LeftBrainRightBrain Autism.    In summary, Nataf et al. was based on very questionable science. It is useful to note that Nataf hasn't published on autism since, and Lathe seems to have moved on as well, publishing his last article on autism in 2009. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 33.  124  papers number: 29. 72 papers number: 0  Austin DW, Shandley K. An investigation of porphyrinuria in Australian children with autism. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2008;71(20):1349-51. doi: 10.1080/15287390802271723.  This study cites the aforementioned Nataf paper, and another paper by the father-son Geier team, making the provenance of this paper quite questionable. In any case,thimerosal is no longer used in US pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism (see Hurley 2010, Price 2010, Yoshimasu 2014, Taylor 2014). Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 34.  124  papers number: 30. 72 papers number: 0  Youn SI, Jin SH, Kim SH, Lim S. Porphyrinuria in Korean children with autism: correlation with oxidative stress. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2010;73(10):701-10. doi: 10.1080/15287391003614000. It is an article of faith, based on the following Nataf  2006, study, that porphyrins can be used to give a very accurate measure of how much mercury (or other metals) are in someone’s

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system. It has not been so established. In any case,thimerosal is no longer used in US pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism (see Hurley 2010, Price 2010, Yoshimasu 2014,   Taylor 2014). Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 35.  124  papers number: 31. 72 papers number: 0 Goth SR, Chu RA, Gregg JP, Cherednichenko G, Pessah IN. Uncoupling of ATP-mediated calcium signaling and dysregulated interleukin-6 secretion in dendritic cells by nanomolar thimerosal. Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jul;114(7):1083-91.  In vitro study, using mouse cells.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 36.  124  papers number: 32. 72 papers number: 0 Breece E, Paciotti B, Nordahl CW, Ozonoff S, Van de Water JA, Rogers SJ, Amaral D, Ashwood P. Myeloid dendritic cells frequencies are increased in children with autism spectrum disorder and associated with amygdala volume and repetitive behaviors. Brain Behav Immun. 2013 Jul;31:69-75. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.10.006. Epub 2012 Oct 11.  Autistic children may also have differences in their immune systems. No mention of vaccines in the paper. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 37.  124  papers number: 33. 72 papers number: 11 Burbacher TM, Shen DD, Liberato N, Grant KS, Cernichiari E, Clarkson T, Comparison of blood and brain mercury levels in infant monkeys exposed to methylmercury or vaccines containing thimerosal. Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Aug;113(8):1015-21. The flaws in the study design are summarized here. In any case ,thimerosal is no longer used in US pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism (see Hurley 2010, Price 2010, Yoshimasu 2014,   Taylor 2014). Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 38.  124  papers number: 34. 72 papers number: 0  Rooney JP. The retention time of inorganic mercury in the brain--a systematic review of the evidence. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2014 Feb 1;274(3):425-35.

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doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.12.011. Epub 2013 Dec 22.  The type of mercury in the vaccine preservative thimerosal is organic mercury.  This paper on inorganic mercury is irrelevant to the claim that vaccines have something to do with autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 39.  124  papers number: 35. 72 papers number: 0  Rice DC Brain and tissue levels of mercury after chronic methylmercury exposure in the monkey. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1989;27(2):189-98.  The type of mercury in the vaccine preservative thimerosal is ethyl mercury.  This paper on inorganic mercury is irrelevant to the claim that vaccines have something to do with autism. The key takeaway from this infographic.  Ethyl mercury is a metabolite of thimerosal, which is the form of mercury that has been removed from all routine US childhood vaccines (except for multidose vials of influenza vaccines).  Ethyl mercury does not accumulate in the body.  On the other hand,

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methyl mercury, the kind found in deep sea fish, has environmental concerns. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 40.  124  papers number: 0. 72 papers number: 0 Akinrinade ID, Memudu AE, Ogundele OM, Ajetunmobi OI. Interplay of glia activation and oxidative stress formation in fluoride and aluminium exposure. Pathophysiology. 2015 Mar;22(1):39-48. doi: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2014.12.001. Epub 2014 Dec 13.  Rat study. Fluoride is not present in vaccines. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 41.  124  papers number: 36. 72 papers number: 0  Charleston JS, Bolender RP, Mottet NK, Body RL, Vahter ME, Burbacher TM, Increases in the number of reactive glia in the visual cortex of Macaca fascicularis following subclinical long-term methyl mercury exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1994 Dec;129(2):196-206. Previous debunking   (from 2012!)  here. Methyl mercury has never been in vaccines. Huge doses of a form of mercury not used in vaccines Animal study. Has no relevance to pediatric vaccine exposure.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 42 .  124  papers number: 37. 72 papers number: 0.  Vargas DL, Nascimbene C, Krishnan C, Zimmerman AW, Pardo CA, Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism. Ann Neurol. 2005 Jan;57(1):67-81. This is a post mortem study of 11 autistic individuals, plus 6 living individuals,  in which specific changes were found in some individuals. This paper is preliminary; it suggests avenues for further study. However, it has no relevance to pediatric vaccine exposure.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 43.  124  papers number: 0. 72 papers number: 0 Morgan JT, Chana G, Pardo CA, Achim C, Semendeferi K, Buckwalter J, Courchesne E, Everall IP. Microglial activation and increased microglial density observed in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in autism Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Aug 15;68(4):368-76. doi:

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10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.05.024.  Postmortem studies on specific differences between autistic brains and non-autistic brains.  No evidence for vaccine exposure causing changes in microglial density.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 44.  124  papers number: 0. 72 papers number: 0  Gupta S, Ellis SE, Ashar FN, Moes A, Bader JS, Zhan J, West AB, Arking DE. Transcriptome analysis reveals dysregulation of innate immune response genes and neuronal activity-dependent genes in autism. Nat Commun. 2014 Dec 10;5:5748. doi: 10.1038/ncomms6748.  Post mortem study of 47 autistic brains and 57 control to "identify and dissect molecular pathways that may be altered in autism spectrum disorder. "  Interesting paper, but it has absolutely nothing to do with pediatric vaccine exposure.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 45 .  124  papers number: 39. 72 papers number: 0. Lukiw WJ, Percy ME, Kruck TP. Nanomolar aluminum induces pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic gene expression in human brain cells in primary culture. J Inorg Biochem. 2005 Sep;99(9):1895-8. In vitro study with human brain cells exposed to exposed to very small quantities of aluminum sulfate.   There is no aluminum sulfate in vaccines. There is no elemental aluminum in vaccines either. The adjuvants used are   aluminum phosphate, aluminum hydroxide, and/or aluminum salts (only in DTaP-HepB-IPV (Pediarix)). Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 46 .  124  papers number: 40. 72 papers number: 0.  Young AM, Campbell E, Lynch S, Suckling J, Powis SJ. Aberrant NF-kappaB expression in autism spectrum condition: a mechanism for neuroinflammation. Front Psychiatry. 2011 May 13;2:27. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00027. eCollection 2011. Study on 9 postmortem tissue samples from autistic individuals and  9 postmortem tissue samples from non-autistic individuals, looking at a particular protein involved in inflammation. In this small study, more of the protein found in autistic brains. Interesting paper, but it has absolutely nothing to do

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with pediatric vaccine exposure.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 47 .  124  papers number: 41. 72 papers number: 0. Naik US, Gangadharan C, Abbagani K, Nagalla B, Dasari N, Manna SK. A study of nuclear transcription factor-kappa B in childhood autism. PLoS One. 2011 May 9;6(5):e19488. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019488. This paper looked at the same protein as paper #46, but in blood samples from  67 autistic children and 29 non-autistic children. The autistic children were found to have more of the protein circulating in their blood.   Interesting paper, but it has absolutely nothing to do with pediatric vaccine exposure. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 48 .  124  papers number: 42. 72 papers number: 14.   Herbert MR, Autism: A Brain Disorder, or A Disorder That Affects the Brain? Clinical Neuropsychiatry 2005 2:(6) 354-379 This is a long opinion piece, draped in sciencey-sounding language; it is merely Herbert's musings on notions about causation. See more here. Also,  Dr. Herbert's theories about autism have been rejected.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 49 .  124  papers number: 43. 72 papers number: 15.   Waly M, Olteanu H, Banerjee R, Choi SW, Mason JB, Parker BS, Sukumar S, Shim S, Sharma A, Benzecry JM, Power-Charnitsky VA, Deth RC, Activation of methionine synthase by insulin-like growth factor-1 and dopamine: a target for neurodevelopmental toxins and thimerosal. Mol Psychiatry. 2004 Apr;9(4):358-70.  In vitro study;  thimerosal has not been found to contribute to autism; lead author, Deth's expert opinion has been rejected from several court cases: See full discussion.   Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.  131 papers number: 50.  124  papers number: 44. 72 papers number: 20  Werner E, Dawson G. Validation of the phenomenon of autistic regression using home videotapes. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Aug;62(8):889-95.  This is a well done and interesting paper. Please see the discussion, and links to other studies, here, and a longer

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version, here,with links to similar papers. The paper does not mention vaccines, and there is no reason to include it on this list.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 51.  124  papers number: 45. 72 papers number: 17 Desoto MC, Hitlan RT. Blood levels of mercury are related to diagnosis of autism: a reanalysis of an important data set. J Child Neurol. 2007 Nov;22(11):1308-11. This paper when published in 2007 was subject to a great deal of critical analysis, which is summarized here.  In short, the paper exists only to try to spin a positive result out of a negative result. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 52.  124  papers number: 46. 72 papers number: 18 Seneff S, Davidson RM, Liu J, Empirical Data Confirm Autism Symptoms Related to Aluminum and Acetaminophen Exposure Entropy 2012, 14(11), 2227-2253; doi:10.3390/e14112227 The many fatal flaws in this paper were roundly criticized when it was published in 2012.     One critique here    and another critique here.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 53.  124  papers number: 47. 72 papers number: 0 Hormozi M, Makarem A, Abotorabi-Zarchi M, Firoozabadi A. Glutathione-related factors and oxidative stress in autism, a review. Curr Med Chem. 2012;19(23):4000-5. It may be established that autistic individuals have metabolic differences to non-autistic individuals, but this paper is silent on vaccinations. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 54.  124  papers number: 48. 72 papers number: 19 Poling JS, Frye RE, Shoffner J, Zimmerman AW. Developmental regression and mitochondrial dysfunction in a child with autism. J Child Neurol. 2006 Feb;21(2):170-2.  The "autistic like" symptoms demonstrated by Hannah Poling were part of a global encephalopathy caused by a mitochondrial enzyme deficit. This paper too was widely discussed when published, for both structural and ethical reasons.  See for example a list here and a discussion

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of the Poling case here.   Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 55.  124  papers number: 49. 72 papers number: 20 Sajdel-Sulkowska EM, Lipinski B, Windom H, Audhya T, McGinnis W. Oxidative Stress in Autism: Elevated Cerebellar 3-nitrotyrosine Levels American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2008; 4: (2) 73-84. DOI: 10.3844/ajbbsp.2008.73.84 Another small post-mortem study of autistic brains compared to non-autistic brains. Nothing to connect "oxidative stress" to vaccines. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 56.  124  papers number: 50. 72 papers number: 21 Herbert MR. Large brains in autism: the challenge of pervasive abnormality. Neuroscientist. 2005 Oct;11(5):417-40. Here Dr. Herbert is reviewing common findings on neuroanatomy and speculating about causes for these findings. Nothing here about vaccines. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 57.  124  papers number: 51. 72 papers number: 22 Kern JK, Jones AM. Evidence of toxicity, oxidative stress, and neuronal insult in autism. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2006 Nov-Dec;9(6):485-99.  This is a review paper, not a study.  It's also worrying that Kern is a co-author with one or both Geiers for 14 papers.  As of 2012, she was  employed by the Geier chemical-castration-for-autism chain. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 58.  124  papers number: 52. 72 papers number: 23  Chauhan A, Chauhan V. Oxidative stress in autism. Pathophysiology. 2006 Aug;13(3):171-81. Epub 2006 Jun 12. This is a review article, summarizing the research to date on oxidative stress in autism and some implications for therapies. The conclusion: "Preliminary results of some of clinical trials have suggested improved behavior in individuals with autism who received antioxidant therapy." Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 

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131 papers number: 59.  124  papers number: 53. 72 papers number: 24 James SJ, Slikker W 3rd, Melnyk S, New E, Pogribna M, Jernigan S. Thimerosal neurotoxicity is associated with glutathione depletion: protection with glutathione precursors. Neurotoxicology. 2005 Jan;26(1):1-8. Another in-vitro study with a concentration of thimerosal (no longer used in childhood vaccines in the U.S., with the exception of some flu vaccines) much higher than in vaccines. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 60.  124  papers number: 54. 72 papers number: 21 Ercal N, Gurer-Orhan H, Aykin-Burns N. Toxic metals and oxidative stress part I: mechanisms involved in metal-induced oxidative damage. Curr Top Med Chem. 2001 Dec;1(6):529-39.  Mentions mercury as a toxic metal, other metals not found in vaccines. Does not mention autism. Does not mention vaccines as a source of toxic metals. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 61.  124  papers number: 55. 72 papers number: 25 Petrik MS, Wong MC, Tabata RC, Garry RF, Shaw CA. Aluminum adjuvant linked to Gulf War illness induces motor neuron death in mice. Neuromolecular Med. 2007;9(1):83-100. Mouse model, not a human study. A very small and weak study which has never been replicated. Nothing to do with autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism 131 papers number: 62.  124  papers number: 56. 72 papers number: 26  Gorrindo P, Lane CJ, Lee EB, McLaughlin B, Levitt P (July 3, 2013) Enrichment of Elevated Plasma F2t-Isoprostane Levels in Individuals with Autism Who Are Stratified by Presence of Gastrointestinal Dysfunction PLoS ONE 8(7): e68444</This is a very interesting and useful paper, so I will spend some space on it. Autistic people have a very wide array of characteristics ("If you have met one person with autism, you have met one person with autism.") This paper attempts to put some clarity by putting 87 children into one of four groups: 

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autistic children who did not have gastrointestinal dysfunction (ASD-GID)

autistic children who also had gastrointestinal dysfunction (GID+ASD)

non-autistic children who did not have gastrointestinal dysfunction (NT-GID)

non-autistic children who did have gastrointestinal dysfunction (NT+GID)

"With unique medical, metabolic, and behavioral features in children with ASD+GID, the present findings serve as a compelling rationale for both individualized approaches to clinical care and integrated studies of biomarker enrichment in ASD subgroups that may better address the complex etiology of ASD."However, nowhere in the paper are vaccines mentioned as a source of autism or autistic variation. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 63.  124  papers number: 57. 72 papers number: 28  Holmes AS, Blaxill MF, Haley BE. Reduced levels of mercury in first baby haircuts of autistic children. Int J Toxicol. 2003 Jul-Aug;22(4):277-85. First of all, the assumed source of the mercury is vaccines. Thimerosal is no longer used in pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism. But let's look at this paper more closely, as it was the first of the "mercury in vaccines are shown to cause autism" papers. The first flaw in the study is the authors' acceptance of the idea of "excretion into the hair". It doesn't happen. Blood mercury does not equal hair mercury. The second flaw is the data collection methods (the hair used in the study). The third flaw is that the study found that the autistic children had lower hair mercury levels than the neurotypical controls. Rather than accepting that data, the authors went on to spin "tooth fairy tales" to explain why that might be so (the idea that autistic children had impaired mercury excretion). The fourth flaw in the study involves the hair analyzed: the samples had been in storage under unknown conditions for a median of five and a half years.  One more thing you should

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know: Holmes et al. 2003 authors' affiliations are given as Safeminds. Safeminds is an acronym for Sensible Action For Ending Mercury Induced Neurological Disorders. Do you think the authors had an ideological point to make? Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 64.  124  papers number: 58. 72 papers number: 29   Geier DA, Geier MR. A case series of children with apparent mercury toxic encephalopathies manifesting with clinical symptoms of regressive autistic disorders. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2007 May 15;70(10):837-51. First, Thimerosal is no longer used in pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism. Second, How anyone could, in 2017, continue to cite the deeply discredited Geier family (father and son) is beyond me. See for example http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2006/06/20/mark-geier-and-david-geier-carry-on-misrepresenting/ or http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2006/10/10/mark-geier-david-geier-and-the-vsd/ Those are just criticism of just this paper.  Others from the father-son team garnered even more scathing criticism.  In 2011, the watchdog Harpocrates Speaks blog did an overview of the harms David Geier had committeed, http://www.harpocratesspeaks.com/2011/05/close-look-at-david-geier.html  In 2013, Matt Carey summarized their misdeeds over 20 years: https://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2013/10/20/looking-back-at-two-decades-of-geier/.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 65.  124  papers number: 59. 72 papers number: 30 Blaxill MF, Baskin DS, Spitzer WO. Commentary: Blaxill, Baskin, and Spitzer on Croen et al. (2002), the changing prevalence of autism in California. J Autism Dev Disord. 2003 Apr;33(2):223-6; discussion 227-9.Note the date on this paper: 2003. Fourteen years ago. The Blaxill paper is a commentary on a previously published article (Croen et al 2002), which concluded "These data suggest that improvements in detection and changes in diagnosis account for the observed increase in autism; whether there has also been a true increase in incidence is not

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known." Blaxill et al. took issue with that, contending that vaccines had contributed to a true increase in autism. However, no evidence was given. In any case, vaccines have been exonerated of causality in autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 66.  124  papers number: 60. 72 papers number: 31 Gargus JJ, Imtias F Mitochondrial Energy-Deficient Endophenotype in Autism Am J Biochem Biotechn 2008 4 (2): 198-207.  Vaccines are not mentioned in the paper. It is a discussion of possible rare subtype(s) of autism with genetic mutations causing mitochondrial deficiencies. Note: this and other papers in this list were published in a special issue of the American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology supported by Autism Speaks: autismspeaks.org/science/science-news/american-journal-biochemistry-and-biotechnology Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 67.  124  papers number: 61. 72 papers number: 32 Anderson MP, Hooker BS, Herbert MR, 2008 Bridging from Cells to Cognition in Autism Pathophysiology: Biological Pathways to Defective Brain Function and Plasticity. Am J Biochem Biotechn 2008 4 (2): 167-176.. DOI: 10.3844/ajbbsp.2008.167.176 This is a speculative article on the possible non-genetic causation mechanisms for autism. Vaccines, vaccination, nor immunization are not mentioned in the article. Note: this and other papers in this list were published in a special issue of the American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology supported by Autism Speaks: autismspeaks.org/science/science-news/american-journal-biochemistry-and-biotechnology Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 68.  124  papers number: 62. 72 papers number: 33 Neustadt J, Pieczenik S, Heavy-Metal Toxicity—With Emphasis on Mercury. Integrative Medicine: A Clinician's Journal. 2007 Apr/May; 6:(2) 26-32 This is an article from a fringe journal for naturopaths. The article is alarmist about amalgam fillings as a risk of mercury toxicity,

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but nowhere mentions vaccines. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 69.  124  papers number: 63. 72 papers number: 34 Rossignol DA, Bradstreet JJ. Evidence of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism and Implications for Treatment. Am. J. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2008; 4:(2) 208-217. DOI: 10.3844/ajbbsp.2008.208.217 The trauma surgeon: "This article speculates that some environmental toxin causes damage to mitochondria, and this may cause autism.  The authors list those potential toxins (valproic acid, thalidomide, rubella, cytomegalovirus, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), industrial chemicals, mercury, lead, cadmium, nickel, and tin), but curiously vaccines are not on the list. "  Note: this and other papers in this list were published in a special issue of the American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology supported by Autism Speaks: autismspeaks.org/science/science-news/american-journal-biochemistry-and-biotechnology Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 70.  124  papers number: 64. 72 papers number: 35 Palmer RF, Blanchard S, Wood R. Proximity to point sources of environmental mercury release as a predictor of autism prevalence. Health Place. 2009 Mar;15(1):18-24. Epub 2008 Feb 12.   A deeply flawed paper. From http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2008/05/01/wait-its-not-mercury-in-vaccines-its-mer/: “If [Palmer] has an obvious source of bias, it may well explain much; if he does not I’m left with the less satisfying conclusion that he is just not a very good scientist at all. I also have to wonder about the quality of the peer review of this particular journal. After all, if I, who am not an epidemiologist, can spot the glaring flaws in this study, why couldn’t the peer reviewers?” Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 71.  124  papers number: 65. 72 papers number: 36 Oliveira G, Ataíde A, Marques C, Miguel TS, Coutinho AM, Mota-Vieira L, Gonçalves E, Lopes NM, Rodrigues V, Carmona da Mota H, Vicente AM. Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorder in Portugal: prevalence, clinical

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characterization, and medical conditions. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007 Oct;49(10):726-33.   I was puzzled as to why this paper was included, but the survey found "A diversity of associated medical conditions was documented in 20%, with an unexpectedly high rate of mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders." Poling and others have used this finding to claim that "up to 20% of children with autism have mitochondrial disorders". The paper does not discuss vaccination at all. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 72.  124  papers number: 66. 72 papers number: 37 Yel L, Brown LE, Su K, Gollapudi S, Gupta S. Thimerosal induces neuronal cell apoptosis by causing cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor release from mitochondria. Int J Mol Med. 2005 Dec;16(6):971-7. I An in-vitro study on a specific cell line exposed to high doses of thimerosal. Thimerosal is no longer used in pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 73.  124  papers number: 67. 72 papers number: 38  Humphrey ML, Cole MP, Pendergrass JC, Kiningham KK. Mitochondrial mediated thimerosal-induced apoptosis in a human neuroblastoma cell line (SK-N-SH).Neurotoxicology. 2005 Jun;26(3):407-16. An in-vitro study on a specific cell line exposed to high doses of thimerosal. Thimerosal is no longer used in pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 74.  124  papers number: 68. 72 papers number: 39  Kawashti MI, Amin OR, Rowehy NG. Possible immunological disorders in autism: concomitant autoimmunity and immune tolerance. Egypt J Immunol. 2006;13(1):99-104. A small (60 subject) study on differences in immunological profiles between autistic children and typically-developing siblings. Autistic children had lower rates of anti-MMR antibodies  than in control children Study has not been replicated. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 75.  124  papers number: 69. 72 papers number: 40 Hewitson L, Lopresti B, Stott C., Tomko

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J, Kelin e, Castro c., Sackett G., Gupta W., Atwood D., Blue L., White ER, Wakefield A. Pediatric Vaccines Influence Primate Behavior, and Amygdala Growth and Opioid Ligand Binding Poster Presentation Friday, May 16, 2008: IMFAR I'm going to spend some time on this one, as it still comes up on anti-vaccine sites. Laura Hewitson was the lead researcher on a series of studies on comparing vaccinated and unvaccinated macaque monkeys. This was one of three poster presentations at the 2008 meeting of the International Meeting for Autism Research (IMFAR) by Hewiston and others (including Wakefield) on a set of primates. There were other studies that came out of the Hewitson group. The Hewitson publication program was extremeley confusing; a timeline and discussion is available at: http://lizditz.typepad.com/i_speak_of_dreams/2012/05/this-is-going-around-new-study-baby-monkeys-develop-autism-after-routine-cdc-vaccinations.html Others write about Hewitson’s research peccadillos here (a non-exhaustive list):

May 18, 2008 http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2008/05/18/laura-hewistons-stinker/

May 19, 2008 http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/monkey-business-in-autism-research/

July 16, 2010 http://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/terrible-anti-vaccine-study-terrible-reporting/

July 16, 2010 http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2010/07/16/the-genie-is-out-of-the-bottle-vaccines-cause-autism/

July 16, 2010 http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2010/07/16/too-much-vaccineautism-monkey-business-f/

Note that this was a pilot study. The full-scale study was published in 2015 (Examination of the safety of pediatric vaccine schedules in a non-human primate model: assessments of neurodevelopment, learning, and social

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behavior.) This study was funded by Safeminds, an anti-vaccine group. In this study "This comprehensive 5-year case-control study, which closely examined the effects of pediatric vaccines on early primate development, provided no consistent evidence of neurodevelopmental deficits or aberrant behavior in vaccinated animals."  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 76.  124  papers number: 70. 72 papers number: 41  Young HA, Geier DA, Geier MR. Thimerosal exposure in infants and neurodevelopmental disorders: an assessment of computerized medical records in the Vaccine Safety Datalink. J Neurol Sci. 2008 Aug 15;271(1-2):110-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2008.04.002. Epub 2008 May 15. This paper has to be one of the most thoroughly scrutinized (and debunked) of all the papers that claim a connection between vaccines and autism.

The backstory: http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2006/10/10/mark-geier-david-geier-and-the-vsd/

http://epiwonk.com/?p=55  "This study has a lot of problems, and I predict that it will take me at least five posts to go through the article point by point to explain all the flaws. However, there’s one trick that the authors play that’s so glaring that I have to point it out immediately. In fact, I’ve spent two days in shock that the journal editor and reviewers let the authors get away with it."

http://epiwonk.com/?p=57  "it’s probably a good idea to back up a bit and talk about confounding and confounders. The authors make no mention of confounding and take no account of potential confounding in their analysis. This is one of the many flaws of the study."

http://epiwonk.com/?p=59  On the nature of the ecological fallacy.

http://bmartinmd.com/2008/05/irb-approval-of-geier- autism-s.html

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http://bmartinmd.com/2008/05/ive-been-sucked-into-the- thime.html

http://bmartinmd.com/2008/05/young-geier-autism- study-1.html

http://bmartinmd.com/2008/05/young-geier-autism- study-2.html

http://bmartinmd.com/2008/05/young-geier-autism- study-3.html

http://bmartinmd.com/2008/05/young-geier-autism- study-4.html

Summarizing the drawbacks of Young et al's study and write-up is a considerable challenge, frankly because there are so many.Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 77.  124  papers number: 71. 72 papers number: 42  Schulz JB, Lindenau J, Seyfried J, Dichgans J. Glutathione, oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Eur J Biochem. 2000 Aug;267(16):4904-11. This study does not discuss vaccination or autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 78.  124  papers number: 72. 72 papers number: 43 Gallagher C, Goodman M 2008. Hepatitis B triple series vaccine and developmental disability in US children aged 1-9 years, Toxicol Environ Chem 2008 90(5):997-1008. DOI:10.1080/02772240701806501  This is the same group as discussed in paper  #3, possibly using the same data set.  Sample size is tiny (53 subjects); identifying "developmentally disabled " is problematic, in that parental "parental report that their child receives early intervention or special education services (EIS)."  Finally,  The 2009 report on "Thimerosal and Autism" (Price, Robertson, Goodson) showed that with reference to the Hepatitis B vaccine, the same percentage of non-autistic children and autistic children received the 3-dose series.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 79.  124  papers number: 73. 72 papers number: 44 Minami T, Miyata E, Sakamoto Y, Yamazaki H, Ichida S. Induction of metallothionein in

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mouse cerebellum and cerebrum with low-dose thimerosal injection. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2010 Apr;26(2):143-52. doi: 10.1007/s10565-009-9124-z. Epub 2009 Apr 9. Mouse study. Thimerosal is no longer used in pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 80.  124  papers number: 74. 72 papers number: 45  Kempuraj D, Asadi S, Zhang B, Manola A, Hogan J, Peterson E, Theoharides TC. Mercury induces inflammatory mediator release from human mast cells. J Neuroinflammation. 2010 Mar 11;7:20. doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-20.  In-vitro study of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) , not ethyl mercury or thimerosal.Thimerosal is no longer used in pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 81.  124  papers number: 0. 72 papers number 0:  Fiorentino M, Sapone A, Senger S, Camhi SS, Kadzielski SM, Buie TM, Kelly DL, Cascella N, Fasano A. Blood-brain barrier and intestinal epithelial barrier alterations in autism spectrum disorders. Mol Autism. 2016 Nov 29;7:49. eCollection 2016.  This study examined postmortem brain samples and intestinal samples from biopsies, so the brain samples are from one set of individuals and the gut samples from another set of individuals. Further, since the gut samples were from biopsies, this implies that the individuals who donated the gut samples may have had pre-existing conditions -- not a random or representative sample of autistic individuals.  While this is an interesting study, it does not mention vaccines at all.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 82.  124  papers number: 75. 72 papers number 40: Hewitson L, Lopresti BJ, Stott C, Mason NS, Tomko J. Influence of pediatric vaccines on amygdala growth and opioid ligand binding in rhesus macaque infants: A pilot study. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2010;70(2):147-64. Another of the infamous, ever evolving Hewitson macaque papers.Debunked at

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July 16, 2010 http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2010/07/16/too-much-vaccineautism-monkey-business-f/

July 16 2010 http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2010/07/16/the-genie-is-out-of-the-bottle-vaccines-cause-autism/“This paper is generating quite a bit of interest in places like the Age of Autism blog. Unfortunately for them, this paper is not the genie getting out of the bottle. Just another low quality paper. Just another 16 monkeys giving their lives for nothing.”

For a complete history of the Hewitson macaque study and its various papers and authors, see: http://lizditz.typepad.com/i_speak_of_dreams/2012/05/this-is-going-around-new-study-baby-monkeys-develop-autism-after-routine-cdc-vaccinations.html

It is telling that this list completely ignores the final, 5-year study, Administration of thimerosal-containing vaccines to infant rhesus macaques does not result in autism-like behavior or neuropathology

Note: This issue of Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis (ANE) focused upon autism. Not just autism, but autism causation with papers on vaccines, acetaminophen and, of course, mercury. The idea for this focus edition came from Professor Dorota Majewska who holds the EU Marie Curie Chair at the Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology in Warsaw, Poland. The authors for this focus issue are largely the same as those from a conference Prof. Majewska organized in 2008, Autism and Vaccinations.Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 

131 papers number: 83.  124  papers number: 76. 72 papers number 47:  Walker SJ, Segal J, Aschner M. Cultured lymphocytes from autistic children and non-autistic siblings up-regulate heat shock protein RNA in response to thimerosal challenge. Neurotoxicology. 2006 Sep;27(5):685-92. Epub 2006 Jun 16. An in-vitro cell study,.Thimerosal is no longer used in pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of

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causality in autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 84.  124  papers number: 77. 72 papers number 49:  Desoto MC, Hitlan RT. Sorting out the spinning of autism: heavy metals and the question of incidence. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2010;70(2):165-76. This is a sort of review paper, insisting that there is indeed an autism "epidemic" and it is caused by exposure to "heavy metals" (which is a veiled way to say, "thimerosal in vaccines").  Debunked at http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2010/08/03/prof-desoto-discusses-mercury-and-autism/ Thimerosal is no longer used in pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. Note: This issue of Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis (ANE) focused upon autism. Not just autism, but autism causation with papers on vaccines, acetaminophen and, of course, mercury. The idea for this focus edition came from Professor Dorota Majewska who holds the EU Marie Curie Chair at the Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology in Warsaw, Poland. The authors for this focus issue are largely the same as those from a conference Prof. Majewska organized in 2008, Autism and Vaccinations.131 papers number: 85.  124  papers number: 78. 72 papers number 50:  Woods JS, Armel SE, Fulton DI, Allen J, Wessels K, Simmonds PL, Granpeesheh D, Mumper E, Bradstreet JJ, Echeverria D, Heyer NJ, Rooney JP. 2010 Urinary porphyrin excretion in neurotypical and autistic children. Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Oct;118(10):1450-7. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0901713. Epub 2010 Jun 24.  It is an article of belief in some circles that urinary porphyrin excretion abnormalities, following exposure to mercury,  is a biomarker for autism. However, the foundations of that belief rest upon studies performed by the disgraced and discredited Geier family (father and son). Thimerosal is no longer used in pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 86.  124  papers number: 79. 72 papers number 51: Rossignol DA, Frye RE Mitochondrial

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dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis Molecular Psychiatry (2012) 17, 290–314; doi:10.1038/mp.2010.136; published online 25 January 2011 A systematic review and meta-analysis, which  concludes that mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with some cases of autism. The authors do not make the case that vaccination causes or intensifies mitochondrial dysfunction, or that mitochondrial dysfunction causes autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 87.  124  papers number: 80. 72 papers number 52:  Migdal C, Foggia L, Tailhardat M, Courtellemont P, Haftek M, Serres M. Sensitization effect of thimerosal is mediated in vitro via reactive oxygen species and calcium signaling. Toxicology. 2010 Jul-Aug;274(1-3):1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.04.016. Epub 2010 May 10.  In vitro study exposing cells to large concentrations of thimerosal. Thimerosal is no longer used in pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 88.  124  papers number: 81. 72 papers number 53: Blaxill MF. What's going on? The question of time trends in autism. Public Health Rep. 2004 Nov-Dec;119(6):536-51. Review of survey literature available in years prior to 2004. Outdated and superceded by many more reliable publications. Paper does not mention vaccines. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 89.  124  papers number: 82. 72 papers number 54: Rimland B, McGinnis W, Vaccines and Autism, Laboratory medicine, september 2002 9: 33 708-717 Bernard Rimland founded the Autism Research Institute and the Autism Society of America.  This 2002  article has no evidence, but merely discusses the authors’ belief that something about the MMR vaccine and thimerosal is causal in autism. Later studies found no autism connection with either factor.   Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.  131 papers number: 90.  124  papers number: 83. 72 papers number 55: Ratajczak HV. Theoretical aspects of autism: biomarkers--a review. J Immunotoxicol. 2011 Jan-

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Mar;8(1):80-94.This is one of the more risible papers in Taylor's list. See for example:

http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2011/02/11/sloppy- science-a-perfect-example-of-how-the-anti-vaccine-crowd-will-listen-to-anything/ “The rest of the paper is a rogues' gallery of debunked and fringe science. Helen Ratajczak cites the Geiers numerous times, DeSoto and Hitlan, Nataf and Rossignol to name but a few. This isn’t a paper so much as an advert for the sort of poor science that was examined in the Autism Omnibus proceedings and roundly rejected by the Special Masters. For goodness sake, she even cites David Ayoub of the Black Helicopter infamy.”

http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/anti-vaccine- propaganda-from-sharyl-attkisson-of-cbs-news-2/"How on earth did this get through peer review? Obviously, the peer reviewers of Dr. Ratajczak’s article were either completely ignorant of the background science (and therefore unqualified) or asleep at the switch."

http://lizditz.typepad.com/i_speak_of_dreams/2012/07/3- theoretical-aspects-of-autism-causes-a-review-2011.html

Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 91.  124  papers number: 84. 72 papers number: 0 Stajich GV, Lopez GP, Harry SW, Sexson WR. Iatrogenic exposure to mercury after hepatitis B vaccination in preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2000 May;136(5):679-81. Small, 20-subject study, with no follow-up of subjects.  Thimerosal is no longer used in US pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism (see Hurley 2010, Price 2010, Yoshimasu 2014,   Taylor 2014). Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 131 papers number: 92.  124  papers number: 85. 72 papers number: 0 Guy A, Seaton SE, Boyle EM, Draper ES, Field DJ, Manktelow BN, Marlow N, Smith LK, Johnson S. Infants born late/moderately preterm are at increased risk for a positive autism screen at 2 years of age. J Pediatr. 2015

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Feb;166(2):269-75.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.10.053. Epub 2014 Dec 2. Children born at 32-36 weeks gestation have a raised risk of autism diagnosis. No mention of vaccines.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 93.  124  papers number: 86. 72 papers number: 0 D'Onofrio BM, Class QA, Rickert ME, Larsson H, Långström N, Lichtenstein P. Preterm birth and mortality and morbidity: a population-based quasi-experimental study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013 Nov;70(11):1231-40. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.2107.  This is a very strong study from Sweden, with  3,300,708 subjects. The takeaway is that preterm birth raises the risk of autism (and other adverse outcomes), but does not analyze vaccine exposure.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 94.  124  papers number: 87. 72 papers number: 0 Shandley K, Austin DW. Ancestry of pink disease (infantile acrodynia) identified as a risk factor for autism spectrum disorders. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2011;74(18):1185-94. doi: 10.1080/15287394.2011.590097. Calomel (mercurous chloride, Hg2Cl2) , was widely used in medicines in the late 19th and early 20th century.  "Pink disease" or "acrodynia" was mercury poisoning from repeated high doses of calomel. This paper claims to test the hypothesis that survivors of acrodynia have more autistic descendants. But wait, what?  If there were children subjected to high doses of mercury in the the late 19th and early 20th century, why was there not then an "epidemic of autism", if mercury exposure causes autism?  Back to the study. The study recruited participants from a self-identified group of pink disease survivors, and surveyed the respondents for health status (including autism) of their children and grandchildren. However,  no objective ascertainment of the diagnostic assertions of respondents' claims for descendants was made. More analysis of this footling study at LeftBrain/RightBrain Autism.  Besides,  Thimerosal is no longer used in US pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism (see Hurley 2010, Price 2010, Yoshimasu 2014,   Taylor 2014).  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

Are there 131 papers that show that vaccines cause autism? Page 39 of 52

131 papers number: 95.  124  papers number: 88. 72 papers number: 0  Zhang Y, Xu Q, Liu J, Li SC, Xu X. Risk factors for autistic regression: results of an ambispective cohort study. J Child Neurol. 2012 Aug;27(8):975-81. doi: 10.1177/0883073811430163. Epub 2012 Jan 30.  Cohort study on 170 autistic Chinese children. Study does not mention vaccines, focuses on febrile seizures,  which are not closely correlated with vaccines. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 96.  124  papers number: 89. 72 papers number: 0 Vestergaard M, Hviid A, Madsen KM, Wohlfahrt J, Thorsen P, Schendel D, Melbye M, Olsen J. MMR vaccination and febrile seizures: evaluation of susceptible subgroups and long-term prognosis .  JAMA. 2004 Jul 21;292(3):351-7.  This is a very powerful Danish study: "A population-based cohort study of all children born in Denmark between January 1, 1991, and December 31, 1998, who were alive at 3 months; 537,171 children were followed up until December 31, 1999, by using data from the Danish Civil Registration System and 4 other national registries." The Epilepsy Foundation says "The long-term outlook is excellent, however. The vast majority of children with febrile seizures do not have seizures without fever after age 5."   The study's conclusion?  "MMR vaccination was associated with a transient increased rate of febrile seizures but the risk difference was small even in high-risk children. The long-term rate of epilepsy was not increased in children who had febrile seizures following vaccination compared with children who had febrile seizures of a different etiology."  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 97.  124  papers number: 90. 72 papers number: 0  Feenstra B, Pasternak B, Geller F, Carstensen L, Wang T, Huang F, Eitson JL, Hollegaard MV, Svanström H, Vestergaard M, Hougaard DM, Schoggins JW, Jan LY, Melbye M, Hviid A. Common variants associated with general and MMR vaccine-related febrile seizures. Nat Genet. 2014 Dec;46(12):1274-82. doi: 10.1038/ng.3129. Epub 2014 Oct 26.   This study was designed to look for genetic differences between "children with MMR-related febrile

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seizures, children with febrile seizures unrelated to vaccination and controls with no history of febrile seizures," and found significant differences.  However, as we have already seen, febrile seizures are usually benign and are not connected to autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 98.  124  papers number: 91. 72 papers number: 60 Wilson K, Hawken S, Kwong JC, Deeks S, Crowcroft NS, Van Walraven C, Potter BK, Chakraborty P, Keelan J, Pluscauskas M, Manuel D. Adverse events following 12 and 18 month vaccinations: a population-based, self-controlled case series analysis. PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e27897. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027897. Epub 2011 Dec 12.  A very robust paper with nearly 500,000 subjects, which found that ER visits for febrile seizures and/or rash increased after vaccination. However, "The findings also suggest that the reactions are not severe since acuity was not higher than the control period and furthermore, there were few hospital admissions. "  The authors call for more research on controlling reactions.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 99.  124  papers number: 92. 72 papers number 0:  Robertson CE, Ratai EM, Kanwisher N. Reduced GABAergic Action in the Autistic Brain. Curr Biol. 2015 Dec 16. pii: S0960-9822(15)01413-X. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.019.  Autistic people report  atypical sensory perception. This paper looked at a specific pathway that may affect sesory perception, and  "Our findings provide evidence for an empirical link between a specific neurotransmitter measured in the brains of individuals with autism and an autistic behavioral symptom".  The paper does not mention vaccination, or have any indication of causation.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 100.  124  papers number: 93. 72 papers number 61: Duszczyk-Budhathoki M, Olczak M, Lehner M, Majewska MD.   Administration of thimerosal to infant rats increases overflow of glutamate and aspartate in the prefrontal cortex: protective role of

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dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. Neurochem Res. 2012 Feb;37(2):436-47. Epub 2011 Oct 21 Rat study on thimerosal. Besides,  Thimerosal is no longer used in US pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism (see Hurley 2010, Price 2010, Yoshimasu 2014, Taylor 2014).  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 101.  124  papers number: 94. 72 papers number 62: Olczak M, Duszczyk M, Mierzejewski P, Bobrowicz T, Majewska MD. Neonatal administration of thimerosal causes persistent changes in mu opioid receptors in the rat brain. Neurochem Res. 2010 Nov;35(11):1840-7. Epub 2010 Aug 28. Rat study on thimerosal. Besides, Thimerosal is no longer used in US pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism (see Hurley 2010, Price 2010, Yoshimasu 2014,   Taylor 2014).  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 102.  124  papers number: 95. 72 papers number 63: Holland M, Conte L, Krakow R, Colin L, Unanswered Questions: A Review of Compensated Cases of Vaccine-Induced Brain Injury. Pace Environmental Law Review, vol. 28, no. 2, 2011 This was a very poor-quality review in a student-run law journal, with substantial ethical and methodological flaws.Debunked here:

May 10, 2011 http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2011/05/10/student-mags-and-altered-press-releases/

May 11, 2011 http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2011/05/11/pace-study-confirms-autism-prevalence/

May 11, 2011 http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2011/05/11/another-swing-for-the-fences-and-a-miss/

May 16, 2011 http://www.wired.com/geekmom/2011/05/is-the-vaccine-injury-compensation-program-covering-up-an-autism-vaccine-link/

Are there 131 papers that show that vaccines cause autism? Page 42 of 52

May 2011 http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/when-you-cant-win-on-science-invoke-the-law-2/

May 20, 2011 http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2011/05/20/study-by-nyu-and-pace-another-failure-in-obtaining-ethical-approval/

May 24, 2011 http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2011/05/24/anti-vaccine-warriors-vs-research-ethics/

Also see this answer from Ty Doyle, lawyer licensed to practice before Federal Claims "Vaccine Court". Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 103.  124  papers number: 96. 72 papers number 64:  Dórea JG. Integrating experimental (in vitro and in vivo) neurotoxicity studies of low-dose thimerosal relevant to vaccines. Neurochem Res. 2011 Jun;36(6):927-38. Epub 2011 Feb 25  In vivo, with a small rat study. Thimerosal is no longer used in US pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism (see Hurley 2010, Price 2010, Yoshimasu 2014,   Taylor 2014).  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 104.  124  papers number: 97. 72 papers number 65: Hamza H, Cao J, Li X, Li C, Zhu M, Zhao S. Hepatitis B vaccine induces apoptotic death in Hepa1-6 cells. Apoptosis. 2012 May;17(5):516-27. doi: 10.1007/s10495-011-0690-1.   An in-vitro study of how mouse (murine) cells derived from a cancerous tumor react to being bathed in Hepatitis B vaccine. No mention of autism. No relevance to autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 105.  124  papers number: 98. 72 papers number 0: Herdman ML, Marcelo A, Huang Y, Niles RM, Dhar S, Kiningham KK, Thimerosal Induces Apoptosis in a Neuroblastoma Model via the cJun N-Terminal Kinase Pathway Toxicol Sci. 2006 Jul;92(1):246-53. Epub 2006 Apr 19. No mention of autism. Thimerosal is no longer used in US pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism (see Hurley 2010, Price 2010, Yoshimasu 2014,

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Taylor 2014).  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 106.  124  papers number: 99. 72 papers number 66:  Sulkowski ZL, Chen T, Midha S, Zavacki AM, Sajdel-Sulkowska EM. Maternal thimerosal exposure results in aberrant cerebellar oxidative stress, thyroid hormone metabolism, and motor behavior in rat pups; sex- and strain-dependent effects. Cerebellum. 2012 Jun;11(2):575-86. This study gave pregnant and lactating rats thimerosal at an amount 100 times greater than the vaccine exposure. Thimerosal is no longer used in US pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism (see Hurley 2010, Price 2010, Yoshimasu 2014,   Taylor 2014).  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 107.  124  papers number: 100. 72 papers number 67:  Hertz-Picciotto I, Delwiche L. The rise in autism and the role of age at diagnosis. Epidemiology. 2009 Jan;20(1):84-90. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181902d15. “Autism incidence in California shows no sign yet of plateauing. Younger ages at diagnosis, differential migration, changes in diagnostic criteria, and inclusion of milder cases do not fully explain the observed increases.”  Evidently, according to Taylor, that means that vaccine must account for the observed increases, while disregarding significant changes in demographic data, such as maternal and paternal age at first childbirth. The paper does not mention vaccines. It is curious that Taylor does not include the other 24 papers on autism in which Hertz-Picciotto has been a contributing author,.  Also see discussion of this paper at the Natural Variation blog.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 108.  124  papers number: 101. 72 papers number 68:  Khan Z, Combadière C, Authier FJ, Itier V, Lux F, Exley C, Mahrouf-Yorgov M, Decrouy X, Moretto P, Tillement O, Gherardi RK, Cadusseau J. Slow CCL2-dependent translocation of biopersistent particles from muscle to brain. BMC Med. 2013 Apr 4;11:99. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-99. This paper assumes that ‘Shoenfeld syndrome” or "Autoimmune (Auto-inflammatory) Syndrome Induced by

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Adjuvants” (ASIA) is a real condition, not an artifact found by one group of researchers. It has not yet been verified. At http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2013/08/09/antivaccinationists-against-the-hpv-vaccine-round-5000/, the blogger (a cancer researcher and surgeon) writes:....an entity called ASIA (Autoimmune/Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants). From what I’ve been able to tell, ASIA is basically a made-up syndrome that isn’t generally accepted....Even more dubious are the clinical criteria, four major and four minor, that are used to “diagnose” ASIA. The idea is that either two major criteria or one major and two minor criteria are required for a diagnosis of ASIA. Out of curiosity, I went back to what appears to be the original article in which ASIA was defined by Yehuda Shoenfeld, who is known for testifying for “vaccine injury” victims and running a journal sympathetic to antivaccine views, even publishing works by quacks like Mark and David Geier. The “syndrome” appears to have been made up of whole cloth based on unfounded assumptions.Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 109. 124 papers number: 102. 72 papers number 69: Blaxill MF, Redwood L, Bernard S. Thimerosal and autism? A plausible hypothesis that should not be dismissed. Med Hypotheses. 2004;62(5):788-94.  Note that this paper is from 2004. Since that time, (1) Thimerosal has been removed from all pediatric vaccines, with the exception of some flu vaccines (2) Autism has continued to rise (3)The concerns about thimerosal have been addressed with epidemiological studies, and dismissed.   (4) The concerns about thimerosal have been given a thorough airing in the Vaccine Injury Compensation Program legal hearings (Autism Omnibus) and have been found to be baseless. For example

September 13 2010 Price CS et al., Prenatal and Infant Exposure to Thimerosal From Vaccines and Immunoglobulins and Risk of Autism

February 26 2013http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2013/02/26/no-the-

Are there 131 papers that show that vaccines cause autism? Page 45 of 52

autism-prevalence-in-california-did-not-go-down-after-removing-thimerosal-from-vaccines/

April 2013 Vaccine Safety: Examine the Evidence March 12, 2010 Meade v. HHS March 12, 2010 King v. HHS March 12, 2010 Dwyer v. HHS

Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 110. 124 papers number: 103. 72 papers number 70: Windham GC, Zhang L, Gunier R, Croen LA, Grether JK. Autism spectrum disorders in relation to distribution of hazardous air pollutants in the san francisco bay area. Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep;114(9):1438-44. This and other environmental studies were discussed at Association Between Autism and Environmental Mercury Exposure Disappears Once Population Density is Controlled forMy primary criticism of these types of studies is that they are attempting to find a cause for an epidemiological phenomenon that could very well not require an environmental explanation. That is, administrative data (special education data in particular) is not equipped to tell us if there are real differences in the prevalence of autism from one region to the next. No screening has ever demonstrated that substantial differences in administrative prevalence between regions are not simply diagnostic differences.This study does not address vaccines. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 111. 124 papers number: 104. 72 papers number 23:  Palmer RF, Blanchard S, Stein Z, Mandell D, Miller C. Environmental mercury release, special education rates, and autism disorder: an ecological study of Texas. Health Place. 2006 Jun;12(2):203-9. In commenting on a later Palmer study, one researcher wrote, “Dr. Palmer’s 2006 study, which was so full of holes that even antivaccinationists had a hard time defending it,” This study has nothing to do with vaccines. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

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131 papers number: 112. 124 papers number: 105. 72 papers number 0: Dickerson AS, Rahbar MH, Han I, Bakian AV, Bilder DA, Harrington RA, Pettygrove S, Durkin M, Kirby RS, Wingate MS, Tian LH, Zahorodny WM, Pearson DA, Moyé LA 3rd, Baio J. Autism spectrum disorder prevalence and proximity to industrial facilities releasing arsenic, lead or mercury. Sci Total Environ. 2015 Dec 1;536:245-51. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.024. Epub 2015 Jul 25.  This paper, while interesting, does not discuss vaccines. There's no arsenic or lead in vaccines.  Thimerosal is no longer used in US pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism (see Hurley 2010, Price 2010, Yoshimasu 2014, Taylor 2014).  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 113. 124 papers number: 106. 72 papers number 71: Christian LM, Iams JD, Porter K, Glaser R. Inflammatory responses to trivalent influenza virus vaccine among pregnant women. Vaccine. 2011 Nov 8;29(48):8982-7. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.039. Epub 2011 Sep 22. Partial conclusions: "The inflammatory response elicited by vaccination is substantially milder and more transient than seen in infectious illness, arguing for the clinical value of vaccination. However, further research is needed to confirm that the mild inflammatory response elicited by vaccination is benign in pregnancy."  Two subsequent studies, listed below, have confirmed the safety of trivalent influenza virus vaccines for pregnant women and the children whose mothers were vaccinated during pregnancy.

Nordin JD, Kharbanda EO, Benitez GV, Nichol K, Lipkind H, Naleway A, Lee GM, Hambidge S, Shi W, Olsen A. Maternal safety of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Mar;121(3):519-25. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182831b83.

Conlin AM, Bukowinski AT, Sevick CJ, DeScisciolo C, Crum-Cianflone NF. Safety of the pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine among pregnant U.S. military women and their newborns. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Mar;121(3):511-8. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e318280d64e.

Are there 131 papers that show that vaccines cause autism? Page 47 of 52

None of the 3 studies cited above mention autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 114. 124 papers number: 107. 72 papers number 72: Brown AS, Sourander A, Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki S, McKeague IW, Sundvall J, Surcel HM. Elevated maternal C-reactive protein and autism in a national birth cohort. Mol Psychiatry. 2013 Jan 22. doi: 10.1038/mp.2012.197. [Epub ahead of print]  This study is part of the research coming out of the  Finnish Prenatal Study of Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorders (FIPS-A),  "a new study designed to examine the relationship between prenatal serologic factors, mediating and moderating developmental antecedents, and risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASD)."" The Brown 2013 study found "In conclusion, we demonstrated that elevated maternal CRP is related to an increased risk of autism in offspring. These findings, if replicated, may have important implications for elaborating the role of immune system dysfunction in autism. Elevated maternal CRP may represent a common pathway by which infections and other inflammatory insults elevate risk for autism."  Does not establish that vaccines, either pediatric or those given to the mother during pregnancy,  are causal in autism.131 papers number: 115. 124 papers number: 108. 72 papers number 0: Ewing GE. What is regressive autism and why does it occur? Is it the consequence of multi-systemic dysfunction affecting the elimination of heavy metals and the ability to regulate neural temperature? N Am J Med Sci. 2009 Jul;1(2):28-47. This is not a study or review; it's the author's (a wellness entrepreneur) opinions on the cause of autism, informed by his unscientific beliefs about autism and disease. He offers no evidence for his assertions.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 116. 124 papers number: 109. 72 papers number 0: Sienkiewicz D, Kulak W, Okurowska-Zawada B, Paszko-Patej G, Neurologic adverse events following vaccination, Prog Health Sci 2012 vol 2 no 1 The authors of this paper argue that adverse events following vaccination are common, drawing on papers reviewed in this list (the work of the Geiers, the Blaxill baby--hair paper,

Are there 131 papers that show that vaccines cause autism? Page 48 of 52

several Tomljenovic and Shaw papers, etc. ).   Oddly, a previous Polish study had shown Lack of association between thimerosal-containing vaccines and autism.  The Sienkiewicaz paper also spends time on the "vaccines didn't save us gambit"-- the ploy that "vaccine-preventable diseases were declining before immunization, so immunization is unnecessary.  It's a false ploy.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 117. 124 papers number: 110. 72 papers number 0:  Gesundheit B, Rosenzweig JP, Naor D, Lerer B, Zachor DA, Procházka V, Melamed M, Kristt DA, Steinberg A, Shulman C, Hwang P, Koren G, Walfisch A, Passweg JR, Snowden JA, Tamouza R, Leboyer M, Farge-Bancel D, Ashwood P. Immunological and autoimmune considerations of Autism Spectrum Disorders. J Autoimmun. 2013 Aug;44:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.05.005. Epub 2013 Jul 15. This is a review paper: "We will summarize the various types of studies associating ASD with the immune system, critically evaluate the quality of these studies, and attempt to integrate them in a way that clarifies the areas of immune and autoimmune phenomena in ASD research that will be important indicators for future research."  Vaccines are not mentioned. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 118. 124 papers number: 111. 72 papers number 0: Walker SJ, Fortunato J, Gonzalez LG, Krigsman A., Identification of unique gene expression profile in children with regressive autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and ileocolitis. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58058. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058058. Epub 2013 Mar 8.  Why would a paper about gene expression, that doesn't have a word about vaccines,  be included in a "vaccines cause autism" list? One of the authors, Arthur Krigsman, was and is a close colleague of Andrew Wakefield's from the time of retracted paper.  Krigsman, who was an expert witness in the Omnibus Autism Proceeding, was roundly criticized by the Special Master in the Cedillo Hearing.    In any case, vaccines are not mentioned in the 2013 paper. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

Are there 131 papers that show that vaccines cause autism? Page 49 of 52

131 papers number: 119. 124 papers number: 112. 72 papers number 0: Stamova B, Green PG, Tian Y, Hertz-Picciotto I, Pessah IN, Hansen R, Yang X, Teng J, Gregg JP, Ashwood P, Van de Water J, Sharp FR. Correlations between gene expression and mercury levels in blood of boys with and without autism. Neurotox Res. 2011 Jan;19(1):31-48. doi: 10.1007/s12640-009-9137-7. Epub 2009 Nov 24.  This is one of the many papers coming out of the CHARGE (Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment) study at the MIND   ( Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)   Institute . "Samples collected from children ages 2–5 in this study do not directly address the role of Hg as a possible causal factor for autism which likely begins in utero or shortly after birth."  Vaccines are not mentioned in the study.  The children in the study were born after thimerosal was removed from vaccines, so any blood mercury would have other sources.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 120. 124 papers number: 113. 72 papers number 0: Weizman A, Weizman R, Szekely GA, Wijsenbeek H, Livni E. Abnormal immune response to brain tissue antigen in the syndrome of autism. Am J Psychiatry. 1982 Nov;139(11):1462-5. A very small study with 28 subjects from 1982,  in which it was found that "The results indicate the existence of a cell-mediated immune response to brain tissue in the syndrome of autism."  The paper is entirely silent on the subject of vaccines. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 121. 124 papers number: 114. 72 papers number 0 Kawashima H, Mori T, Kashiwagi Y, Takekuma K, Hoshika A, Wakefield A. Detection and sequencing of measles virus from peripheral mononuclear cells from patients with inflammatory bowel disease and autism. Dig Dis Sci. 2000 Apr;45(4):723-9. First, observe the last author, Andrew Wakefield.  Then, the date of publication, 2000. The nine tissue samples came from his laboratory.  Dr. Steven Bustin, the world's authority on the type of analysis used in this paper,published  Why There Is no Link Between Measles Virus and Autism.  In addition, subsequent studies

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(Afzal 2006,  Horning 2008) found Lack of Association between Measles Virus Vaccine and Autism with Enteropathy. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 122. 124 papers number: 115. 72 papers number 0 Tomljenovic L, Shaw CA. Mechanisms of aluminum adjuvant toxicity and autoimmunity in pediatric populations. Lupus 2012; 21: 223–230.  This is not a research paper, it is a collection of unfounded ideas or assertions, ending with the call, "a rigorous evaluation of the vaccine-related adverse health impacts in the pediatric population is urgently needed."   First, many have been done. Second, Mitkus 2011 : "We conclude that episodic exposures to vaccines that contain aluminum adjuvant continue to be extremely low risk to infants and that the benefits of using vaccines containing aluminum adjuvant outweigh any theoretical concerns." Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 123. 124 papers number: 116. 72 papers number 0 C Shaw, S Sheth, D Li, L Tomljenovic Etiology of autism spectrum disorders: Genes, environment, or both? OA Autism 2014 Jun 10;2(2):11 Another speculative paper. The essential argument of this paper is that while genetics may account for some cases of autism, it doesn't for all, and therefore an environmental component may be found. It might be thimerosal, but it  might also be aluminum adjuvants in vaccines.  As evidence for the latter, they cite their 2001 paper, Do aluminum vaccine adjuvants contribute to the rising prevalence of autism? In 2012, the   Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety called the paper "seriously flawed".  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 124. 124 papers number: 117. 72 papers number 0  Wu X, Liang H, O'Hara KA, Yalowich JC, Hasinoff BB. Thiol-modulated mechanisms of the cytotoxicity of thimerosal and inhibition of DNA topoisomerase II alpha. Chem Res Toxicol. 2008 Feb;21(2):483-93. doi: 10.1021/tx700341n. Epub 2008 Jan 16. In vitro study of thimerosal.   Thimerosal is no longer used in US pediatric

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vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism (see Hurley 2010, Price 2010, Yoshimasu 2014,   Taylor 2014).  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 125. 124 papers number: 118. 72 papers number 0 King IF, Yandava CN, Mabb AM, Hsiao JS, Huang H-S, Pearson BL, Calabrese JM, Starmer J, Parker JS, Magnuson T, Chamberlain SJ, Philpot BD Topoisomerases facilitate transcription of long genes linked to autism Nature 501, 58–62 (05 September 2013) doi:10.1038/nature12504   The paper observes that "Environmental factors, including chemicals that are ingested during critical periods of brain development, can also increase autism risk."  The reference is to Christiansen 2013, which found that prenatal exposure to the epilepsy drug valproate raised the risk of autism.  This paper does not mention vaccines. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 126. 124 papers number: 119. 72 papers number 0 Shaw CA, Tomljenovic L, Aluminum in the central nervous system (CNS): toxicity in humans and animals, vaccine adjuvants, and autoimmunity. Immunologic Research July 2013, Volume 56, Issue 2-3, pp 304-316 A third speculative paper from Shaw and Tomljenovic.As evidence for their assertions, they cite their own papers, including the paper that the   Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety called the paper "seriously flawed". Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 127. 124 papers number: 121. 72 papers number 0  (double entry, also #21) Li X, Qu F, Xie W, Wang F, Liu H, Song S, Chen T, Zhang Y, Zhu S, Wang Y, Guo C, Tang TS. Transcriptomic Analyses of Neurotoxic Effects in Mouse Brain After Intermittent Neonatal Administration of Thimerosal. Toxicol Sci. 2014 Apr 4. [Epub ahead of print] Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 128. 124 papers number: 122. 72 papers number 0  Tsumiyama K, Miyazaki Y, Shiozawa S. Self-organized criticality theory of autoimmunity. PLoS One. 2009 Dec 31;4(12):e8382. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008382. "Repeated immunization with

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antigen causes systemic autoimmunity in mice" . This paper has nothing to do with autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 129. 124 papers number: 123. 72 papers number 0  Mumper E, Can Awareness of Medical Pathophysiology in Autism Lead to Primary Care Autism Prevention Strategies? NA J Med Sci 2013; 6(2) Mumper is a "autism aware" pediatrician (she provides "integrative care" for autistic children) and who spaces out vaccines, and says it's resulted in fewer autism cases in her practice. (By the way, Dr. Mumper  testified as an expert witness in the Omnibus Autism Hearing and it did not go well.)   Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 130. 124 papers number: 108. 72 papers number 0 (double entry, also #115) Ewing GE. What is regressive autism and why does it occur? Is it the consequence of multi-systemic dysfunction affecting the elimination of heavy metals and the ability to regulate neural temperature?  N Am J Med Sci. 2009 Jul;1(2):28-47. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.131 papers number: 131. 124 papers number: 1. 72 papers number 0 Kanner L. Autistic disturbances of affective contact.  Nervous Child 2, 217-250 (1943) The seminal Kanner paper. In the Scribd document listing the 131 papers, much is made of subject Richard M.'s behavior following smallpox vaccination in 1940, implying that it was smallpox vaccination that caused his autism.  This makes no sense. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism..