APES UNIT 2 Practice TEST

Multiple ChoiceIdentify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.____ 1. The most fundamental unit of ecology is

a. a speciesb. a populationc. a communityd. an ecosysteme. an organism

____ 2. Estimates of the number of species existing on the earth range froma. 4 to 100.b. 4 to 100 thousand.c. 4 to 100 million.d. 4 to 100 billion.e. 4 to 100 trillion.

____ 3. The largest numbers of species of organisms on the earth are currentlya. microorganisms and fungi.b. amphibians and reptiles.c. insects and fungi.d. insects and microorganisms.e. mammals.

____ 4. An example of a microbe isa. bacteria.b. protozoa.c. fungi.d. yeast.e. All of the above.

____ 5. The following choices list levels of organization of matter that claim the attention of ecologists. Which correctly lists these levels in sequence from narrower to broader focus?a. organisms-populations-communities-ecosystems-ecosphereb. organisms-communities-populations-ecosystems-ecospherec. organisms-populations-communities-ecosphere-ecosystemsd. ecosphere-ecosystems-communities-populations-organismse. ecosphere-populations-communities-ecosystems-organisms

____ 6. A group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area at the same time is called aa. species.b. population.c. community.d. genus.e. niche.

____ 7. A community of living organisms interacting with one another and the physical and chemical factors of their nonliving environment is calleda. a species.b. an ecosystem.c. a population.d. a lithosphere.e. a community.

____ 8. All of the following are characteristic of life forms excepta. highly diffuse internal structure and organization.b. the ability to capture and transform matter and energy from the environment.c. the ability to reproduce.d. the ability to adapt to external change by mutations.e. the ability to react to stimuli.

____ 9. All physical forms of water (solid, liquid, and gas) make up thea. atmosphere.b. lithosphere.c. biosphere.d. hydrosphere.e. troposphere.

____ 10. Fossil fuels and minerals are found in thea. atmosphere.b. lithosphere.c. biosphere.d. hydrosphere.e. troposphere.

____ 11. Where would a geologists collect rock and soil samples?a. atmosphereb. lithospherec. biosphered. hydrospheree. troposphere

____ 12. Life on earth depends on interaction of gravity, the cycling of matter anda. one-way flow of energy.b. cycling of energy.c. one-way flow of matter.d. the destruction of matter.e. the consumption of matter.

____ 13. Which of the following statements is false?a. About one-third of the solar energy hitting the earth is immediately reflected back to

space.b. A spectrum of electromagnetic radiation emanates from the sun.c. About one-third of the solar energy hitting the earth warms the land and lower

atmosphere, runs cycles of matter, and generates winds.d. Less than 1% of sunlight is captured via photosynthesis.e. None of these answers.

____ 14. Aquatic life zones are the aquatic equivalent ofa. communities.b. ecosystems.c. biomes.d. ecospheres.e. populations.

____ 15. All of the following are major causes of differences among aquatic ecosystems excepta. temperature.b. precipitation.c. salinity.d. depth of sunlight penetration.

e. dissolved oxygen.____ 16. The zone in which no member of a population can live is called the

a. zone of intoleranceb. zone of physiological stressc. lower limit of toleranced. upper limit of tolerancee. optimum range

____ 17. Autotrophsa. might eat heterotrophs.b. are known as decomposers.c. cannot do photosynthesis.d. can live without heterotrophs.e. are omnivores.

____ 18. Photosynthesisa. converts glucose into energy and water.b. requires the combustion of carbon.c. produces carbon dioxide and oxygen gas.d. yields glucose and oxygen gas as products.e. yields glucose and carbon dioxide gas as products.

____ 19. You are a scientist intrigued by organisms that can create complex molecules through chemosynthesis. The habitat you are most likely to visit isa. an island paradise.b. an inland sand dune.c. a hydrothermal vent.d. a prairie.e. a forest.

____ 20. Organisms that feed on dead organisms are calleda. producers.b. carnivores.c. autotrophs.d. scavengers.e. omnivores.

____ 21. Organisms that complete the final breakdown and recycling of organic materials from the remains or wastes of all organisms are calleda. detritivores.b. carnivores.c. decomposers.d. scavengers.e. omnivores.

____ 22. If something is biodegradable, ita. can be broken down by autotrophs.b. can be broken down by heterotrophs.c. can be broken down by decomposers.d. cannot be broken down by any living processes.e. cannot be broken down by omnivores.

____ 23. Anaerobic respiration may produce all of the following excepta. methane gas.b. hydrogen sulfide.c. carbon dioxide and water.

d. ethyl alcohol.e. lactic acid.

____ 24. The process which results in alcoholic beverages isa. aerobic respiration.b. anaerobic respiration.c. photosynthesis.d. chemosynthesis.e. inspiration.

____ 25. Which of the following terms includes the others?a. ecological diversityb. biological diversityc. genetic diversityd. ecological diversitye. functional diversity

____ 26. Most of the energy input in a food chain isa. in the form of heat.b. converted to biomass.c. recycled as it reaches the chain's end.d. degraded to low-quality heat.e. converted to carbon dioxide.

____ 27. The ecological efficiency at each trophic level of a particular ecosystem is 20%. If the green plants of the ecosystem capture 100 units of energy, about ____ units of energy will be available to support herbivores, and about ____ units of energy will be available to support carnivores.a. 120 . . . 140b. 120. . . 240c. 20. . . 2d. 20. . . 4e. 20 . . .1

____ 28. The pyramid which best explains why there are typically only four to five links in a food chain is the pyramid ofa. energy.b. biomass.c. numbers.d. matter.e. productivity.

____ 29. Net primary productivitya. is the rate at which producers manufacture chemical energy through photosynthesis.b. is the rate at which producers use chemical energy through respiration.c. is the rate of photosynthesis plus the rate of respiration.d. is usually reported as the energy output of an area of producers over a given time.e. is the energy input of an area of producers over a given time.

____ 30. Which of the following ecosystems has the lowest level of kilocalories per square meter per year?a. open oceanb. tropical rain forestc. agricultural landd. lakes and streamse. temperate forest

____ 31. A cross-sectional view of the ____ in a soil is properly termed a soil ____.a. horizons . . . profile

b. horizons . . . samplec. profile . . . sampled. surface litter . . . profilee. profile . . . horizon.

____ 32. The ____-horizon of a soil contains no organic material and is composed of parent material.a. Ab. Bc. Cd. Oe. D

____ 33. The A-horizon of soil is commonly referred to asa. topsoil.b. surface litter.c. subsoil.d. parent rock.e. humus.

____ 34. As it is weathered, ____ gives rise to the C-horizon.a. parent materialb. leachingc. subsoild. bed rocke. B-horizon

____ 35. The soil layer containing unique colors and often iron, aluminum, humus, and clay leached from higher layers is thea. parent material.b. zone of leaching.c. subsoil.d. topsoil.e. bed rock.

____ 36. Freshly fallen leaves, organic debris, and partially decomposed organic matter are indicative of thea. surface litter.b. zone of leaching.c. parent material.d. subsoil.e. humus.

____ 37. The dissolving of material from the upper layers of the soil and its movement to lower horizons is calleda. percolation.b. weathering.c. accumulation.d. leaching.e. humus.

____ 38. Leaching occurs whena. humus is dissolved.b. water removes soluble soil components.c. organic compounds slowly decay.d. rock is shattered by frost action.e. water stays in the soil.

____ 39. Red and yellow colors in a soil horizon usually indicate aa. high percentage of sand.

b. high percentage of lime and gypsum.c. lack of iron oxide.d. low organic matter content.e. large number of soil organisms.

____ 40. Leaf mold, a humus-mineral mixture, and silty loam are indicative ofa. coniferous forest soil.b. deciduous forest soil.c. tropical forest soil.d. grassland soil.e. desert soil.

____ 41. A soil sample of closely packed pebbles that is a mixture of minerals and low in humus probably came from aa. coniferous forest.b. desert.c. deciduous forest.d. tropical foreste. grassland.

____ 42. If you were a farmer, which type of soil would you choose for your crops?a. siltb. loamc. clayd. sande. gravel

____ 43. Which of the following types of soils has the least pore space?a. siltb. loamc. clayd. sande. they all have equal pore space.

____ 44. Which of the following types of soils holds the most water?a. siltb. loamc. clayd. sande. gravel

____ 45. Sand has ____ permeability and ____ porosity.a. high . . . highb. high . . . lowc. low . . . highd. low . . . lowe. medium . . . medium

____ 46. The nitrogen cycle is an example of a(an)a. hydrologic cycle.b. sedimentary cycle.c. carbohydrate cycle.d. atmospheric cycle.e. rock cycle.

____ 47. The hydrologic cycle is driven primarily bya. solar energy and gravity.b. solar energy and the moon.

c. solar energy and mechanical energy.d. mechanical and chemical energy.e. chemical energy from the moon.

____ 48. The amount of water vapor found in a certain mass of air is thea. relative humidity.b. absolute humidity.c. average humidity.d. air pressure.e. altitude.

____ 49. Condensation nuclei form from all of the following excepta. sea salt.b. soil dust.c. carbon monoxide emitted from vehicles.d. volcanic ash.e. smoke.

____ 50. Water covers about ____% of earth's surface.a. 54b. 64c. 74d. 84e. 94

____ 51. Water molecules ____ each other.a. attractb. repelc. have no effect ond. dissolvee. diffuse

____ 52. Which of the following statements is false?a. Water has a very high heat capacity and changes temperature very slowly.b. Water tends to ameliorate temperatures so that coastal towns do not show the temperature

ranges of towns in the interior of continents.c. Water has a low heat of vaporization; that is, it evaporates very easily.d. Water functions well as a coolant.e. None of the above statements are false.

____ 53. Which element could be called the "currency for energy exchange in living systems?"a. nitrogenb. oxygenc. carbond. sulfure. phosphorus

____ 54. Transfer of carbon between organisms depends primarily ona. fuel combustion and decomposition.b. photosynthesis and cellular respiration.c. soil bacteria and precipitation.d. volcanic activity and organic decay.e. the rock cycle.

____ 55. The two ways in which humans have most interfered with the carbon cycle area. removal of forests and aerobic respiration.b. aerobic respiration and burning fossil fuels.

c. respiration and photosynthesis.d. burning fossil fuels and removal of forests and brush.e. respiration and removal of forests.

____ 56. Nitrogen is a major component of all of the following excepta. proteins.b. nucleic acids.c. ammonia.d. groundwater.e. DNA.

____ 57. The form of nitrogen most usable to plants isa. ammonia.b. nitrogen gas.c. proteins.d. nitrates.e. nitrites.

____ 58. When organisms die, their nitrogenous organic compounds are converted to simpler inorganic compounds such as ammonia through the process ofa. nitrification.b. nitrogen fixation.c. denitrification.d. ammonification.e. leaching.

____ 59. Inorganic nitrogen-containing ions are converted into organic molecules througha. nitrification.b. nitrogen fixation.c. denitrification.d. assimilation.e. leaching.

____ 60. When nitrogen is added to aquatic systems, it is least likely to result ina. depletion of oxygen in the water.b. stimulated algae growth.c. immediate decrease in gross primary productivity.d. fish kills.e. anoxic conditions.

____ 61. Which of the following is not one of the common phosphorous reservoirs in the ecosystem?a. soilb. organismsc. atmosphered. rockse. marine sediment

____ 62. Phosphorous is used in the composition of all of the following excepta. fats in cell membranes.b. DNA molecules.c. bones and teeth.d. proteins.e. carbohydrates

____ 63. All of the following are sources of phosphorous excepta. inorganic fertilizer.b. runoff of animal wastes from feedlots.

c. detergents.d. acid rain.e. guano.

____ 64. The major plant nutrient most likely to be a limiting factor isa. phosphorous.b. calcium.c. manganese.d. potassium.e. nitrogen.

____ 65. Organic sulfur-containing compounds includea. sulfates.b. carbohydrates and proteins.c. fats and vitamins.d. proteins and vitamins.e. sulfites.

____ 66. Humans add sulfur to the atmosphere bya. refining petroleum.b. smelting sulfur compounds or metallic minerals.c. burning sulfur-containing fossil fuels.d. All of these answers.e. None of these answers.

____ 67. Which statement describes field research least?a. It has been used to develop most of our knowledge about ecosystems.b. It is comparatively easy to set up controlled experiments.c. It is relatively time-consuming.d. It is relatively expensive.e. None of these answers.

____ 68. Which statement least characterizes laboratory research?a. It allows measurement of model ecosystems and populations under controlled conditions.b. It is faster than similar field research.c. It is cheaper than similar field research.d. It has been used to develop most of our knowledge about ecosystems.e. None of these answers.

____ 69. Which statement least characterizes systems analysis as a research strategy?a. It is usually carried out by an expert in the field.b. It has developed over the last twenty-five years.c. It can be applied to complex systems that cannot be adequately studied in the field or

laboratory.d. It can simulate ecosystems.e. None of these answers.

____ 70. One member of a system analysis team is a person who loves to tinker with variables to see the potential impact of trying different solutions, to engage fully in the study of cause and effect. If you were a system manager, to which stage of the system analysis would you assign this person?a. system measurementb. system simulationc. system optimizationd. system modelinge. data optimization

____ 71. The American alligator is now listed as threatened because

a. their nesting mounds are easy targets.b. their skins are used to make shoes, belts, and pocketbooks.c. their meat is considered exotic.d. All of these answers.e. None of these answers.

____ 72. Where is most of the world's biodiversity?a. high-latitude forestsb. middle-latitude grasslandsc. low-latitude forestsd. polar grasslandse. tundra

____ 73. Which term means the opposite of the others?a. exotic speciesb. native speciesc. alien speciesd. nonnative speciese. generalist species

____ 74. Which of the following statements about amphibians is false?a. The oldest of today's amphibians were living as long as 150 million years ago.b. Amphibians are important indicator species.c. Amphibians are experiencing sharp population declines in a variety of habitats.d. Amphibians eat many insects, second in number only to birds.e. They are often considered keystone species.

____ 75. Birds and trout make gooda. nonnative species.b. native species.c. keystone species.d. indicator species.e. generalist species.

____ 76. Sea otters, dung beetles, and gopher tortoises are generally considered to bea. nonnative species.b. native species.c. keystone species.d. specialist species.e. generalist species.

____ 77. Species that can create and enhance habitats that can benefit other species in a community such as birds that regenerate deforested areas and spread seeds through their droppings are calleda. keystone speciesb. foundation speciesc. native speciesd. indicator speciese. invasive species

____ 78. Which of the following statements is false?a. When environmental conditions are changing rapidly, a generalist is usually better off than

a specialist.b. The fundamental niche of a species is the full range of physical, chemical, and biological

factors it could use if there were no competition.c. The competitive exclusion principle states that no two species with the same fundamental

niche can indefinitely occupy the same habitat.

d. Interspecific competition is competition between two members of the same species.e. Intraspecific competition is competition between two members of the same species.

____ 79. The relationship between fire ants and native ant populations is best described asa. mutualism.b. commensalism.c. intraspecific competition.d. interspecific competition.e. parasitism.

____ 80. A new kitten is added to a home with an established older cat. The older cat is observed to gobble up its food as well as that of the younger cat. This behavior is best described asa. interference competition.b. exploitation competition.c. mutualism.d. predation.e. parasitism.

____ 81. A new kitten is added to a home with an established older cat. You observe the older cat hiss and swat at the younger kitten in the kitchen where they are fed. This behavior is best described asa. interference competition.b. exploitation competition.c. mutualism.d. predation.e. parasitism.

____ 82. Interspecific competition can be avoided bya. eating at different times.b. resource partitioning.c. character displacement.d. All of these answers.e. None of these answers.

____ 83. A shark is least likely to be killeda. by a predator.b. for sport.c. out of fear.d. for food.e. for their jaws.

____ 84. A relationship in which one species benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed to any significant degree is best labeleda. competition.b. predation.c. commensalism.d. parasitism.e. mutualism.

____ 85. Of the following relationships, the one most likely to be described as a positive feedback loop isa. competition.b. predation.c. mutualism.d. parasitism.e. commensalism.

____ 86. All of the following are ectoparasites excepta. fleas and ticks.

b. mosquitoes.c. mistletoe.d. tapeworms.e. athlete's foot fungus.

____ 87. All of the following illustrate the relationship of mutualism excepta. lichens.b. epiphytes.c. ants and acacias.d. Rhizobium bacteria in root nodules of legumes.e. flowering plants and insects.

____ 88. The relationship between redwood trees and redwood sorrel isa. competition.b. predation.c. parasitism.d. commensalism.e. mutualism.

____ 89. Forms of nondestructive behavior between organisms include all of the following excepta. sharing resources by hunting at different times.b. sharing resources by looking for food in different places.c. parasitism.d. mutualism.e. commensalism.

____ 90. Which of the following statements about primary succession is false?a. It is initiated by pioneer species.b. It often involves species changing the environment so that they can no longer thrive and

must be replaced by other species.c. It generally results in more complex, more self-sustaining stages than the preceding ones.d. It is an orderly progression from pioneer species to climax species indicative of the region

being studied.e. All of these statements are true.

____ 91. How long does it take natural processes to produce fertile soil?a. weeks to monthsb. months to years.c. decades to a few centuries.d. several centuries to several thousands of years.e. several thousand years to millions of years.

____ 92. Which of the following would undergo secondary succession?a. cooled volcanic lavab. an abandoned parking lotc. a heavily polluted stream that has been cleaned upd. a bare rock outcrope. a newly created shallow pond

____ 93. Soil formation in primary succession is encouraged bya. physical weathering.b. lichens and mosses trapping soil particles.c. secretion of acids by lichens.d. All of these answers.e. None of these answers.

____ 94. A field ecologist observes primary succession occurring over a period of years. Bare rock is colonized by lichens that give way to moss that give way to ferns. She is most likely to report that the process guiding succession in this ecosystem isa. interspecific competition.b. tolerance.c. facilitation.d. inhibition.e. intraspecific competition.

____ 95. You observe a stand of dense hemlocks. You know squirrels from an adjacent area have brought pine cones to the ecosystem, but no pine seedlings have sprouted. Of the following choices, the best label for this observation isa. primary succession.b. tolerance.c. tertiary succession.d. inhibition.e. facilitation.

____ 96. You observe a maple seedling grow successfully in a birch stand. All species thrive. The best label for this observation would bea. primary succession.b. tolerance.c. tertiary succession.d. inhibition.e. facilitation.

____ 97. In mature ecosystemsa. most plants are annuals.b. species diversity is low.c. the efficiency of energy use is high.d. the efficiency of nutrient recycling is low.e. there are few, mostly generalized, ecological niches.

____ 98. Ecologists would consider all of the following to be natural disturbances excepta. droughts.b. floods.c. deforestation.d. fires.e. frost.

____ 99. Most terrestrial ecosystems are a dynamic patchworks of vegetation providinga. great biodiversity and sites for early successional species to gain a foothold.b. great biodiversity and sites that favor late successional species.c. moderate biodiversity and sites for all successional species.d. moderate biodiversity and sites for early successional species to gain a foothold.e. None of these answers.

____ 100. Which of the following refers to the ability of an organism to return to its former condition after a period of stress?a. stabilityb. inertiac. constancyd. resiliencee. persistence

Essay101. Measurements of dissolved oxygen (DO) are used to determine primary productivity in bodies of water.

a. Explain the relationship of dissovled oxygen to primary productivity.

b. How would the predicted levels of DO differ in each of the following pairs of water samples? Proved suppor tfor your prediction. Be sure to include a discussion of net productivity and gross productivity in your answer.

i. Pond water at 25 degrees Celsius vs. pond water at 15 degrees Celsius

ii. Pond water placed in the dark for 24 hours vs. pond water placed in light for 24 hours.

APES UNIT 2 Practice TESTAnswer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE1. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: The Nature of Ecology2. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: The Nature of Ecology3. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: The Nature of Ecology4. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: The Nature of Ecology5. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: The Nature of Ecology6. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: The Nature of Ecology7. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: The Nature of Ecology8. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: D TOP: The Nature of Ecology9. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: The Earth's Life Support Systems

10. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: The Earth's Life Support Systems11. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: The Earth's Life Support Systems12. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: The Earth's Life Support Systems13. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: D TOP: The Earth's Life Support Systems14. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Ecosystem Components15. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Ecosystem Components16. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Ecosystem Components17. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Ecosystem Components18. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Ecosystem Components19. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Ecosystem Components20. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Ecosystem Components21. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Ecosystem Components22. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Ecosystem Components23. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Ecosystem Components24. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Ecosystem Components25. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Biodiversity26. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Energy Flow in Ecosystems27. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Energy Flow in Ecosystems28. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Energy Flow in Ecosystems29. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Energy Flow in Ecosystems30. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Energy Flow in Ecosystems31. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Soil: A Renewable Resource32. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Soil: A Renewable Resource33. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Soil: A Renewable Resource34. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Soil: A Renewable Resource35. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Soil: A Renewable Resource36. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Soil: A Renewable Resource37. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Soil: A Renewable Resource38. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Soil: A Renewable Resource39. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Soil: A Renewable Resource40. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Soil: A Renewable Resource41. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Soil: A Renewable Resource42. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Soil: A Renewable Resource

43. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Soil: A Renewable Resource44. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Soil: A Renewable Resource45. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Soil: A Renewable Resource46. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems47. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems48. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems49. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems50. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems51. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems52. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: D TOP: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems53. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems54. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems55. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: D TOP: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems56. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems57. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems58. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems59. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems60. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: D TOP: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems61. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems62. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems63. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: D TOP: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems64. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems65. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems66. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: D TOP: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems67. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: M

TOP: How Do Ecologists Learn About Ecosystems?68. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: D

TOP: How Do Ecologists Learn About Ecosystems?69. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: D

TOP: How Do Ecologists Learn About Ecosystems?70. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: D

TOP: How Do Ecologists Learn About Ecosystems?71. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: E72. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M

TOP: Community Structure and Species Diversity73. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Types of Species74. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Types of Species75. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Types of Species76. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Types of Species77. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Types of Species78. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: D

TOP: Species Interactions: Competition and Predation79. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: E

TOP: Species Interactions: Competition and Predation80. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: M

TOP: Species Interactions: Competition and Predation81. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: M

TOP: Species Interactions: Competition and Predation82. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M

TOP: Species Interactions: Competition and Predation83. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: M

TOP: Species Interactions: Competition and Predation84. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E

TOP: Species Interactions: Parasitism, Mutualism, and Commensalism85. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E

TOP: Species Interactions: Parasitism, Mutualism, and Commensalism86. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M

TOP: Species Interactions: Parasitism, Mutualism, and Commensalism87. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: D

TOP: Species Interactions: Parasitism, Mutualism, and Commensalism88. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: E

TOP: Species Interactions: Parasitism, Mutualism, and Commensalism89. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E

TOP: Species Interactions: Parasitism, Mutualism, and Commensalism90. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: D

TOP: Ecological Succession: Communities in Transition91. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: E

TOP: Ecological Succession: Communities in Transition92. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E

TOP: Ecological Succession: Communities in Transition93. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M

TOP: Ecological Succession: Communities in Transition94. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M

TOP: Ecological Succession: Communities in Transition95. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M

TOP: Ecological Succession: Communities in Transition96. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: M

TOP: Ecological Succession: Communities in Transition97. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M

TOP: Ecological Succession: Communities in Transition98. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E

TOP: Ecological Succession: Communities in Transition99. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: D

TOP: Ecological Succession: Communities in Transition100. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M

TOP: Ecological Stability and Sustainability

ESSAY101. ANS:

a. Primary productivity (4 points maximum)*Primary productivity: rate at which autotrophs convert light energy into stored chemical engery*Increase in oxygen = increase in primary productivity*Rate of carbon compound formation measured indirectly through oxygen production*6CO2 + 6H2O--> C6H12O6 + 6O2*Gross productivity\GPP = rate at which primary producer synthesizes O2

*Net productivity= GPP- producer respiration

b i. Pond water at 25 degrees C vs. pond water at 15 degrees C (4 points max)*prediction: DO at 15 degrees C greater than DO at 25 degrees C*Why: saturation DO concentration at 15 degrees is higher than saturation DO concentration at 25

degrees C*Example

*Higher metabolic rate of aquatic orgnanisms at warmer temperature = less available oxygen*Fish die in summer ponds/trout live in cold streams*Drinks at room temperature hold less DO than when cold

*Elaboration of the exampleb ii. pond water placed in the dark for 24 hrs vs. pond water placed in the light for 24 hours (4 points max)

* Prediction: DO in light greater than DO in dark*Why: photosynthesis higher so DO higher

*photosynthesis is light dependent*light bottle is the NET productivity because both photosynthesis and cellular respiration are

occuring* dark bottle uses oxygen and respiration only

PTS: 1