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Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Test Bank for Life Span Development 16th Edition By Santrock

Complete downloadable file at:https://testbanku.eu/Test-Bank-for-Life-Span-Development-16th-Edition-By-Santrock 1. Development can be defined as the pattern of movement or change that:A. begins at childhood and continues until adulthood.B. begins at conception and continues until adulthood.C. begins at birth and continues through the human life span.D. begins at conception and continues through the human life span.

Page: 4Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.1Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.1: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.Topic: Studying life-span development

2. The _____ approach to the study of development emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, especiallyduring infancy, little or no change in adulthood, and decline in old age.A. prescriptiveB. constructivistC. traditionalD. evolutionary

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3. When taking his psychology class, Professor Sharma emphasizes that developmental change occurs throughoutadulthood as well as childhood. Professor Sharma is taking a(n) _____ approach to developmental change.A. life-spanB. evolutionaryC. normativeD. constructivist

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4. Two developmental psychologists are having a conversation. One believes in the traditional approach ofdevelopmental change, whereas the other believes in the life-span approach. The two are most likely to differ on:A. whether developmental change starts at birth or at conception.B. whether the tabula rasa or the innate goodness positions were correct.C. whether most developmental change occurs from birth to adolescence or throughout adulthood as well as childhood.D. whether the earlier theorists, such as Freud and Jung, were correct or whether the later theorists such as Piaget andSkinner were correct about developmental change.

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5. On your first day of class, Professor Red-Elk claims that for too long we have focused on the development of youngchildren, especially infants. She argues that the development of adults and elderly people is just as important. Thisprofessor is articulating a(n) _____ approach.A. evolutionaryB. constructivistC. normativeD. life-span

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Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Page: 5Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.3Bloom's: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: 1.1: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.Topic: Characteristics of life-span perspective

6. The maximum life span of humans:A. has increased over time.B. has not changed since the beginning of recorded history.C. has matched their life expectancy in recent times.D. is about 65 years as the first decade of the twenty-first century draws to a close.


7. Life expectancy in the United States has increased by _____ years during the twentieth century.A. 22B. 12C. 32D. 52

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8. The life expectancy in the United States is currently:A. 60 years.B. 79 years.C. 85 yearsD. 53 years.

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9. If you subscribe to Paul Baltes' perspective of life-span development, which of the following statements would youNOT agree with?A. Development is lifelongB. Development is unidirectionalC. Development is plasticD. Development is contextual

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10. The idea that no age period dominates development highlights the life-span perspective that development is:A. plastic.B. contextual.C. multidimensional.D. lifelong.

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Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.1: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.Topic: Characteristics of life-span perspective

11. Dr. Tepper-Harmon believes that life-span development cannot be studied without considering biological,socioemotional, and cognitive dimensions. Dr. Tepper-Harmon believes that development is:A. lifelong.B. contextual.C. multidimensional.D. plastic.


12. Many individuals become wiser as they age, but their performance on tasks that require speed in processinginformation starts to decline. This illustrates how throughout life, some dimensions or components of a dimensionexpand and others shrink, or how development is:A. plastic.B. contextual.C. multidisciplinary.D. multidirectional.


13. _____ means the capacity for change.A. ElasticityB. PlasticityC. ContextualityD. Tenacity


14. Tzu-Chiang is 55 years old and is currently enrolled in a college algebra course. He is pleasantly surprised that he isperforming well in the course despite not taking a formal math class for over 30 years. Researchers would considerthis an instance that illustrates how development is:A. plastic.B. multidisciplinary.C. lifelong.D. contextual.

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15. The idea that people don’t develop in isolation, but instead are influenced by the changing world of school, peers, andfamily life. This indicates how development is:A. contextualB. multidisciplinaryC. multidirectionalD. multidimensional

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Full file at https://testbanku.eu/APA LO: 1.2Bloom's: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.1: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.Topic: Characteristics of life-span perspective

16. As people enter adolescence they start focusing more time on romantic relationships, and spend less time withfriends as a result. This illustrates how development is:A. plastic.B. contextual.C. multidisciplinary.D. multidirectional.


17. "You can't teach an old dog new tricks." This old saying refutes Paul Baltes' life-span perspective that viewsdevelopment as being:A. plastic.B. multidisciplinary.C. lifelong.D. contextual.


18. Psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, and medical researchers all share an interest inunlocking the mysteries of development through the life span. This indicates how development is:A. multidirectional.B. plastic.C. multidisciplinary.D. multidimensional.

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19. "Individuals are changing beings in a changing world." Which characteristic of development is reflected in thisstatement?A. Development is multidisciplinaryB. Development is contextualC. Development is multidimensionalD. Development is multidirectional


20. _____ include biological processes such as puberty and menopause. They also include sociocultural, environmentalprocesses such as beginning formal education and retirement.A. Normative age-graded influencesB. Normative history-graded influencesC. Normative life eventsD. Nonnormative life events

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Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Bloom's: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.1: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.Topic: Characteristics of life-span perspective

21. By age 51, most women enter menopause. This is an example of how a biological process can exert a _____influence on development.A. normative history-gradedB. nonnormative multidirectionalC. normative age-gradedD. nonnormative age-graded


22. Influences that generally affect a generation (for example, the effect of the Vietnam war on the baby boomers) areconsidered _____ influences.A. nonnormative multidirectionalB. normative age-gradedC. nonnormative age-gradedD. normative history-graded


23. The cultural makeup of the U.S. population has changed over the past few years due to immigration and otherfactors. Such long-term changes in the genetic and cultural makeup of a population are part of:A. nonnormative multidirectional change.B. normative historical change.C. nonnormative life events.D. nonnormative demographic change.


24. When she was a child, Anna's home was wrecked by a tornado and her neighbor was killed. More than 30 yearslater, she is still terrified of storms. This is an example of how a ____ event can influence a person's development.A. normative age-gradedB. normative generationalC. nonnormative lifeD. normative history-graded


25. Nonnormative life events:A. do not happen to all people.B. happen to younger children, but not to older adults.C. are common to people of a particular generation.D. influence the cultural makeup of a population.

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Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Learning Objective: 1.1: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.Topic: Characteristics of life-span perspective

26. Keith has won the lottery and now has more money than he ever thought. This incident will likely affect Keith'sdevelopment and is an example of a:A. normative history-graded influence.B. nonnormative life event.C. nonnormative history-graded influence.D. normative age-graded influence.


27. Agatha is 83 years old. According to Baltes and his colleagues, _____ and _____ in her capacities will take centerstage.A. growth; maintenanceB. maintenance; regulation of lossC. regulation of loss; augmentationD. growth; regulation of loss


28. _____ encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that arepassed on from generation to generation.A. CultureB. GenotypeC. PhenotypeD. Ethnocentricity

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29. Dr. Wilman is researching the place women occupy in families in Japan and the U.S. Dr. Wilman is conducting a(n)_____ study.A. longitudinalB. ethnocentricC. cross-culturalD. decentralized

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30. Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to:A. the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on fromgeneration to generation.B. a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.C. the degree to which development is similar or universal across cultures.D. a social label placed on a similar group of people based on their heritage, nationality, race, religion, and language.




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31. _____ is a national government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens.A. Social policyB. Generational policyC. Cultural legislationD. Equity policy


32. Going by current trends, compared to the past 86-year-old Matilda is more likely to be living:A. with a spouse.B. with children.C. by herself.D. with grandchildren.

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33. Compared with earlier decades, U.S. adults today are:A. more likely to be married.B. more likely to be childless.C. less likely to be living alone.D. less likely to need social relationships and support.

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34. Two concepts that help provide a framework for describing and understanding an individual's development are:A. developmental attributes and behavior.B. developmental characteristics and traits.C. developmental challenges and opportunities.D. developmental processes and periods.

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35. Changes in motor skills, nutrition, exercise, the hormonal changes of puberty, and cardiovascular decline are allexamples of _____ processes that affect development.A. cognitiveB. biologicalC. socioemotionalD. cultural

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36. _____ processes refer to changes in the individual's thought, intelligence, and language.



Full file at https://testbanku.eu/A. CognitiveB. BiologicalC. SocioemotionalD. Cultural

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37. _____ processes involve changes in the individual's relationships with other people, changes in emotions, andchanges in personality.A. CognitiveB. BiologicalC. SocioemotionalD. Polycentric

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38. The connection across biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes is most obvious in the two rapidlyemerging fields of:A. developmental cognitive neuroscience and developmental social neuroscience.B. developmental biological neuroscience and developmental social neuroscience.C. developmental socioemotional pharmacology and developmental biological pharmacology.D. developmental cognitive biology and developmental cognitive biology.

Page: 13Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.1Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.2: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.Topic: Biological processes

39. The developmental period, when one is an infant, adolescent, or middle-aged person, refers to:A. a historical circumstance common to people of a particular generation.B. a time frame in a person's life that is characterized by certain features.C. a time frame in which a person experiences maximum change.D. a time frame in a nation's history that is characterized by rapid development.

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40. The _____ period is the time from conception to birth.A. perinatalB. prenatalC. neonatalD. postnatal

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41. Jonathan is almost completely dependent on his parents for his wants and needs and is only just beginning to acquirelanguage skills and sensorimotor coordination. Which of the following development periods is Jonathan in?A. Late childhoodB. Middle childhood



Full file at https://testbanku.eu/C. Early childhoodD. Infancy

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42. Mary is three years-old and in preschool. Identify the development period that Mary is currently in.A. InfancyB. Early childhoodC. Middle childhoodD. Late childhood


43. Alex is 8 years old and in the 3rd grade, his main focus is success in school, as he is gradually exposed to more andmore information about the world at large. The developmental period Alex is currently in is:A. Early childhoodB. Middle childhoodC. AdolescenceD. Adulthood

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44. Joey has shot up in height over the past year, has developed a deeper voice, and is starting to grow facial hair. He ispreoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family.Which of the following periods of development is Joey in?A. Middle childhoodB. AdolescenceC. Early adulthoodD. Late childhood


45. Brittany is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and lesswith family. Her thoughts are more logical, abstract, and idealistic. She is also experiencing rapid physical changessuch as gain in height and weight. Which of the following periods of development is Brittany most likely in?A. Middle childhoodB. Late adulthoodC. Late childhoodD. Adolescence

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46. _____ is a time of establishing personal and economic independence, career development, and, for many, selecting amate, learning to live with someone in an intimate way, starting a family, and rearing children.A. Early adulthood



Full file at https://testbanku.eu/B. Late adolescenceC. Middle adulthoodD. Late adulthood


47. Travis spends a great deal of time working and trying to establish his career. He is also wondering if he should movein with his girlfriend and about their long-term prospects. Travis is most likely in the _____ period of development.A. late adolescenceB. early adulthoodC. middle adulthoodD. late adulthood


48. Palma and her husband Frankie are in their mid-forties. Which of the following developmental periods are theycurrently in?A. Central adulthoodB. The nesting yearsC. Middle adulthoodD. Late adulthood


49. Peter is a senior partner at his law firm and is an important member of his church and community. Both his childrenare in college. Peter's situation is most representative of which period of development?A. Early adulthoodB. Middle adulthoodC. Late adulthoodD. Retirement


50. Late adulthood is a time of:A. life review, adjustment to new social roles, and diminishing strength and health.B. expanding personal and social involvement and responsibility.C. establishing personal and economic independence and advancing in a career.D. selecting a mate, learning to live with that person in an intimate way, starting a family, and rearing children.


51. Jessica spends a lot of time thinking about the choices she has made in her life and the events she has witnessed.She is adjusting to decreasing strength and health, and she has made several lifestyle changes as a result. Jessica ismost likely in the _____ period of development.A. adolescence



Full file at https://testbanku.eu/B. early adulthoodC. middle adulthoodD. late adulthood


52. _____ has the longest span of any period of development and the number of people in this age group has beenincreasing dramatically.A. Middle and late childhoodB. AdolescenceC. Middle adulthoodD. Late adulthood


53. Katie-Lou is 88 years old. Katie would most likely be characterized as:A. young-old.B. old-old.C. oldest-old.D. late-old.


54. Which of the following statements about the "young-old" is true?A. They are people between 60 and 65 years of age.B. They have little potential for physical and cognitive fitness.C. They show considerable loss in cognitive skills.D. They can develop strategies to cope with the gains and losses of aging.


55. Sharon is a 30-year-old stay-at-home mother to a toddler. Life-span developmentalists would consider her to be:A. in the second age of prime adulthood.B. transitioning from early adulthood to middle adulthood.C. a middle-aged woman.D. in an adult latency period.


56. Life-span developmentalists who focus on adult development and aging describe life-span development in terms offour "ages." The "third age" in this conceptualization spans from:A. adolescence to prime adulthood.B. twenties through fifties.C. approximately 60 to 79 years of age.



Full file at https://testbanku.eu/D. approximately 80 years to the time of death.


57. Darla is 84, however she still does crosswords and reads every day, and is getting around without the use of awalker or cane. What developmental pattern is she exhibiting?A. Normal agingB. Pathological agingC. Everyday agingD. Successful aging

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58. The developmental pattern experienced by most people in which psychological functioning peaks in early middle age,and starts to decline in the early eighties is called:A. Normal agingB. Pathological agingC. Everyday agingD. Successful aging

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59. Andrew is 60 and is starting to have memory lapses and struggling to complete things that used to take him no timeat all. He finds himself getting lost driving routes that he used to know. Andrew might be experiencing thedevelopmental pattern called:A. Normal agingB. Pathological agingC. Everyday agingD. Successful aging


60. Determining _____ age involves knowing the functional capacities of a person's vital organs.A. socialB. chronologicalC. biologicalD. psychological

Page: 17Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.2Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.2: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.Topic: Conceptions of age

61. Ramada, 69, an avid golfer and fitness enthusiast, recently got a comprehensive health exam done, and herphysician remarked that her vital organs were in such good shape that her _____ age was about 10 years less thanher chronological age.A. socialB. mental



Full file at https://testbanku.eu/C. biologicalD. psychological

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62. _____ age is an individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronologicalage.A. SocialB. PsychologicalC. PhysicalD. Biological

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63. In predicting an adult woman's behavior, it may be more important to know that she is the mother of a 3-year-oldchild than to know whether she is 20 or 30 years old. This reflects the concept of:A. chronological age.B. social age.C. psychological age.D. biological age.

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64. The 35-year-old grandmother, the 65-year-old father of a preschooler, the 15-year old surgeon, and the 70-year-oldstudent, all serve to illustrate that:A. old assumptions about the proper timing of life events no longer govern our lives.B. developmental age is becoming increasingly irrelevant.C. chronological age is becoming a more accurate predictor of life events in our society.D. biological age is becoming increasingly relevant.

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65. In the nature-nurture issue, nature refers to an organism's _____, nurture to its _____.A. personality traits; abilitiesB. attributes; ecological heritageC. biological inheritance; environmental experiencesD. acquired traits; heredity

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66. The _____ issue involves the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or alter.A. growth-declineB. stability-changeC. traits-characteristics



Full file at https://testbanku.eu/D. permanence-evanescence

Page: 18Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.1Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.2: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.Topic: Stability and change

67. Gina's therapist attributes her delinquent behavior to heredity and to the gross neglect she suffered as a baby at thehands of her alcoholic mother. Gina's therapist appears to be emphasizing the _____ aspect of her development.A. personalityB. life-long learningC. discontinuityD. stability

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68. In the continuity-discontinuity issue in development, continuity refers to _____, while discontinuity implies _____.A. abrupt change; stabilityB. gradual change; distinct stagesC. qualitative change; quantitative changeD. discrete stages; gradations

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69. The concept of discontinuity is characterized by:A. qualitative change.B. quantitative change.C. collective change.D. measured change.

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70. Dr. Drew is a scientist interested in the effects of music on cognitive development. Which of the following describesthe sequence he should go through?A. Collect data, conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, analyze data, and draw conclusions.B. Conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, collect data, analyze data, and draw conclusions.C. Collect data, analyze data, conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, and draw conclusions.D. Conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, draw conclusions, collect data, and analyze data.

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71. Dr. Perkins predicts that children who spend years playing a musical instrument are smarter than children who do notplay music. This testable prediction is known as a(n):A. hypothesis.B. classification.C. variable.



Full file at https://testbanku.eu/D. axiom.

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72. _____ theories describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion.A. BehavioralB. Social-cognitiveC. EvolutionaryD. Psychoanalytic

Page: 20Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.1Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Psychoanalytic theory

73. Dr. Berenstein holds the view that behavior is merely a surface characteristic and that a true understanding ofdevelopment requires analyzing the symbolic meanings of behavior and the deep inner workings of the mind. Dr.Berenstein can be described as a(n):A. psychoanalytic theorist.B. evolutionary theorist.C. cognitive theorist.D. behavioral theorist.

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74. Identify the correct sequence of the five stages of psychosexual development described in Freud's theory ofdevelopment.A. Genital, oral, anal, phallic, and latencyB. Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genitalC. Anal, genital, oral, phallic, and latencyD. Oral, phallic, anal, latency, and genital

Page: 20-21Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.1Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Freud's theory

75. According to Freud, our adult personality is determined by:A. the way we resolve conflicts between home life and professional life.B. the resolution of adult realities versus childhood fantasies.C. the way we maintain a balance between family and friends.D. the way we resolve conflicts between sources of pleasure at each stage and the demands of reality.

Page: 20Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.1Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Freud's theory

76. Most contemporary psychoanalytic theorists believe that Sigmund Freud:A. proposed a theory that has stood the test of time and needs no revisions.B. overemphasized sexual instinctsC. overemphasized cultural experiences as determinants of an individual's development.D. underestimated the role of the unconscious mind in determining development.



Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Page: 20Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.2Bloom's: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Freud's theory

77. The theory that was created by Erik Erikson is known as the _____ theory of development.A. psychobiologicalB. psychogenicC. psychosocialD. psychoanatomical

Page: 20Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.1Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Erikson's psychosocial theory

78. One of the differences between Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson is that:A. Freud underestimated the role of the unconscious mind in determining the life-span development of an individual.B. Erikson believed that development lasted only until the age of 20.C. Erikson emphasized the importance of both early and later experiences.D. Erikson overemphasized the role of sexuality in the life-span development of an individual.

Page: 20-21Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.2Bloom's: UnderstandDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Erikson's psychosocial theory

79. As defined by Erik Erikson, a crisis:A. will leave permanent psychological scars.B. will leave psychological scars that will eventually fade over time.C. will have a catastrophic impact on a person's development, and will leave a psychological scar that will fade overtime.D. is not a catastrophe but a turning point of increased vulnerability and enhanced potential.

Page: 21Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.2Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Erikson's psychosocial theory

80. The first stage in Erickson's theory is:A. autonomy versus shame and doubt.B. initiative versus guilt.C. generativity versus stagnation.D. trust versus mistrust.


81. Kelly responds to her infant's needs in a consistent and timely way. When he is tired she puts him down for a nap,and when he is hungry she feeds him. Erikson would say that Kelly is helping her son to develop a sense of:A. autonomy.B. initiative.C. trust.D. integrity.




Full file at https://testbanku.eu/APA LO: 1.3Bloom's: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Erikson's psychosocial theory

82. Two-year-old Julia is learning to talk, and her parents would say that her favorite word is "no." This would beconsidered normal for a child in Erik Erikson's life-span stage of:A. initiative versus guilt.B. intimacy versus isolation.C. autonomy versus shame and doubt.D. trust versus mistrust.

Page: 21Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.3Bloom's: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Erikson's psychosocial theory

83. McKenzie, age two, wants to do everything on her own. Her mother punishes her when she attempts to pour her ownmilk or tries to answer the phone. Erikson would say that McKenzie is likely to develop a sense of:A. inferiority.B. autonomy.C. stagnation.D. shame and doubt.

Page: 21Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.3Bloom's: ApplyDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Erikson's psychosocial theory

84. Johnny is attempting to resolve the crisis of initiative vs. guilt. According to Erik Erikson, he is most likely in:A. preschool.B. elementary school.C. junior high school.D. high school.


85. Erik Erikson's developmental theory consists of _____ stages that last from the first year of life to:A. seven; early adulthood.B. eight; late adulthood.C. six; adolescence.D. nine; death.


86. Edwin was a neglected child in his infancy. Now, at 31 years of age, he is highly cynical about the world and feelsthat no one can be relied upon. In relationships he is suspicious toward his partner, and these feelings eventually leadto the breakup of the relationship. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, this indicates that Edwin did notsuccessfully resolve the _____ stage of development, which in turn is causing him to experience _____ in his currentdevelopmental stage.A. identity versus identity confusion; stagnationB. trust versus mistrust; isolationC. autonomy versus shame and doubt; confusionD. trust versus mistrust; despair



Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Page: 21Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.3Bloom's: ApplyDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Erikson's psychosocial theory

87. The elementary school years where children need to direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectualskills is when Erikson's stage of _____ takes place.A. intimacy versus isolationB. integrity versus despairC. autonomy versus shame and doubtD. industry versus inferiority


88. Jessica, 16, is in the process of deciding what she wants to study in college. She wants to be an engineer one dayand a painter the next day. Erik Erikson would say Jessica is in the _____ stage of development.A. intimacy versus isolationB. identity versus identity confusionC. initiative versus guiltD. industry versus inferiority


89. During early adulthood, Erik Erikson's developmental stage of _____ occurs.A. intimacy versus isolationB. integrity versus despairC. initiative versus guiltD. industry versus inferiority


90. Caitlin, age 25, has a good job as a financial analyst but she has few friends and has had no success in dating. Sheadmits that being close to others is a problem for her. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, Caitlin is at a riskof reaching the state of:A. stagnation.B. guilt.C. isolation.D. shame and doubt.

Page: 21Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.3Bloom's: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Erikson's psychosocial theory

91. The term "generativity" as described in Erikson's seventh stage of development primarily reflects a concern for:A. helping the younger generation to develop and lead useful lives.B. forming healthy friendships and an intimate relationship with another.C. developing healthy ego boundaries.D. feeling secure in one's job.



Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Page: 21Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.2Bloom's: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Erikson's psychosocial theory

92. The final stage of Erik Erikson's developmental theory is:A. generativity versus stagnation.B. trust versus mistrust.C. integrity versus despair.D. intimacy versus isolation.


93. Roger looks back on his life and feels that he failed to reach his potential, squandered opportunities, and hurt a lot ofpeople. At 82 years of age, he knows it is too late to make amends. Roger is slipping into:A. stagnation.B. identity confusion.C. despair.D. mistrust.


94. Dr. Wong is a cognitive developmental theorist, so we know that he will stress the importance of _____ inunderstanding development.A. conscious thoughtsB. repressed memoriesC. biological processesD. the effects of genes and evolution on the development of intelligence

Page: 22Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.3Bloom's: ApplyDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Piaget's cognitive development theory

95. According to Piaget's theory, two processes underlie children's cognitive construction of the world:A. assimilation and generalization.B. adaptation and abstraction.C. association and abstraction.D. organization and adaptation.

Page: 22Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.1Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Piaget's cognitive development theory

96. Amir is 18 months old. According to Piaget’s theory, he is in which of the following stages of cognitive development?A. PreoperationalB. SensorimotorC. Formal operationalD. Concrete operational




Full file at https://testbanku.eu/APA LO: 1.2Bloom's: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Piaget's cognitive development theory

97. Piaget's four stages of cognitive development:A. start at conception and continue until adulthood.B. start at birth and end at death.C. span from conception to death.D. start at birth and continue through adulthood.

Page: 22Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.2Bloom's: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Piaget's cognitive development theory

98. Lynne, five, loves to draw and color. She represents the world with words and her drawings. According to Piaget'scognitive development theory, Lynne is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.A. preoperationalB. sensorimotorC. formal operationalD. concrete operational

Page: 22Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.3Bloom's: ApplyDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Piaget's cognitive development theory

99. Hidalgo, eight, is very good at addition and subtraction, but he has a hard time understanding the complex algebraicproblems that his 14-year-old sister does. Hidalgo is currently in which of Jean Piaget's stages of development?A. PreoperationalB. Concrete operationalC. Formal operationalD. Conceptual operational

Page: 22Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.3Bloom's: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Piaget's cognitive development theory

100. Sandrine is now able to use abstract thought as well as logic; Piaget would argue that she is in the _____ stage ofdevelopment.A. preoperationalB. concrete operationalC. formal operationalD. conceptual operational

Page: 22Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.3Bloom's: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Piaget's cognitive development theory

101. Vygotsky's theory emphasizes how _____ guides cognitive development.A. culture and social interactionB. biologyC. the unconscious mindD. genetic makeup

Page: 23Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.1Bloom's: Remember



Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Difficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory

102. A characteristic feature of information-processing psychologists are that they are most likely to:A. emphasize the influence of culture on development.B. emphasize that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it.C. state that individuals develop a gradually decreasing capacity for processing information.D. state that thinking does not constitute information processing.

Page: 23Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.2Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Information-processing theory

103. Behavioral and social cognitive theories emphasize:A. unconscious motives.B. discontinuity in behavior.C. continuity in development.D. that development occurs in stage-like fashion.

Page: 23Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.1Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Skinner's operant conditioning

104. Dr. Nasrin believes that associating behavior with consequence can shape the probability of a behavior occurring. Heis arguing that _____ conditioning is important for behavioral modification.A. stimulusB. operantC. classicalD. cognitive

Page: 24Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.3Bloom's: ApplyDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Skinner's operant conditioning

105. Nellie, three, bangs her head against the wall repeatedly throughout the day. How could Skinner's concept ofoperant conditioning be applied to address this behavior?A. Explore experiences from Nellie's early childhood and address them in therapyB. Test Nellie to determine her current level of cognitive functioningC. Investigate her psychosocial environment and eliminate stressorsD. Reward Nellie when she does not bang her head and punish the head-banging behavior

Page: 24Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.3Bloom's: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Skinner's operant conditioning

106. B.F. Skinner, a behaviorist, would argue that the most important things that shape development are _____.A. thoughts and feelingsB. unconscious motivationsC. rewards and punishmentsD. culture and society

Page: 24Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.2Bloom's: UnderstandDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.



Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Topic: Skinner's operant conditioning

107. Danny's mother is even-tempered, fair, and tactful. Seeing this, Danny is growing up to be a polite, good-naturedboy too. This imitation or modeling of behavior mirrors the concept of _____ in Bandura's social cognitive theory.A. operant conditioningB. observational learningC. salient stimuliD. classical conditioning

Page: 25Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.3Bloom's: ApplyDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Bandura's social cognitive theory

108. Bandura's most recent model of learning and development includes three elements: behavior, environment, and:A. person/cognition.B. culture.C. education level.D. motivation.

Page: 25Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.1Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Bandura's social cognitive theory

109. Fernando believes that as individuals adapt to their environment, development, or phylogeny occurs. He furtherbelieves that there are critical periods that have also been selected for. He is most likely taking a(n) _____approach.A. behavioralB. ethologicalC. social cognitiveD. psychoanalytic

Page: 25Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.3Bloom's: ApplyDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Ethological theory

110. Human infants go through an attachment period. John Bowlby calls this a ______ period, meaning that for optimaldevelopment attachment should occur during this period.A. positiveB. criticalC. sensitiveD. severe attachment

Page: 25-26Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.3Bloom's: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Ethological theory

111. A recent television documentary concluded that, from birth, girls are more nurturing than are boys. Daniel agreeswith this because he believes nurturing is an evolutionary trait passed on through the generations, because femalesneeded to be more nurturing to aid the survival of the species. Daniel’s view reflects the _____ perspective ofdevelopment.A. ideologicalB. clinicalC. ethologicalD. theological

Page: 25Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.3Bloom's: Apply



Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Difficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Ethological theory

112. Konrad Lorenz performed research with goslings and found that many, upon hatching, identified him as their mother.He coined this form of attachment:A. conditioning.B. imprinting.C. internalizing.D. acclimatizing.

Page: 25Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.2Bloom's: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Ethological theory

113. In Lorenz's view, imprinting needs to take place at a certain, very early time in the life of the animal, or else it will nottake place. This period of time is called the:A. receptive period.B. sensitive period.C. critical period.D. bonding period.

Page: 25Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.2Bloom's: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Ethological theory

114. According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, a person's family, peers, school, and neighborhood constitutehis/her:A. microsystem.B. mesosystem.C. chronosystem.D. macrosystem.

Page: 26Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.2Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Ecological theory

115. The _____ involves relations between microsystems or connections between contexts.A. metasystemB. mesosystemC. chronosystemD. macrosystem


116. The _____ consists of links between a social setting in which an individual does not have an active role and theindividual's immediate context.A. microsystemB. mesosystemC. exosystemD. macrosystem

Page: 26Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.1Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.



Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Topic: Ecological theory

117. The _____ involves the culture in which individuals live.A. chronosystemB. mesosystemC. ethnosystemD. macrosystem


118. Which of Urie Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems consists of the patterning of environmental events andtransitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances?A. MesosystemB. ChronosystemC. MacrosystemD. Exosystem


119. The idea that no singular theory can explain life-span development as a whole, but that each theory plays animportant role is referred to as:A. eclectic theoretical orientation.B. mixed theoretical orientation.C. abridged theoretical orientation.D. severed theoretical orientation.

Page: 27Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.3Bloom's: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development.Topic: Eclectic Theoretical Orientation

120. If Alex uses an EEG, FMRI, and measures of cortisol in his developmental research, these tests are best referredto as:A. psychological measures.B. neurological measures.C. physiological measures.D. genetic measures.

Page: 30Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.3Bloom's: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.4: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.Topic: Research Methods

121. Flevy, a marketing researcher, is conducting an extensive market study and has hired a big group of collegestudents to hand out a standard set of questions to shoppers at malls and supermarkets and to seek theirresponses. Which of the following methods of data collection is Flevy using?A. Laboratory researchB. SurveyC. Naturalistic observationD. Physiological measures

Page: 29Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.3Bloom's: ApplyDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.4: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.Topic: Survey and interview



Full file at https://testbanku.eu/122. Cynthia is conducting a survey on the prevalence and patterns of substance abuse in her city. Which of the followingproblems is she likely to encounter while using this method of data collection?A. The assumption that a person's behavior is consistent and stable.B. The inability to sample a large number of people.C. The assumption that surveys have to be conducted only in person.D. Some participants may not tell the truth and instead give socially acceptable answers.

Page: 29Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.2Bloom's: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.4: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.Topic: Survey and interview

123. Which of the following is a criticism of standardized tests?A. They allow a person's performance to be compared with that of other individuals.B. They assume a person's behavior is consistent and stable.C. They provide information about individual differences among people.D. They are difficult to design.

Page: 29Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.2Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.4: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.Topic: Standardized test

124. Ariel wants to describe the strength of the relationship between the number of airplane companies in the world andglobal warming. Which of the following kinds of research is Ariel most likely to perform?A. DescriptiveB. CorrelationalC. CollaborativeD. Discrete

Page: 31Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.2Bloom's: UnderstandDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: 1.4: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.Topic: Correlational research

125. Dr. Jackson's research has found that the correlation between IQ and head circumference is +.10. From thisinformation, we can conclude that:A. people with large heads have a higher IQ than people with smaller heads.B. there is a weak relationship between head size and IQ.C. people with small heads tend to have a higher IQ than people with large heads.D. head circumference is an important predictor of IQ.

Page: 31Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.3Bloom's: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: 1.4: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.Topic: Correlational research

126. Which of the following correlations is the strongest?A. -.65B. +.46C. +.70D. -.77

Page: 31Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.2Bloom's: UnderstandDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: 1.4: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.Topic: Correlational research



Full file at https://testbanku.eu/127. A(n) _____ is a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more factors believed to influence the behavior beingstudied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant.A. case studyB. surveyC. experimentD. correlation

Page: 31Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.1Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.4: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.Topic: Experimental research

128. A researcher is interested in the effect of exercise on stamina in elderly patients. The patients are randomlyassigned to be in a high-exercise or low-exercise training program for eight weeks. At the end of the program, theirstamina is measured by seeing how long they can walk comfortably on a treadmill. In this study, the dependentvariable is:A. the number of minutes on the treadmill.B. the exercise program (high versus low).C. the number of elderly patients.D. the eight-week duration of the exercise program.

Page: 31-32Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.3Bloom's: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: 1.4: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.Topic: Independent and dependent variables

129. In an experimental study, the _____ group serves as a baseline against which the effects of the manipulatedcondition can be compared.A. controlB. experimentalC. dependentD. independent

Page: 32Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.2Bloom's: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.4: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.Topic: Experimental and control groups

130. The cross-sectional approach to developmental research compares:A. various research methodologies.B. various developmental theories.C. individuals of different ages.D. individuals of different genders.

Page: 33Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.1Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.4: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.Topic: Cross-sectional approach

131. Dr. McLean has designed a study to test the cognitive skills of people in their 30s, 50s, and 70s, where data iscollected over the course of a day through a series of tests. What type of research approach is Dr. McLean using?A. LongitudinalB. CohortC. LatitudinalD. Cross-sectional

Page: 33Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.3Bloom's: ApplyDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.4: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.Topic: Cross-sectional approach




132. The longitudinal method of research consists of studying:A. the same individuals over a long period of time.B. individuals of different ages.C. individuals from around the globe.D. individuals born in the same year.

Page: 33Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.3Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.4: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.Topic: Longitudinal approach

133. People who share similar experiences due to being born during a similar time or being of a similar generation, or era, but not due to their actual age are referred to as:A.friends.B. peers.C. a cohort.D. cultural twins.

Page: 33Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.3Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.4: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.Topic: Cohort Effects

134. According to APA's guidelines, all participants must know what their research participation will involve and what risksmight develop. This guideline addresses which of the following issues?A. DeceptionB. DebriefingC. Informed consentD. Confidentiality

Page: 36Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.1Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.4: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.Topic: Ethical research

135. When researchers use surface labels such as "Blacks," "Hispanics," and "Caucasians," they underrepresent thedifferences that exist among people within the same racial group. This practice is referred to as:A. ethnic gloss.B. euphemization.C. acculturation.D. ethnic cleansing.

Page: 37Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA LO: 1.1Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.4: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.Topic: Cultural and ethnic bias

136.Identify the term that refers to the capacity for change.Plasticity

Page: 6APA LO: 1.1Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.1: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.Topic: Characteristics of life-span perspective

137.Which age is determined based on physical health and the functional capacities of a person's vital organs?Biological age



Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Page: 17APA LO: 1.1Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.2: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.Topic: Conceptions of age

138.Identify the term that refers to the developmental issue or debate concerning whether development is influenced bybiology or environment.Nature-nurture issue

Page: 18APA LO: 1.1Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.2: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.Topic: Developmental issues

139.Which theories describe development as primarily unconscious (beyond awareness) and heavily colored byemotion?Psychoanalytic theories

Page: 20APA LO: 1.1Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.3: Summarize the main theories of human development.Topic: Psychoanalytic theory

140.Which theorist proposed that psychosexual development occurred in the following five stages: oral stage, analstage, phallic stage, latent stage, and genital stage?Sigmund Freud

Page: 20

APA LO: 1.1Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.3: Summarize the main theories of human development.Topic: Freud's theory

141.Which theorist proposed eight psychosocial stages of development?Erik Erikson

Page: 20APA LO: 1.1Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.3: Summarize the main theories of human development.Topic: Erikson's psychosocial theory

142.Xavier believes that we can study scientifically only what can be directly observed and measured. He argues thataffective and cognitive explanations are circular. Which theoretical orientation is most akin to his views?Behavioral orientation

Page: 24APA LO: 1.3Bloom's: ApplyDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.3: Summarize the main theories of human development.Topic: Skinner's operant conditioning

143.Which theorist developed the theory of operant conditioning?B. F. Skinner

Page: 24APA LO: 1.1Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.3: Summarize the main theories of human development.Topic: Skinner's operant conditioning

144.Riley argues that behavior is strongly influenced by biology; it is tied to evolution, and characterized by critical orsensitive periods. What theoretical orientation does Riley most likely take?Ethology

Page: 25APA LO: 1.2Bloom's: Understand



Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Difficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.3: Summarize the main theories of human development.Topic: Ethological theory

145.What term describes the method of gathering data by means of observing behaviors in real-world settings, makingno effort to manipulate or control the situation?Naturalistic observation

Page: 28APA LO: 1.1Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.4: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.Topic: Naturalistic observation

146. What are the three developmental pathways of aging? Explain the difference between them.

The three developmental pathways of aging are normal aging, pathological aging, and successful aging.Normal aging is experienced by most people, in which psychological functioning peaks during early middleage, stays stable until the late fifties to early sixties and then declines modestly in the early eighties.Meanwhile, pathological aging is shown in those who have greater than average decline during the adult years.During early old age they begin to demonstrate mild cognitive impairment, and later develop Alzheimerdisease or another chronic disease that impairs their everyday functioning. Successful aging is when people’spositive physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development is maintained with much less decline in old age.

Page: 15APA LO: 1.3Bloom's: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.2: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.Topic: Periods of development

147. In addition to chronological age, list and briefly describe the three other ways that "age" has been conceptualized.

Biological age is a person's age in terms of biological health and is determined by knowing the functionalcapacities of a person's vital organs. Psychological age refers to an individual's adaptive capacities comparedwith others of the same chronological age. Social age refers to connectedness with others and the social rolesindividuals adopt.

Page: 17APA LO: 1.1Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.2: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.Topic: Conceptions of age

148. What is the connection between age and happiness? What evidence is there for this relationship and why does itexist?

The connection between age and happiness is that happiness tends to increase with age. In studies done on people ages 18-88, 33% report beinghappy at 88, while only 24% report happiness in late teens/early twenties. The reason is that there is a greater focus on having better relationshipswith those who are important to them, combined with less pressure to achieve, in conjunction with more time to pursue leisurely pursuits.However, there are some discrepancies where this increase in life-satisfaction and age is not seen, such as older adults in poor health, anddifferences across countries.

Page: 16APA LO: 1.3Bloom's: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.2: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.Topic: Either should be Significance of Age or Age and Happiness

149. Define theory and hypothesis. Illustrate your answer with an example.

A theory is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and facilitate predictions. Ahypothesis is a specific assumption and prediction that can be tested and determined for accuracy. Hypothesesare formulated in order to test the assumptions of a theory. Results from research based on these hypothesesmay, in turn, be used to revise the theory.

Page: 20APA LO: 1.3Bloom's: ApplyDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.3: Summarize the main theories of human development.Topic: Scientific method

150. What are the four important ethical issues that the APA research guidelines address? Name them and explain whythey are important.



Full file at https://testbanku.eu/1. Informed consent: Participants must know what is involved in the research they are partaking in and what risks are involved. Additionally,participants should be able to withdraw at any time.2. Confidentiality: Data is to remain confidential to protect the identity of the research participant.3. Debriefing: After the study is preformed participants should be fully told of the study’s methods and purpose, in more detail than the initialexplanation.4. Deception: Sometimes deception is necessary to prevent participants from altering their behavior and to get accurate results. In these cases noharm should occur from the deception and the participants should be briefed on the real purpose of the study and the methods right after the studyis complete.

Page: 36APA LO: 1.1Bloom's: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.4: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.Topic: Ethical research

151. List Freud's psychosexual stages and explain how adult personality is determined as a result of these stages.

Freud believed that we go through five stages of psychosexual development: oral, anal, phallic, latency, andgenital. According to Freud, our adult personality is determined by the way we resolve conflicts betweensources of pleasure at each stage and the demands of reality.

Page: 20APA LO: 1.1Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.3: Summarize the main theories of human development.Topic: Freud's theory

152. Briefly describe the ethological perspective. Provide an example that involves a critical period to support thisperspective's argument.

Ethology stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods. These arespecific time frames during which, according to ethologists, the presence or absence of certain experiences has a long-lasting influence onindividuals. Lorenz coined the term "imprinting" to describe the process of the rapid, innate learning that involves attachment to the first movingobject seen. In Lorenz's view, imprinting needs to take place at a certain, very early time in the life of the animal, or else it will not take place. Thispoint in time is called a critical period.

Page: 25APA LO: 1.3Bloom's: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: 1.3: Summarize the main theories of human development.Topic: Ethological theory

153. List and briefly describe Urie Bronfenbrenner's five environmental systems.

Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory identifies five environmental systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.The microsystem is the setting in which an individual lives. The mesosystem involves relations between microsystems or connections betweencontexts. The exosystem consists of links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individual'simmediate environment. The macrosystem involves the culture in which individuals live. The chronosystem consists of the patterning ofenvironmental events and transitions as well as sociohistorical circumstances.

Page: 26-27APA LO: 1.1Bloom's: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.3: Summarize the main theories of human development.Topic: Ecological theory

154. Explain eclectic theoretical orientation. What is the merit in using such an orientation?

An eclectic theoretical orientation is one which does not follow any one theoretical approach but rather selectsfrom each theory whatever is considered its best features. In this way, one can view the study of developmentas it actually exists—with different theorists making different assumptions, stressing different empiricalproblems, and using different strategies to discover information.

Page: 27APA LO: 1.1Bloom's: UnderstandDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.3: Summarize the main theories of human development.Topic: Ecological theory

155. Name one advantage and one disadvantage of using surveys as a way to collect data.




Surveys can be used to study a wide range of topics and can collect data from a large number of people.Surveys can be conducted in person, over the telephone, or on the Internet. A disadvantage to survey researchis that people sometimes respond in ways that they think is socially acceptable rather than saying what theyhonestly think and believe.

Page: 29APA LO: 1.2Bloom's: UnderstandDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.4: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.Topic: Survey and interview

156. If, as a developmental researcher, one wished to study in-depth the life and mind of Ted Kaczynski—the notoriousUnabomber—which method of data collection would one adopt and why?

A case study would best serve the purpose of studying Ted Kaczynski as the subject of research. A case study is an in-depth look at a singleindividual.It is performed mainly by mental health professionals when, for either practical or ethical reasons, the unique aspects of an individual'slife cannot be duplicated and tested in other individuals—as is the scenario for Ted Kaczynski. A case study provides information about theperson's experiences and allows the researcher to focus on any aspect of the subject's life that helps him/her to understand the person's mind,behavior, or other attributes.

APA LO: 1.2Bloom's: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.4: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.Topic: Case study

157. Briefly explain the independent variable and the dependent variable in an experiment. Describe the relationshipbetween them.

Experiments include two types of changeable factors, or variables: independent and dependent. Anindependent variable is a manipulated, influential, experimental factor. It is a potential cause. The label"independent" is used because this variable can be manipulated independently of other factors to determine itseffect. An experiment may include one independent variable or several of them. A dependent variable is afactor that can change in an experiment, in response to changes in the independent variable. As researchersmanipulate the independent variable, they measure the dependent variable for any resulting effect.

Page: 31-32APA LO: 1.3Bloom's: UnderstandDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: 1.4: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.Topic: Independent and dependent variables

158. Compare and contrast the cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches to research, listing the advantages anddisadvantages of both.

The cross-sectional approach is a research strategy that simultaneously compares individuals of different ages.Data are usually collected over a short period of time. The longitudinal approach is a research strategy inwhich the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more. In a crosssectionalstudy, the researcher does not have to wait for the individuals to grow up or become older. However,it gives no information about how individuals change or about the stability of their characteristics and canobscure the increases and decreases of development. Longitudinal studies address these concerns, but areexpensive and time consuming and carry the risk of participants dropping out mid-way.

Page: 33APA LO: 1.3Bloom's: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: 1.4: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.Topic: Cross-sectional approachTopic: Longitudinal approach

Category # of QuestionsAccessibility: Keyboard Navigation 135APA LO: 1.1 58APA LO: 1.2 38APA LO: 1.3 62Bloom's: Apply 50Bloom's: Define 1Bloom's: Remember 65Bloom's: Understand 42Difficulty Level: Easy 62Difficulty Level: Hard 26Difficulty Level: Medium 70Learning Objective: 1.1: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. 34



Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development. 41Learning Objective: 1.3: Describe the main theories of human development. 48Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize the main theories of human development. 11Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted. 24Topic: Bandura's social cognitive theory 2Topic: Biological processes 3Topic: Case study 1Topic: Characteristics of life-span perspective 27Topic: Cognitive processes 1Topic: Cohort Effects 1Topic: Conceptions of age 7Topic: Contemporary concerns 6Topic: Continuity and discontinuity 1Topic: Correlational research 3Topic: Cross-sectional approach 3Topic: Cultural and ethnic bias 1Topic: Developmental issues 1Topic: Eclectic Theoretical Orientation 1Topic: Ecological theory 7Topic: Either should be Significance of Age or Age and Happiness 1Topic: Erikson's psychosocial theory 18Topic: Ethical research 2Topic: Ethological theory 7Topic: Experimental and control groups 1Topic: Experimental research 1Topic: Freud's theory 5Topic: Independent and dependent variables 2Topic: Information-processing theory 1Topic: Longitudinal approach 2Topic: Naturalistic observation 1Topic: Nature and nurture 3Topic: Periods of development 22Topic: Piaget's cognitive development theory 7Topic: Psychoanalytic theory 3Topic: Research Methods 1Topic: Scientific method 3Topic: Skinner's operant conditioning 6Topic: Socioemotional processes 1Topic: Stability and change 1Topic: Standardized test 1Topic: Studying life-span development 1Topic: Survey and interview 3Topic: Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory 1



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