INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: COPYRIGHT AND INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY

Reading 1: Introduction to Intellectual Property (IP)

1. Study the principal branches of the intellectual property:

2. The text below introduces the key terms used when speaking about intellectual property. Read through the text quickly and think of the most appropriate heading for each of its paragraphs:

1. _________________________________

2. _________________________________

3. _________________________________

4. _________________________________

5. _________________________________

6. _________________________________

Intellectual Property

Copyright Industrial Property

Patents

Industrial Designs

Trade Marks

Literary, Musical, Dramatic and Artistic

Works

1

What is Intellectual Property or IP?

1. Intellectual Property, often known as IP, is a fast-moving and sometimes complex area of law. It allows people to own their creativity and innovation in the same way they can own physical property. In other words, Intellectual Property is the group of legal rights in things people create or invent. Intellectual Property typically includes four major components: patent law, copyright law, trademarks, and industrial designs. However, IP is much broader than this extending to trade secrets, plant varieties, geographical indications, performers rights, misappropriation, etc. As defined by Article 2, section (viii), of the Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)1, done at Stockholm, July 14, 1967, “intellectual property” shall include the rights relating to: literary, artistic and scientific works, performances of performing artists, phonograms, and broadcasts, inventions in all fields of human endeavor, scientific discoveries, industrial designs, trademarks, service marks, and commercial names and designations, protection against unfair competition, and all other rights resulting from intellectual activity in the industrial, scientific, literary or artistic fields.

2. Let us consider the major areas of IP: PATENTS grant an inventor the right to exclude others from producing or using the

inventor's discovery or invention for a limited period of time. In the USA, for example, before 1995, patents were normally issued for a non-renewable period of 17 years, measured from the date of issuance. Under the amended provision (which took effect June 8, 1995) the term will be twenty years measured from the date of application. While historically a model was required as part of a patent application, in most cases today, only a detailed specification is necessary.

TRADE MARKS are generally names, logos or drawings used to indicate the identity or reputation of a business. Trademark status may also be granted to distinctive and unique packaging, color combinations, building designs, product styles, and overall presentations. Service-marks receive the same legal protection as trademarks but are meant to distinguish services rather than products.

INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS protect elements of product appearance (i.e. shape or pattern, not function) resulting from the features of, in particular, the lines, contours, colours, shape, texture or materials of the product itself or its ornamentation;

COPYRIGHT applies to original creations in the literary, dramatic, musical and artistic fields, sound recordings and broadcasts, including software and multimedia.

3. Normally, property ownership involves 2 essential elements: control over the property by the owner and the ability to exclude others from using or interfering with the property2. In intellectual property, these elements must be adapted. The underlying idea usually takes some external form; for example, the invention is seen in a product or process; the design in a pattern or shape; the trademark in a name or logo. In most cases, the owner of the right must register the creation of the property and mark the idea in order to inform the public of the existence of the right.

4. The right to exclude others from using the property is the most important feature of intellectual property. The owner has the exclusive right to use the property, or to allow someone 1 Всемирная организация интеллектуальной собственности (ВОИС); the WIPO (created in 1967) is located in Geneva, Switzerland. The WIPO promotes cooperation among nations in intellectual property matters, administers various “unions” and other treaty organizations founded on multilateral treaties, and creates model laws for adoption by developing nations.2 to interfere with somebody’s property – оспаривать права на чью-либо собственность

2

else to use it. The value of the property is in its exclusiveness or in the revenue which can be generated from licensing others to use it.

5. Indeed, intellectual property law ensures that the best and most popular inventions and creations earn monetary compensation for their creators. This, in turn, inspires others to create through discussion and understanding. Therefore, the heart of intellectual property law is the balancing of (a) financially rewarding creation through granting of exclusive rights to the author and (b) promoting the free flow of ideas to facilitate more creation.

6. Each of the areas is governed by federal statutes which set out the conditions for creation, the process of registration, the right of the registered owner, the remedies for infringement and the rights of the public to use the property.

3. Now read the text again and tick the issues it addresses:

a. Intellectual property components h. unique packaging of a product

b. the WIPO i. property ownership elements

c. patent law overview j. cases of registering property creation

d. trademark law overview k. the most significant aspect of IP

e. industrial design law overview l. remedies for infringement

f. copyright law overview

g. patent terms

Vocabulary Focus

4. Read the text and find the words with the following meanings:

1) Certain creations of the human mind that have commercial value and are given the

legal aspects of a property right.

2) An exclusive right granted or conferred by the government on the creator of a work to

exclude others from reproducing it, adapting it, distributing it to the public, performing it in

public, or displaying it in public.

3) A graphic representation or symbol of a company name or trademark, usually designed

for ready recognition.

4) An invasion of one of the exclusive rights of intellectual property.

5) The human creation of a new technical idea and the physical means to accomplish or

embody the idea.

3

6) A word, slogan, design, picture, or any other symbol used to identify and distinguish

goods.

7) A word, slogan, design, picture, or any other symbol used to identify and distinguish

services (retail sales services, airlines services, insurance, investment services, and the like) as

opposed to a product.

8) A grant to an inventor of the right to exclude others from making, using, or selling the

invention.

9) A common-law form of unfair competition where the defendant has copied or

appropriated some item or creation of the plaintiff that is not protected by either patent law,

copyright law, trademark law, or any other traditional theory of exclusive rights.

10) Act of correcting an error or a fault or an evil.

11) One of the 16 “specialized agencies” of the United Nations system, created in 1967

and responsible for the promotion of the protection of intellectual property throughout the world.

12) Business information that is the subject of reasonable efforts to preserve

confidentiality and has value because it is not generally known in the trade.

13) A right reserved exclusively by a particular person or group (especially a hereditary

or official right).

14) To serve as the inciting cause of; fill with revolutionary ideas.

15) To lay out in a line.

16) The entire amount of income before any deductions are made.

5. Here is a more comprehensive list of key terms used to speak about intellectual property.Match the terms (1–11) with their definitions (a–k).

TERM DEFINITION

1. assignment A. Indirect infringement of intellectual property rights in which one

person contributes to the direct act of infringement of another.

2. contributory

infringement

B. The inherent right of every human being to control the commercial

use of his or her identity.

3. duration C. A formal sign or notification attached to physical objects that

embody or reproduce an intellectual property right.

4. field of use

restriction

D. An identical copy of a work or product protected by patent,

trademark, trade dress, copyright. When used as a verb, the act of

producing such a copy.

5. functionality E. A permission to use an intellectual property right, under defined

conditions - as to time, context, market line, or territory.

4

6. knock-off F. A provision in an intellectual property license restricting the

licensee to use of the licensed property only in a defined product or

service market.

7. license G. That aspect of design that makes a product work better for its

intended purpose, as opposed to making the product look better or to

identifying its commercial source.

8. notice H. The term or length of time that an intellectual property right lasts.

9. right of

publicity

I. A transfer of rights in intellectual property.

10. unfair

competition

J. Commercial conduct that the law views as unjust.

6. Give English equivalents and their explanations to the following Russian terms used when speaking about IP.

1. переуступка прав, правопередача2. соучастие в контрафакции;

пособничество в нарушении патента 3. срок действия4. ограничение области применения5. функциональность6. подделка7. лицензия8. уведомление3

9. право на публичность (публичное использование)

10. авторское право11. интеллектуальная собственность12. изобретение

13. контрафакция, нарушение 14. логотип15. неправомерное завладение,

присвоение16. патент17. знак обслуживания18. товарный знак19. секрет фирмы20. средство правовой защиты21. исключительное право22. вдохновлять, побуждать23. недобросовестная конкуренция24. излагать

7. Insert the correct preposition:

1. control ___2. remedies ___3. to apply ___4. to exclude ___

5. to extend ___6. to inform ___7. to interfere ___

3 For example, the use of the word “patent” or its abbreviation, “pat.”, together with the patent number, on a patented article made by a patent holder or his/her licensees. The formal statutory notice of U.S. trademark registration is the letter R in a circle symbol ®, “Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off.”, or “Registered in U.S. Patent and Trademark Office”. Many firms use informal trademark notices, such as “Brand”, “TM”, “Trademark”, “SM”, or “Service Mark”, adjacent to words or other symbols considered to be protectable marks. Notice of copyright consists of the letter C in a circle symbol ©, or the word “Copr.” or “Copyright”, the copyright owner's name, and the year of first publication.

5

8. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Термин «наименование места происхождения»4 описывает как географическое происхождение товара, так и его отличительные характеристики, определяемые особыми географическими условиями или методами производства. Термин «наименование места происхождения» отличен от термина «указание места происхождения»5, имеющего отношение только к географии производства. Так, сыр рокфор6 представляет пример наименования места происхождения, поскольку данное название указывает как на географию происхождения, так и на характеристики продукта. В то же время «парижские» духи - название, указывающее лишь на географию происхождения продукта и, следовательно, представляющее собой указание происхождения товара.

2. В законодательстве об интеллектуальной собственности существуют важные различия между «исключительными» и «неисключительными» (простыми) лицензиями. Исключительная лицензия необязательно является единственной7

лицензией, выдаваемой лицензиаром. Выдача исключительной лицензии гарантирует, что лицензиар не будет предоставлять другие лицензии, разрешающие использование прав в том же объеме и сфере деятельности, какие указаны в исключительной лицензии. Тем не менее, владелец прав может выдать неограниченное количество неисключительных лицензий на использование тех же прав. В случае выдачи неисключительных лицензий право собственности остается за лицензиаром.

3. Лицо, чьи права были нарушены вследствие недобросовестной конкуренции8, имеет право на удовлетворение требований гражданского иска9, предъявленного нарушителю10. Так, подделка товарного знака давно считается примером недобросовестной конкуренции. Другие правовые категории, представляющие собой типичные примеры недобросовестной конкуренции, включают обманную рекламу11, дискредитацию товаров12, нарушение коммерческой тайны, нарушение права на публичное использование, а также неправомерное завладение.

Reading 2: Copyright and Fair Use

1. Study the following scheme representing the main works covered by copyright:

4 appellation of origin5 Indication of source6 Roquefort cheese7 the one and only8 an act of unfair competition9 relief in a civil action10 perpetrator of the act11 false advertising12 trade libel

6

2. The text below introduces the key terms used when speaking about intellectual property. Think of an appropriate heading for each paragraph of the text.

1. ________________________

________

2. ________________________

________

3. ________________________

________

4. ________________________

________

5. ________________________

________

6. ________________________

________

7. ________________________

________

8. ________________________

________

9. ________________________

________

10. ________________________

________

The US Copyright Act

1. COPYRIGHT is an exclusive right granted or conferred by the government on the creator of a work to exclude others from reproducing it, adapting it, distributing it to the public, performing it in public, or displaying it in public. In other words, copyright is the legal right granted to an author, composer, playwright, publisher, or distributor to exclusive publication, production, sale, or distribution of a literary, musical, dramatic, or artistic work (also known as LDMA works).

2. The U.S. Copyright Act is Federal legislation enacted by Congress under its Constitutional grant of authority to protect the writings of authors. Changing technology has led to an ever expanding understanding of the word “writings”. The Copyright Act now

Main copyrightable

works

LDMA works

Literary works

Dramatic works

Musical works

Artistic works

7

reaches architectural design, software, the graphic arts, motion pictures, and sound recordings. Given the scope of the Federal legislation and its provision precluding inconsistent state law, the field is almost exclusively a Federal one. The federal agency charged with administering the act is the Copyright Office of the Library of Congress.

3. To be covered by copyright a work must be original and in a concrete “medium of expression”. Under current law, works are covered whether or not a copyright notice is attached and whether or not the work is registered. The basic duration of a copyright is the life of the author plus 70 years.

4. The U.S. Copyright Act grants certain exclusive rights to the owner of a copyright in a work. These exclusive rights are different from the rights given to a person who merely owns a copy of the work. A copyright gives the owner the exclusive rights:

- to reproduce the copyrighted work;- to distribute copies of the work to the public;- to perform the copyrighted work publicly;- to display the copyrighted work publicly;- to produce or license derivatives of his or her work.

These rights are not without limit, however, as they are specifically limited by “fair use13” and several other specific limitations set forth in the Copyright Act. The rights granted under copyright law are described in more detail below:

5. The reproduction right is perhaps the most important right granted by the Copyright Act. Under this right, no one other than the copyright owner may make any reproductions or copies of the work. Examples of unauthorized acts which are prohibited under this right include photocopying a book, copying a computer software program, using a cartoon character on a t-shirt, and incorporating a portion of another's song into a new song. It is not necessary that the entire original work be copied for an infringement of the reproduction right to occur. All that is necessary is that the copying be “substantial and material”.

6. The right to make a derivative work overlaps somewhat with the reproduction right. According to the Copyright Act, a derivative work is a work based upon one or more preexisting works, such as a translation, musical arrangement, dramatization, fictionalization, motion picture version, sound recording, art reproduction, abridgment, condensation, or any other form in which a work may be recast, transformed, or adapted.

A derivative work usually involves a type of transformation, such as the transformation of a novel into a motion picture. In the computer industry, a second version of a software program is generally considered a derivative work based upon the earlier version.

7. The distribution right grants the copyright holder the exclusive right to make a work available to the public by sale, rental, lease, or lending. This right allows the copyright holder to prevent the distribution of unauthorized copies of a work. In addition, the right allows the copyright holder to control the first distribution of a particular authorized copy. However, the distribution right is limited by the “first sale doctrine”, which states that after the first sale or distribution of a copy, the copyright holder can no longer control what happens to that copy. Thus, after a book has been purchased at a book store (the first sale of a copy), the copyright holder has no say over how that copy is further distributed. Thus, the book could be rented or resold without the permission of the copyright holder.

13 Fair Use is a concept of copyright law in which a limited copying of copyrighted material is permissible under some circumstances such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright.  Factors to be used in determining if usage is fair use include: the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; the nature of the work; the amount of work used; and the market value impact on the copyrighted work.

8

Congress has enacted several limitations to the first sale doctrine, including a prohibition on the rental of software and phonorecords.

8. The public performance right allows the copyright holder to control the public performance of certain copyrighted works. The scope of the performance right is limited to the following types of works:

- literary works;- musical works;- dramatic works;- choreographic works;- pantomimes;- motion pictures;- audio visual works.

Under the public performance right, a copyright holder is allowed to control when the work is performed “publicly”. A performance is considered “public” when the work is performed in a “place open to the public or at a place where a substantial number of persons outside of a normal circle of a family and its social acquaintances are gathered”. A performance is also considered to be public if it is transmitted to multiple locations, such as through television and the radio. Thus, it would be a violation of the public performance right in a motion picture to rent a video and to show it in a public park or theater without obtaining a license from the copyright holder. In contrast, the performance of the video on a home TV where friends and family are gathered would not be considered a “public” performance and would not be prohibited under the Copyright Act.

9. The public performance right is generally held to cover computer software, since software is considered a literary work under the Copyright Act. In addition, many software programs fall under the definition of an audio visual work. The application of the public performance right to software has not been fully developed, except that it is clear that a publicly available video game is controlled by this right.

10. The public display right is similar to the public performance right, except that this right controls the public “display” of a work. This right is limited to the following types of works:

- literary works;- musical works;- dramatic works;- choreographic works;- pantomimes;- pictorial works;- graphical works; - sculptural works; - stills (individual images) from motion pictures and other audio visual works.

Vocabulary Focus

3. Look these words up in a dictionary. Do you pronounce them correctly?

Architectural, audiovisual, author, covered, derivative, detail, dichotomy, doctrine, exclusive,

merely, multiple, to own, phonorecord, to purchase, recording, to transmit, violation.

9

4. Read the text and find the words with the following meanings:

1) Audiotapes, compact discs, computer chips that store sounds, and the like.

2) A category of copyrightable work consisting of the sounds that are recorded in a

phonorecord.

3) A work based on a preexisting work that is changed, condensed, recast, or

embellished in some way.

4) An act that disregards an agreement or a right.

5) An area in which something acts or operates or has power or control.

6) Having or involving or consisting of more than one part or entity or individual.

7) Obtainable or accessible and ready for use or service by public.

8) One of the six exclusive rights held by a copyright owner, under which the

copyright owner has the exclusive right to distribute copies or phonorecords of the work

to the public by sale, lease, or rental.

9) To broadcast over the airwaves, as in radio or television.

10) To keep from happening or arising; to have the effect of preventing; to make

impossible, esp. beforehand.

11) To order by virtue of superior authority; decree.

5. Here is a more comprehensive list of key terms used to speak about copyright.Match the terms (1–15) with their definitions (a–o).

TERM DEFINITION

1. audiovisual

work

A. An exception to the exclusive right of a copyright owner to

distribute copies or phonorecords of the copyrighted work. Under this

principle, the copyright owner has the right to sell a copy of a book but

not the right to control subsequent sales of that copy.

2. author B. Certain rights of authors beyond those strictly recognized in

copyright law.

3. compilation C. A copyrightable work consisting of a collection and assembly of

preexisting material.

4. fair use D. Either the real person who creates a copyrightable work or the

employer, corporate or individual, of a person who creates a

copyrightable work within the scope of employment.

5. first sale

doctrine

E. A work prepared by an employee within the scope of his or her

employment or a commissioned work that the parties agree in writing

10

to treat as a work made for hire.

6. idea-

expression

dichotomy

F. The degree of resemblance between a copyrighted work and a

second work that is sufficient to constitute copyright infringement by

the second work.

7. joint

authors

G. The distribution of copies or phonorecords of a work to the public.

8. moral

rights14

H. The act of exact, unauthorized, and illegal reproduction on a

commercial scale of a copyrighted work or of a trademarked product.

9. phonorecor

d

I. The fundamental rule of law that copyright does not protect an

idea; copyright protects only specific expressions of an idea.

10. piracy J. A copyrightable work consisting of images that are related,

presented in a series, and intended to be shown by the use of a

machine, as well as any sound accompanying the work.

11. publication K. The collaborating creators of a single copyrightable work who

merge their separate contributions to the work.

12. renewal L. The material objects that store or fix copyrightable sounds, other

than soundtrack accompanying a motion picture.

13. reverse

engineering

M. A defense to a charge of copyright or trademark infringement.

14. substantial

similarity

N. The extension of a registration of a trademark or the extension of a

copyright.

15. work made

for hire

O. A method of obtaining technical information by starting with a

publicly available product and determining what it is made of, what

makes it work, or how it was produced.

6. Give English equivalents and their explanations to the following Russian terms used when speaking about IP:

14 Moral rights generally fall into three categories: the right of an author to receive credit as the author of a work, to prevent others from falsely being

named author, and to prevent use of the author's name in connection with works the author did not create; the right of an author to prevent mutilation of a work; and the right to withdraw a work from distribution if it no longer represents the views of the author.

11

1. добросовестное использование2. аудиовизуальная работа3. автор4. компиляция5. копия6. «производное» произведение7. право на распространение8. доктрина первой продажи9. дихотомия «идея-выражение»10. соавторы11. моральные права12. работа, выполненная по найму13. фонограмма

14. пиратство, контрафакция, нарушение авторского права

15. публикация16. возобновление (продление)

срока действия17. инженерный анализ (напр.

технологии изготовления с целью раскрытия секретов фирмы-конкурента)

18. звукозапись19. существенное сходство20. предоставление полномочий

7. Insert the correct preposition:

1. to charge smb ___

2. according ___

3. to obtain smth ___

4. to confer ___

5. ___ public

6. a right __

7. ___ law

8. to incorporate smth ___

9. to overlap ___

10. to happen ___

11. limited ___

12. application ___

8. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Понятие «автор» в законодательстве об авторском праве охватывает не только писателей романов, пьес, авторов научных трудов, но и создателей программного обеспечения и справочников, хореографов, фотографов, а также лиц, которые занимаются резьбой по камню15, пишут песни, озвучивают роли16, переводят литературу.

2. В отличие от других авторских прав право на распространение может быть нарушено простой передачей копий работы, независимо от того, законно или незаконно они были созданы, за исключением случаев, подчиняющихся «доктрине первой продажи».

3. Нарушение авторского права заключается в воспроизведении, применении, распространении, исполнении или демонстрировании на публике произведения, охраняемого авторским правом и принадлежащего другому лицу.

4. Совладельцы авторского права рассматриваются как владельцы на правах общего владения17, где каждый совладелец обладает правом независимо от другого выдавать лицензию на использование работы, при том условии, что он обязан отчитываться перед другими совладельцами за любую полученную прибыль.

15 to sculpt stone16 to record sounds17 tenants in common

12

5. В соответствии с законодательством об авторском праве лицензиат исключительной лицензии является собственником определенного права и может предъявлять иск за нарушение права, предоставленного ему лицензией.

6. Музыкальное произведение – это работа, состоящая исключительно из нотных записей18. Любые слова или действия, сопутствующие исполнению нотных записей, исключены из понятия «музыкальное произведение». Это означает, что в то время как мелодия популярной песни составляет «музыкальное произведение», текст песни19 представляет собой отдельное произведение, охраняемое авторским правом - литературную работу.

9. Answer the following questions:

1. Name the exclusive rights held by a copyright owner.

2. What is the basic duration of a copyright?

3. Give an example of contributory infringement.

4. What categories of moral rights do you know?

5. What does the term “writings” refer to nowadays?

6. What agency is charged with administering the US Copyright Act?

7. What kinds of works are covered by copyright?

8. What is the most important right granted by the Copyright Act?

9. Give examples of unauthorized acts prohibited under reproduction right.

10. What is a derivative work?

11. What does the distribution right allow the copyright holder to do?

12. What is the “first sale doctrine”?

13. When is a performance considered “public”? Give examples of a violation of the public

performance right.

14. Does the public performance right cover computer software?

Case Discussion

18 musical notes19 lyrics of the song

13

James is a stand-up comedian with a talent for improvisation. As part of his act, he asks the audience for themes and styles for songs which he then improvises; he sings and accompanies himself on a piano. When James is performing at the StarStruck Club, the owner of the club allows two members of the audience, Gill and Grant, to record James. James does not give permission for this.

Gill and Grant then make 200 copies of James’ improvised songs. These are sold to Fidgets, a respectable music shop. Fidgets put the tapes on sale and play one of the tapes over the shop’s sound system to encourage customers to purchase it.

One of these customers is Phillip, an inspiring novelist. Phillip is so inspired by “Rejection”, one of James’ improvised songs which describes a blind date gone wrong, that he writes a 500 page novel (called “Rejection”) based on the incident as it is described in this two-minute song. This novel is to be published next month. Phillip has called the foolish male protagonist in his novel “James”.

Do any copyright works subsist in James’ performance? As suggestions for the song came from the audience, is James the author of

the literary and musical works that subsist in his songs? What remedies, if any, may James have against the club owner? Do the activities of Gill and Grant constitute any infringement? Is Fidgets liable for any copyright infringement? Does Phillip’s book infringe the literary copyright in James’ song? Can

James prevent Phillip from calling the book’s main character “James”?

Reading 3: Patent Law

14

1. The text below introduces the key terms used when speaking about patent law. Look through the text and state briefly what each paragraph of the text is about.

1. ____________________________

2. ____________________________

3. ____________________________

4. ____________________________

5. ____________________________

6. ____________________________

7. _______________________________

8. _______________________________

9. _______________________________

10. ______________________________

11. ______________________________

Patent Law

1. A patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention, which is a product or a process that provides, in general, a new way of doing something, or offers a new technical solution to a problem. In order to be patentable, the invention must fulfill certain conditions.

2. A patent provides protection for the invention to the owner of the patent. The protection is granted for a limited period, generally 20 years. Patent protection means that the invention cannot be commercially made, used, distributed or sold without the patent owner’s consent. These patent rights are usually enforced in a court, which, in most systems, holds the authority to stop patent infringement. Conversely, a court can also declare a patent invalid upon a successful challenge by a third party.

3. A patent owner has the right to decide who may - or may not - use the patented invention for the period in which the invention is protected. The patent owner may give permission to, or license, other parties to use the invention on mutually agreed terms. The owner may also sell the right to the invention to someone else, who will then become the new owner of the patent. Once a patent expires, the protection ends, and an invention enters the public domain, that is, the owner no longer holds exclusive rights to the invention, which becomes available to commercial exploitation by others.

4. Patents provide incentives to individuals by offering them recognition for their creativity and material reward for their marketable inventions. These incentives encourage innovation, which assures that the quality of human life is continuously enhanced. Patented inventions have, in fact, pervaded every aspect of human life, from electric lighting (patents held by Edison and Swan) and plastic (patents held by Baekeland), to ballpoint pens (patents held by Biro) and microprocessors (patents held by Intel, for example). All patent owners are obliged, in return for patent protection, to publicly disclose information on their invention in order to enrich the total body of technical knowledge in the world. Such an ever-increasing body of public knowledge promotes further creativity and innovation in others. In this way, patents provide not only protection for the owner but valuable information and inspiration for future generations of researchers and inventors.

5. The first step in securing a patent is the filing of a patent application. The patent application generally contains the title of the invention, as well as an indication of its technical field; it must include the background and a description of the invention, in clear language and enough detail that an individual with an average understanding of the field could use or reproduce the invention. Such descriptions are usually accompanied by visual materials such as drawings,

15

plans, or diagrams to better describe the invention. The application also contains various “claims”, i.e. information which determines the extent of protection granted by the patent.

6. An invention must, in general, fulfill the following conditions to be protected by a patent. It must be of practical use; it must show an element of novelty, that is, some new characteristic which is not known in the body of existing knowledge in its technical field. This body of existing knowledge is called “prior art”. The invention must show an inventive step which could not be deduced by a person with average knowledge of the technical field. Finally, its subject matter must be accepted as “patentable” under law. In many countries, scientific theories, mathematical methods, plant or animal varieties, discoveries of natural substances, commercial methods, or methods for medical treatment (as opposed to medical products) are generally not patentable.

7. At present, no “world patents” or “international patents” exist. A patent is granted by a national patent office or by a regional office that does the work for a number of countries, such as the European Patent Office (EPO) and the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO). Under such regional systems, an applicant requests protection for the invention in one or more countries, and each country decides as to whether to offer patent protection within its borders. The WIPO-administered Patent Cooperation Treaty20 (PCT) provides for the filing of a single international patent application which has the same effect as national applications filed in the designated countries. An applicant (any resident or national of a Contracting State of the PCT) seeking protection may file one application and request protection in as many signatory states21 as needed.

8. In order to search patent applications and granted patents, some national or regional patent offices provide free-of charge electronic databases via the Internet. The WIPO provides access to a comprehensive electronic database on published international patent applications filed under the PCT system from 1978 to the present day in image format and to fully searchable text of descriptions and claims for PCT International Applications filed as from July 1998. Wherever web-based databases are not available, patent information may be consulted on paper, on microfilms or CD-ROMs, at the national or regional patent offices. Searchable Internet patent databases have significantly facilitated the access to patent information. However, given the complexity of patent documents and the technical and legal skills required, it is advisable to contact a professional patent attorney if a high-quality patent search is required.

9. WIPO Patent Information Services (WPIS) provides free-of-charge services for users in developing countries who wish to obtain technical search results in relation to their inventions. The Collection of Laws for Electronic Access (CLEA) provides easy access to intellectual property legislation from a wide range of countries and regions as well as to treaties on intellectual property administered by the WIPO.

10. Procedural and substantive requirements for the grant of patents as well as the amount of fees required are different from one country/region to the other. In particular, practices and case law regarding the patentability of software-related inventions vary significantly in different countries. For example, in some countries, “inventions” within the meaning of patent law must have a “technical character” and software as such is not considered a patentable invention, while in others, such requirements do not exist, so that software is generally patentable subject matter. It is therefore recommended that you consult a practicing lawyer who is specialized in IP or the intellectual property offices of those countries in which you are interested to get protection. On the other hand, computer programs may be protected under copyright. However, according to a well-established principle, copyright protection

20 Договор о патентной кооперации21 государство-сигнатарий, государство, подписавшее договор

16

extends only to expressions, not to ideas, procedures, methods of operation or mathematical concepts as such.

11. It is important to file a patent application before publicly disclosing the details of the invention. In general, any invention which is made public before an application is filed would be considered prior art (although the definition of the term “prior art” is not unified at the international level: in many countries, it consists of any information which has been made available to the public anywhere in the world by written or oral disclosure). In countries which apply the above definition of the term “prior art”, the applicant’s public disclosure of the invention prior to filing a patent application would prevent him/her from obtaining a valid patent for that invention, since such an invention would not comply with the “novelty” requirement. Some countries, however, allow for a grace period, which provides a safeguard for applicants who disclosed their inventions before filing a patent application, and the novelty criteria may be interpreted differently depending on the applicable law. If it is inevitable to disclose your invention to, for example, a potential investor or a business partner, before filing a patent application, such a disclosure should be accompanied by a confidentiality agreement.

2. Read the text again and find the words with the meanings below. Translate them into Russian.

a) The status of an invention, creative work, and commercial symbol that is not protected by any form of intellectual property law.

b) To register in a public office or in a court of law.

c) A collection of particulars considered as a system.

d) To intensify in value or beauty or quality.

e) A positive motivational influence.

f) To lose validity.

g) An application for sole rights to an invention.

h) To get by special effort.

i) A fixed charge for a privilege or for professional services.

j) Including all or everything.

k) The existing body of technological information against which an invention is judged to determine if it can be patented as being a novel and nonobvious invention.

l) One of the three conditions that an invention must meet in order to be patentable. It is present if every element of the claimed invention is not disclosed in a single piece of prior art.

m) A precautionary measure.

n) The level of official classification for documents next above restricted and below secret; available only to persons authorized to see documents so classified.

o) Violation of the rights secured by a patent.

p) A formal objection in a court of law.

3. Look these words up in a dictionary. Do you pronounce them correctly?

17

Designated, detail, effort, increasing, invalid, microprocessor, plant variety, reward, technical, to

encourage, to enhance, visual materials.

4. Look through the text and give synonyms to the following:

1. commercial use2. to divulge, reveal3. to infer4. to seek protection5. to make easier, to alleviate6. to stretch out

7. to conclude by reasoning 8. a precautionary measure 9. prospective 10. revelation 11. to have the power to do smth12. to become invalid

5. Here is a more comprehensive list of key terms used to speak about patent law. Match the terms (1–13) with their definitions (a–m).

TERM DEFINITION

1. design

patent

A. The physical part of the inventive process that completes and ends

the process of invention.

2. first to file B. A condition of non-patentability in which an invention cannot

receive a valid patent because a person with ordinary skill in that

technology can readily deduce it from publicly available information

(prior art).

3. first to

invent

C. Two or more inventors of a single invention who collaborate in the

inventive process.

4. joint

inventors

D. Information that enables a person to accomplish a particular task or

to operate a particular device or process.

5. know-how E. An ordinary level of proficiency in the particular technology in

which an invention is made.

6. obviousness F. A claim of a patent that covers a structure, apparatus, or

composition.

7. on sale G. A government grant of exclusive rights in a novel, nonobvious, and

ornamental industrial design.

8. process

claim

H. Commercial use of the invention before filing a patent application.

9. product-by-

process claim

I. A rule under which patent priority is determined by which inventor

was the first to actually invent, rather than who was the first to file a

patent application.

10. product J. For patents, a rule under which patent priority, and thus entitlement

18

claim to a patent, is determined by which inventor was the first to file a

patent application, rather than who was first to actually invent.

11. reduction to

practice

K. A claim of a patent that covers the method by which an invention is

performed by defining a series of steps to be followed.

12. ordinary

skill in the art

L. A patent claim in which a product is claimed by defining the

process by which it is made.

13. utility M. The usefulness of a patented invention.

6. Give English equivalents and their explanations to the following Russian terms used when speaking about patent law:

1. формула изобретения на изделие, характеризуемое способом его получения (формула изобретения «продукт через способ»)

2. формула изобретения на способ (патентная формула на способ)

3. внедрение в практику (практическое осуществление изобретения)

4. обычный уровень профессионализма (мастерства)

5. формула изобретения на изделие / вещество

6. побуждение, стимул, побудительная причина

7. коммерческое использование (в продаже)

8. обширный, содержательный, объёмный

9. соглашение о конфиденциальности

10. патент на промышленный образец

11. плата за услуги, денежный сбор

12. известный уровень техники

13. нарушение патентных прав

14. общественное достояние

15. первый изобретатель

16. полезность17. соизобретате

ли18. увеличивать,

повышать19. «ноу-хау» 20. новизна 21. оспаривание22. очевидность23. патентная

заявка24. первый

заявитель

7. Insert the correct preposition:

1. solution ___2. ___ a challenge3. a right ___4. to provide ___5. ___ the Internet6. an access ___

7. in relation ___8. to extend ___9. prior ___10. to prevent ___11. to comply ___

8. Translate the following sentences into English, making use of the words given:

19

1. Патентное право - отрасль права, нормы которой образуют систему охраны прав на технические решения (изобретения) путем выдачи патента.

2. В Соединенных Штатах существуют три вида патентов: патент на полезную модель22, охраняющий функциональные аспекты изделия или процесса; патент на промышленный образец, охраняющий графический промышленный образец23 полезных изделий; патент на новый сорт растения24, охраняющий новую разновидность растения.

3. Патент на промышленный образец предоставляет право запрещать25 иным лицам изготавливать, использовать или продавать промышленные образцы, близко напоминающие запатентованный. Патент на промышленный образец охраняет графический промышленный образец; его функциональные аспекты охраняются патентом на полезную модель. Патент на промышленный образец и патент на полезную модель могут охранять разные аспекты одного и того же изделия26, например автомобиля или лампы.

4. Нарушение патента на промышленный образец заключается в создании поддельного промышленного образца, который для обычного человека имеет существенное сходство с существующим промышленным образцом, целью чего является побудить человека приобрести товар, принимая его за другой.

5. Уступка прав патентообладателя представляет собой передачу прав на патент иному лицу (приобретателю патента27). Переуступка прав может производиться за счет передачи всех эксклюзивных прав на патент, неделимой части28

(например, 50 процентов от начислений) или передачи всех прав, действительных в указанных территориальных границах29.

6. Принципа «первый заявитель» придерживаются почти все государства в мире, за исключением Соединенных Штатов.

8. Answer the following questions:

1. What is a patent?

2. What does a patent do?

3. What kind of protection does a patent offer?

4. What rights does a patent owner have?

5. Why are patents necessary?

6. What role do patents play in everyday life?

7. How is a patent granted?

8. What kinds of inventions can be protected?

9. Who grants patents?

10. How can a patent be obtained worldwide?

11. Where can you find patent information and the patent laws of various countries?

22 utility patent23 ornamental design24 plant patent25 to exclude smb from doing smth26 article27 recipient28 undivided portion29 specified location

20

12. Can you obtain a patent for your software-related invention?

13. Can you discuss the details of your invention with a potential investor before filing a

patent application?

Case Discussion

1) In 1990 Carlos Armando Amado filed a patent for software which helped transfer data between Excel spreadsheets and Microsoft’s Access database. Amado developed the link technology in 1990 while a graduate student at Stanford. According to Amado, he tried to sell this technology to Microsoft in 1992 but they turned him down. He received the patent in 1994. However, in 1995 the technology first appeared in Microsoft Office, and between 1995 and 2002 Microsoft started including this software in their releases.

Carlos Amado filed suit in 2003 against Microsoft. He contended the patent on the link technology belonged to him. Mr. Amado claimed $500 million in damages (about $2 per software copy sold.). Microsoft disagreed. Joel Freed, Microsoft’s attorney, disputed Amado's claims, saying Microsoft had begun parallel work on the technology in 1989, pre-dating Mr. Amado’s patent and 3 years before Amado approached the software giant with his idea. “Microsoft began developing this technology in as early as 1989. It was developed by our own engineers based on our own pre-existing technology,” Microsoft spokeswoman Stacy Drake said.

The company did not deny the fact that Amado did meet with company officials in 1992. But that was three years after Microsoft had already started working on its own technology to link Excel and Access, so Microsoft had no interest in Amado’s technology.

However, Amado claims Access 95, 97, 2000 and 2002 contain his technology and allegedly infringe on his patent.

Microsoft officials absolutely deny Amado's claims. “Microsoft technology in this case was independently developed by our engineers and it functions very differently from Mr. Amado’s technology,” Drake said.

Do you think Amado’s claims were well-grounded?

2) NTP, a holding company, applied for and received multiple patents in the mid 1990s for a technology they called “Electronic mail system with RF (radio) communications to mobile processors.” NTP claims to have prototyped a device, but the actual business of bringing useful products to the public never materialized.

Meanwhile, RIM company actively and independently developed the line of two-way email devices. Blackberries, the first devices of their type to hit the market, were received with great enthusiasm, and RIM sold about 650,000 of the ~$400 devices and the stock value rocketed.

In 2002 NTP sued RIM for patent infringement, contending that RIM violated five NTP patents.

21

Considering the fact that NTP never put the patented device into practice, what do you think the court’s decision was?

Were NTP’s claims justified?

Reading 4: Trade Marks

1. The text below introduces the key terms used when speaking about trade marks. Read the text and state briefly what each paragraph of the text is about.

1. _________________________________2. _________________________________3. _________________________________4. _________________________________5. _________________________________6. _________________________________7. _________________________________8. _________________________________9. _________________________________10. _________________________________11. _________________________________

2. Read the text and find the words with the meanings below. Translate them into Russian.

1. a meaning for a trademark or service mark that customers associate with

a particular brand of products or services

2. acting according to certain accepted standards

3. capable of being enforced

4. companies not being joined in close association

5. housing that someone is living in.

6. not genuine or real; being an imitation of the genuine article

7. not genuine; imitating something superior

8. open to doubt or suspicion

9. readiness to embark on bold new ventures.

10. to engage in the commercial promotion, sale, or distribution of.

11. to hinder or prevent the progress or accomplishment of.

12. to keep away from

13. to make known with a word or signal

22

14. to mark as different

15. to try to get or reach

Trademarks

1. TRADEMARKS identify one seller's goods and distinguish them from goods sold by others. Thus, a trademark is a name, image, word, phrase, symbol, device or any combination of these that is used to identify a company, its goods and services from those of other companies.

2. Its origin dates back to ancient times, when craftsmen reproduced their signatures, or “marks” on their artistic or utilitarian products. Over the years these marks evolved into today's system of trademark registration and protection. The system helps consumers identify and purchase a product or service because its nature and quality, indicated by its unique trademark, meets their needs. In other words, trademark signifies that all goods bearing the mark come from or are controlled by a single source and are of an equal level of quality.

3. A trademark provides protection to the owner of the mark by ensuring the exclusive right to use it to identify goods or services, or to authorize another to use it in return for payment. The period of protection varies, but a trademark can be renewed indefinitely beyond the time limit on payment of additional fees. Trademark protection is enforced by the courts, which in most systems have the authority to block trademark infringement. A trademark is infringed by another if the second use causes confusion of source, affiliation, connection, or sponsorship.

4. Trademarks are especially important when consumers and producers are far away from one another. Children ask for Barbie dolls, Lego building blocks, and Hot Wheels toy cars. Some adults dream of Ferrari automobiles, but more can afford to buy Toyota or Honda brands. These consumers need trademarks to seek or avoid the goods and services of particular firms.

5. Throughout most of the world, trademarks are officially registered to be enforceable and legally restricted to the use of the owner or manufacturer. Registrations must be renewed. Yet, while copyrights and patents eventually expire, names of companies that treat customers well become increasingly valuable over time. In a larger sense, trademarks promote initiative and enterprise worldwide by rewarding the owners of trademarks with recognition and financial profit. Trademark protection also hinders the efforts of unfair competitors, such as counterfeiters, to use similar distinctive signs to market inferior or different products or services. If trademark rights were to expire, consumers would be collectively harmed as much as owners. Imagine the confusion if unaffiliated firms could sell products under another company's trademark. And consider, for example, the dubious quality of counterfeit and fake drugs and their potential for causing great harm, if not death, to unsuspecting users.

6. What kinds of trademarks can be registered? The possibilities are almost limitless. Trademarks may be one or a combination of words, letters, and numerals. They may consist of drawings, symbols, three-dimensional signs such as the shape and packaging of goods, audible signs such as music or vocal sounds, fragrances, or colors used as distinguishing features.

23

7. In addition to trademarks identifying the commercial source of goods or services, several other categories of marks exist. Collective marks are owned by an association whose members use them to identify themselves with a level of quality and other requirements set by the association. Examples of such associations would be those representing accountants, engineers, or architects. Certification marks are given for compliance with defined standards, but are not confined to any membership. They may be granted to anyone who can certify that the products involved meet certain established standards. The internationally accepted “ISO30 9000” quality standards are an example of such widely-recognized certifications.

8. It is also possible to receive trademark status for identification that is not on its face distinct or unique but which has developed a secondary meaning, i.e. acquired distinctiveness31, over time that identifies it with the product or seller. For example, a word such as “best” for milk is regarded as descriptive and not inherently distinctive. The primary meaning is that milk thus described is purported to be the best. To achieve exclusive trademark rights for a product called “Best Milk”, a seller using this word must use it so that it achieves a secondary meaning denoting that all milk marked “best” comes from a single commercial source.

9. To register a trademark, one has to file an application with the appropriate national or regional trademark office. The application must contain a clear reproduction of the sign filed for registration, including any colors, forms, or three-dimensional features. The application must also contain a list of goods or services to which the sign would apply. The sign must fulfill certain conditions in order to be protected as a trademark or other type of mark. It must be distinctive, so that consumers can distinguish it as identifying a particular product, as well as from other trademarks identifying other products. It must neither mislead nor deceive customers or violate public order or morality. Finally, the rights applied for cannot be the same as, or similar to, rights already granted to another trademark owner. This may be determined through search and examination by the national office, or by the opposition of third parties who claim similar or identical rights.

10. Almost all countries in the world register and protect trademarks. Each national or regional office maintains a Register of Trademarks which contains full application data on all registrations and renewals, facilitating examination, search, and potential opposition by third parties. The effects of such a registration are, however, limited to the country (or, in the case of a regional registration, countries) concerned.

11. In order to avoid the need to register separately with each national or regional office, the WIPO administers a system of international registration of marks. This system is governed by two treaties, the Madrid Agreement concerning the international registration of marks and the Madrid Protocol. A person who has a link (through nationality, domicile or establishment) with a country party to one or both of these treaties may, on the basis of a registration or application with the trademark office of that country, obtain an international registration having effect in some or all of the other countries of the Madrid Union. At present, more than 60 countries are party to one or both of the agreements.

3. Look these words up in a dictionary. Do you pronounce them correctly?

30 International Standardization Organization31 This acquired distinctiveness is known as “secondary meaning” because it is acquired second in time to the primary meaning of a word.

24

Purchase, increasingly valuable, initiative, competitor, counterfeiter, distinctive, inferior,

dubious, three-dimensional, audible, sign, deceive, violate.

4. Here is a more comprehensive list of key terms used to speak about trademark law. Match the terms (1–8) with their definitions (a–h):

TERM DEFINITION

1. counterfeiting A. A type of violation of a strong trademark in which the

defendant’s use, while not causing likelihood of confusion,

blurs the distinctiveness or tarnishes the image of the plaintiff’s

mark.

2. descriptive mark B. The totality of elements in which a product or service is

packaged or presented, such as the shape and appearance of a

product or container, or the cover of a book or magazine.

3. dilution C. A symbol used to identify and distinguish companies,

partnerships, and businesses, as opposed to marks used to

identify and distinguish goods or services.

4. generic name D. Word, picture, or other symbol that suggests, but does not

directly describe, something about the goods or services in

connection with which it is used as a mark.

5. passing off E. Trademark infringement where the infringer intentionally

meant to mislead or deceive purchasers.

6. suggestive mark32 F. A word used by most people to name a class or category of

product or service, such as “cellular phone”.

7. trade dress G. The act of producing or selling a product containing a sham

mark that is an intentional and calculated reproduction of the

genuine mark.

8. trade name (also: commercial name,

firm name)

H. A word, picture, or other symbol that describes something

about the goods or services in connection with which it is used,

such as purpose, their size or color, the class of users, or the

end effect on users.

32 A suggestive term is considered to be inherently distinctive and needs no proof of secondary meaning for registration or protection in court. For example, polar bear for parkas and coats merely suggests the kind of protection that a polar bear has from the cold.

25

5. Give English equivalents and their explanations to the following Russian terms used when speaking about trade mark law.

1. контрафакция2. описательный знак3. дилюция4. родовое наименование 5. вторичное значение6. внушающий знак 7. внешний вид изделия 8. фирменное наименование9. удостоверительный знак10. обозначать11. подделка, подлог

12. поддельный, фальшивый13. сбывать на рынке14. место постоянного жительства15. подмена, коммерция под чужим именем 16. коллективный знак обслуживания;

коллективный товарный знак 17. предприимчивость, смелость, инициатива,

предпринимательство 18. имеющий обязательную юридическую силу,

обеспеченный правовой защитой19. препятствовать

6. Insert the correct preposition.

1. a party ___2. data ___3. in return ___4. similar ___5. to evolve ___6. to file an application ___7. to reward ___

7. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Нарушение торговой марки состоит в несанкционированном33 использовании или имитации торговой марки, являющейся собственностью другого лица, с целью обмана или введения в заблуждение других лиц.

2. Соучастие в контрафакции (косвенное нарушение) торговой марки наблюдается, например, в тех случаях, когда производитель товара способствует или побуждает сбытчиков продукции выдавать ее за продукцию другого производителя.

3. Поддельные34 торговые марки идентичны или мало отличимы35 от подлинной торговой марки. Поддельные товары часто имитируют все компоненты конструкции или внешнего вида какого-либо популярного продукта с целью создать у покупателей ошибочное впечатление36 о том, что они приобретают подлинный товар.

4. В случае подачи сразу нескольких заявок на регистрацию торговой марки приоритет отдается заявителю, чья заявка была зарегистрирована ранее заявки

33 unauthorized34 counterfeit35 substantially indistinguishable36 to deceive customers into thinking

26

другого заявителя. В Соединенных Штатах владелец торговой марки определяется исходя из того, кто первым начал ее использование, независимо от того, кто первым подал заявку на регистрацию торговой марки.

8. Answer the following questions:

1. What does a trademark do?

2. What would happen to consumers if trademark rights were to expire?

3. Why is acquired distinctiveness known as “secondary meaning”?

4. Give an example of a suggestive mark.

5. When is a trademark infringed by another?

6. How is a trademark registered?

7. How extensive is trademark protection?

8. What is “contributory infringement”?

Case Discussion

1) Lock's Grapery, the plaintiff winery, obtained a license to use the MARILYN MONROE name and likeness from the Monroe licensing entity, and sold wine under the MARILYN MONROE brand for many years, displaying a succession of images of Marilyn on its labels, over the years. At one point Lock's Grapery also obtained a license for the copyright in a famous photograph of Marilyn on Red Velvet from the photographer, and sold wine with the photo on the label. Some time later the photographer terminated the license and then granted an exclusive license which allowed the use of the photo to the Defendant, a different winery, which reproduced the photo on its label. The Plaintiff, Lock's Grapery, sues on trademark infringement for use of the photo that it can no longer use, even though the defendant utilized the work under a valid copyright license.

What do you think the court decision will be? Can the plaintiff prohibit the use of an image by the rightful owner, when

Lock's Grapery itself cannot use that image? Give your reasons.

2) Among the various types of trademarks there also exist so called “tactile” trademarks. Thus, the INTA newsletter advises that U.S. Reg. No. 3155702 has been issued to American Wholesale Wine & Spirits, in connection with KHVANCHKARA wine. The description of the mark is “a velvet textured covering on the surface of a bottle of wine”.

Would this be confusingly similar to BLACK VELVET Scotch, sold in a velvet sack, and, therefore, lead to trademark infringement?

27

Reading 5: Industrial Designs

1. The text below introduces the key terms used when speaking about industrial designs. Think of an appropriate heading for each paragraph of the text.

1. ___________________________________

2. ____________________________________

3. ____________________________________

4. ____________________________________

5. ____________________________________

6. ____________________________________

7. ____________________________________

8. ____________________________________

9. ____________________________________

10. ____________________________________

Industrial Design Law

1. An industrial design is the ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an article. It may consist of two-dimensional features (patterns, lines or colour) of an article as well as three-dimensional features (shape or surface) used to produce a product, industrial commodity or handicraft. Design aspects may include the overall form and surface of the article, textures, sounds, and ergonomics, configuration or composition of pattern or color. These give the product an attractive appearance to the consumer. The appearance of a product or a product part (external form that is visible to the eye) may be protected by a design right, which is an exclusive industrial property right.

2. Industrial designs are applied to a wide variety of products of industry and handicraft: from technical and medical instruments to watches, jewelry, and other luxury items; from housewares and electrical appliances to vehicles and architectural structures; from textile designs to leisure goods.

3. To be protected under most national laws, an industrial design must appeal to the eye. This means that an industrial design is primarily of an aesthetic nature, and does not protect any technical features of the article to which it is applied. Industrial designs are what makes an article attractive and appealing; hence, they add to the commercial value of a product and increase its marketability. A design may be an important marketing tool, which increases the competitiveness of a company and is part of the company’s assets.

28

4. Industrial design rights are intellectual property rights that protect the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian. When an industrial design is protected, the owner - the person or entity that has registered the design - is assured an exclusive right against unauthorized copying or imitation of the design by third parties. This helps to ensure a fair return on investment. An effective system of protection also benefits consumers and the public at large, by promoting fair competition and honest trade practices, encouraging creativity, and promoting more aesthetically attractive products. Industrial designs can be relatively simple and inexpensive to develop and protect. They are reasonably accessible to small and medium-sized enterprises as well as to individual artists and craftsmen, in both industrialized and developing countries.

5. In the UK the first Act dealing with copyright in industrial designs was the Designing & Printing of Linen Act in 1787. It gave proprietors the sole right of printing and reprinting the design for two months from the date of first publication, provided the name of the proprietor was marked on each piece. The Copyright of Design Act 1839 extended protection far beyond the textile trade and gave us the foundations of modern design law. It allowed protection for the ornamentation, shape and configuration of any article of manufacture. This Act introduced a system of registration: unless a design was registered before it had been published, the benefits of the Act could not be obtained. This is still a central principle and differentiates a registered design from copyright in which rights automatically reside with the proprietor. The Design Act 1842 consolidated all earlier Acts and further increased the remedies for infringement. In 1843 this was amended to extend protection of the Act to designs composed of functional features. This meant that designs such as springs for a bicycle, an oil can and gas pilot light were then capable of registration.

6. Nowadays in most countries, an industrial design must be registered in order to be protected under industrial design law. As a general rule, to be registrable, the design must be “new” or “original”. Different countries have varying definitions of such terms, as well as variations in the registration process itself. Generally, “new” means that no identical or very similar design is known to have existed before. Once a design is registered, a registration certificate is issued. Following that, the term of protection is generally five years, with the possibility of further periods of renewal up to, in most cases, 15 years. In EU countries, the protection period of a registered design is 5 years, and this can be prolonged for additional five-year periods, up to a total of 25 years. Some countries also provide the protection of unregistered designs in their national legislation (e.g. Great Britain).

7. A grace period makes it possible for the designer or another successor in title to test the products featuring the design in the marketplace before deciding whether the protection of a registered design is desirable. This means that, when assessing novelty and individual character, a disclosure shall not be taken into consideration if the designer or his successor in title has made a design available to the public during the 12-month period preceding the date on which the application is filed or the date of priority.

8. Depending on the particular national law and the kind of design, an industrial design may also be protected as a work of art under copyright law. In some countries, industrial design and copyright protection can exist concurrently. In other countries, they are mutually exclusive: once the owner chooses one kind of protection, he can no longer invoke the other. Thus, many industrial designs are protected in the United States, Japan, and South Korea as design patents. Other countries - notably in Europe - offer copyright-like protection. In the United States, works having purely aesthetic appeal, such as jewelry or patterns that may be applied to fabrics, are protected by copyright. Under certain circumstances an industrial design may also be protectable under unfair competition law,

29

although the conditions of protection and the rights and remedies ensured can be significantly different.

9. Generally, industrial design protection is limited to the country in which protection is granted. Under the Hague Agreement concerning the international deposit of industrial designs a procedure for an international registration is offered. An applicant can file for a single international deposit with the WIPO or with the national office in a country which is party to the treaty. The design will then be protected in as many member countries of the treaty as desired.

10. A design owner has the right to use his design, e.g. by making, offering, putting on the market, importing, exporting or using a product in which the design is incorporated. The holder of a right may prevent the design from being used by any third party not having his consent and may decide who may use his design and under what conditions. Designs may be sold, licensed or mortgaged either for payment or free of charge. The licence can be granted as an exclusive licence, which means that the right is conceded to only one person or entity, which will have the sole right to use the design and to exclude others from doing so or as a simple licence. In this case the licensee is only granted the simple right to use the design without the possibility of excluding others from such use.

2. Read the text and find the words with the meanings below. Translate them into Russian.

1. The branch of engineering science in which biological science is used to study

the relation between workers and their environments.

2. To request earnestly

3. Overlapping in duration

4. Something used to beautify

5. To bring together into a single whole or system.

6. The outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting or

resembling such a boundary.

7. The characteristic appearance of a surface having a tactile quality.

8. A work produced by hand labor.

9. Having a useful function.

10. A skilled worker who practices some trade or handicraft.

11. Bring out an official document.

12. Unable to be both true at the same time.

3. Read the text and find English equivalents to the following Russian words and word combinations:

A) 1. бытовой электроприбор2. грационный срок, период отсрочки

3. дата приоритета4. исключительное право

30

5. конкурентоспособность 6. нормальный доход 7. общая форма

8. объёмная модель 9. правопреемник10. предмет роскоши 11. предоставлять (о правах)12. принадлежать (о праве)

13. регистрируемый14. массовые товары промышленного

назначения15. рисунок (на ткани) 16. среднего размера

17. торговая практика18. хозяйственные принадлежности 19. эстетическая привлекательность

B) (words from Ex. 2)1. взаимоисключающие2. ремесленник3. выдавать (документ)4. декоративное изображение5. объединять6. параллельно, одновременно7. практический, полезный8. текстура

9. внешняя сторона, поверхность, облицовка

10. ручная работа, изделие кустарного промысла

11. требовать применения 12. эргономика (изучение трудовых

процессов и условий труда)

4. Insert the correct preposition.

1. to reside ___2. protection ___3. remedy ___4. limited ___

5. to file smth ___6. to prevent ___7. to exclude ___8. requirement ___

5. Translate into English.

1. Закон о товарных знаках и закон о промышленных образцах имеют взаимосвязанные, но в то же время различные юридические цели и, следовательно, различны предъявляемые ими требования37 к объему правовой охраны, ограничениям, и т.д.

2. В отличие от промышленных образцов права на товарные знаки не имеют ограничения по времени. Главной причиной этого является то, что товарные знаки способствуют защите потребителей от риска быть введенными в заблуждение 38относительно происхождения товара, в то время как закон о промышленных образцах защищает исключительное право владельца промышленного образца изготовлять товар, независимо от его происхождения.

3. Главная отличительная особенность промышленного образца – новизна, а товарного знака - различительная способность. Нарушение товарного знака заключается в воспроизведения символа, указывающего на происхождение товара, нарушение промышленного образца – в воспроизведении внешнего вида товара вообще.

4. Защита промышленных образцов способствует экономическому развитию, поощряя творческую деятельность в производственном секторе39 и обрабатывающей

37 differ in requirements38 risk of confusion39 industrial sector

31

промышленности40, равно как и в традиционных ремеслах. Все это способствует расширению коммерческой деятельности и экспорту национальной продукции.

6. Answer the following questions:

1. What is an industrial design?

2. What do design aspects include?

3. How do industrial designs increase marketability of the product?

4. Why protect industrial designs?

5. How extensive is industrial design protection?

6. What requirements must an industrial design fulfill to be registered?

7. What is the general term of protection for industrial designs?

8. Is there a possibility of an international registration of industrial designs?

9. What differentiates a registered design from copyright?

Case Discussion

Mr. Thomas Slocum, a graphic designer agreed to design a t-shirt for Bakes & Co. free of monetary charge in exchange for the placement of his company logo on the sleeve of the shirt, to which they agreed. However, when it went to print there was a time handicap and the printer made the decision to leave off Mr. Slocum's logo and instead put theirs in its place without consulting Mr. Slocum or Bakes & Co. with whom Mr. Slocum had the agreement.

Should Mr. Slocum seek damages from the printer directly? And what are his legal options?

40 manufacturing sector

32

Follow-Up

1. Give antonyms to the following words using the vocabulary from the previous units:

1. distinguishable 2. fair 3. renewable 4. include 5. legal 6. lawful 7. exclusive

8. valid 9. consistent 10. distinct 11. limited 12. expensive 13. attractive

2. Give synonyms to the following using the vocabulary from the previous units:

1. revenue2. set out the

conditions for smth3. association 4. support 5. useful 6. limits7. abode 8. to keep, to observe

9. to misinform10. conformity 11. fragrances 12. false drugs13. doubtful 14. to block, to obstruct 15. violation 16. to empower 17. content

18. freshness 19. to register 20. motivators 21. to heighten 22. to pass away 23. to broadcast 24. range 25. to prevent

3. Insert the correct preposition.

1. a database ___

2. a procedure ___

3. a remedy ___

4. a right ___

5. access ___

6. capable ___

7. in return ___

8. information ___

9. party ___

10. prior ___

11. protection ___

12. title ___

13. to appeal ___

14. to apply ___

15. to charge ___

16. to comply ___

17. to confer ___

18. to depend ___

19. to engage ___

20. to exclude ___

21. to interfere ___

22. to provide ___

23. to reside ___

4. Which words do you associate with the following nouns?

33

5. Which verbs do you associate with the following nouns?

a) protectionb) patent application c) right

Now that you have studied the general principles of IP law, study the more detailed IP overview diagram suggested by the European Union Commission.

license

actions associated

with kinds of

people associated

with

right

actions associated with kinds of

34

Intellectual Property Dictionary

A abridgment - краткое изложение, сокращение acquire - приобрести adapt - переделывать, изменять administer - применять aesthetic appeal - эстетическая привлекательность affiliation - принадлежность (к организации); аффилированность appeal - представлять интерес, нравиться appellation of origin - наименование места происхождения architectural design - архитектурное проектирование; архитектурный проект article - изделие assignment - переуступка прав, правопередача audiovisual work - аудиовизуальная работа author - автор authorize - уполномочивать, разрешать, давать право authorized copy - разрешенная копия avoid – избегать

35

B blind date - свидание с незнакомым человеком block - препятствовать body - корпус boundary - граница broadcast - передача, трансляция (радио или телевизионная) building design - проект здания

C certification mark - удостоверительный знак certify - гарантировать, удостоверять, поручиться challenge - оспаривание, притязание, требование об аннулировании circle - круг collective mark - коллективный знак обслуживания; коллективный товарный знак commercial designation - коммерческое обозначение commercial exploitation - коммерческое использование commercial name - торговое название; наименование фирмы, фирменное наименование compilation - компиляция comprehensive - обширный, содержательный, объёмный concede - предоставлять (о правах) concurrently - параллельно, одновременно condensation - сокращённый вариант (литературного произведения) confer (on) - давать; предоставлять; даровать; возлагать confidentiality agreement - соглашение о конфиденциальности confine - ограничивать, придерживаться (чего-либо) confusion of source - смешение происхождения товара consolidate - объединять contend - утверждать, заявлять contributory infringement - соучастие в контрафакции; пособничество в нарушении conversely - в противоположность чему-либо, с другой стороны copy - копия copyright holder - владелец авторского права copyright notice - уведомление об авторском праве copyright - авторское право counterfeit - подделка, подлог counterfeiting - контрафакция craftsman - ремесленник

D date of issuance - дата выдачи date of priority - дата приоритета decree - выносить судебное постановление, издавать распоряжение deduce - выводить (заключение, следствие, формулу) derivative work - производное произведение descriptive mark - описательный знак design patent - патент на промышленный образец designated - обозначенный, названный detailed specification - подробное описание изобретения dilution - дилюция distinctive - отличающий distinguish - отличать, различать

36

distinguishing - отличительный, характерный distribution right - право на распространение domicile - место постоянного жительства dramatization - драматизация, инсценировка dubious - вызывающий сомнение duration - срок действия

E electrical appliance - бытовой электроприбор embellish - приукрашивать (напр., выдумкой рассказ) enact - устанавливать, предписывать в законодательном порядке, постановлять, принимать (закон) encourage - побуждать, вдохновлять endeavor (BrE endeavour) - попытка, старание, усилие enforceable - имеющий обязательную юридическую силу, обеспеченный правовой

защитой enhance - увеличивать, повышать; улучшать, совершенствовать ensure - обеспечивать, гарантировать enterprise - предприимчивость, смелость, инициатива, предпринимательство ergonomics - эргономика (изучение трудовых процессов и условий труда) evolve (into) - эволюционировать, развиваться exclusive right - исключительное право expire - терять силу, прекращаться с истечением срока extend (to) - распространяться (на) extent - степень, объем external – внешний

F facilitate - облегчить facilitate - содействовать, способствовать fair return - нормальный доход, удовлетворительная норма прибыли fair use - добросовестное использование fake - поддельный, фальшивый false advertising - обманная реклама fee – гонорар; плата за услуги, денежный сбор fictionalization - беллетризация field of use restriction - ограничение области применения filing - регистрация firm name - фирменное наименование first sale doctrine - доктрина первой продажи first to file - первый заявитель first to invent - первый изобретатель fragrance - аромат, запах fulfill - выполнять functionality – функциональность

G generic name - родовое наименование geographical indication - указание на географию производства grace period - грационный срок, период отсрочки; льготный срок grant of authority - предоставление полномочий

37

H handicraft - ручная работа, изделие кустарного промысла hinder - препятствовать, мешать housewares - хозяйственные принадлежности

I “idea-expression” dichotomy - дихотомия идея-выражение identity (of a business) - неповторимость, особенность; индивидуальность incentive - побуждение, стимул, побудительная причина inconsistent - непоследовательный incorporate - помещать, вводить, встраивать indication of source - указание места происхождения industrial commodities - массовые товары промышленного назначения, промышленное

сырьё industrial design - промышленный образец inferior - некондиционный (о качестве товара); второсортный; нижестоящий infringement - нарушение (прав, закона, норм); контрафакция inherently - по своему существу, в своей основе inspire - воодушевлять, стимулировать interfere with smb's property - оспаривать права на чью-либо собственность invalid - недействительный invoke - требовать применения issue - выдавать (документ)

J joint authors - соавторы joint inventors – соизобретатели

K knock-off - подделка

L license - разрешать, давать разрешение (на что-л.); давать право, выдавать патент,

лицензию location - местоположение; расположение; район logo - логотип: изображение, символ, слова, буквы, которые служат опознавательным

знаком данной компании; фирменная символика luxury item - предмет роскоши lyrics of the song - текст песни

M maintain - вести, содержать (напр., список) market - сбывать на рынке marketability - конкурентоспособность medium of expression - средство выражения misappropriation - неправомерное завладение, присвоение mislead - вводить в заблуждение monetary compensation - денежная компенсация moral rights - моральные права mortgage - закладывать; обременять залогом

38

multimedia - мультимедиа (технологии, позволяющие с помощью компьютера интегрировать различные среды, средства и способы обмена информацией. Обеспечивают возможность хранения огромных массивов информации, воспроизведения на экране видеосюжетов со звуковым сопровождением)

multiple - множественный musical notes - нотная запись mutually agreed - взаимосогласованный mutually exclusive – взаимоисключающие

N non-renewable – невозобновляемый; непродлеваемый notice - уведомление novelty – новизна

O obviousness - очевидность on sale - коммерческое использование (в продаже) ordinary skill in the art - обычный уровень профессионализма (мастерства) ornamental design - графический промышленный образец ornamentation - декоративное изображение; орнаментация, украшение орнаментом overall form - общая форма overall presentation - общий вид overlap - частично совпадать

P packaging - способ упаковки passing off - подмена, коммерция под чужим именем patent application - патентная заявка patent attorney - адвокат, ведущий патентные дела Patent Cooperation Treaty - договор о патентной кооперации patent infringement - нарушение патентных прав pattern - рисунок (на ткани) , узор; модель performer rights - права исполнителя perpetrator of the act - нарушитель pervade - распространиться, наполнить собой phonorecord – фонограмма pictorial – изобразительный; наглядный; иллюстрированный; графический pilot light - сигнальная лампочка piracy - пиратство, контрафакция, нарушение авторского права plant patent - патент на новый сорт растения plant variety - новый сорт растений precede - предшествовать preclude (from) - заранее исключать, предотвращать, препятствовать prior (to) - ранее prior art - известный уровень техники process claim - формула изобретения на способ (патентная формула на способ) product appearance - внешний вид изделия product claim - формула изобретения на изделие или вещество product-by-process claim - формула изобретения на изделие, характеризуемое способом

его получения (формула изобретения продукт через способ ) promote - стимулировать, поощрять, содействовать развитию, благоприятствовать property ownership - собственность на имущество

39

protagonist - протагонист, главный герой, главное действующее лицо public disclosure - разглашение сущности изобретения public display - общественный показ (демонстрация) public domain - общественное (всеобщее) достояние; государственная собственность;

публичная собственность public performance - публичное исполнение publication - публикация purely - исключительно, совершенно, полностью purport - подразумевать, заявлять; претендовать

R recast (recast, recast) - переделывать, перерабатывать recognition - признание, уважение reduction to practice - внедрение в практику (практическое осуществление изобретения) relief in a civil action - удовлетворение требований гражданского иска remedy - средство правовой защиты renewal - возобновление срока действия патента; продление срока действия патента reproduction right - право на воспроизведение reside (with) - принадлежать (о праве) revenue - доход, доходы reverse engineering - инженерный анализ right of publicity - право на публичность (публичное использование) rocket - взмывать, взлетать

S safeguard - предупредительная мера, гарантия; охранять, гарантировать, защищать scope - сфера применения (нормы и т. д.); пределы применения; предметный охват;

содержание secondary meaning - вторичное значение secure - обеспечить seek (sought, sought) - искать service mark - знак обслуживания set forth - описывать, излагать; формулировать set out - описывать, излагать signatory state - государство-сигнатарий, государство, подписавшее договор signify - обозначать sleeve - рукав software - программное обеспечение sole right - исключительное право, монопольное право sound recording - звукозапись specification - описание технических характеристик spreadsheet - электронная таблица, табличная программа spring - спица (велосипеда) stand-up comedian - эстрадный комик; комический актёр разговорного жанра still - стоп-кадр subject matter - предмет, сущность, содержание subsist - существовать substantial similarity - существенное сходство substantive - материально-правовой; главный, основной successor in title - правопреемник suggestive mark - внушающий знак surface - внешняя сторона, поверхность, облицовка

40

T tactile - осязательный, ощутимый; тактильный take effect - вступить в силу tenants in common - владельцы на правах общего владения texture - текстура three-dimensional - объёмный, трёхмерный

three-dimensional pattern - объёмная модель time handicap - недостаток времени trade dress - внешний вид изделия trade libel - дискредитация товаров trade name - фирменное наименование trade practice - торговая практика transmit - передавать (информацию), пересылать, транслировать

U unaffiliated - самостоятельный, не являющийся филиалом unauthorized act - неразрешённое действие underlying - лежащий в основе, подразумеваемый unfair competition - недобросовестная конкуренция utilitarian product - утилитарное изделие, товар утилитарного характера utilitarian - практический, полезный utility patent - патент на полезную модель; патент на изобретение (амер.) utility-полезность

V violation – нарушение virtue: by virtue of - посредством, на основании vocal – голосовой

W winery - винодельческий завод work made for hire - работа, выполненная по найму

41