◦The development of an oppositional sub-culture

◦A response to “alienation”The code “dictates” social interaction in the inner city

The code as a:

Code of the Streets

Socialization at home and on the streets

The code is “just” families

◦Generally accept “mainstream” values families Campaigning for Respect” What is “respect?”

◦

Code of the Streets

Gaining Respect◦ ◦

◦A violent, “zero-sum” game.

◦ Manhood, and the code as a shield

Code of the Streets

What is Justice?Key Concepts

◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

Doing Time on the Outside

Setting the stage◦Rising crime rate in DC

◦Demographic trends◦Martinson, 1974

◦Rise of “just desserts” model of punishment

How did we get here?

The “objective” vs. the “subjective”

◦64 arrests within a two-block radius◦120 men “admitted to the D.C. correctional system…” 25% of them on drug charges Others on charges related to drug addiction

How did we get here?

Arrests and Incarceration

The Incarceration Rate

Age of the Prison Population

Barring Blacks from White neighborhoods◦ ◦ ◦

Population shifts from the cities to the suburbs

Social Disorganization

The Creation of the Ghetto

Living in a socially-disorganized neighborhood◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

The Creation of the Ghetto

Becoming socially disorganized◦Signs of social disorganization

◦Consequences of social disorganization

The Creation of the Ghetto

The loss of human and social capital.◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

The Creation of the Ghetto

Loss of communityDifferent perspectives

◦ ◦

Incarceration as a response to public order

Value families no less than others

Missing fathers in ½ the familiesWhy are they missing?Collateral damage…

Incarceration and the institution of the family

Importance of families for socialization

Londa and Derek◦Network map on page 42◦ ◦

◦

Incarceration and Kinship

Addiction, the CJ System’s response to it, and the hardships of incarceration◦

◦Lying, erratic behavior, late night

disappearances, pleading for money, stealing

Incarceration and Kinship

Cycling through addiction and the system◦

Prisoner’s dilemma, the drug edition

Incarceration and Kinship

David’s network◦ But was that the only reason?

◦Cathleen and Davida◦ Shipping inmates out of state

◦Job or life?

Oh, what a tangled web…

Health in the inner-city◦Risks of a high-risk lifestyle

Oh, what a tangled web…

Far less likely to have health insurance (this should change, unless…)

Generally poor nutrition, which is related to income, can lead to health issues◦ ◦

Lower average age of death

Poverty and Health

Raises concerns because◦Prisoners in contact with staff who

mingle with general public◦ ◦Jurisdiction holding person in correctional

facility must pay for health care

Prisoner Health Issues

How incarceration undermines marriage and family development◦ ◦ ◦ Incarcerated, “street,” or “ex-con”

◦Some women “settle”

Incarceration and Marriage

How incarceration undermines marriage and family development◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

Incarceration and Marriage

Quote on page 89 Why are fathers missing?

◦ ◦

Pulling families apart

As incarceration increases, rate of father absence increases than among middle-class families◦

But what does all this data mean?◦Caution –

Pulling families apart

Relationships are based on exchange Exchange requires

◦ And this trust must be accrued over the Poor families in neighborhoods where

incarceration rates are highest have fewer in life.

…but there is nothing different about these families, compared to middle-class families◦

Pulling families apart

Norms of reciprocity, again Accountability

◦

A collapse in -family breakdown The added burden of a non-reciprocal relationship

Exchange

Kenny’s contributions◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

Kenny and the Code of the Streets◦

How long did it take for Kenny’s family to feel the effects of his incarceration?

Kenny

The extensiveness of this network Maintaining a family from multiple-states away…

“…deserving of the kind of open-ended relationship in which participants can call upon one another according to their needs” (117)

The of incarceration Difficulties faced post-incarceration

Lilly & Arthur

How to help your loved one in prison? The indignities (and stresses) of visitation◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

Variation in application leads to frustration

The meaning of incarceration

How the incarcerated deals with his shame and guilt

What a child feels:◦ ◦ ◦

Two subjective views of incarceration

What a child feels:◦Stigma◦

in treatment of loved one in the hardships faced

◦The important need for

Two subjective views of incarceration

The issue of phone calls◦ ◦

Care packages Travel to and from prison Direct money contributions and gifts The “less tangible” costs

Direct and indirect costs

2/3rds of offenders employed Loss of “non-monetary” assistance (the lack of) Wealth Transmission◦

Material and Social Consequences

The role of racial disparity in the (criminal justice) system◦$300,000,000,000◦¾ Whites own homes compared to ½

Blacks◦ Blacks have 1/3 the assets of whites

Material and Social Consequences

The loss of and capital Increased marginal costs

◦

◦ The impact of a non-reciprocal exchange relationships

◦ Increased transaction costs◦ Social information exchange and the

establishment of◦ Sharing the burden through intimate relationships

Social Costs of Incarceration

Incarceration and Childhood◦Growing up too soon Sibs and household work

◦Sexual abuse◦Depression◦Truancy/running away◦Importance of fathers◦Scarred children (footnote page 103)

I believe that children are our future…

Pains of losing the loved one Fear for loved one in prison Increase in tensions within the family Loss of human connections The incarcerated faces additional worry about their loved ones on the outside

Emotional Costs of Incarceration

Feelings of loss◦

Lonliness Shame and guilt

◦ Eating and sleeping disorders academic performance

Children of the incarcerated

Father’s absence early sexual activity in girls

This leads to rates of teenage pregnancy

Which in turn is linked to:◦ educational attainment◦ career achievement

Costs Children Pay

Which in turn is linked to:◦ educational attainment◦ career achievement◦Health problems◦Inadequate social support for parenting

◦All of which leads to continued exposure to poverty, and the continuing of the cycle…

Costs Children Pay

Why don’t we know more about these issues?

Stigma defined the role of shame in punishment

◦ Stigmatizers and the Stigmatized Stigma and daily life

Social silence

The “self” as a transaction The looking-glass self/reflected appraisals The role of identity Identity hierarchy Identity as a transaction

◦ How identity influences social

interaction

The Presentation of Self in Social Life

Sticky stigma Stigma travels through social networks Stigma and Identity Reflected Appraisals

◦ ◦

The Hidden Cost of Shame

Stigma and social networks

Prayer as a way to cope with life’s problems.

Way to cope with problems on feels they have no control over◦

Religious beliefs and Religious communities

Religion as coping mechanism

Incarceration and Stigma are generally hidden

Speech is public. Silence and estrangement is private

“…a repression of public thought, of our collective imagination.”

Social Silence

Collateral damage of punishment How law shapes perceptions and identity

◦ ◦ ◦

Brining these stories to light

The failure of the criminal justice system “stems from a fundamental misapprehension of the social world, one that obscures the relationships individuals have with one another. By conceptually stripping individuals of their most common and fundamental commitments, policymakers have imagined that they can transform poverty-stricken neighborhoods through the sheer force of the sanctions imposed.”

Braman’s last word (pg. 224)