© t. m. whitmore today agriculture and rural development continued v: internal colonization of...
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© T. M. Whitmore
TODAY•Agriculture and rural development
continuedV: Internal Colonization of Tropical
Lowlands - AmazoniaThe issue of lowland tropical
deforestation
•Mexican Agriculture- an example of a dual system
•Other examples of Commercial Agriculture in LA
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© T. M. Whitmore
LAST TIME- Questions?
•Agriculture and rural development continuedIV: Dual agricultural systems or
“The Productivity Paradox”V: Internal Colonization of Tropical
Lowlands
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© T. M. Whitmore
Agricultural and Rural Development V: Internal
Colonization of Tropical South American Lowlands•Example III from Amazonia
> 600 million haAmazonian environments
Terra firmeVárzaSavanna
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© T. M. Whitmore
Development history in Amazonia I
•Early extractive uses
•“Spontaneous” peasant agricultural colonization and Governmentally planned colonization in Brazilian AmazonAndean Amazon
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© T. M. Whitmore
Development in Amazonia II•Patterns of peasant colonization
Fishbone patternsScale & geography of changeCauses Cattle ranchingConsequences Ecuadorian “Oriente”
•Commercial expansion of modern agricultureExample of soy in Mato Groso
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© T. M. Whitmore
Amazonian deforestation•Wider consequences
In Brazilspeculation and abandoned lands
Loss of rare tropical rain forestDestruction of speciesDestruction of Indigenous people’s
traditional livelihoodConsequences for global warmingFails to solve land tenure problemLocal weather impacts
•Solutions?
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© T. M. Whitmore
Fordlândia
Jarí
Area of high density of rubber trees
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© T. M. Whitmore
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© T. M. Whitmore© Greenpeace / Felipe Goifman
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Planned
Spontaneous
Amazonian colonization
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USGS
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© T. M. Whitmore
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© T. M. Whitmore
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Source: NASA
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Source: Frontiers in Ecology
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© Roger J. Harris, 2001
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© Roger J. Harris, 2001
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Ecuadorian Oriente © Christine Erlien
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© Koeppe
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© Koeppe
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Soy in S America
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© Koeppe
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© Koeppe
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© T. M. Whitmore
Tropical Deforestation•Deforestation rates•Causes
Agricultural clearingPasture clearingTimber harvestingOil exploration/extractionPopulation growth?Degradation of lands in source
areas of migrantsPoor land tenure equity in source
areas of migrantsUrban poverty
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© T. M. Whitmore
Mexican Agriculture-examples
•Dual system spatially and functionally
•Regions in Mexican agricultureNorthern irrigated oasesMesa Central and Bajío
Commercial, specialty, & small holder
Southern highland Mexico, lowlands near Gulf of Mexico, and Yucatan
Commercial & small holder
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Bajío
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Irrigated maize in Bajío
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Tequila
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Pulque
(like tequila & mezcal, pulque is from maguey, a species of agave) – not a cactus
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Magueys in fallow field C. Mexico
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© T. M. WhitmoreTraditional maize cob storage
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Milpa (i.e., field – usually corn) in Chiapas
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© T. M. Whitmore
Commercial Agriculture in LA
•Argentina
•Chilean central valley
•Brazil
•Peru’s coastal oases
•Columbia’s coffee
•Specialty crops: coca, flowers, ferns
•Central America’s 3 Cs
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Pam
pasW
ines
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Argentine Soy(98% GMO)
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Navin Ramankutty, Nicholas J. Olejniczak, and Jonathan A. FoleyCenter for Sustainability and the Global Environmenthttp://www.sage.wisc.edu
Cultivation Intensity
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© T. M. Whitmore
Soy Citrus
Frui
t
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© T. M. Whitmore
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© Chris Jochem 2006
North coastal Peruvian cane
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© T. M. WhitmoreCut flower cultivation on ancient terraces; near Tarma, Peru
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© T. M. WhitmoreCut flower cultivation on ancient terraces; near Tarma, Peru
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© T. M. Whitmore
Fern growth under meshIn cloud forest in theSierra de las Minas, Guatemala
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© T. M. Whitmore
coffee
coffee
coffee
Tropical plantation crops
Cotton, sugar
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