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SOL Review Materials for SOL Review Materials for Unit Three: A Nation Unit Three: A Nation TransformedTransformed

Immigration & Urbanization, 1865 – the Immigration & Urbanization, 1865 – the TwentiesTwenties

1. Push Factors and Pull 1. Push Factors and Pull Factors for Factors for ImmigrationImmigration

Jobs, or economic Jobs, or economic opportunity.opportunity.

Religious Religious Freedom.Freedom.

Escape from Escape from oppressive oppressive governments to governments to democracydemocracy

AdventureAdventure

{{ Heavy Immigration from 1880 – 1924Heavy Immigration from 1880 – 1924 Mechanized agriculture caused many to leave rural places Mechanized agriculture caused many to leave rural places

for jobs in the city.for jobs in the city. Industrialization created jobs in major northern cities.Industrialization created jobs in major northern cities.2. Factors that caused 2. Factors that caused

the the Growth of Cities Growth of Cities

{{ {{Poor Living Conditions: Poor Living Conditions: Overcrowded TenementsOvercrowded Tenements

Political Corruption: Political Corruption: Bribery, Bosses, GraftBribery, Bosses, Graft

3. Major Challenges faced in Growing Cities – 3. Major Challenges faced in Growing Cities – Political Corruption and Poor Living Political Corruption and Poor Living Conditions.Conditions.

4. Both Irish and Chinese Immigrants 4. Both Irish and Chinese Immigrants FacedFaced Discrimination from Nativists. Discrimination from Nativists.

The political cartoon to the left is an example of the racism and bigotry faced by immigrants. In storefronts, signs saying “No Irish Need Apply” were often hung. In 1882, all immigration from China was brought to a halt due to the Chinese Exclusion Act.

{{ {{Electrification, LightingElectrification, Lighting The TelephoneThe Telephone

5. Inventions and Innovations 5. Inventions and Innovations changed the way Americans lived changed the way Americans lived and promoted the growth of cities.and promoted the growth of cities.

{{Working and Living Working and Living Conditions for Immigrants Conditions for Immigrants were extremely difficult.were extremely difficult.

•Low WagesLow Wages•Long HoursLong Hours•Unsafe Working ConditionsUnsafe Working Conditions•Child LaborChild Labor•Poor Living ConditionsPoor Living Conditions

6. Immigrants struggled through hard 6. Immigrants struggled through hard working conditions and poor living working conditions and poor living conditions.conditions.

{{Unions sought higher wages, the eight-hour work Unions sought higher wages, the eight-hour work day, safer working conditions, and an end to child day, safer working conditions, and an end to child labor.labor.

7. Labor Unions Demanded Progressive 7. Labor Unions Demanded Progressive

Changes for Workers. Changes for Workers.

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Because violence Because violence erupted during major erupted during major strikes like the strikes like the Haymarket Square Haymarket Square Riots, the Homestead Riots, the Homestead Strike, and the Strike, and the Pullman Strike, labor Pullman Strike, labor unions became unions became associated with associated with violence and the violence and the radicalism – anarchy, radicalism – anarchy, socialism, and socialism, and communism, for communism, for example.example.8. Labor Unions become 8. Labor Unions become

associated associated with violence and with violence and radicalism.radicalism.

9. The American Federation of Labor formed.

The most important labor union of the late 19th Century and the 20th Century was the American Federation of Labor.

The group wanted higher pay, an eight hour work day, improved safety conditions, and the right to collective bargaining.