sociology emerged as a separate discipline in the nineteenth century this was a time of great...
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Sociology and the Social Sciences
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The Development of Sociology
Sociology emerged as a separate discipline in the nineteenth century
This was a time of great social upheaval due largely to the French and Industrial Revolutions
Several early sociologists shaped the direction of the discipline
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Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
Responsible for coining the term “sociology”
Set out to develop the “science of man” that would be based on empirical observation
Focused on two aspects of society:• Social Statics—forces which produce
order and stability• Social Dynamics—forces which
contribute to social change
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Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)
Authored the first sociology text, Principles of Sociology
Most well known for proposing a doctrine called “Social Darwinism”• Suggested that people who could not
compete were poorly adapted to the environment and inferior
• This is an idea commonly called survival of the fittest
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Karl Marx (1818-1883)
Marx is the father of conflict theory Saw human history in a continual
state of conflict between two major classes:• Bourgeoisie—owners of the means of
production (capitalists)• Proletariat—the workers
Predicted that revolution would occur producing first a socialist state, followed by a communist society
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Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)
Durkheim moved sociology fully into the realm of an empirical science
Most well known empirical study is called Suicide, where he looks at the social causes of suicide
Generally regarded as the founder of functionalist theory
Emile Durkheim
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Max Weber (1864-1920)
Much of Weber’s work was a critique or clarification of Marx
His most famous work, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism directly challenged Marx’s ideas on the role of religion in society
Weber was also interested in bureaucracies and the process of rationalization in society
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What is a Theoretical
Perspective?Also known as a school of thought.A general set of assumptions about nature of things.In sociology, outlines specific ideas about the nature of life.
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Theoretical Perspectives: Functionalism
Functionalism sees society as a system of highly interrelated parts that work together harmoniously
The image that functionalists use to understand society is a living organism
Each part of society works together for the benefit of the whole much like a living organism
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Theoretical Perspectives: Conflict Theory
Conflict theory is grounded in the work of Karl Marx
Society is understood to be made up of conflicting interest groups who vie for power and privilege
This dynamic results in continuous social change, which is the normal state of affairs
Conflict theory focuses heavily on inequality and differential distribution of power and wealth
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Theoretical Perspectives: The Interactionist Perspective
Focuses on how individuals make sense of and interpret the world
Role that symbols play in our daily life. A symbol is anything that represents
something else. In order to be a symbol, members of society
must agree on the meaning attached. Example: Flag, Uncle Sam, bald eagle, 4th of
July celebrations= United States
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Comparing Theoretical PerspectivesPerspective Scope of
AnalysisPoint of View Focus of
AnalysisStructural-Functionalism
Macro Level
1. Various parts of society are interdependent
2. Social systems are highly stable
3. Social life governed by consensus & cooperation
Functional and dysfunctional aspects of society
Conflict Theory
Macro Level
1. Society accommodates between competing interest groups
2. Society unstable and prone to change
3. Social life conflict-laden
1. How social inequalities produce conflict2. Who benefits from social arrangements
Interactionist Micro-Level 1. Actions have symbolic meanings
2. Meanings can vary
How people make sense of their world